1
|
Oliveira WN, Dórea AS, Carneiro PP, Nascimento MT, Carvalho LP, Machado PRL, Schriefer A, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM. The Influence of Infection by Different Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Isolates on the Pathogenesis of Disseminated Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:740278. [PMID: 34568099 PMCID: PMC8462778 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.740278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated Leishmaniasis (DL) is an emerging and severe form of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection defined by the presence of 10 and up to more than 1,000 skin lesions. The mechanisms underlying parasite dissemination remain unknown. Genotypic differences among species of L. braziliensis have been associated with different clinical forms of disease. The present work compared the function of monocytes obtained from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and DL in response to infection with L. braziliensis isolates of both these two clinical forms of disease. Mononuclear cells obtained from DL and CL patients were infected with different L. braziliensis isolates, and numbers of infected cells, parasite load, respiratory burst, TLR2 and TLR4 expression and cytokine production were evaluated. DL isolates infected more monocytes, induced greater respiratory burst, and more cytokine production compared to isolates from CL patients regardless of the origin of monocytes (DL or CL). However, greater parasite multiplication and higher TLR2 and TLR4 expression were seen in monocytes from DL patients compared to CL following infection with DL isolates. Our results indicate the participation of both parasite genotype and host factors in the pathogenesis of DL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walker N Oliveira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andreza S Dórea
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Pedro P Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz - Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz - Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez OL, Lugo DA, Cabrera M, Sánchez MA, Zerpa O, Tapia FJ. Innate lymphoid cells in peripheral blood of patients with American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:982-987. [PMID: 33847401 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are classified by the expression of specific transcription factors: ILC1 depending on T-bet for IFN-γ production; ILC2 depending on GATA3 for IL-5 and IL-13; and ILC3 depending on ROR-γτ and AHR for IL-17 and IL-22. This study aimed to determine circulating ILCs in 23 patients with localized (LCL) = 7, mucocutaneous (MCL) = 10, intermediate (ICL) = 3 and diffuse (DCL) = 3 cutaneous leishmaniasis and 17 healthy controls from endemic area (EC) = 9 and non-endemic area (HC) = 8. Results evidenced a higher proportion of ILC1 in LCL than controls and MCL. ILC2 was higher in DCL compared with controls. ILC3 s were abundant in MCL and DCL concerning controls. A prevalence ratio was calculated to approach cell plasticity: in LCL, the ratio showed a prevalence of ILC1/ILC3 (plasticity 1), in contrast to DCL, and controls, where ILC2/ILC3 (plasticity 3) is prevalent. Also, MCL and ICL showed higher ILC1/ILC2 (plasticity 2). These results suggest that ILC1 and ILC3 in LCL are associated with disease control and regulation of inflammation, while MCL and ICL are related to immunopathology and uncontrolled inflammation. In DCL, ILC2 is associated with the tolerogenic state of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orquídea L Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Ministerio para la Salud, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Dennis A Lugo
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Ministerio para la Salud, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Maira Cabrera
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Ministerio para la Salud, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Martín A Sánchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Ministerio para la Salud, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Olga Zerpa
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Ministerio para la Salud, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Felix J Tapia
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Ministerio para la Salud, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gutiérrez V, Seabra AB, Reguera RM, Khandare J, Calderón M. New approaches from nanomedicine for treating leishmaniasis. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:152-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent progress in nanomedicine for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Gutiérrez
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Amedea B. Seabra
- Exact and Earth Sciences Department
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo
- Diadema
- Brazil
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas
- Universidad de León
- León
- Spain
| | | | - Marcelo Calderón
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Araujo VCP, Fukutani KF, Oshiro ET, Rodrigues PO, Rizk YS, Carollo CA, Arruda CCP. Hairless mice as an experimental model of infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:138-44. [PMID: 26234915 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HRS/J Hairless mice have been investigated as an experimental model in cutaneous leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The animals were inoculated with 10(6) promastigotes into the right hind footpad and the course of infection was followed up for 30, 60 and 90 days. BALB/c mice were infected and used as control. Hairless mice were susceptible to L. (L.) amazonensis infection and a progressive increase in number of parasites and footpad thickness was detected over time. Signals of dissemination and visceralization were confirmed by the presence of parasite in the draining lymph node of lesion and spleen, at different times post infection. IL-10 gene expression evaluated by RT-PCR was significantly higher in Hairless mice at 60 days post infection, corroborating the pattern of susceptibility. These results point this inbred strain as a promising susceptible model for the study of experimental infection induced by L. (L.) amazonensis. This model would allow the use of other infection sites that minimize secondary interference and best monitoring the skin lesion, as in the case of in vivo assays of potential drugs for LT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Carneiro Pereira Araujo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, S/No, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Kiyoshi Ferreira Fukutani
