1
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Shao L, Srivastava R, Delgoffe GM, Thorne SH, Sarkar SN. An IRF2-Expressing Oncolytic Virus Changes the Susceptibility of Tumor Cells to Antitumor T Cells and Promotes Tumor Clearance. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:779-790. [PMID: 38517470 PMCID: PMC11150089 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) can promote antitumor immunity. However, we have shown previously that in the tumor cell, IRF1 can promote tumor growth, and IRF1-deficient tumor cells exhibit severely restricted tumor growth in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. Here, we investigate the potential of functionally modulating IRF1 to reduce tumor progression and prolong survival. Using inducible IRF1 expression, we established that it is possible to regulate IRF1 expression to modulate tumor progression in established B16-F10 tumors. Expression of IRF2, which is a functional antagonist of IRF1, downregulated IFNγ-induced expression of inhibitory ligands, upregulated MHC-related molecules, and slowed tumor growth and extended survival. We characterized the functional domain(s) of IRF2 needed for this antitumor activity, showing that a full-length IRF2 was required for its antitumor functions. Finally, using an oncolytic vaccinia virus as a delivery platform, we showed that IRF2-expressing vaccinia virus suppressed tumor progression and prolonged survival in multiple tumor models. These results suggest the potency of targeting IRF1 and using IRF2 to modulate immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shao
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rashmi Srivastava
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Greg M. Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Stephen H. Thorne
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- KaliVir Immunotherapeutics, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Saumendra N. Sarkar
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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2
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Perevalova AM, Gulyaeva LF, Pustylnyak VO. Roles of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 in Tumor Progression and Regression: Two Sides of a Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2153. [PMID: 38396830 PMCID: PMC10889282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
IRF1 is a transcription factor well known for its role in IFN signaling. Although IRF1 was initially identified for its involvement in inflammatory processes, there is now evidence that it provides a function in carcinogenesis as well. IRF1 has been shown to affect several important antitumor mechanisms, such as induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, remodeling of tumor immune microenvironment, suppression of telomerase activity, suppression of angiogenesis and others. Nevertheless, the opposite effects of IRF1 on tumor growth have also been demonstrated. In particular, the "immune checkpoint" molecule PD-L1, which is responsible for tumor immune evasion, has IRF1 as a major transcriptional regulator. These and several other properties of IRF1, including its proposed association with response and resistance to immunotherapy and several chemotherapeutic drugs, make it a promising object for further research. Numerous mechanisms of IRF1 regulation in cancer have been identified, including genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms, although their significance for tumor progression remains to be explored. This review will focus on the established tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting functions of IRF1, as well as the molecular mechanisms of IRF1 regulation identified in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Perevalova
- Zelman Institute for the Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.M.P.)
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Lyudmila F. Gulyaeva
- Zelman Institute for the Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.M.P.)
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Vladimir O. Pustylnyak
- Zelman Institute for the Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.M.P.)
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
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3
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Sahin Y, Wang YL, Pei J, Mansoor N, Styler M, Testa JR, Nejati R. Multiple Genomic Alterations, Including a Novel AFF4::IRF1 Fusion Gene, in a Treatment-Refractory Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic-Cell Neoplasm: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:305. [PMID: 38203475 PMCID: PMC10778852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy with an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. The genetic abnormalities in BPDCN are heterogeneous; therefore, its molecular pathogenesis and the prognostic importance of genomic alterations associated with the disease are not well defined. Here we report a case of BPDCN with a novel AFF4::IRF1 fusion predicted to lead to a loss-of-function of the IRF1 tumor suppressor, somatic mutations of ASXL1, TET2, and MYD88, as well as multiple intrachromosomal deletions. The patient showed resistance to Tagraxofusp and Venetoclax, and he died about 16 months after diagnosis. Considering the predicted effect of the AFF4::IRF1 fusion on IRF1's antitumor effects and immune regulation, and the possibility of its relevance to the aggressive course observed in this case, we propose further evaluation of the clinical significance of this fusion in BPDCN in future cooperative group studies and the consideration of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring IRF1-dependent antineoplastic effects in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Sahin
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.L.W.); (J.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Y. Lynn Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.L.W.); (J.P.); (N.M.)
- Molecular Diagnostics Lab, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.L.W.); (J.P.); (N.M.)
- Molecular Diagnostics Lab, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Nashwa Mansoor
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.L.W.); (J.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Michael Styler
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA;
| | - Joseph R. Testa
- Clinical Cytogenomics Lab, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA;
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.L.W.); (J.P.); (N.M.)
