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Rotta G, Puca E, Cazzamalli S, Neri D, Dakhel Plaza S. Cytokine Biopharmaceuticals with "Activity-on-Demand" for Cancer Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2024. [PMID: 38885090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines are small proteins that modulate the activity of the immune system. Because of their potent immunomodulatory properties, some recombinant cytokines have undergone clinical development and have gained marketing authorization for the therapy of certain forms of cancer. Recombinant cytokines are typically administered at ultralow doses, as many of them can cause substantial toxicity even at submilligram quantities. In an attempt to increase the therapeutic index, fusion proteins based on tumor-homing antibodies (also called "immunocytokines") have been considered, and some products in this class have reached late-stage clinical trials. While antibody-cytokine fusions, which preferentially localize in the neoplastic mass, can activate tumor-resident leukocytes and may be more efficacious than their nontargeted counterparts, such products typically conserve an intact cytokine activity, which may prevent escalation to curative doses. To further improve tolerability, several strategies have been conceived for the development of antibody-cytokine fusions with "activity-on-demand", acting on tumors but helping spare normal tissues from undesired toxicity. In this article, we have reviewed some of the most promising strategies, outlining their potential as well as possible limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rotta
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Dario Neri
- Philogen S.p.A, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Rotta G, Gilardoni E, Ravazza D, Mock J, Seehusen F, Elsayed A, Puca E, De Luca R, Pellegrino C, Look T, Weiss T, Manz MG, Halin C, Neri D, Dakhel Plaza S. A novel strategy to generate immunocytokines with activity-on-demand using small molecule inhibitors. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:904-926. [PMID: 38448543 PMCID: PMC11018789 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-based therapeutics have been shown to mediate objective responses in certain tumor entities but suffer from insufficient selectivity, causing limiting toxicity which prevents dose escalation to therapeutically active regimens. The antibody-based delivery of cytokines significantly increases the therapeutic index of the corresponding payload but still suffers from side effects associated with peak concentrations of the product in blood upon intravenous administration. Here we devise a general strategy (named "Intra-Cork") to mask systemic cytokine activity without impacting anti-cancer efficacy. Our technology features the use of antibody-cytokine fusions, capable of selective localization at the neoplastic site, in combination with pathway-selective inhibitors of the cytokine signaling, which rapidly clear from the body. This strategy, exemplified with a tumor-targeted IL12 in combination with a JAK2 inhibitor, allowed to abrogate cytokine-driven toxicity without affecting therapeutic activity in a preclinical model of cancer. This approach is readily applicable in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rotta
- Philochem AG, CH-8112, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Frauke Seehusen
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdullah Elsayed
- Philochem AG, CH-8112, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Puca
- Philochem AG, CH-8112, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Philogen S.p.A, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Christian Pellegrino
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Look
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AG, CH-8112, Otelfingen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Philogen S.p.A, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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3
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Barnwal A, Ganguly S, Bhattacharyya J. Multifaceted Nano-DEV-IL for Sustained Release of IL-12 to Avert the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and IL-12-Associated Toxicities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20012-20026. [PMID: 37068138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) demonstrates potent antitumor activity by enhancing Th1/Th2 response, facilitating cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) recruitment into tumors, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, and depleting immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite having encouraging preclinical and some clinical results, further development of IL-12 is limited because dose-limiting toxicity is observed in early clinical trials with systemic administration of recombinant human IL-12. Hence, strategies aiming to lower the toxicity and to improve response rates are unmet needs. In this study, IL-12 was encapsulated in extracellular vesicles derived from mature dendritic cells (DEVs) activated with tumor antigens. IL-12-encapsulated DEVs (DEV-IL) delayed the growth of murine glioblastoma by facilitating the recruitment of CD8 T-cells, NK-cells, and DCs and effectively depleting immunosuppressive cells in the TME. DEV-IL shifted the Th1/Th2 ratio toward dominating Th1 cytokines which further led to the inhibition of angiogenesis. In addition, DEV-IL also modulated systemic immunity by enhancing CTL activity and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the spleen. Interestingly, DEV-IL did not impart hepatic and immunotoxicity which was observed with free IL-12 administration. Hence, our study established DEV-IL as a potent platform for the sustained delivery of cytokines and could be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Barnwal
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Jayanta Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi 110029, India
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4
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Jia Z, Ragoonanan D, Mahadeo KM, Gill J, Gorlick R, Shpal E, Li S. IL12 immune therapy clinical trial review: Novel strategies for avoiding CRS-associated cytokines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952231. [PMID: 36203573 PMCID: PMC9530253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a naturally occurring cytokine that plays a key role in inducing antitumor immune responses, including induction of antitumor immune memory. Currently, no IL-12-based therapeutic products have been approved for clinical application because of its toxicities. On the basis of this review of clinical trials using primarily wild-type IL-12 and different delivery methods, we conclude that the safe utilization of IL-12 is highly dependent on the tumor-specific localization of IL-12 post administration. In this regard, we have developed a cell membrane-anchored and tumor-targeted IL-12-T (attIL12-T) cell product for avoiding toxicity from both IL-12 and T cells-induced cytokine release syndrome in peripheral tissues. A phase I trial using this product which seeks to avoid systemic toxicity and boost antitumor efficacy is on the horizon. Of note, this product also boosts the impact of CAR-T or TCR-T cell efficacy against solid tumors, providing an alternative approach to utilize CAR-T to overcome tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Jia
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dristhi Ragoonanan
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kris Michael Mahadeo
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Gill
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth Shpal
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Shulin Li,
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5
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B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia promotes an immune suppressive microenvironment that can be overcome by IL-12. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11870. [PMID: 35831470 PMCID: PMC9279427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), but the duration of responses is still sub-optimal. We sought to identify mechanisms of immune suppression in B-ALL and strategies to overcome them. Plasma collected from children with B-ALL with measurable residual disease after induction chemotherapy showed differential cytokine expression, particularly IL-7, while single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed the expression of genes associated with immune exhaustion in immune cell subsets. We also found that the supernatant of leukemia cells suppressed T-cell function ex vivo. Modeling B-ALL in mice, we observed an altered tumor immune microenvironment, including compromised activation of T-cells and dendritic cells (DC). However, recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12) treatment of mice with B-ALL restored the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the bone marrow and increased the number of splenic and bone marrow resident T-cells and DCs. RNA-sequencing of T-cells isolated from vehicle and rIL-12 treated mice with B-ALL revealed that the leukemia-induced increase in genes associated with exhaustion, including Lag3, Tigit, and Il10, was abrogated with rIL-12 treatment. In addition, the cytolytic capacity of T-cells co-cultured with B-ALL cells was enhanced when IL-12 and blinatumomab treatments were combined. Overall, these results demonstrate that the leukemia immune suppressive microenvironment can be restored with rIL-12 treatment which has direct therapeutic implications.
