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Wolffenbuttel R, Winship D, Bilby D, Visser J, Qin Y, Gianchandani Y. SiN x/SiO 2-Based Fabry-Perot Interferometer on Sapphire for Near-UV Optical Gas Sensing of Formaldehyde in Air. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3597. [PMID: 38894388 PMCID: PMC11175207 DOI: 10.3390/s24113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs), comprising foundry-compatible dielectric thin films on sapphire wafer substrates, were investigated for possible use in chemical sensing. Specifically, structures comprising two vertically stacked distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), with the lower DBR between a sapphire substrate and a silicon-oxide (SiO2) resonator layer and the other DBR on top of this resonator layer, were investigated for operation in the near-ultraviolet (near-UV) range. The DBRs are composed of a stack of nitride-rich silicon-nitride (SiNx) layers for the higher index and SiO2 layers for the lower index. An exemplary application would be formaldehyde detection at sub-ppm concentrations in air, using UV absorption spectroscopy in the 300-360 nm band, while providing spectral selectivity against the main interfering gases, notably NO2 and O3. Although SiNx thin films are conventionally used only for visible and near-infrared optical wavelengths (above 450 nm) because of high absorbance at lower wavelengths, this work shows that nitride-rich SiNx is suitable for near-UV wavelengths. The interplay between spectral absorbance, transmittance and reflectance in a FPI is presented in a comparative study between one FPI design using stoichiometric material (Si3N4) and two designs based on N-rich compositions, SiN1.39 and SiN1.49. Spectral measurements confirm that if the design accounts for phase penetration depth, sufficient performance can be achieved with the SiN1.49-based FPI design for gas absorption spectroscopy in near-UV, with peak transmission at 330 nm of 64%, a free spectral range (FSR) of 20 nm and a full-width half-magnitude spectral resolution (FWHM) of 2 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Wolffenbuttel
- Laboratory for Electronic Instrumentation, Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Declan Winship
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.W.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Bilby
- Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA; (D.B.); (J.V.)
| | - Jaco Visser
- Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA; (D.B.); (J.V.)
| | - Yutao Qin
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.W.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yogesh Gianchandani
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.W.); (Y.Q.); (Y.G.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Austin HK, Schoenberg E. A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Effects of Formaldehyde on the Upper Respiratory Tract. Cureus 2024; 16:e59743. [PMID: 38840986 PMCID: PMC11151271 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to indoor air pollutants at high concentrations can have adverse health effects on the respiratory system of individuals who spend most of their time indoors. Formaldehyde (FA) is a common indoor air pollutant because of its extensive use in household products such as cleaners, floorings, and furnishings. As a chemical, FA is highly water soluble and reactive. When its airborne form is inhaled, it is mainly absorbed in the upper airways. FA has been extensively studied for its carcinogenic effects, but it can also cause inflammation in the upper airways. The objective of the current review was to assess the secondary effects of such inflammation and how it can contribute to an increased risk for upper respiratory infections, which are mostly caused by viruses. A rigorous literature review was conducted through gathering, reading, and analyzing relevant literature, including peer-reviewed articles published after 1990 and seminal literature regardless of publication date. Findings from the review provide a greater understanding of the outcomes of FA exposure, the potential accumulative damage to the upper respiratory tract, and the associated increased risk for acute infections of the upper respiratory tract. This information can help in the development and enforcement of stricter regulations for furniture and building materials for household-related products to limit exposure to indoor pollutants such as FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Kaye Austin
- Otolaryngology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, USA
| | - Erik Schoenberg
- Otolaryngology, HCA Florida Orlando Allergy and ENT, Sanford, USA
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Gong X, Hou C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H. Flexible TPU inverse opal fabrics for colorimetric detecting of VOCs †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9457-9465. [PMID: 36968040 PMCID: PMC10034260 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, responsive structure color fibers and fabrics have been designed and prepared for colorimetric detecting of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Fabric substrates can offer greater flexibility and portability than flat and hard substrates such as glass, silicon wafers, etc. At present, one-dimensional photonic crystal (multilayer films) and three-dimensional dense photonic crystal layers are mainly constructed on fabrics to achieve the response to VOCs. However, the binding force between these structural color coatings and the fabrics was poor, and the dense structures inevitably hindered the diffusion of VOCs. Here, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) inverse opal (IOs) fabrics were prepared by sacrificing the SiO2 photonic crystal templates to achieve colorimetric detecting of VOCs. The IOs layer of TPU was cured directly on the fabric surface, TPU infiltrated into the fabric yarns, and bonded the fabrics and IOs layer into a whole, which greatly improved the binding force, and the porous structure and large specific surface area of IOs were conducive to the diffusion of VOCs. The results showed that the TPU IOs fabrics have large reflection peak shifts to DMF, THF, toluene and chloroform vapors, and its concentration has a good linear relationship with the maximum reflection peak value of TPU IOs fabrics. The theoretical detection limits are 1.72, 0.89, 0.78 and 1.64 g m−3, respectively. The response times are 105, 62, 75 and 66 seconds, with good stability. Finally, it was calculated that the discoloration of the TPU IOs fabrics in VOCs was due to the joint-effects of lattice spacing and effective refractive index increase. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) inverse opal structural color fabrics for colorimetric detecting of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) vapor especially DMF, THF, toluene and chloroform.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua UniversityShanghai201600China
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua UniversityShanghai201600China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University201600China
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University201600China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua UniversityShanghai201600China
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Li W, Liang T, Lin Y, Wu W, Li S. In Silico Screening of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Formaldehyde Capture with and without Humidity by Molecular Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213672. [PMID: 36430151 PMCID: PMC9690669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Capturing formaldehydes (HCHO) from indoor air with porous adsorbents still faces challenges due to their low capacity and poor selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tunable pore properties were regarded as promising adsorbents for HCHO removal. However, the water presence in humid air heavily influences the formaldehyde capture performance due to the competition adsorption. To find suitable MOFs for formaldehyde capture and explore the relationship between MOFs structure and performance both in dry air and humid air, we performed grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) molecular simulations to obtain working capacity and selectivity that evaluated the HCHO capture performance of MOFs without humidity. The results reveal that small pore size (~5 Å) and moderate heat of adsorption (40-50 kJ/mol) are favored for HCHO capture without water. It was found that the structure with a 3D cage instead of a 2D channel benefits the HCHO adsorption. Atoms in these high-performing MOFs should possess relatively small charges, and large Lennard-jones parameters were also preferred. Furthermore, it was indicated that Henry's constant (KH) can reflect the HCHO adsorption performance without humidity, in which the optimal range is 10-2-101. Hence, Henry's constant selectivity of HCHO over water (SKH HCHO/H2O) and HCHO over mixture components (H2O, N2, and O2) was obtained to screen MOFs at an 80% humidity condition. It was suggested that SKH for the mixture component overestimates the influence of N2 and O2, in which the top structures absorb a quantity of water in GCMC simulation, while SKH HCHO/H2O can efficiently find high-performing MOFs for HCHO capture at humidity in low adsorption pressure. The ECATAT found in this work has 0.64 mol/kg working capacity, and barely adsorbs water during 0-1 bar, which is the promising candidate MOF for HCHO capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Energy and Electricity Research Center, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Tiangui Liang
- Energy and Electricity Research Center, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Yuanchuang Lin
- Energy and Electricity Research Center, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Weixiong Wu
- Energy and Electricity Research Center, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Song Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.L.)
