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Russo V, Falco L, Tessitore V, Mauriello A, Catapano D, Napolitano N, Tariq M, Caturano A, Ciccarelli G, D’Andrea A, Giordano A. Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects of Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Malignancy. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1888. [PMID: 37763292 PMCID: PMC10532829 DOI: 10.3390/life13091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the anticoagulation therapy is of pivotal importance in patients with a malignant tumor, as venous thromboembolism (VTE) has become the second-leading cause of death in this population. Cancer can highly increase the risk of thrombosis and bleeding. Consequently, the management of cancer-associated VTE is complex. In recent years, translational research has intensified, and several studies have highlighted the role of inflammatory cytokines in cancer growth and progression. Simultaneously, the pleiotropic effects of anticoagulants currently recommended for VTE have emerged. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of both direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and low-molecular-weight heparins (LWMHs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Russo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Luigi Falco
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Viviana Tessitore
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Alfredo Mauriello
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Dario Catapano
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Nicola Napolitano
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Moiz Tariq
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy (A.D.)
| | - Giovanni Ciccarelli
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”—Monaldi Hospital, 80126 Naples, NA, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Antonello D’Andrea
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy (A.D.)
- Cardiology Unit, Umberto I Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Saadoun R, Bengur FB, Moroni EA, Surucu Y, Veit JA, Khan NI, Daniels K, Rothenberger SD, Kubik M, Solari MG, Sridharan S. Assessment of BMI and Venous Thromboembolism Rates in Patients on Standard Chemoprophylaxis Regimens After Undergoing Free Tissue Transfer to the Head and Neck. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 148:1051-1058. [PMID: 36201206 PMCID: PMC9539733 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2022.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a severe complication after free tissue transfer to the head and neck (H&N). Enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily (BID) is a common regimen for chemoprophylaxis. However, differences in enoxaparin metabolism based on body weight may influence its efficacy and safety profile. Objective To assess the association between BMI and postoperative VTE and hematoma rates in patients treated with prophylactic enoxaparin 30 mg BID. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective review of a prospectively collected cohort from 2012 to 2022. Postoperative VTE, hematoma, and free flap pedicle thrombosis were recorded within 30 days of index surgery. The setting was a tertiary academic referral center. Participants included patients undergoing H&N reconstruction with free flaps that received fixed-dose subcutaneous enoxaparin 30 mg BID postoperatively. Statistical analysis was conducted from April to May 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes include incidence of VTE, hematoma, and flap pedicle thrombosis events within 30 days of the surgery. Univariate and multivariable regression models were used to evaluate associations between BMI and other patient factors with these outcomes. Results Among the 765 patients included, 262 (34.24%) were female; mean (SD) age was 60.85 (12.64) years; and mean (SD) BMI was 26.36 (6.29). The rates of VTE and hematoma in the cohort were 3.92% (30 patients) and 5.09% (39 patients), respectively. After adjusting for patient factors, BMI was the only factor associated with VTE (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.015-1.129). Obesity (BMI >30) was associated with increased odds of VTE (OR, 2.782; 95% CI, 1.197-6.564). Hematoma was not associated with BMI (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.937-1.041). Caprini score of at least 9 was not associated with VTE (OR, 1.259; 95% CI, 0.428-3.701). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that obesity was associated with an increased risk of VTE in patients after microvascular H&N reconstruction and while on standard postoperative chemoprophylaxis regimens. This association may suggest insufficient VTE prophylaxis in this group and a potential indication for weight-based dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakan Saadoun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fuat Baris Bengur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth A. Moroni
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yusuf Surucu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Johannes A. Veit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nayel I. Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly Daniels
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott D. Rothenberger
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Research on Health Care (CRHC) Data Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Kubik
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mario G. Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaum Sridharan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Izadpanah M, Khalili H, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Mohammadi M. Heparin and related drugs for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: subcutaneous or intravenous continuous infusion? J Comp Eff Res 2015; 4:167-84. [DOI: 10.2217/cer.14.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, the most evidenced approaches of unfractionated heparin administration for prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical and surgical hospitalized patients will be reviewed. Present data were collected by searching Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Science direct, Clinical trials and Cochrane database systematic reviews. Subcutaneous low doses of unfractionated heparin (10000–15000 IU) in two or three divided doses per day are commonly administrated for venous thromboembolism prevention in different medical and surgical populations. In some populations such as obese surgical and critically ill patients, due to altered pharmacokinetics behavior of unfractionated heparin, continuous intravenous infusion of the low doses of unfractionated heparin has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Izadpanah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155/6451, Enghelab Avenue, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Hossein Khalili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155/6451, Enghelab Avenue, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Simin Dashti-Khavidaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155/6451, Enghelab Avenue, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mohammadi