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6
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Raftopoulou S, Valadez-Cosmes P, Mihalic ZN, Schicho R, Kargl J. Tumor-Mediated Neutrophil Polarization and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063218. [PMID: 35328639 PMCID: PMC8951452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are immune cells with reported phenotypic and functional plasticity. Tumor-associated neutrophils display many roles during cancer progression. Several tumor microenvironment (TME)-derived factors orchestrate neutrophil release from the bone marrow, recruitment and functional polarization, while simultaneously neutrophils are active stimulators of the TME by secreting factors that affect immune interactions and subsequently tumor progression. Successful immunotherapies for many cancer types and stages depend on the targeting of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Neutrophils impact the success of immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade therapies, by displaying lymphocyte suppressive properties. The identification and characterization of distinct neutrophil subpopulations or polarization states with pro- and antitumor phenotypes and the identification of the major TME-derived factors of neutrophil polarization would allow us to harness the full potential of neutrophils as complementary targets in anticancer precision therapies.
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7
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Yun CO, Kasala D, Lee SH, Hong JW, Oh E, Yoon AR. Bioreducible polymer-mediated delivery of oncolytic adenovirus can attenuate antiviral immune response and concurrently enhance induction of antitumor immune response to effectively prevent metastasis. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4293-4308. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is highly promising and novel treatment modality for cancer. Several clinical trials with oncolytic viruses have illustrated that the potent antitumor efficacy of these viruses may rely on...
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8
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Pires IS, Hammond PT, Irvine DJ. Engineering Strategies for Immunomodulatory Cytokine Therapies - Challenges and Clinical Progress. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2100035. [PMID: 34734110 PMCID: PMC8562465 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are immunoregulatory proteins involved in many pathological states with promising potential as therapeutic agents. A diverse array of cytokines have been studied in preclinical disease models since the 1950s, some of which became successful biopharmaceutical products with the advancement of recombinant protein technology in the 1980s. However, following these early approvals, clinical translation of these natural immune signaling molecules has been limited due to their pleiotropic action in many cell types, and the fact that they have evolved to act primarily locally in tissues. These characteristics, combined with poor pharmacokinetics, have hindered the delivery of cytokines via systemic administration routes due to dose-limiting toxicities. However, given their clinical potential and recent clinical successes in cancer immunotherapy, cytokines continue to be extensively pursued in preclinical and clinical studies, and a range of molecular and formulation engineering strategies are being applied to reduce treatment toxicity while maintaining or enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a brief background on the characteristics of cytokines and their history as clinical therapeutics, followed by a deeper discussion on the engineering strategies developed for cytokine therapies with a focus on the translational relevance of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Pires
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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9
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Greiner JW, Morillon YM, Schlom J. NHS-IL12, a Tumor-Targeting Immunocytokine. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:155-169. [PMID: 34079772 PMCID: PMC8166332 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s306150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NHS-IL12 is a novel immunocytokine designed for delivery of IL-12 to the tumor microenvironment (TME). NHS-IL12 consists of two molecules of IL-12 fused to a human IgG1 (NHS76) recognizing DNA/histone complexes, which are often exposed in the necrotic portions of tumors. Preclinical studies demonstrated the tumor-targeting ability and longer plasma half-life for NHS-IL12 when compared with recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12). NHS-IL12 outperformed rIL-12 in enhancing the proliferation and activation of immune as well as antigen-presenting cells, resulting in a more robust primary immune response. NHS-IL12 also reduced the number and function of suppressive myeloid cells (myeloid derived suppressor cells/macrophages) within the TME. In a murine bladder tumor model, NHS-IL12 administration led to a coordinated increase in host immunity with a reduction of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in the TME resulting in substantial reduction in tumor growth. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated increased overall anti-tumor efficacy when NHS-IL12 was combined with either immune-based therapeutics or chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Maurice Morillon
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Jahromi M, Al-Otaibi T, Ashry Gheith O, Farouk Othman N, Mahmoud T, Nair P, A-Halim M, Aggarwal P, Messenger G, Chu P, De Serres SA, Azzi JR. Analysis of the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes in patients with New Onset Diabetes After Transplant. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6014. [PMID: 33727573 PMCID: PMC7966742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
New Onset Diabetes After Transplantation (NODAT) is a serious metabolic complication. While β-cell dysfunction is considered the main contributing factor in the development of NODAT, the precise pathogenesis is not well understood. Cytokines are thought to be involved in the inflammation of islet β-cells in diabetes; however, few studies have investigated this hypothesis in NODAT. A total of 309 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) were included in this study. An association between kidney transplants, and the development of diabetes after transplant (NODAT) was investigated. Comparison was made between KTRs who develop diabetes (NODAT cases) or did not develop diabetes (control), using key cytokines, IL-6 G (− 174)C, macrophage mediator; IL-4 C (− 490)T, T helper (Th)-2 cytokine profile initiator; Th-1 cytokine profile initiator interferon-γ T (+ 874) A gene and TGF β1 C (+ 869) T gene polymorphisms were investigated. The genes were amplified using well-established polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques in our laboratory. Compared to the AA and AT genotypes of interferon gamma (IFNG), there was a strong association between the TT genotype of IFNG and NODAT kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) versus non-NODAT KTRs (p = 0.005). The AA genotype of IFNG was found to be predominant in the control group (p = 0.004). Also, significant variations of IL6 G (− 174) C, IL-4 C (− 590) T, interferon-γ T (+ 874) A gene and transforming growth factor β1 C (+ 869) T may contribute to NODAT. Our data is consistent with theTh-1/T-reg pathway of immunity. Further larger pan Arab studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jahromi
- Clinical Research, Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait. .,Sehatek Awal, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Torki Al-Otaibi
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Osama Ashry Gheith
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Farouk Othman
- Community department, Faculty of Nursing, Manoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Education, Clinical Services Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Tarek Mahmoud
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Parasad Nair
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Medhat A-Halim
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Grace Messenger
- Podiatry Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Jamil R Azzi
- Kidney Division, Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
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11
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Arianfar E, Shahgordi S, Memarian A. Natural Killer Cell Defects in Breast Cancer: A Key Pathway for Tumor Evasion. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:197-216. [PMID: 33258393 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1845670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the most important innate immune component cancers invader, natural killer (NK) cells have a magnificent role in antitumor immunity without any prior sensitization. Different subsets of NK cells have distinct responses during tumor cell exposure, according to their phenotypes and environments. Their function is induced mainly by the activity of both inhibitory and activating receptors against cancerous cells. Since the immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer patients has directly deteriorated the phenotype and disturbed the function of NK cells, recruiting compensatory mechanisms indicate promising outcomes for immunotherapeutic approaches. These evidences accentuate the importance of NK cell distinct features in protection against breast tumors. In this review, we discuss the several mechanisms involved in NK cells suppression which consequently promote tumor progression and disease recurrence in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Arianfar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Shahgordi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Immunology department, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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12
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Rada M, Lazaris A, Kapelanski-Lamoureux A, Mayer TZ, Metrakos P. Tumor microenvironment conditions that favor vessel co-option in colorectal cancer liver metastases: A theoretical model. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 71:52-64. [PMID: 32920126 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vessel co-option is an alternative strategy by which tumour cells vascularize and gain access to nutrients to support tumour growth, survival and metastasis. In vessel co-option, the cancer cells move towards the pre-existing vasculature and hijack them. Vessel co-option is adopted by a wide range of human tumours including colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) and is responsible for the effectiveness of treatment in CRCLM. Furthermore, vessel co-option is an intrinsic feature and an acquired mechanism of resistance to anti-angiogenic treatment. In this review, we describe the microenvironment, the molecular players, discovered thus far of co-opting CRCLM lesions and propose a theoretical model. We also highlight key unanswered questions that are critical to improving our understanding of CRCLM vessel co-option and for the development of effective approaches for the treatment of co-opting tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Rada
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Anthoula Lazaris
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Audrey Kapelanski-Lamoureux
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Thomas Z Mayer
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Peter Metrakos
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A3J1, Canada.