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Fu P, Zhao Z, Norback D, Zhang X, Yung KKL. Associations between indoor environment and lifestyles and sick building syndrome symptoms among adults in Taiyuan and Urumqi of China. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13081. [PMID: 35904392 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The complex and uncertain causes of sick building syndrome (SBS) have become one of the most challenging and hot issues worldwide. Studies on the correlation between indoor environment and SBS based on local characteristics are relatively limited in China. We studied typical SBS risk factors related to the indoor environment and lifestyle in two northern Chinese cities. The study population was drawn from parents of pre-school children in randomized daycare centers in Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (N = 6838). Data on SBS and indoor environment were obtained from cross-sectional questionnaires. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by multilevel logistic regression and adjusted using gender, atopy, own smoking, home size, and dampness index. Results showed that location, homeownership, year of construction completion, changes in the indoor environment (new furniture and decorations), and changes in indoor air (smoking, burning mosquito repellent and incense, cooking fuels including electricity, natural gas, coal, and wood) might contribute to different levels of SBS in Chinese adults, including eye, nasal, throat, dermal symptoms, and headache and tiredness. The results of the subgroup analysis suggest city and gender differences in susceptibility. Daily cleaning, window opening, and improved ventilation effectively improved SBS. People should improve their indoor environment and lifestyles based on sensitivity factors, gender, and geographic characteristics to reduce SBS risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Fu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Norback
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Pan S, Roy S, Choudhury N, Behera PP, Sivaprakasam K, Ramakrishnan L, De P. From small molecules to polymeric probes: recent advancements of formaldehyde sensors. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:49-63. [PMID: 35185388 PMCID: PMC8856084 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.2018920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a well-known industrial material regularly used in fishery, vegetable markets, and fruit shops for maintaining their freshness. But due to its carcinogenic nature and other toxic effects, it is very important to detect it in very low concentrations. In recent years, amine-containing fluorescent probes have gained significant attention for designing formaldehyde sensors. However, the major drawbacks of these small molecular probes are low sensitivity and long exposure time, which limits their real-life applications. In this regard, polymeric probes have gained significant attention to overcome the aforementioned problems. Several polymeric probes have been utilized as a coating material, nanoparticle, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), etc., for the selective and sensitive detection of formaldehyde. The main objective of this review article is to comprehensively describe the recent advancements in formaldehyde sensors based on small molecules and polymers, and their successful applications in various fields, especially in situ formaldehyde sensing in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Pan
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Subhadip Roy
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Neha Choudhury
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Priyanka Priyadarshini Behera
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Kannan Sivaprakasam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, MN, USA
| | - Latha Ramakrishnan
- College of Science and Technology, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA, USA
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- CONTACT Priyadarsi De Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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7
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Protano C, Buomprisco G, Cammalleri V, Pocino RN, Marotta D, Simonazzi S, Cardoni F, Petyx M, Iavicoli S, Vitali M. The Carcinogenic Effects of Formaldehyde Occupational Exposure: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:165. [PMID: 35008329 PMCID: PMC8749969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde, classified as a carcinogen in 2004, as of today is widely used in many work activities. From its classification, further studies were performed to evaluate its carcinogenicity. The aim of the systematic review is to update the evidence on occupational exposure to formaldehyde and cancer onset. METHODS The review, in accordance with the PRISMA statement, includes articles in English reporting original results of studies conducted on workers exposed to formaldehyde, considering all types of cancer, published from 1 January 2000 to 30 July 2021 and selected from the Pubmed and Scopus databases. The studies' quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS A total of 21 articles were included, conducted in different European, American, and Asian countries. The most investigated occupational areas are those characterized by a deliberate use of formaldehyde. Some studies evaluated all types of cancer, whereas others focused on specific sites such as thyroid and respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, or central nervous systems. The results showed weak associations with lung cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the need for further original studies carried out on representative samples of workers exposed to measured levels of FA. These studies should be designed to reduce the bias due to co-exposure to other carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Buomprisco
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Vittoria Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Roberta Noemi Pocino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Marotta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Stefano Simonazzi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Cardoni
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Marta Petyx
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (S.I.)
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (S.I.)
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (V.C.); (R.N.P.); (D.M.)
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Li J, Zhang Y. Morphology and Crystallinity of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives with Different Molar Ratios. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050673. [PMID: 33668111 PMCID: PMC7956499 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using formaldehyde and urea as raw materials, a stable urea–formaldehyde resin (UF) is synthesized by the “alkali-acid-alkali” method. Unlike most thermosetting resins, UF often shows the appearance of crystal domains. In order to understand the relationship between the crystal and morphology of UF resin, analysis was carried out with the help of polarizing microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The changes of two kinds of UF resins with molar ratios (F/U) of 1.4 and 1.0 before and after curing and under the influence of different curing agents and additives were studied. SEM results showed that the UF resins with low F/U (1.0) show spherical or flat structures before and after curing, and the diameter of the spherical structure increases with the increase of the content of curing agent, while in the UF resin with high F/U (1.4) it is difficult to observe the above phenomenon. At the same time, the possible accumulation mode of UF colloidal particles in the process of aggregation is explained, and the curing agent obviously promotes the development of the crystal structure, which may be the reason for the emergence of a large number of spherical particles. XRD results showed that the resin with low F/U has higher crystallinity than the resin with high F/U, indicating that the former shows more crystallization regions, while the latter shows more amorphous structure, and the crystallinity increases with the increase of the curing agent content, but the position of the crystallization peak does not change with the type of curing agent and the amount of curing agent. Observation of the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern obtained by TEM shows that the cured low F/U (1.0) resin has a polycrystalline structure and a body-centered cubic unit cell. FT-IR results showed that the linear segment, branched structure, hydroxymethyl and methylene structure changes in UF affect the formation of crystal structure. This study also shows the possible contribution of hydroxymethylated species to the formation of crystals.
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Winkowski M, Stacewicz T. Optical detection of formaldehyde in air in the 3.6 µm range. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:7019-7031. [PMID: 33408977 PMCID: PMC7747927 DOI: 10.1364/boe.405384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The optical detector of formaldehyde designed for sensing cancer biomarkers in air exhaled from human lungs with possible application in free atmosphere is described. The measurements were performed at wavelengths ranging from 3595.77-3596.20 nm. It was stated that at the pressure of 0.01 atm this absorption band exhibits the best immunity to typical interferents that might occur at high concentration in human breath. Multipass absorption spectroscopy was also applied. The method of optical fringes quenching by wavelength modulation and signal averaging over the interferences period was presented. The application of such approaches enabled the detection limit of about single ppb to be achieved.