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lang IM. Thrombosis - Besieged but Poorly Understood. Front Cardiovasc Med 2014; 1:4. [PMID: 26664856 PMCID: PMC4668866 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene M. Lang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Dar TI, Wani KA, Ashraf M, Malik A, Ahmad S, Gojwari TA, Iqbal A. Low molecular weight heparin in prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in Asian general surgical patients: A Kashmir experience. Indian J Crit Care Med 2012; 16:71-4. [PMID: 22988360 PMCID: PMC3439781 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.99107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs at a lower rate in Asia than in the rest of the world. We wanted to study the significance and efficacy of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in prophylaxis of DVT in major general surgical patients in the Kashmir Valley (India, Asia) so as to make it a routine in our patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective study in which the effect of LMWH was compared with no prophylaxis. RESULTS LMWHs are more effective than no prophylaxis in the prevention of DVT and pulmonary thromboembolism in highest-risk general surgical patients (odds ratio = 16.64; 95% confidence interval = 3.63-1130.03; P-value = 0.014). CONCLUSION LMWHs have a significant prophylactic effect on DVT in general surgical patients, with a higher benefit to risk ratio, and, in spite of the low incidence of DVT in Asia, its prophylaxis should routinely be considered in this part of the world as well, preferably in the form of LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Iqbal Dar
- Department of General Surgery, SKIMS Soura, and SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, J and K, India
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Akl EA, Labedi N, Terrenato I, Barba M, Sperati F, Sempos EV, Muti P, Cook D, Schünemann H. Low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD009447. [PMID: 22071865 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choice of the appropriate perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer depends on the relative benefits and harms of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH). OBJECTIVES To systematically review the evidence for the relative efficacy and safety of LMWH and UFH for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive search for trials of anticoagulation in cancer patients including a February 2010 electronic search of: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled cancer patients undergoing a surgical intervention and compared the effects of LMWH to UFH on mortality, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), bleeding outcomes, and thrombocytopenia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors used a standardized form to independently extract in duplicate data on risk of bias, participants, interventions and outcomes of interest. Where possible, we conducted meta-analyses using the random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS Of 8187 identified citations, we included 16 RCTs with 11,847 patients in the meta-analyses, all using preoperative prophylactic anticoagulation. The overall quality of evidence was moderate. The meta-analysis did not conclusively rule out either a beneficial or harmful effect of LMWH compared to UFH for the following outcomes: mortality (RR = 0.90; 95% CI 0.73 to 1.10), symptomatic DVT (RR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.23 to 2.28), PE (RR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.25 to1.41), minor bleeding (RR = 0.88; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.66) and major bleeding (RR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.36). LMWH was associated with lower incidence of wound hematoma (RR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.43, 0.84) while UFH was associated with higher incidence of intra-operative transfusion (RR = 1.16; 95% CI 0.69,1.62). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found no difference between perioperative thromboprophylaxis with LMWH verus UFH in their effects on mortality and embolic outcomes in patients with cancer. Further trials are needed to more carefully evaluate the benefits and harms of different heparin thromboprophylaxis strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie A Akl
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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7
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Lee DH, Warkentin TE. Frequency of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA 2007. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420045093.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Complex factors, including substances in cancer cells, cancer treatment effects, and venous stasis associated with chronic illness, blood vessel wall injury, and immobility, interact to place patients with cancer at risk for thrombosis. This article describes the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments for venous and pulmonary emboli associated with cancer. It explores the nurse's role in assessing patients who are at risk, managing symptomatic thrombosis and primary and secondary prevention of emboli, and administering anticoagulant therapy. As growing numbers of patients are treated in outpatient settings, oncology nurses play a critical role in the coordination of care for patients at risk for thrombosis. A nursing care plan summarizes key nursing strategies for assessment and intervention.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tosetto