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13
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Wang Y, Lin YX, Qiao SL, Wang J, Wang H. Progress in Tumor-Associated Macrophages: From Bench to Bedside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800232. [PMID: 32627370 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are of great interest in cancer immunology as they play an important role in the tumor microenvironment as cancer stromal cells recruited from circulating monocytes. TAMs are closely associated with tumor progression, including initiation, trophic growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis; moreover, in clinical practice, their quantity can be related to poor prognosis. Fundamental and translational studies imply that TAMs are one of the most promising targets in tumor therapy. Herein, the biological origination and classification of TAMs, which correspond to their functions and differentiations, are reviewed in detail. In addition, recent basic research and clinical preprocess of TAMs in tumor immunotherapy are also discussed. Finally, the advances in the use of nanotechnology and TAMs for tumor therapy are discussed. This review focuses on the background and status of basic research and clinical significance of TAMs, points out the potential of TAMs in tumor immunological therapy, and clarifies the possibility of translation TAM-targeting therapies in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Xin Lin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Lin Qiao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
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14
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IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer Triggers a Change in Immune Response within Mouse Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120498. [PMID: 30544810 PMCID: PMC6315808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with a relatively low survival rate. Immune-based therapies have shown promise in the treatment of melanoma, but overall complete response rates are still low. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of plasmid IL-12 (pIL-12) delivered by gene electrotransfer (GET) to be an effective immunotherapy for melanoma. However, events occurring in the tumor microenvironment following delivery have not been delineated. Therefore, utilizing a B16F10 mouse melanoma model, we evaluated changes in the tumor microenvironment following delivery of pIL-12 using different GET parameters or injection of plasmid alone. The results revealed a unique immune cell composition after intratumoral injection of pIL-12 GET. The number of immune memory cells was markedly increased in pIL-12 GET melanoma groups compared to control group. This was validated using flow cytometry to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as delineating immune cell content using immunohistochemistry. Significant differences in multiple cell types were observed, including CD8⁺ T cells, regulatory T cells and myeloid cells, which were induced to mount a CD8⁺PD1- T cells immune response. Taken together, these findings suggest a basic understanding of the sequence of immune activity following pIL-12 GET and also illuminates that adjuvant immunotherapy can have a positive influence on the host immune response to cancer.
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Teymouri M, Pirro M, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Sahebkar A. IL-35, a hallmark of immune-regulation in cancer progression, chronic infections and inflammatory diseases. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2105-2115. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Teymouri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center; Birjand University of Medical Sciences; Birjand Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | | | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; School of Medicine, Washington University; St. Louis MO
| | - Amirhosein Sahebkar
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Awad RM, De Vlaeminck Y, Maebe J, Goyvaerts C, Breckpot K. Turn Back the TIMe: Targeting Tumor Infiltrating Myeloid Cells to Revert Cancer Progression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1977. [PMID: 30233579 PMCID: PMC6127274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells frequently produce soluble factors that favor myelopoiesis and recruitment of myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Consequently, the TME of many cancer types is characterized by high infiltration of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes. Experimental and clinical studies show that most myeloid cells are kept in an immature state in the TME. These studies further show that tumor-derived factors mold these myeloid cells into cells that support cancer initiation and progression, amongst others by enabling immune evasion, tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration and metastasis. The key role of myeloid cells in cancer is further evidenced by the fact that they negatively impact on virtually all types of cancer therapy. Therefore, tumor-associated myeloid cells have been designated as the culprits in cancer. We review myeloid cells in the TME with a focus on the mechanisms they exploit to support cancer cells. In addition, we provide an overview of approaches that are under investigation to deplete myeloid cells or redirect their function, as these hold promise to overcome resistance to current cancer therapies.
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Karsten MM, Enders S, Knabl J, Kirn V, Düwell P, Rack B, Blohmer JU, Mayr D, Dian D. Biologic meshes and synthetic meshes in cancer patients: a double-edged sword: differences in production of IL-6 and IL-12 caused by acellular dermal matrices in human immune cells. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 297:1265-1270. [PMID: 29417284 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2005, Breuing et al. first described the use of acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) in breast cancer patients. ADMs are assumed to be safe to use in an oncologic setting, but data from controlled studies are still needed. Here, we investigate the effects of ADMs on the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12, key regulators of immune suppression and activation. METHODS Strattice (ST), CollaMend (CM), and Biodesign (BD) biologic meshes and TiLoop, a synthetic mesh (TL), were used in this study. We isolated myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs), untouched plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), naïve B cells, and CD8+ T cells and co-cultured these cells with either the biologic meshes or TL. As positive controls, we used CpG ODN 2216 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cytokine concentrations of IL-12p70 and IL-6 were determined after 7 days using sandwich ELISA sets. RESULTS There were highly significant differences between the ADMs and TL in terms of their ability to stimulate immunologic responses. IL-6 expression was significantly increased in B cells (p = 0.0006131) and T cells (p = 0.00418) when comparing TL and ADMs. We also identified significant differences in IL-12 production by B cells (p = 0.0166) and T cells (p = 0.003636) when comparing TL and ADMs. CONCLUSIONS Despite the assumed lack of an immunological response to ADMs, in our experimental study, human immune cells reacted with significantly different cytokine profiles. These findings may have implications for the potential activation or suppression of effector cells in cancer patients and could explain some of the post clinical post surgical signs of ADMS like skin rush and seroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Margarete Karsten
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Brustzentrum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabine Enders
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Knabl
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Kirn
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Universität Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Düwell
- Abteilung für klinische Pharmakologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Rack
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Blohmer
- Klinik für Gynäkologie und Brustzentrum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Abteilung für Pathologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Darius Dian
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Xu C, Zhang Y, Rolfe PA, Hernández VM, Guzman W, Kradjian G, Marelli B, Qin G, Qi J, Wang H, Yu H, Tighe R, Lo KM, English JM, Radvanyi L, Lan Y. Combination Therapy with NHS-muIL12 and Avelumab (anti-PD-L1) Enhances Antitumor Efficacy in Preclinical Cancer Models. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5869-5880. [PMID: 28679778 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether combination therapy with NHS-muIL12 and the anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody avelumab can enhance antitumor efficacy in preclinical models relative to monotherapies.Experimental Design: BALB/c mice bearing orthotopic EMT-6 mammary tumors and μMt- mice bearing subcutaneous MC38 tumors were treated with NHS-muIL12, avelumab, or combination therapy; tumor growth and survival were assessed. Tumor recurrence following remission and rechallenge was evaluated in EMT-6 tumor-bearing mice. Immune cell populations within spleen and tumors were evaluated by FACS and IHC. Immune gene expression in tumor tissue was profiled by NanoString® assay and plasma cytokine levels were determined by multiplex cytokine assay. The frequency of tumor antigen-reactive IFNγ-producing CD8+ T cells was evaluated by ELISpot assay.Results: NHS-muIL12 and avelumab combination therapy enhanced antitumor efficacy relative to either monotherapy in both tumor models. Most EMT-6 tumor-bearing mice treated with combination therapy had complete tumor regression. Combination therapy also induced the generation of tumor-specific immune memory, as demonstrated by protection against tumor rechallenge and induction of effector and memory T cells. Combination therapy enhanced cytotoxic NK and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and T-bet expression, whereas NHS-muIL12 monotherapy induced CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumor. Combination therapy also enhanced plasma cytokine levels and stimulated expression of a greater number of innate and adaptive immune genes compared with either monotherapy.Conclusions: These data indicate that combination therapy with NHS-muIL12 and avelumab increased antitumor efficacy in preclinical models, and suggest that combining NHS-IL12 and avelumab may be a promising approach to treating patients with solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5869-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xu
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - P Alexander Rolfe
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Wilson Guzman
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Giorgio Kradjian
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Bo Marelli
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Guozhong Qin
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Jin Qi
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Wang
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Huakui Yu
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Tighe
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Kin-Ming Lo
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Jessie M English
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Laszlo Radvanyi
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Lan
- Immuno-Oncology Translational Innovation Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts.