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10
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Resines-Urien E, Piñeiro-López L, Fernandez-Bartolome E, Gamonal A, Garcia-Hernandez M, Sánchez Costa J. Covalent post-synthetic modification of switchable iron-based coordination polymers by volatile organic compounds: a versatile strategy for selective sensor development. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7315-7318. [PMID: 32469360 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A covalent post-synthetic modification is applied in one of the most relevant polymers to obtain unprecedented switchable spin crossover (SCO) materials. We also demonstrate that this material can be used as a selective chemo-sensor for VOCs (particularly, formaldehyde) thanks to solid/vapor reactions occurring between the polymer and the corresponding vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Resines-Urien
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Piñeiro-López
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Arturo Gamonal
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mar Garcia-Hernandez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sánchez Costa
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Zhang S, Zhang J, Cheng W, Chen H, Wang A, Liu Y, Hou H, Hu Q. Combined cell death of co-exposure to aldehyde mixtures on human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells: Molecular insights into the joint action. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125482. [PMID: 31812766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are common air pollutants and metabolites of the organism, which widely exist in many in vivo (e.g. Alzheimer's disease) and in vitro (e.g. cigarette smoke) situations. Individual aldehydes have been studied well alone, while their combined toxicity is still obscure. Here, we examined the combined apoptosis of aldehyde mixtures in BEAS-2B cells at smoking-related environmental/physiologically relevant concentrations, and the potential mechanism was investigated further based on the related signaling pathway. Co-exposure to aldehyde mixtures demonstrated significant synergistic interaction on apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, which differed from the expectation based on single aldehydes. Moreover, formaldehyde significantly potentiated the induction of death receptor-5, caspase 8/10, cleaved caspase 3/7/9, pro-apoptotic proteins (Bim, Bad and Bax), depolarization of MMP (mitochondrial membrane potential) and AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) induced by acrolein, and synergistically decreased expressions of pro-survival proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL) and poly ADP-ribose polymerase. Therefore, aldehyde mixture-induced synergistic apoptosis was mediated both by TRAIL death receptor and mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ levels, DNA damage, and phosphorylated MDM2 were all synergistically induced by aldehyde mixtures, while total p53, phosphorylated p53 and phosphorylated AKT (serine/threonine kinase) were inhibited. Antioxidants N-acetylcysteine suppressed the aldehyde mixture-induced ROS, DNA damage and apoptosis, and blocked the TRAIL death receptor and mitochondrial pathway, while it did not rescue the p53 and AKT pathway. Briefly, aldehyde mixtures induced synergistic apoptosis even at smoking-related environmental/physiologically relevant concentrations, which could be enhanced through ROS-mediated death receptor/mitochondrial pathway, and the down-regulation of phosphorylated AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Jingni Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Wanyan Cheng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - An Wang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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12
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Duan W, Liu A, Li Q, Li Z, Wen CY, Cai Z, Tang S, Li X, Zeng J. Toward ultrasensitive and fast colorimetric detection of indoor formaldehyde across the visible region using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride-capped bone-shaped gold nanorods as “chromophores”. Analyst 2019; 144:4582-4588. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric method for detecting formaldehyde was developed by coupling bone-shaped gold nanorods (AuNRs) with silver mirror reaction, which enables low detection limit, wide linear range and high visual resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao 266580
- China
| | - Ao Liu
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao 266580
- China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao 266580
- China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Cong-ying Wen
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao 266580
- China
| | - Zhixiong Cai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- China
| | - Shiming Tang
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao 266580
- China
| | - Xiyou Li
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao 266580
- China
| | - Jingbin Zeng
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao 266580
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
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13
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Nandi S, Sharma E, Trivedi V, Biswas S. Metal–Organic Framework Showing Selective and Sensitive Detection of Exogenous and Endogenous Formaldehyde. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:15149-15157. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Zhang X, Gao B, Creamer AE, Cao C, Li Y. Adsorption of VOCs onto engineered carbon materials: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 338:102-123. [PMID: 28535479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) severely threaten human health and the ecological environment because most of them are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. The persistent increase of VOCs together with the stringent regulations make the reduction of VOC emissions more imperative. Up to now, numerous VOC treatment technologies have emerged, such as incineration, condensation, biological degradation, absorption, adsorption, and catalysis oxidation et al. Among them, the adsorption technology has been recognized as an efficient and economical control strategy because it has the potential to recover and reuse both adsorbent and adsorbate. Due to their large specific surface area, rich porous structure, and high adsorption capacity, carbonaceous adsorbents are widely used in gas purification, especially with respect to VOC treatment and recovery. This review discusses recent research developments of VOC adsorption onto a variety of engineered carbonaceous adsorbents, including activated carbon, biochar, activated carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene and its derivatives, carbon-silica composites, ordered mesoporous carbon, etc. The key factors influence the VOC adsorption are analyzed with focuses on the physiochemical characters of adsorbents, properties of adsorbates as well as the adsorption conditions. In addition, the sources, health effect, and abatement methods of VOCs are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Anne Elise Creamer
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Chengcheng Cao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, PR China
| | - Yuncong Li
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
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15
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Demkiv O, Smutok O, Gonchar M, Nisnevitch M. A Reagentless Amperometric Formaldehyde-Selective Chemosensor Based on Platinized Gold Electrodes. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10050503. [PMID: 28772868 PMCID: PMC5459054 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication and characterization of a new amperometric chemosensor for accurate formaldehyde analysis based on platinized gold electrodes is described. The platinization process was performed electrochemically on the surface of 4 mm gold planar electrodes by both electrolysis and cyclic voltamperometry. The produced electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral analysis. Using a low working potential (0.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) enabled an essential increase in the chemosensor’s selectivity for the target analyte. The sensitivity of the best chemosensor prototype to formaldehyde is uniquely high (28180 A·M−1·m−2) with a detection limit of 0.05 mM. The chemosensor remained stable over a one-year storage period. The formaldehye-selective chemosensor was tested on samples of commercial preparations. A high correlation was demonstrated between the results obtained by the proposed chemosensor, chemical and enzymatic methods (R = 0.998). The developed formaldehyde-selective amperometric chemosensor is very promising for use in industry and research, as well as for environmental control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Demkiv
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, Drahomanov Street 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Oleh Smutok
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, Drahomanov Street 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Mykhailo Gonchar
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, Drahomanov Street 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine.
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Kolbuszowa 36-100, Poland.
| | - Marina Nisnevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel.
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16