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Teruya Oshiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, S/No, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Patrik Oening Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, S/No, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Yasmin Silva Rizk
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, S/No, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas - LaPNEM, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, S/No, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Carla Cardozo Pinto Arruda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, S/No, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paul DM, Vilas SP, Kumar JM. A flow-cytometry assisted segregation of responding and non-responding population of endothelial cells for enhanced detection of intracellular nitric oxide production. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:31-40. [PMID: 21550415 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important paracrine substance released by the endothelium to regulate vasomotor tone. The constitutive levels of endothelium dependent NO production is low. However, it is induced significantly in response to certain environmental and biological stimuli. An accurate evaluation of such stimulus induced NO release is of pharmacological significance. We observed that the sensitivity of NO detection in endothelial cells is compromised by baseline fluorescence emanated from non-activated cells resulting in ambiguous detection. In order to measure NO levels in activated population independent of non-activated cells, we segregated DAF-FM loaded cells based on their fluorescence intensity using flow-cytometry. Specific agonists like bradykinin, VEGF and insulin enhanced the proportion of activated cells. This effect was partially blocked in presence of NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME). We demonstrate that the fluorescence yield of activated population serves as a sensitive measure to evaluate agonist induced nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Such increase in NO production in activated cells was also associated with increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1177. While the endothelial cells showed heterogeneity with respect to NO production, immuno-phenotyping for endothelial cell-surface markers revealed a homogenous population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dias M Paul
- Hindustan Unilever Research Centre, # 64 Main Road, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 066, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bruhn KW, Marathe C, Maretti-Mira AC, Nguyen H, Haskell J, Tran TA, Vanchinathan V, Gaur U, Wilson ME, Tontonoz P, Craft N. LXR deficiency confers increased protection against visceral Leishmania infection in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e886. [PMID: 21103366 PMCID: PMC2982826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver X receptors (LXRs) are a family of nuclear receptor transcription factors that are activated by oxysterols and have defined roles in both lipid metabolism and cholesterol regulation. LXRs also affect antimicrobial responses and have anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. As mice lacking LXRs are more susceptible to infection by intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we hypothesized that LXR might also influence macrophage responses to the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi/infantum, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Methods and Findings Surprisingly, both LXRα knock-out and LXRα/LXRβ double-knock-out (DKO) mice were markedly resistant to systemic L. chagasi/infantum infection compared to wild-type mice. Parasite loads in the livers and spleens of these animals were significantly lower than in wild-type mice 28 days after challenge. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from LXR-DKO mice infected with L. chagasi/infantum in vitro in the presence of IFN-γ were able to kill parasites more efficiently than wild-type macrophages. This enhanced killing by LXR-deficient macrophages correlated with higher levels of nitric oxide produced, as well as increased gene expression of IL-1β. Additionally, LXR ligands abrogated nitric oxide production in wild-type macrophages in response to infection. Conclusions These observations suggest that LXR-deficient mice and macrophages mount antimicrobial responses to Leishmania infection that are distinct from those mounted by wild-type mice and macrophages. Furthermore, comparison of these findings to other intracellular infection models suggests that LXR signaling pathways modulate host antimicrobial responses in a complex and pathogen-specific manner. The LXR pathway thus represents a potential therapeutic target for modulating immunity against Leishmania or other intracellular parasites. Leishmania spp. are protozoan single-cell parasites that are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected sand fly, and can cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from self-healing skin lesions to potentially fatal systemic infections. Certain species of Leishmania that cause visceral (systemic) disease are a source of significant mortality worldwide. Here, we use a mouse model of visceral Leishmania infection to investigate the effect of a host gene called LXR. The LXRs have demonstrated important functions in both cholesterol regulation and inflammation. These processes, in turn, are closely related to lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. LXRs have also previously been shown to be involved in protection against other intracellular pathogens that infect macrophages, including certain bacteria. We demonstrate here that LXR is involved in susceptibility to Leishmania, as animals deficient in the LXR gene are much more resistant to infection with the parasite. We also demonstrate that macrophages lacking LXR kill parasites more readily, and make higher levels of nitric oxide (an antimicrobial mediator) and IL-1β (an inflammatory cytokine) in response to Leishmania infection. These results could have important implications in designing therapeutics against this deadly pathogen, as well as other intracellular microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Bruhn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