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Agrawal R, Dale TP, Al-Zubaidi MA, Benny Malgulwar P, Forsyth NR, Kulshreshtha R. Pluripotent and Multipotent Stem Cells Display Distinct Hypoxic miRNA Expression Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164976. [PMID: 27783707 PMCID: PMC5081191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are reported to have a crucial role in the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Hypoxia has been identified as a key biophysical element of the stem cell culture milieu however, the link between hypoxia and miRNA expression in stem cells remains poorly understood. We therefore explored miRNA expression in hypoxic human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells (hESCs and hMSCs). A total of 50 and 76 miRNAs were differentially regulated by hypoxia (2% O2) in hESCs and hMSCs, respectively, with a negligible overlap of only three miRNAs. We found coordinate regulation of precursor and mature miRNAs under hypoxia suggesting their regulation mainly at transcriptional level. Hypoxia response elements were located upstream of 97% of upregulated hypoxia regulated miRNAs (HRMs) suggesting hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) driven transcription. HIF binding to the candidate cis-elements of specific miRNAs under hypoxia was confirmed by Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR. Role analysis of a subset of upregulated HRMs identified linkage to reported inhibition of differentiation while a downregulated subset of HRMs had a putative role in the promotion of differentiation. MiRNA-target prediction correlation with published hypoxic hESC and hMSC gene expression profiles revealed HRM target genes enriched in the cytokine:cytokine receptor, HIF signalling and pathways in cancer. Overall, our study reveals, novel and distinct hypoxia-driven miRNA signatures in hESCs and hMSCs with the potential for application in optimised culture and differentiation models for both therapeutic application and improved understanding of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India-110016
| | - Tina P. Dale
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Zubaidi
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Prit Benny Malgulwar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India-110029
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India-110016
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Hernandez-Alcoceba R, Poutou J, Ballesteros-Briones MC, Smerdou C. Gene therapy approaches against cancer using in vivo and ex vivo gene transfer of interleukin-12. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:179-98. [PMID: 26786809 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-12 is an immunostimulatory cytokine with strong antitumor properties. Systemic administration of IL-12 in cancer patients led to severe toxic effects, prompting the development of gene therapy vectors able to express this cytokine locally in tumors. Both nonviral and viral vectors have demonstrated a high antitumor efficacy in preclinical tumor models. Some of these vectors, including DNA electroporation, adenovirus and ex vivo transduced dendritic cells, were tested in patients, showing low toxicity and moderate antitumor efficacy. IL-12 activity can be potentiated by molecules with immunostimulatory, antiangiogenic or cytotoxic activity. These combination therapies are of clinical interest because they could lower the threshold for IL-12 efficacy, increasing the therapeutic potential of gene therapy and preventing the toxicity mediated by this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Hernandez-Alcoceba
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Joanna Poutou
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ballesteros-Briones
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008 Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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Abstract
Basic science advances in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in various treatments that have recently shown success in the clinic. Many of these therapies require the insertion of genes into cells to directly kill them or to redirect the host's cells to induce potent immune responses. Other analogous therapies work by modifying effector cells for improved targeting and enhanced killing of tumor cells. Initial studies done using γ-retroviruses were promising, but safety concerns centered on the potential for insertional mutagenesis have highlighted the desire to develop other options for gene delivery. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have been identified as potentially more effective and safer alternative delivery vehicles. LVs are now in use in clinical trials for many different types of inherited and acquired disorders, including cancer. This review will discuss current knowledge of LVs and the applications of this viral vector-based delivery vehicle to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Aa Oldham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
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Paoloni M, Mazcko C, Selting K, Lana S, Barber L, Phillips J, Skorupski K, Vail D, Wilson H, Biller B, Avery A, Kiupel M, LeBlanc A, Bernhardt A, Brunkhorst B, Tighe R, Khanna C. Defining the Pharmacodynamic Profile and Therapeutic Index of NHS-IL12 Immunocytokine in Dogs with Malignant Melanoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129954. [PMID: 26091536 PMCID: PMC4474860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that mediates T-helper type 1 responses and cytotoxic T-cell activation, contributing to its utility as anti-cancer agent. Systemic administration of IL-12 often results in unacceptable toxicity; therefore, strategies to direct delivery of IL-12 to tumors are under investigation. The objective of this study was to assist the preclinical development of NHS-IL12, an immunocytokine consisting of an antibody, which targets necrotic tumor regions, linked to IL-12. Specifically this study sought to evaluate the safety, serum pharmacokinetics, anti-tumor activity, and immune modulation of NHS-IL12 in dogs with naturally occurring cancers. Methodology/Principal Findings A rapid dose-escalation study of NHS-IL12 administered subcutaneously to dogs with melanoma was conducted through the Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium (COTC). Eleven dogs were enrolled in four dose-escalation cohorts; thereafter, an additional seven dogs were treated at the defined tolerable dose of 0.8 mg/m2. The expanded cohort at this fixed dose (ten dogs in total) was accrued for further pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics assessment. NHS-IL12 levels, serum cytokine concentrations, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell characterization (post-treatment) and draining lymph node immune profiling, and tumor biopsies (pre- and post-treatment) were collected. Adverse events included thrombocytopenia, liver enzymopathies, fever, and vasculitis. Correlation between interferon (IFN)-γ induction, adverse events, and NHS-IL12 exposure (maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve) were dose-dependent. Serum IL-10 levels and intratumoral CD8+ populations increased after treatment. Partial responses, according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria, were observed in two dogs treated with NHS-IL12 0.8 mg/m2 and 1.6 mg/m2. Conclusions/Significance NHS-IL12 was administered safely to dogs with melanoma and both immunologic and clinical activity was observed. This study successfully defined a narrow therapeutic window for systemic delivery of NHS-IL12 via the subcutaneous route. Results will inform the design and implementation of first-in-human clinical trials of NHS-IL12 in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Selting
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Susan Lana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lisa Barber
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine Skorupski
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David Vail
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Heather Wilson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Biller
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne Avery
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matti Kiupel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amy LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Bernhardt
- EMD-Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beatrice Brunkhorst
- EMD-Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Tighe
- EMD-Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lasek W, Zagożdżon R, Jakobisiak M. Interleukin 12: still a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:419-35. [PMID: 24514955 PMCID: PMC3994286 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) seemed to represent the ideal candidate for tumor immunotherapy, due to its ability to activate both innate (NK cells) and adaptive (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) immunities. However, despite encouraging results in animal models, very modest antitumor effects of IL-12 in early clinical trials, often accompanied by unacceptable levels of adverse events, markedly dampened hopes of the successful use of this cytokine in cancer patients. Recently, several clinical studies have been initiated in which IL-12 is applied as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines, in gene therapy including locoregional injections of IL-12 plasmid and in the form of tumor-targeting immunocytokines (IL-12 fused to monoclonal antibodies). The near future will show whether this renewed interest in the use of IL-12 in oncology will result in meaningful therapeutic effects in a select group of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Lasek
