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Wu AG, Lipner SR. Distinctions in the Management, Patient Impact, and Clinical Profiles of Pachyonychia Congenita Subtypes. Skin Appendage Disord 2021; 7:194-202. [PMID: 34055907 DOI: 10.1159/000513340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare dermatosis that confers lifelong physical and emotional morbidities in affected patients. However, the clinical findings, treatments, and psychosocial impact of this disease have not been adequately described. The International PC Research Registry (IPCRR), a multinational initiative to collect data on PC patients, has allowed an opportunity to distinguish the salient features of this disease. We aimed to characterize the breadth and extent of nail disease, treatments, and quality of life in PC patients, and to describe any significant differences in clinical presentation or treatment of PC subtypes. Methods The most recent IPCRR patient survey data consisting of an 857-response questionnaire and a 102-response addendum were analyzed in a retrospective analysis. The survey data were collected as part of a multinational, multicenter initiative and comprise the largest representative population of PC to date. Participants (survey respondents) were included in the study based on questionnaire responses and a genetic confirmation of having a PC subtype. Results A total of 857 survey responses were collected. Genetic variations among PC subtypes influence nail disease onset and severity of symptoms. Nail disease negatively impacts patients' emotional health, especially during the adolescent and young adult years. Nail treatment tools vary little in terms of effectiveness and acquired infection rates. Conclusion and Discussion Patients with different PC subtypes have distinct clinical nail presentations and psychosocial impact. Genetic testing should be used to confirm PC diagnoses. Further characterization of PC, especially the rarer subtypes, may allow for more individualized patient education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G Wu
- New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shari R Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Spaunhurst K, Hogendorf A, Smith F, Lingala B, Schwartz M, Cywinska-Bernas A, Zeman K, Tang J. Pachyonychia congenita patients with mutations in KRT6A have more extensive disease compared with patients who have mutations in KRT16. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:875-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Somji S, Bathula CS, Zhou XD, Sens MA, Sens DA, Garrett SH. Transformation of human urothelial cells (UROtsa) by as and cd induces the expression of keratin 6a. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:434-40. [PMID: 18414623 PMCID: PMC2291003 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium and arsenite can directly and malignantly transform the UROtsa cell line. The tumor heterotransplants produced from these transformed cells have histologic features consistent with human bladder cancer. Previous microarray analysis of total RNA from the parental and transformed cells suggested that keratin 6a was overexpressed as a result of cell transformation. OBJECTIVES Our goals were to verify overexpression of keratin 6a in Cd(2+)- and As(3+)-transformed UROtsa cells, the corresponding tumor heterotransplants, and human bladder cancer biopsy specimens and to assess what factors may be involved in keratin 6a overexpression. METHODS Expression was assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. We used the effect of addition and deletion of potential growth factors in the cell culture growth medium to assess possible pathways used in keratin 6a overexpression. RESULTS Cd(2+)- and As(3+)-transformed cells grown in serum-containing growth medium, as well as the derived tumor heterotransplants, overexpressed keratin 6a mRNA and protein compared with UROtsa cells grown in serum-containing growth medium. Immunostaining of keratin 6a in tumor heterotransplants showed focal staining of the tumor cells that was localized to the cytoplasm. Focal immunostaining of keratin 6a was also found in some but not all archival patient specimens of high-grade bladder cancer, confirming translation of the results to human bladder cancer. Studies on growth factor deletion and addition indicated that the level of keratin 6a expression was regulated by the presence of both insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF). In contrast, growth factors had no effect on the elevated levels of keratin 6a expression found in transformed UROtsa cells. CONCLUSIONS Our present studies suggest that keratin 6a expression may be a biomarker for malignant urothelial cells that possess an activated EGF and or insulin growth factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Chandra S. Bathula