López-Jaramillo P, Rincón MY, García RG, Silva SY, Smith E, Kampeerapappun P, García C, Smith DJ, López M, Vélez ID. A controlled, randomized-blinded clinical trial to assess the efficacy of a nitric oxide releasing patch in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania (V.) panamensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:97-101. [PMID: 20595484 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A topical nanofiber nitric oxide (NO) releasing patch ( approximately 3.5 mumol NO/cm(2)/day for 20 days, NOP) was compared with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime, 20 mg/kg/day for 20 days) for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania (V.) panamensis in Santander and Tolima, Colombia. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted to determine whether the NOP is as effective as Glucantime for the treatment of CL. Patients were randomly assigned to Glucantime and placebo patches or NOP and placebo of Glucantime. The cure rates after a 3-month follow-up were 94.8% for the group that received Glucantime compared with 37.1% in the NOP group. Despite the lower efficacy of the NOP versus Glucantime, a significantly lower frequency of non-serious adverse events and a reduced variation in serum markers were observed in patients treated with NOP. Treatment of CL with NOP resulted in a lower effectiveness compared with Glucantime; however, the low frequency of adverse events and the facility of topic administration justify the development of new generations of NOP systems for the treatment of CL.
Collapse
|
8
|
Calegari-Silva TC, Pereira RM, De-Melo LDB, Saraiva EM, Soares DC, Bellio M, Lopes UG. NF-κB-mediated repression of iNOS expression in Leishmania amazonensis macrophage infection. Immunol Lett 2009; 127:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Castellano LR, Filho DC, Argiro L, Dessein H, Prata A, Dessein A, Rodrigues V. Th1/Th2 immune responses are associated with active cutaneous leishmaniasis and clinical cure is associated with strong interferon-γ production. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Kar S, Ukil A, Das PK. Signaling events leading to the curative effect of cystatin on experimental visceral leishmaniasis: Involvement of ERK1/2, NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:741-51. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Zafra R, Jaber JR, Pérez-Ecija RA, Barragán A, Martínez-Moreno A, Pérez J. High iNOS expression in macrophages in canine leishmaniasis is associated with low intracellular parasite burden. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:353-9. [PMID: 18406470 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of iNOS by macrophages in 33 dogs suffering from spontaneous leishmaniasis was analysed by immunohistochemistry in skin, liver and lymph nodes. A correlation study between the number of macrophages expressing iNOS and the number of macrophages containing leishmania amastigotes was carried out. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the skin (28 cases), popliteal lymph nodes (8 cases) and liver (3 cases) of dogs of different age, sex and breed suffering from leishmaniasis were included in the study. Dogs were referred as positive for Leishmania spp by serology and the diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of leishmania amastigotes within macrophages by histopathology. Tissue samples of skin (3 cases), popliteal lymph nodes (5 cases) and liver (3 cases) from dogs seronegative for leishmaniasis with no histopathological changes were included in the study as controls. The immunohistochemical study revealed that macrophages containing a high number of leishmania did not express iNOS. Correlation between the number of macrophages expressing iNOS and the number of macrophages containing leishmania amastigotes was assessed using the Spearman test. High expression of iNOS in macrophages was related with low number of leishmania amastigotes in macrophages in all cases (r=-0.47, p=0.002). These results suggest that iNOS expression by macrophages plays an important role during the control of Leishmania infection in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Zafra
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silva SY, Rueda LC, López M, Vélez ID, Rueda-Clausen CF, Smith DJ, Muñoz G, Mosquera H, Silva FA, Buitrago A, Díaz H, López-Jaramillo P. Double blind, randomized controlled trial, to evaluate the effectiveness of a controlled nitric oxide releasing patch versus meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis [NCT00317629]. Trials 2006; 7:14. [PMID: 16700912 PMCID: PMC1524981 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease, endemic in 88 countries, that has shown an increasing incidence over the last two decades. So far, pentavalent antimony compounds have been considered the treatment of choice, with a percentage of cure of about 85%. However, the high efficacy of these drugs is counteracted by their many disadvantages and adverse events. Previous studies have shown nitric oxide to be a potential alternative treatment when administered topically with no serious adverse events. However, due to the unstable nitric oxide release, the topical donors needed to be applied frequently, making the