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4
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Alternative Splicing in Cancer and Immune Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071726. [PMID: 35406498 PMCID: PMC8996879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing is a phenomenon enabling the excision of introns from pre-mRNA to give rise to mature mRNA. All the 20,000 genes of the human genome are concerned by this mechanism. Nevertheless, it is estimated that the proteome is composed of more than 100,000 proteins. How to go from 20,000 genes to more than 100,000 proteins? Alternative splicing (AS) is in charge of this diversity of proteins. AS which is found in most of the cells of an organism, participates in normal cells and in particular in immune cells, in the regulation of cellular behavior. In cancer, AS is highly dysregulated and involved in almost all of the hallmarks that characterize tumor cells. In view of the close link that exists between tumors and the immune system, we present in this review the literature relating to alternative splicing and immunotherapy. We also provide a global but not exhaustive view of AS in the immune system and tumor cells linked to the events that can lead to AS dysregulation in tumors.
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5
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Yanai H, Negishi H, Taniguchi T. The IRF family of transcription factors: Inception, impact and implications in oncogenesis. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1376-1386. [PMID: 23243601 PMCID: PMC3518510 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) proteins family were originally identified as transcriptional regulators of the Type I interferon system. Thanks to consistent advances made in our understanding of the immunobiology of innate receptors, it is now clear that several IRFs are critical for the elicitation of innate pattern recognition receptors, and—as a consequence—for adaptive immunity. In addition, IRFs have attracted great attentions as they modulate cellular responses that are involved in tumorigenesis. The regulation of oncogenesis by IRFs has important implications for understanding the host susceptibility to several Types of cancers, their progression, as well as the potential for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan ; Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Karki R, Sharma BR, Lee E, Banoth B, Malireddi RKS, Samir P, Tuladhar S, Mummareddy H, Burton AR, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. Interferon regulatory factor 1 regulates PANoptosis to prevent colorectal cancer. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136720. [PMID: 32554929 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) regulates diverse biological functions, including modulation of cellular responses involved in tumorigenesis. Genetic mutations and altered IRF1 function are associated with several cancers. Although the function of IRF1 in the immunobiology of cancer is emerging, IRF1-specific mechanisms regulating tumorigenesis and tissue homeostasis in vivo are not clear. Here, we found that mice lacking IRF1 were hypersusceptible to colorectal tumorigenesis. IRF1 functions in both the myeloid and epithelial compartments to confer protection against AOM/DSS-induced colorectal tumorigenesis. We further found that IRF1 also prevents tumorigenesis in a spontaneous mouse model of colorectal cancer. The attenuated cell death in the colons of Irf1-/- mice was due to defective pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis). IRF1 does not regulate inflammation and the inflammasome in the colon. Overall, our study identified IRF1 as an upstream regulator of PANoptosis to induce cell death during colitis-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ein Lee
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shraddha Tuladhar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Harisankeerth Mummareddy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda R Burton
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Huang B, Li WX, Wang ZX, Liang Y, Huang WS, Nie P. Identification of a novel splice variant isoform of interferon regulatory factor 10, IRF10, in orange spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:637-647. [PMID: 31866452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors essential to the control of antiviral immune response, cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. IRF10 was originally found in chicken, which was induced by the v-Rel oncoprotein in lymphoid cell lines and involved in the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and guanylate-binding protein. In fish, IRF10 plays negative roles in regulation of the interferon (IFN) response. Here, we identified a splice variant of IRF10, named as EcIRF10-SF in orange spotted grouper, which shares the first three exons with the long form (EcIRF10-LF) and retains part of intron 3, creating a premature termination codon. Furthermore, we observed that the EcIRF10-SF exhibits similar expression pattern compared to its native counterparts. Functional studies demonstrate that the two EcIRF10 isoforms repress DrIFNϕ1 and DrIFNϕ3 promoter activity and negatively regulate fish antiviral gene expression. Subcellular localization analysis shows that the amino acids from 57 to 86 within DBD are required for IRF10 nuclear import. Overall, our description of transcript diversification of IRF10 in the grouper provides a coherent framework to further dissect its roles in immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - W X Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Z X Wang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Y Liang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - W S Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, PR China.