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Vrijens K, Bollati V, Nawrot TS. MicroRNAs as potential signatures of environmental exposure or effect: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:399-411. [PMID: 25616258 PMCID: PMC4421768 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exposome encompasses all life-course environmental exposures from the prenatal period onward that influence health. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are interesting entities within this concept as markers and causation of disease. MicroRNAs are short oligonucleotide sequences that can interact with several mRNA targets. OBJECTIVES We reviewed the current state of the field on the potential of using miRNAs as biomarkers for environmental exposure. We investigated miRNA signatures in response to all types of environmental exposure to which a human can be exposed, including cigarette smoke, air pollution, nanoparticles, and diverse chemicals; and we examined the health conditions for which the identified miRNAs have been reported (i.e., cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes). METHODS We searched the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases to identify relevant studies. RESULTS For all exposures incorporated in this review, 27 miRNAs were differentially expressed in at least two independent studies. miRNAs that had expression alterations associated with smoking observed in multiple studies are miR-21, miR-34b, miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-223, and miR-340; and those miRNAs that were observed in multiple air pollution studies are miR-9, miR-10b, miR-21, miR-128, miR-143, miR-155, miR-222, miR-223, and miR-338. We found little overlap among in vitro, in vivo, and human studies between miRNAs and exposure. Here, we report on disease associations for those miRNAs identified in multiple studies on exposure. CONCLUSIONS miRNA changes may be sensitive indicators of the effects of acute and chronic environmental exposure. Therefore, miRNAs are valuable novel biomarkers for exposure. Further studies should elucidate the role of the mediation effect of miRNA between exposures and effect through all stages of life to provide a more accurate assessment of the consequences of miRNA changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vrijens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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17
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Coskey A, Gest TR. Effectiveness of various methods of formaldehyde neutralization using monoethanolamine. Clin Anat 2015; 28:449-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Coskey
- Student, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston Texas
| | - Thomas R. Gest
- Professor; Department of Medical Education; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; El Paso Texas
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18
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Wang Y, Jiang D, Wei W, Zhu L, Shen L, Wen S, Ruan S. Three dimensions sphere formaldehyde nanosensor applications: preparation and sensing properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07852k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique nanoarchitecture of microsphere Zn@SnO2 sensor was prepared via solvothermal method, showing extraordinary sensing properties to formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Shanpeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Shengping Ruan
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
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19
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Glas B, Stenberg B, Stenlund H, Sunesson AL. Exposure to formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and terpenes among office workers and associations with reported symptoms. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:613-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-0985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Wang F, Li C, Liu W, Jin Y, Guo L. Effects of subchronic exposure to low-dose volatile organic compounds on lung inflammation in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1089-1097. [PMID: 23418084 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory lung diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Exposure to some kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leads to lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune modulation. However, it is suspected that sub-chronic exposure to low-dose VOCs mixture induces or aggravates lung inflammation. To clarify the effect of this exposure on lung inflammatory responses, 40 male Kunming mice were exposed in four similar static chambers, 0 (control) and three different doses of VOCs mixture (groups 1-3). The concentrations of VOCs mixture were as follows: formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and xylene 0.10 + 0.11 + 0.20 + 0.20 mg/m(3) , 0.50 + 0.55 + 1.00 + 1.00 mg/m(3) , 1.00 + 1.10 + 2.00 + 2.00 mg/m(3) , respectively, which corresponded to 1, 5, and 10 times of indoor air quality standard in China. After 90 consecutive days of exposure (2 h/day), oxidative stress markers in lung, cellular infiltration and cytokines, chemokine, neurotrophin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and immunoglobulin (Ig) in serum were examined. VOCs exposure could increase significantly reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung, the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-4, eotaxin, nerve growth factor (NGF), and various types of leukocytes in BALF, IgE concentration in serum. In contrast, GSH to GSSG ratio and interferon-gamma were significantly decreased following the VOCs exposure. These results indicate that the VOCs mixture-induced inflammatory response is at least partly caused by release of the ROS and mediators from the activated eosinophils, neutrophils, alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, MOE, Dalian 116024, China; Department of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China
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21
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Wang F, Li C, Liu W, Jin Y. Modulation of microRNA expression by volatile organic compounds in mouse lung. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:679-689. [PMID: 24733833 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of main pollutants indoors. Exposure to VOCs is associated with cancer, asthma disease, and multiple chemical allergies. Despite the adverse health effects of VOCs, the molecular mechanisms underlying VOCs-induced disease remain largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, may influence cellular disease state. To investigate whether lung miRNA expression profiles in mice are modified by VOCs mixture exposure, 44 male Kunming mice were exposed in 4 similar static chambers, 0 (control) and 3 different doses of VOCs mixture (groups 1-3). The concentrations of VOCs mixture were as follows: formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and xylene 3.0 + 3.3 + 6.0 + 6.0 mg/m(3) , 5.0 + 5.5 + 10.0 + 10.0 mg/m(3) , 10.0 + 11.0 + 20.0 + 20.0 mg/m(3) , respectively, which corresponded to 30, 50, and 100 times of indoor air quality standard in China, after exposure to 2 weeks (2 h/day, 5 days/week). Small RNAs in lung and protein isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected and analyzed for miRNA expression using microarray analysis and for interleukin-8 (IL-8) protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. VOCs exposure altered the miRNA expression profiles in lung in mice. Specifically, 69 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in VOCs-exposed samples versus controls. Functional annotation analysis of the predicted miRNA transcript targets revealed that VOCs exposure potentially alters signaling pathways associated with cancer, chemokine signaling, Wnt signaling, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and cell adhesion molecules. IL-8 isolated from BALF and nitric oxide synthase of lung increased significantly, whereas GSH of lung decreased significantly in mice exposed to VOCs. These results indicate that inhalation of VOCs alters miRNA patterns that regulate gene expression, potentially leading to the initiation of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, MOE, Dalian 116024, China; Department of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China
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22
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Detection of Waterborne and Airborne Formaldehyde: From Amperometric Chemosensing to a Visual Biosensor Based on Alcohol Oxidase. MATERIALS 2014; 7:1055-1068. [PMID: 28788499 PMCID: PMC5453092 DOI: 10.3390/ma7021055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A laboratory prototype of a microcomputer-based analyzer was developed for quantitative determination of formaldehyde in liquid samples, based on catalytic chemosensing elements. It was shown that selectivity for the target analyte could be increased by modulating the working electrode potential. Analytical parameters of three variants of the amperometric analyzer that differed in the chemical structure/configuration of the working electrode were studied. The constructed analyzer was tested on wastewater solutions that contained formaldehyde. A simple low-cost biosensor was developed for semi-quantitative detection of airborne formaldehyde in concentrations exceeding the threshold level. This biosensor is based on a change in the color of a solution that contains a mixture of alcohol oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha, horseradish peroxidase and a chromogen, following exposure to airborne formaldehyde. The solution is enclosed within a membrane device, which is permeable to formaldehyde vapors. The most efficient and sensitive biosensor for detecting formaldehyde was the one that contained alcohol oxidase with an activity of 1.2 U·mL−1. The biosensor requires no special instrumentation and enables rapid visual detection of airborne formaldehyde at concentrations, which are hazardous to human health.
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Formaldehyde gas sensors: a review. SENSORS 2013; 13:4468-84. [PMID: 23549368 PMCID: PMC3673094 DOI: 10.3390/s130404468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many methods based on spectrophotometric, fluorometric, piezoresistive, amperometric or conductive measurements have been proposed for detecting the concentration of formaldehyde in air. However, conventional formaldehyde measurement systems are bulky and expensive and require the services of highly-trained operators. Accordingly, the emergence of sophisticated technologies in recent years has prompted the development of many microscale gaseous formaldehyde detection systems. Besides their compact size, such devices have many other advantages over their macroscale counterparts, including a real-time response, a more straightforward operation, lower power consumption, and the potential for low-cost batch production. This paper commences by providing a high level overview of the formaldehyde gas sensing field and then describes some of the more significant real-time sensors presented in the literature over the past 10 years or so.