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, "F" Bldg, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland,
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Chauvat A, Benhamouda N, Gey A, Lemoine FM, Paulie S, Carrat F, Gougeon ML, Rozenberg F, Krivine A, Cherai M, Lehmann P, Quintin-Colonna F, Launay O, Tartour E. Clinical validation of IFNγ/IL-10 and IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assays for the detection of Tr1 T cells and influenza vaccine monitoring in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:104-13. [PMID: 24084262 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of T cell polarization and simultaneous production of multiple cytokines have been correlated with vaccine efficacy. ELISpot is a T cell detection technique optimized for the measurement of a secreted cytokine at the single cell level. The FluoroSpot assay differs from ELISpot by the use of multiple fluorescent-labeled anticytokine detection antibodies, allowing optimal measurement of multiple cytokines. In the present study, we show that an IFNγ/IL-10 FluoroSpot assay is more sensitive than flow cytometry to detect Tr1 regulatory T cells, an immunosuppressive T cell population characterized by the production of IL-10 and IFNγ. As many tolerogenic vaccines are designed to induce these Tr1 cells, this FluoroSpot test could represent a standard method for the detection of these cells in the future. The use of an IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assay during influenza vaccine monitoring showed that the influenza-specific IL-2-producing T-cell response was the dominant response both before and after vaccine administration. This study therefore questions the rationale of using the single-color IFNγ ELISpot as the standard technique to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell response. Using this same test, a trend was also observed between baseline levels of IFNγ T cell response and T cell vaccine response. In addition, a lower IFNγ+IL-2+ T-cell response after vaccine was observed in the group of patients treated with TNFα inhibitors (P=0.08). This study therefore supports the use of the FluoroSpot assay due to its robustness, versatility and the complementary information that it provides compared with ELISpot or flow cytometry to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chauvat
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; CTL-Europe GmbH; Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Benhamouda
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Alain Gey
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Francois M Lemoine
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | | | - Fabrice Carrat
- Epidemiology, Information System, Modeling; UMR-S 707; University Paris 6-UPMC; Paris, France; Inserm U707; Paris, France; Public Health Unit; Saint-Antoine Hospital; Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity; Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit; Infection and Epidemiology Department; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Anne Krivine
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Cherai
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | - Paul Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Limited; Shaker Heights, OH USA
| | | | - Odile Launay
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France; Hôpital Cochin; AP-HP CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin-Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France
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Choi IK, Li Y, Oh E, Kim J, Yun CO. Oncolytic adenovirus expressing IL-23 and p35 elicits IFN-γ- and TNF-α-co-producing T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67512. [PMID: 23844018 PMCID: PMC3701076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine immunogene therapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Interleukin (IL)-12 boosts potent antitumor immunity by inducing T helper 1 cell differentiation and stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. IL-23 has been proposed to have similar but not overlapping functions with IL-12 in inducing Th1 cell differentiation and antitumor immunity. However, the therapeutic effects of intratumoral co-expression of IL-12 and IL-23 in a cancer model have yet to be investigated. Therefore, we investigated for the first time an effective cancer immunogene therapy of syngeneic tumors via intratumoral inoculation of oncolytic adenovirus co-expressing IL-23 and p35, RdB/IL23/p35. Intratumoral administration of RdB/IL23/p35 elicited strong antitumor effects and increased survival in a murine B16-F10 syngeneic tumor model. The levels of IL-12, IL-23, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were elevated in RdB/IL23/p35-treated tumors. Moreover, the proportion of regulatory T cells was markedly decreased in mice treated with RdB/IL23/p35. Consistent with these data, mice injected with RdB/IL23/p35 showed massive infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the tumor as well as enhanced induction of tumor-specific immunity. Importantly, therapeutic mechanism of antitumor immunity mediated by RdB/IL23/p35 is associated with the generation and recruitment of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-co-producing T cells in tumor microenvironment. These results provide a new insight into therapeutic mechanisms of IL-12 plus IL-23 and provide a potential clinical cancer immunotherapeutic agent for improved antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kyu Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Graduate Program for Nanomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eonju Oh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Mendonça VRR, Queiroz ATL, Lopes FM, Andrade BB, Barral-Netto M. Networking the host immune response in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malar J 2013; 12:69. [PMID: 23433077 PMCID: PMC3598348 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax malaria clinical outcomes are a consequence of the interaction of multiple parasite, environmental and host factors. The host molecular and genetic determinants driving susceptibility to disease severity in this infection are largely unknown. Here, a network analysis of large-scale data from a significant number of individuals with different clinical presentations of P. vivax malaria was performed in an attempt to identify patterns of association between various candidate biomarkers and the clinical outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis of 530 individuals from the Brazilian Amazon, including P. vivax-infected individuals who developed different clinical outcomes (148 asymptomatic malaria, 187 symptomatic malaria, 13 severe non-lethal malaria, and six severe lethal malaria) as well as 176 non-infected controls, was performed. Plasma levels of liver transaminases, bilirubins, creatinine, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, haem oxygenase (HO)-1 and a panel composed by multiple cytokines and chemokines were measured and compared between the different clinical groups using network analysis. Results Non-infected individuals displayed several statistically significant interactions in the networks, including associations between the levels of IL-10 and IL-4 with the chemokine CXCL9. Individuals with asymptomatic malaria displayed multiple significant interactions involving IL-4. Subjects with mild or severe non-lethal malaria displayed substantial loss of interactions in the networks and TNF had significant associations more frequently with other parameters. Cases of lethal P. vivax malaria infection were associated with significant interactions between TNF ALT, HO-1 and SOD-1. Conclusions The findings imply that clinical immunity to P. vivax malaria is associated with multiple significant interactions in the network, mostly involving IL-4, while lethality is linked to a systematic reduction of complexity of these interactions and to an increase in connections between markers linked to haemolysis-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R R Mendonça
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
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Angiogenic activity of classical hematopoietic cytokines. Leuk Res 2012; 36:537-43. [PMID: 22386730 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is regulated by several cytokines with pleiotropic activity. Several evidences have clearly demonstrated that these molecules, formerly regarded as specific for the hematopoietic system, also affect certain endothelial cell functions and that hematopoietic factors clearly influence angiogenesis. This review article summarizes the most important literature data concerning this inconvertible relationship.