- Hematology Department, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
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Decousus H, Rivron-Guillot K, Girard G, Moulin N. Clinical efficacy and safety of fondaparinux in the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. Future Cardiol 2005; 1:743-58. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.1.6.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fondaparinux (Arixtra®) is a synthetic, selective Factor Xa inhibitor. Its pharmacokinetic profile allows once-daily subcutaneous administration of the drug without any laboratory monitoring. The benefit-to-risk ratio of fondaparinux in the prevention of venous thromboembolism has been extensively studied in both surgical and acutely ill medical patients at risk of thrombosis. Its efficacy and safety have also been investigated in the initial treatment of symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Finally, a number of Phase II trials investigated the safety and efficacy of fondaparinux in patients with acute coronary syndromes, and a large Phase III program is ongoing in this setting. This review focuses on the use of fondaparinux in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Decousus
- Inserm, CIE3, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France; Univ Saint-Etienne, Groupe de Recherche sur la Thrombose, (EA3065), Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; CHU Saint-Etienne, Service de Médecine Interne et Thérapeutique, Saint-Etienne, F-42055 France
| | - Karine Rivron-Guillot
- Inserm, CIE3, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France; Univ Saint-Etienne, Groupe de Recherche sur la Thrombose, (EA3065), Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; CHU Saint-Etienne, Service de Médecine Interne et Thérapeutique, Saint-Etienne, F-42055 France
| | - Gaelle Girard
- CHU Saint-Etienne, Service de Médecine Interne et Thérapeutique, Saint-Etienne, F-42055 France
| | - Nathalie Moulin
- CHU Saint-Etienne, Service de Médecine Interne et Thérapeutique, Saint-Etienne, F-42055 France
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Abstract
Although traditional anticoagulant regimens are highly effective and safe in most patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), the aggressive natural history of VTE and the high risk of serious bleeding in cancer patients can complicate the management of VTE. In addition, because few clinical trials have focused on the prevention and treatment of VTE in this unique patient population, many clinical questions regarding the care of cancer patients with VTE remain unanswered. Currently, low-molecular-weight heparins and oral vitamin K antagonists are the most commonly used agents for the primary and secondary prophylaxis of VTE in patients with or without cancer, but their use is associated with pharmacological and practical limitations. This review will provide an up-to-date summary of the clinical trials that have addressed the management of VTE in patients with cancer. A brief discussion of the potential application of novel anticoagulants in these clinical settings is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Y Y Lee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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12
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Abstract
Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is the first selective factor Xa inhibitor approved for use in thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery. New recently completed trials have also demonstrated the potential of fondaparinux in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in other surgical and medical settings and in the treatment of established VTE. In the randomized double-blind PEGASUS study in high-risk abdominal surgery patients, fondaparinux reduced the incidence of VTE from 6.1% with dalteparin to 4.6% (odds ratio reduction = 25.8%, P = 0.14), without increasing the bleeding risk. In the randomized double-blind ARTEMIS trial in acutely ill medical patients, fondaparinux reduced the incidence of VTE from 10.5% with placebo to 5.6% (odds ratio reduction = 49.5%, P = 0.029), without increasing the bleeding risk; there was no pulmonary embolism in the fondaparinux group compared with five, all fatal, in the placebo group (P = 0.029). In the two MATISSE trials, both the efficacy and safety of once daily fondaparinux were at least as good as enoxaparin in the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis (MATISSE-DVT) and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of pulmonary embolism (MATISSE-PE). In patients with coronary artery disease, promising results were obtained in phase II trials and large phase III trials are ongoing. In conclusion, fondaparinux may further improve and simplify the prevention and treatment of thrombosis in a large range of medical and surgical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bauersachs
- Vascular Medicine, Medical Department IV, Klinikum Darmstadt, Germany.
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Abstract
Rapid progress has been made recently in our understanding of the pathogenesis of coagulation activation in malignancy and mechanisms by which the coagulation mechanism may control malignant growth. Idiopathic thromboembolic disease may be the sentinel presentation in patients subsequently diagnosed with malignancy. Thrombosis complicating the course of malignancy may be notoriously difficult to treat, but the introduction of the low-molecular-weight heparins has greatly improved management and may obviate the need for invasive approaches, such as the use of inferior vena cava filters, in many cases. Tantalizing clues from clinical trials of anticoagulant therapy in cancer have suggested that components of coagulation pathways may support tumor growth. Many of these can be intercepted using drugs that are well known and non-toxic. The importance of performing high-quality controlled clinical trials that build on past studies and on data from basic research cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Ornstein
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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