| | - P Nie
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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8
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Godavarthy A, Kelly R, Jimah J, Beckford M, Caza T, Fernandez D, Huang N, Duarte M, Lewis J, Fadel HJ, Poeschla EM, Banki K, Perl A. Lupus-associated endogenous retroviral LTR polymorphism and epigenetic imprinting promote HRES-1/RAB4 expression and mTOR activation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134010. [PMID: 31805010 PMCID: PMC7030820 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and long terminal repeat (LTR) polymorphism of the HRES‑1/Rab4 human endogenous retrovirus locus have been associated with T cell activation and disease manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although genomic DNA methylation is diminished overall in SLE, its role in HRES-1/Rab4 expression is unknown. Therefore, we determined how lupus-associated polymorphic rs451401 alleles of the LTR regulate transcription from the HRES-1/Rab4 promoter and thus affect T cell activation. The results showed that cytosine-119 is hypermethylated while cytosine-51 of the promoter and the LTR enhancer are hypomethylated in SLE. Pharmacologic or genetic inactivation of DNA methyltransferase 1 augmented the expression of HRES-1/Rab4. The minimal promoter was selectively recognized by metabolic stress sensor NRF1 when cytosine-119 but not cytosine-51 was methylated, and NRF1 stimulated HRES-1/Rab4 expression in human T cells. In turn, IRF2 and PSIP1 bound to the LTR enhancer and exerted control over HRES-1/Rab4 expression in rs451401 genotype- and methylation-dependent manners. The LTR enhancer conferred markedly greater expression of HRES-1/Rab4 in subjects with rs451401CC over rs451401GG alleles that in turn promoted mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation upon T cell receptor stimulation. HRES-1/Rab4 alone robustly activated mTOR in human T cells. These findings identify HRES-1/Rab4 as a methylation- and rs451401 allele-dependent transducer of environmental stress and controller of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Kelly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
| | - John Jimah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Tiffany Caza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - David Fernandez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Nick Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Joshua Lewis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
| | - Hind J. Fadel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eric M. Poeschla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Katalin Banki
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA
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9
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Shao L, Hou W, Scharping NE, Vendetti FP, Srivastava R, Roy CN, Menk AV, Wang Y, Chauvin JM, Karukonda P, Thorne SH, Hornung V, Zarour HM, Bakkenist CJ, Delgoffe GM, Sarkar SN. IRF1 Inhibits Antitumor Immunity through the Upregulation of PD-L1 in the Tumor Cell. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1258-1266. [PMID: 31239318 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have associated the transcription factor IRF1 with tumor-suppressive activities. Here, we report an opposite tumor cell-intrinsic function of IRF1 in promoting tumor growth. IRF1-deficient tumor cells showed reduced tumor growth in MC38 and CT26 colon carcinoma and B16 melanoma mouse models. This reduction in tumor growth was dependent on host CD8+ T cells. Detailed profiling of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes did not show changes in the various T-cell and myeloid cell populations. However, CD8+ T cells that had infiltrated IRF1-deficieint tumors in vivo exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity. IRF1-deficient tumor cells lost the ability to upregulate PD-L1 expression in vitro and in vivo and were more susceptible to T-cell-mediated killing. Induced expression of PD-L1 in IRF1-deficient tumor cells restored tumor growth. These results indicate differential activity of IRF1 in tumor escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shao
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Weizhou Hou
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole E Scharping
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank P Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rashmi Srivastava
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chandra Nath Roy
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joe-Marc Chauvin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pooja Karukonda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen H Thorne
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Veit Hornung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hassane M Zarour
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Saumendra N Sarkar
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Jiang L, Liu JY, Shi Y, Tang B, He T, Liu JJ, Fan JY, Wu B, Xu XH, Zhao YL, Qian F, Cui YH, Yu PW. MTMR2 promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer via inactivating IFNγ/STAT1 signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:206. [PMID: 31113461 PMCID: PMC6528261 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The aberrant expression of myotubularin-related protein 2 (MTMR2) has been found in some cancers, but little is known about the roles and clinical relevance. The present study aimed to investigate the roles and clinical relevance of MTMR2 as well as the underlying mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC). Methods MTMR2 expression was examined in 295 GC samples by using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between MTMR2 expression and clinicopathological features and outcomes of the patients was analyzed. The roles of MTMR2 in regulating the invasive and metastatic capabilities of GC cells were observed using gain-and loss-of-function assays both in vitro and in vivo. The pathways involved in MTMR2-regulating invasion and metastasis were selected and identified by using mRNA expression profiling. Functions and underlying mechanisms of MTMR2-mediated invasion and metastasis were further investigated in a series of in vitro studies. Results MTMR2 was highly expressed in human GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues and its expression levels were significantly correlated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. Patients with MTMR2high had significantly shorter lifespan than those with MTMR2low. Cox regression analysis showed that MTMR2 was an independent prognostic indicator for GC patients. Knockdown of MTMR2 significantly reduced migratory and invasive capabilities in vitro and metastases in vivo in GC cells, while overexpressing MTMR2 achieved the opposite results. MTMR2 knockdown and overexpression markedly inhibited and promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), respectively. MTMR2 mediated EMT through the IFNγ/STAT1/IRF1 pathway to promote GC invasion and metastasis. Phosphorylation of STAT1 and IRF1 was increased by MTMR2 knockdown and decreased by MTMR2 overexpression accompanying with ZEB1 down-regulation and up-regulation, respectively. Silencing IRF1 upregulated ZEB1, which induced EMT and consequently enhanced invasion and metastasis in GC cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MTMR2 is an important promoter in GC invasion and metastasis by inactivating IFNγ/STAT1 signaling and may act as a new prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for GC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1186-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Yan Fan