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Chauvat A, Benhamouda N, Loison E, Gougeon ML, Gey A, Levionnois E, Ravel P, Abitbol V, Roncelin S, Marcheteau E, Quintin-Colonna F, Fridman WH, Launay O, Tartour E. Pitfalls in anti-influenza T cell detection by Elispot using thimerosal containing pandemic H1N1 vaccine as antigen. J Immunol Methods 2012; 378:81-7. [PMID: 22366633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring T cells in combination with humoral response may be of value to predict clinical protection and cross-protective immunity after influenza vaccination. Elispot technique which measures cytokine produced after antigen-specific T cell stimulation is used routinely to detect and characterize anti-viral T cells. We found that the preservative thimerosal present in most H1N1 pandemic vaccines, induced in vitro abortive activation of T cells followed by cell death leading to false-positive results with the Elispot technique. The size of the spots, usually not measured in routine analysis, appears to be a discriminative criterion to detect this bias. Multi-dose vials of vaccine containing thimerosal remain important for vaccine delivery and our results alert about false-positive results of Elispot to monitor the clinical efficacy of these vaccines. We showed that this finding extends for other T cell monitoring techniques based on cytokine production such as ELISA. Although measuring in vitro immune response using the whole vaccine used for human immunization directly reflects in vivo global host response to the vaccine, the present study strongly supports the use of individual vaccine components for immune monitoring due to the presence of contaminants, such as thimerosal, leading to a bias in interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chauvat
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
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29
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Jouan J, Golmard L, Benhamouda N, Durrleman N, Golmard JL, Ceccaldi R, Trinquart L, Fabiani JN, Tartour E, Jeunemaitre X, Menasché P. Gene polymorphisms and cytokine plasma levels as predictive factors of complications after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:467-73, 473.e1-2. [PMID: 22264418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiopulmonary bypass remains associated with significant morbidity and mortality, in part caused by a systemic inflammatory response that is unpredictable and variable among patients. Several limited studies have suggested associations of cytokine plasma levels or gene polymorphisms with outcome after cardiopulmonary bypass. The present study was to determine the relationships between several circulating cytokines and their polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms), and the occurrence of postoperative clinical events in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS Patients were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms of LTA (Cys13Arg, +252A>G), TNF (-308G>A), IL6 (-597G>A, -572G>C, -174G>C), IL10 (-592C>A, c.∗117C>T), and APOE (Cys112Arg, Arg158Cys). Serum samples were collected preoperatively, immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass, and at different postoperative time points to measure cytokine serum levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The clinical end point was the composite of postoperative death, low cardiac output syndrome, myocardial infarction, sepsis, and acute renal insufficiency. RESULTS Single nucleotide polymorphisms IL6-572GC+CC/IL10-592CC were associated with the clinical end point (P=.032 and P=.009, respectively). In addition to preoperative clinical conditions, the other factor associated with the clinical end point was interleukin-10 plasma levels 24 hours after surgery (P=.017). On the basis of these results, a predictive model of postoperative complications after coronary artery bypass grafting was created. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that focused genetic testing of the IL6-572G>C and IL10-592C>A single nucleotide polymorphisms might be a tool for identifying patients at the highest risk of poor tolerance to the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass and for implementing strategies to mitigate it, provided the generalization of these tests makes them reasonably affordable and thus favorably shifts their cost-to-benefit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Jouan
- Departement de Chirurgie cardio-vasculaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages: secreted proteins as potential targets for therapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:565187. [PMID: 22162712 PMCID: PMC3227419 DOI: 10.1155/2011/565187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory pathways, meant to defend the organism against infection and injury, as a byproduct, can promote an environment which favors tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which constitute a significant part of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells, have been linked to the growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of a variety of cancers, most likely through polarization of TAMs to the M2 (alternative) phenotype. The interaction between tumor cells and macrophages provides opportunities for therapy. This paper will discuss secreted proteins as targets for intervention.
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Tartour E, Sandoval F, Bonnefoy JY, Fridman WH. [Cancer immunotherapy: recent breakthroughs and perspectives]. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:833-41. [PMID: 22027420 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20112710011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer has long been considered as an attractive therapeutic approach but with no impact on clinical practice. Two clinical protocols of immunotherapy, one based on a cancer vaccine in patients with prostate cancer or melanoma and the other using an immunomodulator targeting T cells (anti-CTLA4 mAb) in melanoma patients, have demonstrated clinical efficacy in two phase III clinical trials. To improve these encouraging clinical results, biomarkers to better select patients which may benefit from this therapy are actively searched. In addition, immunosuppression associated with cancer has to be overcome to allow a better immunostimulation. In contrast to chemotherapy, clinical variables to monitor the efficacy of immunotherapy has to be revisited and overall survival appears to be a better endpoint than clinical response defined by the RECIST criteria. Combination of immunotherapy with conventional treatments (chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic, etc.) should further improve this approach both in its effectiveness and in its clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Angiogenesis and immunity: a bidirectional link potentially relevant for the monitoring of antiangiogenic therapy and the development of novel therapeutic combination with immunotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:83-95. [PMID: 21249423 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune system regulates angiogenesis in cancer with both pro- and antiangiogenic activities. The induction of angiogenesis is mediated by tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) which produce proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial growth factors (VEGF, bFGF…), and protease (MMP9) implicated in neoangiogenesis. Some cytokines (IL-6, IL-17…) activated Stat3 which also led to the production of VEGF and bFGF. In contrast, other cytokines (IFN, IL-12, IL-21, and IL-27) display an antiangiogenic activity. Recently, it has been shown that some antiangiogenic molecules alleviates immunosuppression associated with cancer by decreasing immunosuppressive cells (MDSC, regulatory T cells), immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ), and inhibitory molecules on T cells (PD-1). Some of these broad effects may result from the ability of some antiangiogenic molecules, especially cytokines to inhibit the Stat3 transcription factor. The association often observed between angiogenesis and immunosuppression may be related to hypoxia which induces both neoangiogenesis via activation of HIF-1 and VEGF and favors the intratumor recruitment and differentiation of regulatory T cells and MDSC. Preliminary studies suggest that modulation of immune markers (intratumoral MDSC and IL-8, peripheral regulatory T cells…) may predict clinical response to antiangiogenic therapy. In preclinical models, a synergy has been observed between antiangiogenic molecules and immunotherapy which may be explained by an improvement of immune status in tumor-bearing mice after antiangiogenic therapy. In preclinical models, antiangiogenic molecules promoted intratumor trafficking of effector cells, enhance endogenous anti-tumor response, and synergyzed with immunotherapy protocols to cure established murine tumors. All these results warrant the development of clinical trials combining antiangiogenic drugs and immunotherapy.