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Recurrent mutation in keratin 17 in a large family with pachyonychia congenita type 2. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:211-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Liao H, Sayers JM, Wilson NJ, Irvine AD, Mellerio JE, Baselga E, Bayliss SJ, Uliana V, Fimiani M, Lane EB, McLean WHI, Leachman SA, Smith FJD. A spectrum of mutations in keratins K6a, K16 and K17 causing pachyonychia congenita. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 48:199-205. [PMID: 17719747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare autosomal dominant keratin disorder, subdivided into two major variants, PC-1 and PC-2. Predominant characteristics include hypertrophic nail dystrophy, focal palmoplantar keratoderma and oral leukokeratosis. Multiple steatocystomas that develop during puberty are a useful feature distinguishing PC-2 from PC-1. At the molecular level it has been shown that mutations in keratin K6a or K16 cause PC-1 whereas those in K6b or K17 lead to PC-2. OBJECTIVE To identify mutations in 22 families presenting with clinical symptoms of either PC-1/focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (FNEPPK) or PC-2. METHODS Mutation analysis was performed on genomic DNA from PC patients by direct sequencing. RESULTS Here, we report four new missense and five known mutations in K6a; one new deletion and three previously identified missense mutations in K16; plus one known mutation in K17. CONCLUSION With one exception, all these heterozygous mutations are within the highly conserved helix boundary motif regions at either end of the keratin rod domain. In one sporadic case, a unique mutation in K16 resulting in deletion of 24bp was found within the central rod domain, in a child with a phenotype predominantly consisting of focal plantar keratoderma. The identification of mutations in cases of PC is prerequisite for future development of gene-specific and/or mutation-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Liao
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Zhou HL, Yang S, Gao M, Zhao XY, Zhu YG, Li W, Ren YQ, Liang YH, Du WH, Zhang XJ. A novel missense mutation L468Q of keratin 6a in pachyonychia congenita type 1. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:351-5. [PMID: 17309457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pachyonychia congenita is an autosomal dominant disorder that usually develops in early infancy. The major features of the syndrome are hypertrophic nail dystrophy, palmoplantar keratoderma and oral leucokeratosis, accompanied by other ectodermal defects, according to subtype. OBJECTIVE To analyse the K6a gene mutation in a sporadic Chinese patient with pachyonychia congenita type 1 (PC-1) and to explore the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of PC-1. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of the patient with PC-1 and 100 unrelated controls. The whole coding region of K6a gene was amplified using long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR); nested PCR was then used to amplify the mutation 'hot-spot' of the K6a gene. The PCR products were directly sequenced to detect the mutation. RESULTS A novel missense mutation L468Q in the helix 2B domain of the K6a polypeptide was identified in the patient but not in the healthy individuals from the family and 100 unrelated control individuals. CONCLUSIONS We describe this mutation for the first time, and provide further evidence that the helix boundary motif sequences of K6a are a mutation 'hot-spot'.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology & Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
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Gu LH, Coulombe PA. Keratin expression provides novel insight into the morphogenesis and function of the companion layer in hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:1061-73. [PMID: 17170733 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles cycle between stages of growth (anagen) and metabolic quiescence (telogen) throughout life. In mature follicles, transition from telogen back into anagen involves the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of epithelial stem cells located in the bulge, a specialization of the outer root sheath. Recent studies identified keratin 6a (K6a) transcripts as enriched in bulge epithelial stem cells in mouse skin. We used messenger RNA probes, antibodies, a LacZ reporter mouse model, and whole-mount staining assays to investigate the regulation of mK6a during mouse postnatal hair cycling, and compare it to mK75, a companion layer (Cl) marker. We find that mK75 regulation parallels that of inner root sheath (IRS) markers, with expression onset at anagen IIIa above the new hair bulb and subsequent spreading towards the bulge. Although also occurring in the Cl, mK6a expression begins at anagen IIIb in differentiating cells located proximal to the bulge, and subsequently spreads towards the hair bulb. mK6a and mK75 thus exhibit temporally distinct, and spatially opposed, expression patterns in the Cl during postnatal anagen. These findings provide novel insight into the morphogenesis and properties of the Cl, and raise the distinct possibility that it is an integral part of the IRS compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Smith FJD, Liao H, Cassidy AJ, Stewart A, Hamill KJ, Wood P, Joval I, van Steensel MAM, Björck E, Callif-Daley F, Pals G, Collins P, Leachman SA, Munro CS, McLean WHI. The genetic basis of pachyonychia congenita. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2005; 10:21-30. [PMID: 16250206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 1994, the molecular basis of pachyonychia congenita (PC) was elucidated. Four keratin genes are associated with the major subtypes of PC: K6a or K16 defects cause PC-1; and mutations in K6b or K17 cause PC-2. Mutations in keratins, the epithelial-specific intermediate filament proteins, result in aberrant cytoskeletal networks which present clinically as a variety of epithelial fragility phenotypes. To date, mutations in 20 keratin genes are associated with human disorders. Here, we review the genetic basis of PC and report 30 new PC mutations. Of these, 25 mutations were found in PC-1 families and five mutations were identified in PC-2 kindreds. All mutations identified were heterozygous amino acid substitutions or small in-frame deletion mutations with the exception of an unusual mutation in a sporadic case of PC-1. The latter carried a 117 bp duplication resulting in a 39 amino acid insertion in the 2B domain of K6a. Also of note was mutation L388P in K17, which is the first genetic defect identified in the helix termination motif of this protein. Understanding the genetic basis of these disorders allows better counseling for patients and paves the way for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J D Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Motil KJ, Fete TJ, Fraley JK, Schultz RJ, Foy TM, Ochs U, Sybert VP. Growth characteristics of children with ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. Pediatrics 2005; 116:e229-34. [PMID: 16061575 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical observations suggested that growth abnormalities may be present in children with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) syndromes. This study characterizes the longitudinal pattern of growth in a cohort of children with the ED syndromes. We hypothesized that (1) linear and ponderal growth abnormalities are present in children with ED from infancy through adolescence, and (2) linear and ponderal growth abnormalities differ among the clinical variants of these disorders. METHODS We studied 138 children who had ED and were registered with the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, 74% of whom had clinical features consistent with the hypohidrotic EDs (HEDs). Height (or length) and weight measurements were obtained by standardized techniques and from review of available medical records. We converted these measurements to weight-for-height (children younger than 5 years and <103 cm in length) or BMI (children > or =2 years old). Height, weight, weight-for-height, and BMI were converted to age- and gender-specific z scores. We applied linear regression, 1-sample t tests, and analysis of variance to detect linear and ponderal growth abnormalities in children with ED compared with a reference population. RESULTS Mean weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and BMI-for-age z scores but not height-for-age z score, were significantly lower in children with the ED syndromes than in the reference population. Mean weight-for-age and weight-for-height z scores but not BMI-for-age or height-for-age z scores increased significantly with increasing age. The mean height-for-age z score of children with the ED syndromes other than the HEDs was significantly lower than that of children with the HEDs. CONCLUSIONS Growth abnormalities, measured as weight deficits, were present at an early age in children with the ED syndromes and persisted through adolescence. Height deficits were seen only in children with ED syndromes other than HEDs. Clinicians should evaluate carefully children with ED syndromes for growth abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Motil
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
Hair and nails are skin appendages that share with other ectodermal tissues a common developmental pathway. Inherited disorders affecting these two structures therefore very often involve other epithelial components and present with multiple anomalies, generating both physical and psychological distress among patients and their families. The present review briefly describes major recent advances in our understanding of hair and nail genodermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory of Molecular Dermatology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Peritz AE, Gasparro FP. Psoriasis, PUVA, and skin cancer--molecular epidemiology: the curious question of T-->A transversions. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1999; 4:11-6. [PMID: 10537001 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photochemotherapy with 8-methoxypsoralen and long wavelength ultraviolet radiation (PUVA) is commonly used to treat psoriasis and vitiligo. These vastly different diseases respond to the therapy by different mechanisms even though the immediate effects of the therapy - photoadduct formation - is the same for both. Because psoriasis is not cured by PUVA, patients receive many treatments over their lifetime and develop a significant risk for the development of skin cancers (primarily squamous cell carcinomas). In this review the basic aspects of psoralen photobiology are reviewed briefly. In addition the impact of the analysis of mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, p53, are summarized. An unexpected mutation spectrum (very few T-->A transversions and frequent UVB signature C-->T transitions) suggest that effects other than direct DNA photoadduct formation may be at play. The roles of reactive oxygen species-induced base changes as well as other clastogenic factors are discussed. This analysis suggests that it may be possible to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PUVA by a careful evaluation of the mode of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Peritz
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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