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xian-Hui Xu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Pei-Wu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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11
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Jeong SI, Kim JW, Ko KP, Ryu BK, Lee MG, Kim HJ, Chi SG. XAF1 forms a positive feedback loop with IRF-1 to drive apoptotic stress response and suppress tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:806. [PMID: 30042418 PMCID: PMC6057933 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a proapoptotic tumor suppressor that is frequently inactivated in multiple human cancers. However, the molecular basis for the XAF1-mediated growth inhibition remains largely undefined. Here, we report that XAF1 forms a positive feedback loop with interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and functions as a transcriptional coactivator of IRF-1 to suppress tumorigenesis. Under various stressful conditions, XAF1 transcription is activated by IRF-1, and elevated XAF1 stabilizes and activates IRF-1. Mechanistically, XAF1 binds to the multifunctional domain 2 of IRF-1 via the zinc finger domain 6, thereby hindering C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) interaction with and ubiquitination of IRF-1. Activation of the IRF-1−XAF1 loop greatly increases stress-induced apoptosis and decreases the invasive capability of tumor cells. Oncogenic Ras and growth factors interfere with the IRF-1−XAF1 interplay via Erk-mediated repression of XAF1 transcription. Furthermore, XAF1 enhances IRF-1-mediated transcription of proapoptotic genes via the XAF1-IRF-1 complex formation on these target promoters. Meanwhile, XAF1 inhibits NF-κB-mediated tumor cell malignancy by reinforcing IRF-1 binding to a subset of coregulated promoters. Expression levels of IRF-1 and XAF1 correlate tightly in both cancer cell lines and primary tumors, and XAF1-induced tumor regression is markedly attenuated in IRF-1-depleted tumors. Collectively, this study identifies a novel mechanism of XAF1-mediated tumor suppression, uncovering XAF1 as a feedback coactivator of IRF-1 under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-In Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Phil Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Byung-Kyu Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Min-Goo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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12
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Interferon regulatory factor 1 inactivation in human cancer. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171672. [PMID: 29599126 PMCID: PMC5938431 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a group of closely related proteins collectively referred to as the IRF family. Members of this family were originally recognized for their roles in inflammatory responses; however, recent research has suggested that they are also involved in tumor biology. This review focusses on current knowledge of the roles of IRF-1 and IRF-2 in human cancer, with particular attention paid to the impact of IRF-1 inactivation. The different mechanisms underlying IRF-1 inactivation and their implications for human cancers and the potential importance of IRF-1 in immunotherapy are also summarized.
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13
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Wan P, Zhang J, Du Q, Geller DA. The clinical significance and biological function of interferon regulatory factor 1 in cholangiocarcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:771-777. [PMID: 29107934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) has been suggested to act as a tumor suppressor in human cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological function of IRF1 in cholangiocarcinoma is poorly understood. In our results, IRF1 mRNA and protein expressions were decreased in cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cell lines compared with paired normal hepatic tissues and intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cell line. IRF1 protein low-expression was associated with tumor stage, tumor size, vascular invasion and metastasis and served as a poor independent prognostic parameter in cholangiocarcinoma patients. Up-regulation of IRF1 expression suppressed cholangiocarcinoma cells proliferation, migration and invasion, and blocked cell cycle progression, but has no effect on apoptosis. In conclusion, IRF1 is low-expressed in cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cell lines, and correlated with malignant status and prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma patients. IRF1 served as tumor suppressor in the regulation of cholangiocarcinoma cells proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Wan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China.
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Qiang Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - David A Geller
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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14
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Smirnikhina SA, Lavrov AV, Chelysheva EY, Adilgereeva EP, Shukhov OA, Turkina A, Kutsev SI. Whole-exome sequencing reveals potential molecular predictors of relapse after discontinuation of the targeted therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 57:1669-76. [PMID: 26759060 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1132420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease well treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The aim was to identify genes with a predictive value for relapse-free survival after TKI cessation in CML patients. We performed whole-exome sequencing of DNA from six CML patients in long-lasting deep molecular remission. Patients were divided into two groups with relapse (n = 3) and without relapse (n = 3) after TKI discontinuation. We found variants in genes CYP1B1, ALPK2, and IRF1 in group of patients with relapse and one variant in gene PARP9 in group of patients without relapse. We verified prognostic value of the found markers in a small group of patients with TKI discontinuation and demonstrated their high sensitivity (77%), specificity (86%), positive (85%), and negative (79%) predictive values. Thus we revealed genetic variants, which are potential markers of outcome prediction in CML patients after TKI discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Smirnikhina