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Yoshimoto T, Morishima N, Okumura M, Chiba Y, Xu M, Mizuguchi J. Interleukins and cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:825-44. [PMID: 20636026 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease with interactions between normal and neoplastic cells. Since current therapies for cancer largely rely on drugs or radiation that kill dividing cells or block cell division, these treatments may have severe side effects on normal proliferating cells in patients with cancer. Therefore, the potential for treatment of cancer patients by immunologic approaches, which may be specific for tumors and will not injure most normal cells, has great promise. Cancer immunotherapy aims to augment the weak host immune response to developing tumors. One strategy is to utilize cytokines such as IL-2. More recently, several exciting new interleukins have been characterized that have considerable promise for future immunotherapy. The promise of cancer immunotherapy largely depends upon the identification of these novel interleukins. This review provides an overview of the antitumor effects of relatively new interleukins as potential therapeutic agents applicable for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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Xu M, Mizoguchi I, Morishima N, Chiba Y, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. Regulation of antitumor immune responses by the IL-12 family cytokines, IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:832454. [PMID: 20885915 PMCID: PMC2946577 DOI: 10.1155/2010/832454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-12 family, which is composed of heterodimeric cytokines including IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27, is produced by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells and plays critical roles in the regulation of helper T (Th) cell differentiation. IL-12 induces IFN-γ production by NK and T cells and differentiation to Th1 cells. IL-23 induces IL-17 production by memory T cells and expands and maintains inflammatory Th17 cells. IL-27 induces the early Th1 differentiation and generation of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. In addition, these cytokines induce distinct immune responses to tumors. IL-12 activates signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT)4 and enhances antitumor cellular immunity through interferon (IFN)-γ production. IL-27 activates STAT1, as does IFN-γ and STAT3 as well, and enhances antitumor immunity by augmenting cellular and humoral immunities. In contrast, although exogenously overexpressed IL-23 enhances antitumor immunity via memory T cells, endogenous IL-23 promotes protumor immunity through STAT3 activation by inducing inflammatory responses including IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Xu
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Izuru Mizoguchi
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Noriko Morishima
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yukino Chiba
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Junichiro Mizuguchi
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Gu T, Rowswell-Turner RB, Kilinc MO, Egilmez NK. Central role of IFNgamma-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis in regulation of interleukin-12-mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2009; 70:129-38. [PMID: 20028855 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sustained intratumoral delivery of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces tumor regression via restoration of tumor-resident CD8+ T-effector/memory cell cytotoxicity and subsequent repriming of a secondary CD8+ T-effector cell response in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). However, treatment-induced T-effector activity is transient and is accompanied with a CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cell rebound. Molecular and cellular changes in posttherapy tumor microenvironment and TDLN were monitored to elucidate the mechanism of counterregulation. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a 5-fold enhancement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in the tumor and the TDLN after treatment. IDO induction required IFNgamma and persisted for up to 7 days. Administration of the IDO inhibitor D-1-methyl tryptophan concurrent with treatment resulted in a dramatic enhancement of tumor regression. Enhanced efficacy was associated with a diminished T-suppressor cell rebound, revealing a link between IDO activity and posttherapy regulation. Further analysis established that abrogation of the regulatory counterresponse resulted in a 10-fold increase in the intratumoral CD8+ T-cell to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-cell ratio. The ratio of proliferating CD8+ T-effector to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cells was prognostic for efficacy of tumor suppression in individual mice. IFNgamma-dependent IDO induction and T-suppressor cell expansion were primarily driven by IL-12. These findings show a critical role for IDO in the regulation of IL-12-mediated antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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36
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Sabel MS, Su G, Griffith KA, Chang AE. Intratumoral delivery of encapsulated IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-alpha in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 122:325-36. [PMID: 19802695 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral (i.t.) cytokine release through the use of poly-lactic acid microspheres (PLAM) holds tremendous potential for the immunotherapy of breast cancer as it harnesses the immunologic potential of autologous tumor in a clinically feasible and minimally toxic manner. We examined the potential of combinations of i.t. IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-alpha PLAM to generate a tumor-specific immune response and improve outcome in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Balb/c mice with established 4T1 mammary carcinomas were treated with a single injection of BSA, IL-12, IL-18 or TNF-alpha-loaded PLAM alone or in combination after spontaneous metastases occurred. Combined treatment with IL-12 and TNF-alpha PLAM was superior to all other treatments, including the triple combination of IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-alpha in ablation of the primary tumor, eradicating distant disease and enhancing survival. Simultaneous delivery of IL-12 and TNF-alpha was superior to sequential delivery of IL-12 followed by TNF-alpha, but not TNF-alpha followed by IL-12. In vivo lymphocyte depletion studies established that the effects of IL-12 alone are mediated primarily by NK cells, while the combination of IL-12 and TNF-alpha is dependent upon CD8+ T-cells. Only the combination of IL-12 and TNF-alpha results in an increase in both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and a reduction in CD4+CD25+ cells. While there was no change in the dendritic cell population, IL-12 and TNF-alpha resulted in a dramatic increase in DC maturation and antigen presentation. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with simultaneous intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and TNF-alpha PLAM augments DC antigen presentation and increases cytotoxic T-cells without increasing regulatory T-cells, resulting in a T-cell based anti-tumor immune response capable of eradicating disseminated disease. The addition of IL-18 did not improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Sabel
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Weiss JM, Subleski JJ, Wigginton JM, Wiltrout RH. Immunotherapy of cancer by IL-12-based cytokine combinations. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1705-21. [PMID: 17961093 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.11.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-faceted disease comprising complex interactions between neoplastic and normal cells. Over the past decade, there has been considerable progress in defining the molecular, cellular and environmental contributions to the pathophysiology of tumor development. Despite these advances, the conventional treatment of patients still generally involves surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, and the clinical outcome for many of these efforts remains unsatisfactory. Recent studies have highlighted the feasibility of using immunotherapeutic approaches that seek to enhance host immune responses to developing tumors. These strategies include immunomodulatory cytokines, with TNF-alpha, type I or type II IFNs, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 being among the most potent inducers of anti-tumor activity in a variety of preclinical studies. More recently, some exciting new cytokines have been characterized, such as IL-21, IL-23, IL-27 and their immunomodulatory and antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo suggest that they may have considerable promise for future immunotherapy protocols. The promise of cytokine therapy does indeed derive from the identification of these novel cytokines but even more fundamentally, the field is greatly benefiting from the ever-expanding amount of preclinical data that convincingly demonstrate synergistic and/or novel biologic effects, which may be achieved through the use of several combinations of cytokines with complementary immune-stimulating capabilities. One cytokine in particular, IL-12, holds considerable promise by virtue of the fact that it plays a central role in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, can by itself induce potent anticancer effects, and synergizes with several other cytokines for increased immunoregulatory and antitumor activities. This review discusses the antitumor activity of IL-12, with a special emphasis on its ability to synergize with other cytokines for enhancement of immune effector cell populations and regulation of host-tumor cell interactions and the overall tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Weiss
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Little RF, Aleman K, Kumar P, Wyvill KM, Pluda JM, Read-Connole E, Wang V, Pittaluga S, Catanzaro AT, Steinberg SM, Yarchoan R. Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with interleukin-12 for AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood 2007; 110:4165-71. [PMID: 17846226 PMCID: PMC2234790 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-097568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) requiring chemotherapy were treated for six 3-week cycles of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (20 mg/m(2)) plus interleukin-12 (IL-12; 300 ng/kg subcutaneously twice weekly), followed by 500 ng/kg subcutaneous IL-12 twice weekly for up to 3 years. All received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Twenty-two had poor-prognosis KS (T(1)S(1)). Thirty patients had a major response, including 9 with complete response, yielding an 83.3% major response rate (95% confidence interval: 67.2%-93.6%). Median time to first response was 2 cycles. Median progression was not reached at median potential follow-up of 46.9 months. Of 27 patients with residual disease when starting maintenance IL-12, 15 had a new major response compared with this new baseline. The regimen was overall well tolerated; principal toxicities were neutropenia, anemia, transaminitis, and neuropsychiatric toxicity. Patients had increases in serum IL-12, interferon gamma, and inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and these remained increased at weeks 18 and 34. The regimen of IL-12 plus liposomal doxorubicin yielded rapid tumor responses and a high response rate in patients with AIDS-KS receiving HAART, and responses were sustained on IL-12 maintenance therapy. A randomized trial of IL-12 in this setting may be warranted. This study is registered at (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) as no. NCT00020449.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Little
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1868, USA
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Kim TH, Jiang HL, Jere D, Park IK, Cho MH, Nah JW, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Cho CS. Chemical modification of chitosan as a gene carrier in vitro and in vivo. Prog Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
The key strategy for the advancement of gene therapy is the development of an efficient targeted gene delivery system into cells. The targeted gene delivery system is especially important in non-viral gene transfer which shows the relatively low transfection efficiency. It also opens the possibility of selective delivery of therapeutic plasmids to specific tissues. Chitosan has been considered to be a good candidate for gene delivery system, since it is already known as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and low toxic material with high cationic potential. However, low specificity and low transfection efficiency of chitosan need to be overcome prior to clinical trial. In this study, we focused on the chemical modification of chitosan for enhancement of cell specificity and transfection efficiency. Also, the potential of clinical application was investigated.