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Hisamitsu M, Okamoto Y, Chazono H, Yonekura S, Sakurai D, Horiguchi S, Hanazawa T, Terada N, Konno A, Matsuno Y, Todaka E, Mori C. The influence of environmental exposure to formaldehyde in nasal mucosa of medical students during cadaver dissection. Allergol Int 2011; 60:373-9. [PMID: 21593581 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-oa-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposure to formaldehyde is commonly associated with clinical symptoms such as mucosal irritation and olfactory disorders. However, the impact of such exposure on the development of mucosal inflammation and its outcome has not been carefully evaluated. METHODS The observational non-comparative study was planned. The study population consisted of group of 41 medical students who had signed up for a cadaver dissection course as part of their gross anatomy teaching at the school of medicine Chiba University in Japan. During such dissection course, the students are exposed to variable levels of environmental formaldehyde routinely employed for the preservation the cadavers. The subjects were evaluated by a detailed medical examination. We measured their serum IgE levels. In addition, an olfaction test and nasal mucosal sensitivity to histamine was serially determined, immediately before and after the course and 6 months after the completion of the course. RESULTS Olfactory abnormalities were observed in 13/41 (32%) subjects and increased nasal mucosal hypersensitivity to histamine was observed in 17/41 (41%) during and immediately after completion of the course. These subjects had evidence of preexisting allergic rhinitis. 6/41 (15%) other students with no prior evidence of allergic rhinitis also exhibited formaldehyde associated clinical symptoms during the dissecting course. However, the symptoms disappeared upon completion of the course in all subjects studied. CONCLUSIONS Temporary abnormalities in the olfaction test and increased nasal mucosal hypersensitivity to histamine were observed in a few students with preexisting allergic rhinitis after environmental exposure of high concentrations of formaldehyde. These effects appeared to be transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Hisamitsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan. hisamitsu−
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25
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Rager JE, Smeester L, Jaspers I, Sexton KG, Fry RC. Epigenetic changes induced by air toxics: formaldehyde exposure alters miRNA expression profiles in human lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:494-500. [PMID: 21147603 PMCID: PMC3080931 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to formaldehyde, a known air toxic, is associated with cancer and lung disease. Despite the adverse health effects of formaldehyde, the mechanisms underlying formaldehyde-induced disease remain largely unknown. Research has uncovered microRNAs (miRNAs) as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that may influence cellular disease state. Although studies have compared different miRNA expression patterns between diseased and healthy tissue, this is the first study to examine perturbations in global miRNA levels resulting from formaldehyde exposure. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether cellular miRNA expression profiles are modified by formaldehyde exposure to test the hypothesis that formaldehyde exposure disrupts miRNA expression levels within lung cells, representing a novel epigenetic mechanism through which formaldehyde may induce disease. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells were grown at air-liquid interface and exposed to gaseous formaldehyde at 1 ppm for 4 hr. Small RNAs and protein were collected and analyzed for miRNA expression using microarray analysis and for interleukin (IL-8) protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Gaseous formaldehyde exposure altered the miRNA expression profiles in human lung cells. Specifically, 89 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in formaldehyde-exposed samples versus controls. Functional and molecular network analysis of the predicted miRNA transcript targets revealed that formaldehyde exposure potentially alters signaling pathways associated with cancer, inflammatory response, and endocrine system regulation. IL-8 release increased in cells exposed to formaldehyde, and results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS Formaldehyde alters miRNA patterns that regulate gene expression, potentially leading to the initiation of a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health and
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health and
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health and
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health and
- Address correspondence to R.C. Fry, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr., CB 7431, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599. Telephone: (919) 843-6864. Fax: 919-966-7911. E-mail:
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Li Z, Fan Y, Zhan J. In2O3 Nanofibers and Nanoribbons: Preparation by Electrospinning and Their Formaldehyde Gas-Sensing Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ahn KH, Kim SK, Lee JM, Jeon HJ, Lee DH, Kim DK. Proteomic Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Obtained from Rats Exposed to Formaldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Seok Kyun Kim
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Hyung Jun Jeon
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Dae Kyong Kim
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
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Songur A, Ozen OA, Sarsilmaz M. The toxic effects of formaldehyde on the nervous system. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 203:105-118. [PMID: 19957118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is found in the polluted atmosphere of cities, domestic air (e.g., paint, insulating materials, chipboard and plywood, fabrics, furniture, paper), and cigarette smoke, etc.; therefore, everyone and particularly susceptible children may be exposed to FA. FA is also widely used in industrial and medical settings and as a sterilizing agent, disinfectant, and preservative. Therefore, employees may be highly exposed to it in there settings. Of particular concern to the authors are anatomists and medical students, who can be highly exposed to formaldehyde vapor during dissection sessions. Formaldehyde is toxic over a range of doses; chances of exposure and subsequent harmful effects are increased as (room) temperature increases, because of FA's volatility. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of FA during systemic and respiratory exposures in rats. This review compiles that literature and emphasizes the neurotoxic effects of FA on neuronal morphology, behavior, and biochemical parameters. The review includes the results of some of the authors' work related to FA neurotoxicity, and such neurotoxic effects from FA exposure were experimentally demonstrated. Moreover, the effectiveness of some antioxidants such as melatonin, fish omega-3, and CAPE was observed in the treatment of the harmful effects of FA. Despite the harmful effects from FA exposure, it is commonly used in Turkey and elsewhere in dissection laboratories. Consequently, all anatomists must know and understand the effects of this toxic agent on organisms and the environment, and take precautions to avoid unnecessary exposure. The reviewed studies have indicated that FA has neurotoxic characteristics and systemic toxic effects. It is hypothesized that inhalation of FA, during the early postnatal period, is linked to some neurological diseases that occur in adults. Although complete prevention is impossible for laboratory workers and members of industries utilizing FA, certain precautions can be taken to decrease and/or prevent the toxic effects of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Songur
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Flueckiger J, Ko FK, Cheung KC. Microfabricated formaldehyde gas sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:9196-215. [PMID: 22291561 PMCID: PMC3260638 DOI: 10.3390/s91109196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a volatile organic compound that is widely used in textiles, paper, wood composites, and household materials. Formaldehyde will continuously outgas from manufactured wood products such as furniture, with adverse health effects resulting from prolonged low-level exposure. New, microfabricated sensors for formaldehyde have been developed to meet the need for portable, low-power gas detection. This paper reviews recent work including silicon microhotplates for metal oxide-based detection, enzyme-based electrochemical sensors, and nanowire-based sensors. This paper also investigates the promise of polymer-based sensors for low-temperature, low-power operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Flueckiger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Frank K. Ko
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
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Selective Detection of Formaldehyde Gas Using a Cd-Doped TiO(2)-SnO(2) Sensor. SENSORS 2009; 9:9029-38. [PMID: 22291551 PMCID: PMC3260628 DOI: 10.3390/s91109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the microstructure and gas-sensing properties of a nonequilibrium TiO2-SnO2 solid solution prepared by the sol-gel method. In particular, we focus on the effect of Cd doping on the sensing behavior of the TiO2-SnO2 sensor. Of all volatile organic compound gases examined, the sensor with Cd doping exhibits exclusive selectivity as well as high sensitivity to formaldehyde, a main harmful indoor gas. The key gas-sensing quantities, maximum sensitivity, optimal working temperature, and response and recovery time, are found to meet the basic industrial needs. This makes the Cd-doped TiO2-SnO2 composite a promising sensor material for detecting the formaldehyde gas.