- a Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics" , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Lavrov
- a Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics" , Moscow , Russian Federation ;,b The Russian National Research Medical University Named after N.I. Pirogov , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Yu Chelysheva
- c Scientific and Advisory Department of Chemotherapy of Myeloproliferative Disorders , Federal State-Funded Institution "National Research Center for Hematology" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Elmira P Adilgereeva
- a Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics" , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Oleg A Shukhov
- c Scientific and Advisory Department of Chemotherapy of Myeloproliferative Disorders , Federal State-Funded Institution "National Research Center for Hematology" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Anna Turkina
- c Scientific and Advisory Department of Chemotherapy of Myeloproliferative Disorders , Federal State-Funded Institution "National Research Center for Hematology" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Sergey I Kutsev
- a Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Centre for Medical Genetics" , Moscow , Russian Federation ;,b The Russian National Research Medical University Named after N.I. Pirogov , Moscow , Russian Federation
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15
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WANG KUNHAO, XU ZHIWEN, WANG NING, TIAN YE, SUN XIN, MA YONGGANG. Analysis of microRNA and gene networks in human chronic myelogenous leukemia. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:453-60. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Dery KJ, Kujawski M, Grunert D, Wu X, Ngyuen T, Cheung C, Yim JH, Shively JE. IRF-1 regulates alternative mRNA splicing of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in breast epithelial cells generating an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) containing isoform. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:64. [PMID: 24650050 PMCID: PMC4113144 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a master regulator of IFN-γ induced gene transcription. Previously we have shown that IRF-1 transcriptionally induces CEACAM1 via an ISRE (Interferon-Stimulated Response Element) in its promoter. CEACAM1 pre-mRNA undergoes extensive alternative splicing (AS) generating isoforms to produce either a short (S) cytoplasmic domain expressed primarily in epithelial cells or as an ITIM-containing long (L) isoform in immune cells. Methods The transcriptional and molecular mechanism of CEACAM1 minigenes AS containing promoter ISREs mutations in the breast epithelial, MDA-MB-468, cell line was detected using flow cytometry. In addition, transcriptome sequencing was utilized to determine whether IRF-1 could direct the AS of other genes as well. Tumor xenografts were used to evaluate CEACAM1 isoform expression on the leading edge of breast tumor cells. Results In the present study, we provide evidence that CEACAM1’s promoter and variable exon 7 cross-talk allowing IRF-1 to direct AS events. Transcriptome sequencing shows that IRF-1 can also induce the global AS of genes involved in regulation of growth and differentiation as well as genes of the cytokine family. Furthermore, MDA-MB-468 cells grown as tumor xenografts exhibit an AS switch to the L-isoform of CEACAM1, demonstrating that an in vivo inflammatory milieu is also capable of generating the AS switch, similar to that found in human breast cancers Mol Cancer 7:46, 2008. Conclusions The novel AS regulatory activities attributed to IRF-1 indicate that the IFN-γ response involves a global change in both gene transcription and AS in breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John E Shively
- Departments of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.
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17
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Function and mechanism by which interferon regulatory factor-1 inhibits oncogenesis. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:417-423. [PMID: 23420765 PMCID: PMC3573131 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechnisms by which interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 inhibits oncogenesis. IRF-1 is associated with regulation of interferon α and β transcription. In addition, numerous clinical studies have indicated that IRF-1 gene deletion or rearrangement correlates with development of specific forms of human cancer. IRF-1 has been revealed to exhibit marked functional diversity in the regulation of oncogenesis. IRF-1 activates a set of target genes associated with regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis and the immune response. The role of IRF-1 in the regulation of various types of human tumor has important implications for understanding the susceptibility and progression of cancer. In addition, an improved understanding of the role of IRF-1 in the pathological processes that lead to human malignant diseases may aid development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Savitsky D, Tamura T, Yanai H, Taniguchi T. Regulation of immunity and oncogenesis by the IRF transcription factor family. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:489-510. [PMID: 20049431 PMCID: PMC11030943 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nine interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) compose a family of transcription factors in mammals. Although this family was originally identified in the context of the type I interferon system, subsequent studies have revealed much broader functions performed by IRF members in host defense. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge of their roles in immune responses, immune cell development, and regulation of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Savitsky
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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19
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Katsoulidis E, Kaur S, Platanias LC. Deregulation of Interferon Signaling in Malignant Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:406-418. [PMID: 27713259 PMCID: PMC4033917 DOI: 10.3390/ph3020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with potent antiproliferative, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. Much has been learned about IFNs and IFN-activated signaling cascades over the last 50 years. Due to their potent antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo, recombinant IFNs have been used extensively over the years, alone or in combination with other drugs, for the treatment of various malignancies. This review summarizes the current knowledge on IFN signaling components and pathways that are deregulated in human malignancies. The relevance of deregulation of IFN signaling pathways in defective innate immune surveillance and tumorigenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Katsoulidis