adherence to the treatment difficult. The electrospinning technique has allowed the production of a multilayer transdermal patch that produces a continuous and stable nitric oxide release. The main objective of this study is to evaluate this novel nitric oxide topical donor for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods and design A double-blind, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial, including 620 patients from endemic areas for Leishmaniasis in Colombia was designed to investigate whether this patch is as effective as meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis but with less adverse events. Subjects with ulcers characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis will be medically evaluated and laboratory tests and parasitological confirmation performed. After checking the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. During 20 days Group 1 will receive simultaneously meglumine antimoniate and placebo of nitric oxide patches while Group 2 will receive placebo of meglumine antimoniate and active nitric oxide patches. During the treatment visits, the medications will be daily administered and the presence of adverse events assessed. During the follow-up, the research group will visit the patients at days 21, 45, 90 and 180. The healing process of the ulcer, the health of the participants, recidivisms and/or reinfection will also be assessed. The evolution of the ulcers will be photographically registered. In case that the effectiveness of the patches is demonstrated, a novel and safe therapeutic alternative for one of the most important public health problems in many countries will be available to patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Y Silva
- VILANO Group. Research Institute, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Ligia C Rueda
- VILANO Group. Research Institute, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Marcos López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Iván D Vélez
- Program for the Study and Control of Tropical Diseases, PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Christian F Rueda-Clausen
- VILANO Group. Research Institute, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Gerardo Muñoz
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Hernando Mosquera
- VILANO Group. Research Institute, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Federico A Silva
- VILANO Group. Research Institute, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Adriana Buitrago
- VILANO Group. Research Institute, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | | | - Patricio López-Jaramillo
- VILANO Group. Research Institute, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Serarslan G, Atik E. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 280:147-9. [PMID: 16311916 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-8542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease caused by Leishmania parasite. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and generation of nitric oxide in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha is important in control of infection. The aim of the study was to determine the expression of iNOS in the lesions of Leishmania tropica, and whether there was a correlation between the level of expression and the duration of the disease. Punch biopsy was performed from patients (n = 29) and iNOS immunohistochemical staining was applied. Expression of iNOS protein was detected 82.8% of patients. There was a strong expression with the duration of the disease less than 6 months (p < 0.002). These findings demonstrate that iNOS has a role in L. tropica especially during the early stages of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Serarslan
- Department of Dermatology, Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, 31100, Hatay, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ponce LV, Corado J, Díaz NL, Tapia FJ. Adoptive transfer of dendritic cells modulates immunogenesis and tolerogenesis in a neonatal model of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. KINETOPLASTID BIOLOGY AND DISEASE 2005; 4:2. [PMID: 15670331 PMCID: PMC548294 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the adoptive transfer of DCs on Leishmania (L.) mexicana-infected neonatal BALB/c mice. DCs were isolated and purified from the spleens of the following donor groups: a) Adult BALB/c mice infected during adulthood with L. (L) mexicana; b) Adult BALB/c mice infected during neonatal life; c) Healthy neonatal BALB/c mice; d) Healthy adult BALB/c mice. A neonatal model of infection, generated after inoculation with 5 × 105 promastigotes of L. (L) mexicana, was used as the infection control group. Sixteen hours after intraperitoneal transfer of DCs (1 × 103, 1 × 105, or 1 × 106 cells/ml), neonatal recipient BALB/c mice were infected. The adoptive transfer of DCs diminished disease progression in neonatal mice. This reduction depends on the quantity and provenance of transferred DCs, since the effect was more evident with high numbers of DCs from adult mice infected during adulthood and healthy neonatal mice. Protection was significantly reduced in animals receiving DCs from healthy adult mice but it was absent in mice receiving DCs from adult mice infected during neonatal life. These results suggest that genetic susceptibility to Leishmania infection can be modified during neonatal life, and that the period of life when antigens are encountered is crucial in influencing the capacity of DCs to induce resistance or tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loida V Ponce
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de Central Venezuela, Apartado 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela
| | - José Corado
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Nilka L Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de Central Venezuela, Apartado 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela
| | - Felix J Tapia
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de Central Venezuela, Apartado 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|