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Arican RY, Sahin Z, Ustunel I, Sarikcioglu L, Ozdem S, Oguz N. Effects of formaldehyde inhalation on the junctional proteins of nasal respiratory mucosa of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 61:297-305. [PMID: 18996001 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to formaldehyde, which is an organic compound, disturbs the integrity of nasal mucosa. In this study, we aimed to clarify the protein changes in the junctional complex of nasal mucosa of Wistar rats exposed to formaldehyde inhalation. The study was performed in 20 female Wistar rats. Rats were divided into two groups randomly. Control rats were allowed free access to standard rat chaw and tap water (n:10). Experimental group was exposed to formaldehyde vapor at 15ppm, 6h/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks (n:10). Histological evaluation of the experimental model was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stainings of paraffin-embedded nasal mucosa tissues and by electron microscopy. The effects of formaldehyde inhalation on the distribution of occludin, E-cadherin, and gamma-catenin were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The nasal mucosa of the experimental group was correlated with hypertrophy in goblet cell, degeneration in basal lamina, stratification of epithelium, and proliferation. Thickness of basal lamina and also local degenerative regions, vacuole increase in cytoplasmic areas, irregular forms of kinocilium and loss of sharpness in the kinocilium membrane were the findings at the ultrastructural level. The expressions of E-cadherin, occludin, gamma-catenin proteins in intercellular junctional complexes of rat nasal mucosa were also decreased in experimental group compared to control group. The findings of the present study indicated that formaldehyde vapor inhalation in the concentrations and duration of exposure used in the present experiment significantly decreased the density of structural proteins of the junctional complex in the nasoepithelium. It was suggested that, the formaldehyde inhalation could cause complete impairment of intercellular junctional complexes and disturb the tissue integrity in nasal mucosa at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yavuz Arican
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Songur A, Sarsilmaz M, Ozen O, Sahin S, Koken R, Zararsiz I, Ilhan N. The Effects of Inhaled Formaldehyde on Oxidant and Antioxidant Systems of Rat Cerebellum During the Postnatal Development Process. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:569-74. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510701555288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li GY, Lee HY, Choi YJ, Lee MO, Shin HS, Kim HY, Lee SB, Lee BH. Changes in the Expression of Ras-family Genes in Rats Exposed to Formaldehyde by Inhalation. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:201-206. [PMID: 32038796 PMCID: PMC7006268 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to formaldehyde (FA) is closely associated with adverse health effects such as irritation, inflammation, and squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal cavities. Owing to its rapid metabolism and elimination, exposure to FA does not always result in an increased concentration in blood or urine of animals and humans. Therefore, the development of biomarkers for FA exposure is necessary for risk assessment. In the present study, the effects of FA were investigated on the expression of genes involved in the MAPK pathway in vitro and results confirmed in rats exposed to FA by inhalation. Treatment of Hs 680.Tr human tracheal epithelial cells with FA induced gene expression for PDGFA, TNFSF11, SHC1, and HRAS. HRAS expression was also increased in tracheas of rats exposed to FA In addition, FA exposure induced the expression of RASSF4, a member of the Rasassociation domain family of Ras effectors, in rat tracheas. In conclusion, data showed FA-inducible expression of genes involved in the MAPK pathway occurred and increased expression of HRAS and RASSF4 was noted in rat tracheas subchronically exposed to FA by inhalation. These genes may serve as molecular targets of FA toxicity facilitating the understanding of the toxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yong Li
- 17College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- 17College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - You-Jin Choi
- 17College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- 17College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- 27Department of Environmental Education and Abuse Drug Research Center, Kongju National University, Kongju, 314-701 Korea
| | - Hyeon-Young Kim
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-380 Korea
| | - Sung-Bae Lee
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-380 Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- 17College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
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Shinohara N, Kajiwara T, Ohnishi M, Kodama K, Yanagisawa Y. Passive emission colorimetric sensor (PECS) for measuring emission rates of formaldehyde based on an enzymatic reaction and reflectance photometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:4472-4477. [PMID: 18605573 DOI: 10.1021/es7029762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A coin-sized passive emission colorimetric sensor (PECS) based on an enzymatic reaction and a portable reflectance photometry device were developed to determine the emission rates of formaldehyde from building materials and other materials found indoors in only 30 minutes on-site. The color change of the PECS linearly correlated to the concentration of formaldehyde aqueous solutions up to 28 microg/mL. The correlation between the emission rates measured by using the PECS and those measured by using a desiccator method or by using a chamber method was fitted with a linear function and a power function, and the determination coefficients were more than 0.98. The reproducible results indicate that the emission rates could be obtained with the correlation equations from the data measured by using the PECS and the portable reflectance photometry device. Limits of detection (LODs) were 0.051 mg/L for the desiccator method and 3.1 microg/m2/h for the chamber method. Thus, it was confirmed that the emission rates of formaldehyde from the building materials classified as F four-star (< 0.3 mg/L (desiccator method) or < 5.0 microg/m2/h (chamber method)), based on Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), could be measured with the PECS. The measurement with PECS was confirmed to be precise (RSD < 10%). Other chemicals emitted from indoor materials, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, toluene, and xylene, interfered little with the measurement of formaldehyde emission rates by using the PECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Shinohara
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
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Lee MH, Lee BH, Shin HS, Lee MO. Elevated Levels of PDGF Receptor and MDM2 as Potential Biomarkers for Formaldehyde Intoxication. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:45-49. [PMID: 32038776 PMCID: PMC7006271 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.1.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde has been identified as the most prevalent cause of sick building syndrome (SBS), which has become a major social problem, especially in developing urban areas. However, studies on the molecular mechanisms associated with formaldehyde toxicity have been limited, probably because it is difficult to relate the experimental results obtained from in vitro studies to human exposure in vivo. Using polymerase chain reaction-based suppression subtractive hybridization, we recently identified 27 different formaldehyde-inducible genes including platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha gene (PDGFRA) and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene which were increased significantly in both formaldehyde-exposed human trachea cells, 680. Tr, and rat tracheas. To establish a possible relationship between induction of these formaldehyde-inducible genes and symptoms of SBS, we examined expression levels of these genes in peripheral lymphocytes of residents of new apartments. Here, we report that the expression of PDGFRA and MDM2 transcripts was significantly higher in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 15 residents in new buildings than in seven control individuals. Our results suggest that the elevated levels of PDGFRA and MDM2 may be associated with the formaldehyde-induced pathophysiology that is closely related with SBS, and that they deserve evaluation as potential biomarkers for formaldehyde intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Lee
- 17College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea.,27Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- 17College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- 37Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, 314-701 Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- 17College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea.,27Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
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Lee MH, Kim YA, Na TY, Kim SH, Shin YK, Lee BH, Shin HS, Lee MO. Identification of formaldehyde-responsive genes by suppression subtractive hybridization. Toxicology 2008; 243:224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Jung WW, Kim EM, Lee EH, Yun HJ, Ju HR, Jeong MJ, Hwang KW, Sul D, Kang HS. Formaldehyde exposure induces airway inflammation by increasing eosinophil infiltrations through the regulation of reactive oxygen species production. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 24:174-182. [PMID: 21783807 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a well-known cytotoxic irritant to the airways, but the mechanism of airway inflammation due to FA has not been clarified. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to two concentrations (5 and 10ppm) of FA for 6h/day, 5days/week, for 2 weeks. The FA-exposed mice had much higher number of CCR3(+) eosinophils than control mice, and showed upregulated gene expression of CC-chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3), eotaxin and intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) as well as an increased expression of proinflammatory and Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4 and IL-5. In addition, FA exposure revealed a considerable increase in the serum levels of IgG1, IgG3, IgA and IgE compared to controls. Histopathological analysis of the lung tissues demonstrated eosinophils and mononuclear cell infiltration of the alveolar cell walls and alveolar spaces. Gene expression of thioredoxin (TRX), redox-regulating antioxidant proteins, was markedly suppressed in FA-exposed mice, and thereby intracellular ROS levels were increased along with increased FA concentration. These results were consistent with an increase in the number of CCR3-expressing eosinophils, and indicate that FA-induced ROS was generated from eosinophils recruited to the inflammatory sites of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Won Jung
- MyGene Bioscience Institute, 202-16 Nonhyun-Dong, Sung-Ok Bldg., 5th Floor, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 405-847, South Korea
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Lu CY, Ma YC, Lin JM, Chuang CY, Sung FC. Oxidative DNA damage estimated by urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and indoor air pollution among non-smoking office employees. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 103:331-7. [PMID: 17034784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of oxidative stress, was associated with indoor air quality for non-smokers in high-rise building offices. With informed consents, urine samples from 344 non-smoking employees in 86 offices were collected to determine 8-OHdG concentrations. The concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in each office and outside of the building were simultaneously measured for eight office hours. The average workday difference between indoor and outdoor CO(2) concentrations (dCO(2)) was used as a surrogate measure of the ventilation efficiency for each office unit. The CO(2) levels in the offices ranged 467-2810ppm with a mean of 1170ppm, or 2.7 times higher than that in the outside air. The average urinary 8-OHdG levels among employees increased from 3.10 micro g/g creatinine, for those at the lowest tertile levels of both dCO(2) and TVOCs, to 6.27 micro g/g creatinine, for those at the highest tertile levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of having the urinary 8-OHdG level of greater than the median, 4.53 micro g/g creatinine, for participants was increased significantly at the highest tertile dCO(2) level of >680ppm (odds ratio (OR)=3.37, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.20-9.46). The effect was significant at the middle tertile TVOCs level of 114-360ppb (OR=2.62, 95% CI=1.43-4.79), but not at the highest tertile. Inadequate ventilation in office increases the risk of building-related oxidative stress in non-smoking employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Lu
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Sul D, Kim H, Oh E, Phark S, Cho E, Choi S, Kang HS, Kim EM, Hwang KW, Jung WW. Gene expression profiling in lung tissues from rats exposed to formaldehyde. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:589-97. [PMID: 17285311 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous toxic organic compound recently classified as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and one of the major factors causing sick building syndrome. In this study, we have investigated the effects of formaldehyde on mRNA expression in rat lung tissues by applying genomics. Rats were exposed to ambient air and two different concentrations of formaldehyde (0, 5, 10 ppm) for 2 weeks at 6 h/day and 5 days/week in an inhalation chamber. Malondialdehyde (MDA) assay and carbonyl spectrometric assay were conducted to determine lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels and Comet assays were used for genotoxicity evaluation. Level of MDA, carbonyl insertion and DNA damage in the lungs of rats exposed to FA were found to be dose dependently increased. Gene expression was evaluated by using a bio-array hybridization analysis. A total of 21 (2 up- and 19 down-regulated) genes were identified as biomarkers for formaldehyde effects. Several differentiated gene groups were found. Genes involved in apoptosis, immunity, metabolism, signal transduction, transportation, coagulation and oncogenesis were found to be up- and down-regulated. Among these genes, the mRNA expressions of cytochrome P450, hydroxymethylbilane synthase, glutathione reductase, carbonic anhydrase 2, natriuretic peptide receptor 3, lysosomal associated protein transmembrane 5, regulator of G-protein signaling 3, olfactomedin related ER localized protein, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. In summary, the MDA lipid peroxidation and the carbonyl protein oxidation assays showed that cytotoxic effects increased with increasing formaldehyde levels. Genomic analysis showed that 21 genes were up- or down-regulated. Of these genes, nine were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and could be potential biomarkers for human diseases associated with formaldehyde exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeun Sul
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Anamdong 5 Ka, Sungbukku, Seoul, 136-701, South Korea.