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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20
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Good and bad IRF-1: role in tumor suppression versus autoimmune disease. Leuk Res 2009; 33:1301-2. [PMID: 19439353 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Tamura T, Yanai H, Savitsky D, Taniguchi T. The IRF family transcription factors in immunity and oncogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:535-84. [PMID: 18303999 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 957] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system. Subsequent studies over the past two decades have revealed the versatile and critical functions performed by this transcription factor family. Indeed, many IRF members play central roles in the cellular differentiation of hematopoietic cells and in the regulation of gene expression in response to pathogen-derived danger signals. In particular, the advances made in understanding the immunobiology of Toll-like and other pattern-recognition receptors have recently generated new momentum for the study of IRFs. Moreover, the role of several IRF family members in the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis has important implications for understanding susceptibility to and progression of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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22
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Katsoulidis E, Sassano A, Majchrzak-Kita B, Carayol N, Yoon P, Jordan A, Druker BJ, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Suppression of interferon (IFN)-inducible genes and IFN-mediated functional responses in BCR-ABL-expressing cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10793-803. [PMID: 18287094 PMCID: PMC2447623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706816200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play key roles in host defense against viral infections and immune surveillance against cancer. We report that BCR-ABL transformation of hematopoietic cells results in suppression of IFN-dependent responses, including transcription of IFN-inducible genes and generation of IFN-mediated antiviral effects. BCR-ABL transformation suppresses expression of several IFN-regulated genes containing IFN-sensitive response element (ISRE) or GAS elements in their promoters, including Isg15, Irf1, Irf9, and Ifit2 (interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2). Suppression of transcription of ISRE-containing genes is also seen in cells expressing various BCR-ABL kinase domain mutants, including T315I, H396P, Y253F, and E255K, but not kinase-defective BCR-ABL. Such effects are associated with impaired IFN-dependent phosphorylation of Stat1 on Tyr(701) and Stat3 on Tyr(705) and defective binding of Stat complexes to ISRE or GAS elements. Beyond suppression of Stat activities, BCR-ABL inhibits IFN-inducible phosphorylation/activation of the p38 MAPK, suggesting a dual mechanism by which this abnormal fusion protein blocks IFN transcriptional responses. The inhibitory activities of BCR-ABL ultimately result in impaired IFNalpha-mediated protection against encephalomyocarditis virus infection and reversal of IFN-dependent growth suppression. Altogether, our data provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which BCR-ABL impairs host defenses and promotes malignant transformation, involving dual suppression of IFN-activated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Katsoulidis
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Lakeside Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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23
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RNA interference of interferon regulatory factor-1 gene expression in THP-1 cell line leads to Toll-like receptor-4 overexpression/activation as well as up-modulation of annexin-II. Neoplasia 2008; 9:1012-20. [PMID: 18084608 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a candidate transcription factor for the regulation of the Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) gene. Using a small interfering RNA-based (siRNA) process to silence IRF-1 gene expression in the leukemic monocytic cell line THP-1, we investigated whether such a modulation would alter TLR-4 expression and activation status in these cells. The siIRF-1 cells expressed elevated levels of TLR-4 mRNA and protein compared to controls by 90% and 77%, respectively. ICAM.1 protein expression and apoptosis levels were increased by 8.35- and 4.25-fold, respectively. The siIRF-1 cells overexpressed Bax mRNA compared to controls. Proteomic analysis revealed upmodulation of the Annexin-II protein in siIRF-1 THP-1 cells. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients with an absence of full-length IRF-1 mRNA also overexpressed Annexin-II. It is plausible that this overexpression may lead to the activation of TLR-4 contributing to the increased apoptosis characterizing MDS.
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Speletas M, Kioumi A, Loules G, Hytiroglou P, Tsitouridis J, Christakis J, Germenis AE. Analysis of SLC40A1 gene at the mRNA level reveals rapidly the causative mutations in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis type IV. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 40:353-9. [PMID: 17997113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the SLC40A1 gene result in a dominant genetic disorder [ferroportin disease; hereditary hemochromatosis type (HH) IV], characterized by iron overload with two different clinical manifestations, normal transferrin saturation with macrophage iron accumulation (the most prevalent type) or high transferrin saturation with hepatocyte iron accumulation (classical hemochromatosis phenotype). In previous studies, the mutational analysis of SLC40A1 gene has been performed at the genomic DNA level by PCR amplification and direct sequencing of all coding regions and flanking intron-exon boundaries (usually in 9 PCR reactions). In this study, we analyzed the SLC40A1 gene at the mRNA level, in two RT-PCR reactions, followed by direct sequencing and/or NIRCA (non-isotopic RNase cleavage assay). This protocol turned out to be rapid, sensitive and reliable, facilitating the detection of the SLC40A1 gene mutations in two patients with hyperferritinemia, normal transferrin saturation and iron accumulation predominantly in macrophages and Kupffer cells. The first one displayed the well-described alteration V162 Delta and the second a novel mutation (R178G) that was further detected in two relatives in a pedigree analysis. The proposed procedure would facilitate the wide-range molecular analysis of the SLC40A1 gene, contributing to better understanding the pathogenesis of the ferroportin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, University of Thessaly Medical School, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece.