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Lu CY, Ma YC, Lin JM, Li CY, Lin RS, Sung FC. Oxidative stress associated with indoor air pollution and sick building syndrome-related symptoms among office workers in Taiwan. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:57-65. [PMID: 17127643 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600985859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether sick building syndrome (SBS) complaints and indoor air pollution for office workers are associated with oxidative stress indicated by urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). With informed consent, 389 employees in 87 government offices of 8 high-rise buildings in Taipei city completed self-reported questionnaires on SBS complaints at work in the past month. Urinary 8-OHdG was determined for each study participant and on-site air pollutants were measured for each office in both indoor and outdoor air. The results showed that urinary 8-OHdG had significant associations with volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide levels in offices, and with urinary cotinine levels. The mean urinary 8-OHdG level was also significantly higher in participants with SBS symptoms than in those without such complaints (6.16 vs. 5.45 mug/g creatinine, p = .047). The mean 8-OHdG increased as the number of SBS symptoms increased. The multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted odds ratios (OR) in relation to micrograms per gram creatinine increase in 8-OHdG were statistically significant for eye dryness (1.12), upper respiratory syndrome (1.17) with particularly nose itching (1.25), sneezing (1.51), dry throat (1.21), skin dryness (1.31), and dizziness (1.19). This study indicates that the 8-OHdG level was significantly associated with SBS complaints after controlling for air pollution and smoking. Whether the 8-OHdG can be used as an effective predictor for SBS symptoms deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Lu
- College of Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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Chen WH, Lui CC, Chen CJ, Liu JS. An increase of anticardiolipin antibody in association with stroke and chronic chemical exposure. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2006; 12:231-5. [PMID: 16708128 DOI: 10.1177/107602960601200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical worker working with urea-formaldehyde resin hazard for 20 years suffered cerebral ischemia in association with an increase of blood beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent anticardiolipin antibody (aCL)-IgG and IgM isotype, and a prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Major histocompatibility complex antigen showed DR4 positivity. On follow-up for over 6 years, aCL-IgG and aPTT decreased to reference range but aCL-IgM was still abnormally high despite a cessation of exposure. This patient highlights the induction of antibody-mediated thrombosis in chronic chemical exposure, especially in an individual with subclinical autoimmune disorder. The role of environment for coagulopathic vascular thrombosis is warranted for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsi Chen
- Stroke Biology Research Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Casset A, Purohit A, Marchand C, Le Calvé S, Donnay C, Uring-Lambert B, Bahram S, Pauli G, de Blay F. Le formaldéhyde inhalé et la réponse bronchique. Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)73414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Kayaba H, Meguro H, Muto H, Kamada Y, Adachi T, Yamada Y, Kanda A, Yamaguchi K, Hamada K, Ueki S, Chihara J. Activation of eosinophils by rice-husk dust exposure: a possible mechanism for the aggravation of asthma during rice harvest. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2005; 204:27-36. [PMID: 15329460 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.204.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Grain dust and other irritants affect the airway of allergic patients in rice-growing area during the harvest. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of airway hypersensitivity in rice-growing areas during the harvest. Firstly, the effect of rice-husk dust on eosinophil activation was studied. Secondary, the concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a potent activator of inflammatory cells, in rice-husk dust was measured. Since it is possible for LPS, a component of gram-negative bacterial cell wall, to adhere to the particle of smoke generated from rice-husk dust, LPS contained in the smoke was also measured. Furthermore, chemical irritants contained in the smoke generated from the rice-husk dust were analyzed. Microscopically, the dust contained fine thorns dropped off from the outer sheath of the rice, and irritated the skin, throat and eyes. The grain dust extract increased the expressions of eosinophil activation markers. These up-regulatory effects were largely dependent on LPS. The smoke contained LPS and several chemical irritants such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Rice-husk dust and its smoke, hazardous air pollutants, probably play a major role in the aggravation of airway diseases in agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kayaba
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo, Japan.