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25
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Dror N, Rave-Harel N, Burchert A, Azriel A, Tamura T, Tailor P, Neubauer A, Ozato K, Levi BZ. Interferon regulatory factor-8 is indispensable for the expression of promyelocytic leukemia and the formation of nuclear bodies in myeloid cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5633-40. [PMID: 17189268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607825200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8), previously known as ICSBP, is a myeloid cell essential transcription factor. Mice with null mutation in IRF-8 are defective in the ability of myeloid progenitor cells to mature toward macrophage lineage. Accordingly, these mice develop chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We demonstrate here that IRF-8 is an obligatory regulator of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene in activated macrophages, leading to the expression of the PML-I isoform. This regulation is most effective together with two other transcription factors, IRF-1 and PU.1. PML is a tumor suppressor gene that serves as a scaffold protein for nuclear bodies. IRF-8 is not only essential for the IFN-gamma-induced expression of PML in activated macrophages but also for the formation of nuclear bodies. Reduced IRF-8 transcript levels were reported in CML patients, and a recovery to normal levels was observed in patients in remission following treatment with IFN-alpha. We demonstrate a significant correlation between the levels of IRF-8 and PML in these CML patients. Together, our results indicate that some of the myeloleukemia suppressor activities of IRF-8 are mediated through the regulation of PML. When IRF-8 levels are compromised, the reduced PML expression may lead to genome instability and eventually to the leukemic phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Genomic Instability/genetics
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/metabolism
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies/genetics
- Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/pathology
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein
- Protein Isoforms
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Dror
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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26
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Lee EJ, Jo M, Park J, Zhang W, Lee JH. Alternative splicing variants of IRF-1 lacking exons 7, 8, and 9 in cervical cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:882-8. [PMID: 16857162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The two previously identified major splice variants of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) do not appear to affect IRF-1-mediated gene activation. We searched for additional splice variants and examined their effect on wild-type IRF-1. RT-PCR experiments using normal and malignant human cervical tissue samples revealed five variants lacking some combination of exons 7, 8, and 9; their expression levels were higher in the malignant samples. These variants had predicted deletions of the functional domain or truncated protein isoforms, had different transcriptional activities, and attenuated transcriptional activity of IRF-1. Unlike the cell cycle-dependent IRF-1 transcript, the splice variant mRNA levels remained consistent throughout the cell cycle. The variant proteins were more stable than the IRF-1 protein, which may explain the strong inhibition of IRF-1 transcription in the presence of relatively small quantities of the alternative transcripts. In conclusion, alternative splicing in exons 7, 8, and 9 is an important mechanism for negatively regulating IRF-1 in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Lee
- Molecular Therapy Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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27
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Liebermann DA, Hoffman B. Interferon regulatory factor-1 myelodysplasia and leukemia. Leuk Res 2006; 30:1069-71. [PMID: 16620966 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Bowie ML, Dietze EC, Delrow J, Bean GR, Troch MM, Marjoram RJ, Seewaldt VL. Interferon-regulatory factor-1 is critical for tamoxifen-mediated apoptosis in human mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 2005; 23:8743-55. [PMID: 15467738 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unlike estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancers, normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) typically express low nuclear levels of ER (ER poor). We previously demonstrated that 1.0 microM tamoxifen (Tam) promotes apoptosis in acutely damaged ER-poor HMECs through a rapid, 'nonclassic' signaling pathway. Interferon-regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), a target of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 transcriptional regulation, has been shown to promote apoptosis following DNA damage. Here we show that 1.0 microM Tam promotes apoptosis in acutely damaged ER-poor HMECs through IRF-1 induction and caspase-1/3 activation. Treatment of acutely damaged HMEC-E6 cells with 1.0 microM Tam resulted in recruitment of CBP to the gamma-IFN-activated sequence element of the IRF-1 promoter, induction of IRF-1, and sequential activation of caspase-1 and -3. The effects of Tam were blocked by expression of siRNA directed against IRF-1 and caspase-1 inhibitors. These data indicate that Tam induces apoptosis in HMEC-E6 cells through a novel IRF-1-mediated signaling pathway that results in activated caspase-1 and -3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bowie
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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29
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Lichty BD, Stojdl DF, Taylor RA, Miller L, Frenkel I, Atkins H, Bell JC. Vesicular stomatitis virus: a potential therapeutic virus for the treatment of hematologic malignancy. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:821-31. [PMID: 15353037 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2004.15.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) have been shown to be oncolytic in a wide variety of solid tumors. In the present study, we tested the leukemolytic properties of VSV using established leukemia cell lines and primary patient material. VSV efficiently killed essentially all leukemic cell lines. In contrast, however, normal clonogenic bone marrow progenitor cells and peripheral blood cells were remarkably refractory to infection by VSV. By exploiting this large difference in susceptibility to infection we successfully purged contaminating leukemic cells from cultures of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) using VSV. VSV was also able to infect and kill leukemic cells in primary samples taken from patients with multiple myeloma (MM). This study demonstrates the potential utility of VSV in the treatment, both ex vivo and in vivo, of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lichty
- Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre Research Laboratories, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 1C4
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30
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Testa U, Stellacci E, Pelosi E, Sestili P, Venditti M, Orsatti R, Fragale A, Petrucci E, Pasquini L, Belardelli F, Gabriele L, Battistini A. Impaired myelopoiesis in mice devoid of interferon regulatory factor 1. Leukemia 2004; 18:1864-71. [PMID: 15385939 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is a transcription factor controlling the expression of several genes, which are differentially induced depending on the cell type and signal. IRF-1 modulates multiple functions, including regulation of immune responses and host defence, cell growth, cytokine signalling and hematopoietic development. Here, we investigated the role of IRF-1 in granulocytic differentiation in mice with a null mutation in the IRF-1 gene. We show that IRF-1(-/-) bone marrow cells exhibit an increased number of immature granulocytic precursors, associated with a decreased number of mature granulocytic elements as compared to normal mice, suggestive of a defective maturation process. Clonogenetic analyses revealed a reduced number of CFU-G, CFU-M and CFU-GM colonies in IRF-1(-/-) mice, while the number of BFU-E/CFU-E colonies was unchanged. At the molecular level, the expression of CAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-epsilon, -alpha and PU.1 was substantially lower in the CD11b(+) cells from the bone marrow of IRF-1(-/-) mice as compared to cells from wild-type mice. These results, together with the fact that IRF-1 is markedly induced early during granulo-monocytic differentiation of CD34+ cells, highlight the pivotal role of IRF-1 in the early phases of myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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31
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Giannouli S, Tzoanopoulos D, Ritis K, Kartalis G, Moutsopoulos HM, Voulgarelis M. Autoimmune manifestations in human myelodysplasia: a positive correlation with interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) expression. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:578-82. [PMID: 15082491 PMCID: PMC1754981 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.012948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with myelodysplasia may have autoimmune manifestations (AIM). Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a transcription factor involved in interferon signalling, leukaemogenesis, and the development of the immune system. OBJECTIVES To determine whether IRF-1 is implicated in the pathophysiology of AIM in myelodysplasia. METHODS 14 patients with myelodysplasia were studied, seven with AIM and seven without. Five patients with vasculitis and seven normal subjects served as controls. The expression of IRF-1 was studied in bone marrow mononuclear cells taken from patients and controls, using a relative quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A 10-fold reduction in full length IRF-1 mRNA was detected in the myelodysplasia patients without AIM compared with the normal controls. In contrast, the group with AIM had increased IRF-1 transcripts, to a level almost equal to that observed in patients with vasculitis and normal controls. CONCLUSIONS Myelodysplasia patients without IRF-1 expression had a decreased incidence of AIM. Thus the absence of IRF-1 transcription factor appears to protect against the development of autoimmunity in myelodysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giannouli
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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32
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Qiao Y, Prabhakar S, Canova A, Hoshino Y, Weiden M, Pine R. Posttranscriptional Inhibition of Gene Expression byMycobacterium tuberculosisOffsets Transcriptional Synergism with IFN-γ and Posttranscriptional Up-Regulation by IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2935-43. [PMID: 14978096 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires the cytokine IFN-gamma and IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), a transcription factor that is induced to high levels by IFN-gamma. Therefore, we chose to study regulation of IRF-1 expression as a model for effects of M. tuberculosis on response to IFN-gamma. We found that IRF-1 mRNA abundance increased far more than transcription rate in human monocytic THP-1 cells stimulated by IFN-gamma, but less than transcription rate in cells infected by M. tuberculosis. IFN-gamma stimulation of infected cells caused a synergistic increase in IRF-1 transcription, yet IRF-1 mRNA abundance was similar in uninfected and infected cells stimulated by IFN-gamma, as was the IRF-1 protein level. Comparable infection by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin failed to induce IRF-1 expression and had no effect on the response to IFN-gamma. We also examined the kinetics of transcription, the mRNA t(1/2), and the distribution of IRF-1 transcripts among total nuclear RNA, poly(A) nuclear RNA, and poly(A) cytoplasmic RNA pools in cells that were infected by M. tuberculosis and/or stimulated by IFN-gamma. Our data suggest that infection by M. tuberculosis inhibits RNA export from the nucleus. Moreover, the results indicate that regulated entry of nascent transcripts into the pool of total nuclear RNA affects IRF-1 expression and that this process is stimulated by IFN-gamma and inhibited by M. tuberculosis. The ability of infection by M. tuberculosis to limit the increase in IRF-1 mRNA expression that typically follows transcriptional synergism may contribute to the pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Qiao
- Public Health Research Institute and Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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