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Sari DK, Kuwahara S, Furuya M, Tsukamoto Y, Hori H, Kunugita N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H, Sasaki F. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal gland axis in mice inhaling toluene prior to low-level long-term exposure to formaldehyde. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:303-9. [PMID: 15805735 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the change in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis upon adding prior toluene inhalation to our previous formaldehyde inhalation experiments to determine whether short term exposure to relatively high levels of toluene triggers multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). Data come from immunocytochemical, morphometrical and RT-PCR measurements. Four groups of adult female mice were exposed to differing concentrations (0, 80, 400, and 2,000 ppb) of formaldehyde for 16 hr/day, 5 days/week for twelve weeks, after the mice were exposed intranasally to 500 ppm toluene per mouse for 6 hr/day, for 3 days. We found that the number of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons was up-regulated according to the amount of formaldehyde as well as inhalation of formaldehyde alone in our previous experiment. The proportion of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-ir cells increased according to the formaldehyde concentration, though there was no significant difference between the 400 and 2,000 groups. The number of ACTH-ir cells was higher in the 400 group than in the other groups (0, 80, and 2,000). Expression of ACTH-mRNA was also up-regulated according to the quantity of formaldehyde. The sinusoid in the anterior pituitary showed more dilatation in the 400 and 2,000 groups than in the control group, especially in the 2,000 group. We propose that exposure to toluene prior to inhalation of formaldehyde has no effect on the HPA axis and as a trigger of MCS, although greater sinusoid dilatation was found in the anterior pituitary gland at higher concentrations of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Kesuma Sari
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Suzuki M, Suzuki M, Nakayama J, Suzuki A, Angata K, Chen S, Sakai K, Hagihara K, Yamaguchi Y, Fukuda M. Polysialic acid facilitates tumor invasion by glioma cells. Glycobiology 2005; 15:887-94. [PMID: 15872150 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is thought to attenuate neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) adhesion, thereby facilitating neural cell migration and regeneration. Although the expression of PSA has been shown to correlate with the progression of certain tumors such as small cell lung carcinoma, there have been no studies to determine the roles of PSA in gliomas, the most common type of primary brain tumor in humans. In this study, we first revealed that among patients with glioma, PSA was detected more frequently in diffuse astrocytoma cells, which spread extensively. To determine directly the role of PSA in glioma cell invasion, we transfected C6 glioma cells with polysialyltransferases to express PSA. In those transfected cells, PSA is attached mainly to NCAM-140, whereas the mock-transfected C6 cells express equivalent amounts of PSA-free NCAM-140. Both PSA negative and positive C6 cell lines exhibited almost identical growth rates measured in vitro. However, PSA positive C6 cells exhibited increased invasion to the corpus callosum, where the mock-transfected C6 glioma cells rarely invaded when inoculated into the brain. By contrast, the invasion to the corpus callosum by both the mock-transfected and PSA positive C6 cells was observed in NCAM-deficient mice. These results combined indicate that PSA facilitates tumor invasion of glioma in the brain, and that NCAM-NCAM interaction is likely attenuated in the PSA-mediated tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Suzuki
- Glycobiology, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sari DK, Kuwahara S, Tsukamoto Y, Hori H, Kunugita N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H, Sasaki F. Effect of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde on the corticotropin releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone cells in the pituitary gland in female mice. Brain Res 2004; 1013:107-16. [PMID: 15196973 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examine the effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis of prolonged exposure to low levels of formaldehyde in female C3H/He mice, using immunocytochemical and RT-PCR methods. Two groups of female mice were exposed to differing concentrations (0, 80, 400, 2000 ppb) of formaldehyde inhalation for 16 h/day, 5 days/week, for 12 weeks. The corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the hypothalamus were then examined, together with the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-ir cells and ACTH mRNA in the pituitary. One group comprised sham control mice. The other group was made allergic by injection of ovalbumin (OVA) and alum prior to exposure to formaldehyde, since most sick building syndrome (SBS) sufferers are women with allergic disease. These animals were further exposed to aerosolized OVA as a booster four times during the exposure period. Our results showed a dose-dependent increase in the number of CRH-ir neurons in the non-allergy (NAG) group. A similar pattern was found in ACTH-ir cells and ACTH mRNA. The allergy (AG) model group showed an increase in basal levels of all markers of HPA activity. Moreover, the AG mice appeared to respond to the lowest concentration of formaldehyde, and all indices of HPA activity were reduced at the highest concentrations of formaldehyde. These results relate to an important clinical issue and also have implications in the broader area of HPA regulation. We conclude that our experimental system may be a suitable animal model for SBS and/or multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Kesuma Sari
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
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Lyapina M, Zhelezova G, Petrova E, Boev M. Flow cytometric determination of neutrophil respiratory burst activity in workers exposed to formaldehyde. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77:335-40. [PMID: 15127208 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-004-0516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to investigate neutrophil respiratory burst activity (NRBA) in workers who were occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. METHODS NRBA, spontaneous and stimulated with E. coli, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), was studied by means of quantitative flow cytometric determination in 29 workers who were occupationally exposed to formaldehyde; 21 healthy subjects, not exposed to formaldehyde, served as controls. All subjects underwent clinical assessment, including a review of a summary of their medical history and a physical examination. Routine haematological tests were performed. RESULTS A statistically significant predominance of subjective symptoms and objective clinical findings of chronic upper respiratory tract inflammation, as well as decreased resistance to infections, was observed in the 29 workers exposed to formaldehyde, compared with the controls (chi2 = 9.28, P = 0.02). No statistically significant difference in the spontaneous and stimulated NRBA between the exposed workers and the control group was observed. The spontaneous NRBA (percentage oxidizing cells) was significantly lower in the group of exposed workers with upper respiratory tract findings and frequent and long-lasting infectious inflammatory relapses (median and range 0.45 (0.02-2.03), mean values 0.65 +/- 0.74) than in the healthy controls (median and range 1.35 (0.07-8.69), mean values 2.42 +/- 2.47; P < 0.05), and in the group of exposed workers with rare and short, acute, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract or without any inflammations (median and range 1.00 (0.02-8.67), mean values 1.67 +/- 2.08; P < 0.05). A significant negative correlation between the duration of occupational exposure to formaldehyde and erythrocyte count and haematocrit was found. CONCLUSIONS The observed decrease of spontaneous NRBA in workers with a history and clinical findings of frequent and long-lasting relapses of chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract could be due to formaldehyde exposure and individual susceptibility. The results obtained suggest that functional changes in polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes could serve as an early indicator of an impact of formaldehyde on NRBA. The applied method might be used for identifying groups at increased toxicological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lyapina
- Department of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Medical University, 15 Dimitar Nestorov St, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria, e-mail:
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Iguchi Y, Ichiura H, Kitaoka T, Tanaka H. Preparation and characteristics of high performance paper containing titanium dioxide photocatalyst supported on inorganic fiber matrix. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 53:1193-9. [PMID: 14550350 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel paper-based material containing titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) photocatalyst was successfully prepared by a papermaking technique with the internal addition of inorganic fibers on which TiO(2) particles were supported. Photodegradation performance of acetaldehyde gas, an indoor pollutant, and the durability of the TiO(2)-containing papers were investigated under UV irradiation. Ceramic fiber suspension and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride as a cationic flocculant were mixed, followed by the addition of TiO(2) suspension and anionic polyacrylamide. Subsequently, the inorganic mixture was poured into a pulp suspension, and TiO(2) handsheets then prepared by a papermaking method. The tensile strength of TiO(2)-containing paper without a ceramic carrier decreased by more than 30% after 240-h UV irradiation (2 mW/cm(2)), although the strength of the TiO(2) sheet with ceramic fibers remained reasonably stable. The efficiency of acetaldehyde decomposition by the TiO(2) paper containing an inorganic carrier was nearly equal to that of the carrier-free TiO(2) paper. Scanning electron microscopic observation suggested that most TiO(2) particles were predominantly supported on the inorganic fiber matrix, and were mostly out of contact with organic pulp fibers. The TiO(2) paper with an inorganic carrier demonstrated both excellent photocatalytic performance and durability, which before had been mutually incompatible for organic materials containing TiO(2) photocatalyst. The two-stage mixing procedure for TiO(2) sheet-making is promising for the simple manufacture of high performance paper with photocatalytic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Iguchi
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Higashi-ku, Japan
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Abstract
The author believes that allergy plays an important role in the field of laryngology. Not every patient has significant allergic problems, but the allergic factor in laryngeal problems should not be underestimated. The insights and technology for research have never been better. Many cause-and-effect relationships have been suggested and often provide the working basis for current therapeutics. Many current models of operation need to be verified, explored further, and modified through research. It is hoped that new technologies will achieve a higher degree of sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. Better specificity is particularly needed in allergy testing and in testing thyroid and pulmonary function. The author hopes that the contemporary laryngologist/otolaryngologist will use this overview to formulate a complete and orderly approach to laryngeal problems. Because of the complexity of laryngeal problems, referral to other specialists may be necessary. The laryngologist, however, should be able to orchestrate the appropriate use of technologies and health care specialists to address these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Chadwick
- Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, PO Box 19653, Springfield, IL 62794-9653, USA.
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