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Kim TH, Jiang HL, Nah JW, Cho MH, Akaike T, Cho CS. Receptor-Mediated Gene Delivery Using Chitosan Derivativesin Vitro andin Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200750323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Kim TH, Jin H, Kim HW, Cho MH, Cho CS. Mannosylated chitosan nanoparticle–based cytokine gene therapy suppressed cancer growth in BALB/c mice bearing CT-26 carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1723-32. [PMID: 16891458 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy relies on the ability of the immune system to destroy tumor cells selectively and to elicit a long-lasting memory of such activity. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an immunomodulatory cytokine produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells, which play an important role in promoting Th1-type immune response and cell-mediated immunity. To augment the antitumor immune action by in vivo IL-12 gene delivery, mannosylated chitosan (MC) was prepared to induce mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis of IL-12 gene directly into dendritic cells which reside within the tumor. Upon characterization, MC was proven to be suitable for IL-12 gene delivery due to good physicochemical properties and low cytotoxicity. In addition, MC exhibited much enhanced IL-12 gene transfer efficiency to dendritic cells rather than chitosan itself in terms of the induction of murine IL-12 p70 and murine IFN-gamma. In animal studies, intratumoral injection of MC/plasmid encoding murine IL-12 complex into BALB/c mice bearing CT-26 carcinoma cells clearly suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis, and significantly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, this study provides a new MC-mediated cytokine gene delivery system for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Biomedical Polymer and Tissue Engineering, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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43
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Roda JM, Parihar R, Magro C, Nuovo GJ, Tridandapani S, Carson WE. Natural killer cells produce T cell-recruiting chemokines in response to antibody-coated tumor cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:517-26. [PMID: 16397268 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current report, we have examined the ability of natural killer (NK) cells to produce T cell-recruiting chemokines following dual stimulation with interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-12 and human breast cancer cells coated with an antitumor antibody (trastuzumab). NK cells stimulated in this manner secreted an array of T cell-recruiting chemotactic factors, including IL-8, macrophage-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), whereas stimulation of NK cells with either agent alone had minimal effect. Furthermore, these factors were functional for T-cell chemotaxis as culture supernatants derived from costimulated NK cells induced migration of both naïve and activated T cells in an in vitro chemotaxis assay. T-cell migration was significantly reduced when neutralizing antibodies to IL-8, MIP-1alpha, or RANTES were added to culture supernatants before their use in the chemotaxis assay. In addition, coadministration of trastuzumab-coated tumor cells and IL-12 to mice led to enhanced serum MIP-1alpha. As a clinical correlate, we examined the chemokine content of serum samples from breast cancer patients enrolled on a phase I trial of trastuzumab and IL-12, and found elevated levels of IL-8, RANTES, IFN-gamma inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and MIP-1alpha, specifically in those patients that experienced a clinical benefit. Sera from these patients exhibited the ability to direct T-cell migration in a chemotaxis assay, and neutralization of chemokines abrogated this effect. These data are the first to show chemokine production by NK cells, specifically in response to stimulation with antibody-coated tumor cells, and suggest a potential role for NK cell-derived chemokines in patients receiving therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Roda
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Mitola S, Strasly M, Prato M, Ghia P, Bussolino F. IL-12 regulates an endothelial cell-lymphocyte network: effect on metalloproteinase-9 production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3725-33. [PMID: 14500672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is key cytokine in innate immunity and participates in tumor rejection by stimulating an IFN-gamma-mediated response characterized by CD8(+) mediated-cytotoxicity, inhibition of angiogenesis, and vascular injury. We previously demonstrated that activated lymphocytes stimulated with IL-12 induced an angiostatic program in cocultured vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we have extended this observation showing that a reciprocal modulation of cellular responses occurs. Actually, the presence of endothelial cells enhanced the inhibitory effect of IL-12 on metalloproteinase-9 expression in activated PBMC as well as their ability to transmigrate across an extracellular matrix. IL-12 triggered intracellular signaling, as indicated by STAT-1 activation, appeared to mainly operative in activated CD4 (+) cells challenged with IL-12, but it was also initiated in CD8(+) lymphocytes in the presence of endothelial cells. On the other hand, stimulated PBMC reduced the expression and the activity of metalloproteinase-9, up-regulated that of tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1, and stimulated the STAT-1 pathway in cocultured endothelial cells. We used neutralizing Abs to show that the IFN-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10) and monokine-induced by IFN-gamma (CXCL9) chemokines produced by both PBMC and endothelial cells are pivotal in inducing these effects. Altogether these results suggest the existence of an IL-12-regulated circuit between endothelium and lymphocytes resulting in a shift of proteolytic homeostasis at site of tissue injury.
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MESH Headings
- Basement Membrane/enzymology
- Basement Membrane/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokine CXCL9
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Extracellular Matrix/enzymology
- Extracellular Matrix/immunology
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mitola
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment and. Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy.
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45
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Santana MA, Rosenstein Y. What it takes to become an effector T cell: the process, the cells involved, and the mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:392-401. [PMID: 12704648 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When activated, CD4(+) T cells differentiate into two major sub-populations differing in their profiles of secreted cytokines. Type One, or TH1, cells secrete IL-2, IFNgamma, and TNFbeta and mediate a cellular immune response. Type Two, or TH2, cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 and potentiate a humoral response. The nature of any specific immune response depends on the interaction of antigen-presenting cells and T cells. The role of antigen-presenting cells is to respond to the nature of the immune challenge and signal differentiation of CD4(+) T cells. A number of factors are involved in the effector phenotype of T cells-nature and affinity of antigen, co-receptors signals, and cytokine environment. T-cell differentiation is a complex process comprising four defined developmental stages: activation of particular cytokine genes, commitment of the cells, silencing of the opposing cytokine genes, and stabilization of the phenotype. In each of these stages, the cells respond to the products of many signaling cascades from many membrane-bound receptors. The stages in development are mediated by different molecular mechanisms, involving control of gene expression and chromatin remodeling. This review centers on the factors, cellular interactions, and molecular mechanisms involved in the maturation of naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes into fully effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Santana
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México.
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46
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Parihar R, Dierksheide J, Hu Y, Carson WE. IL-12 enhances the natural killer cell cytokine response to Ab-coated tumor cells. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 12370276 DOI: 10.1172/jci200215950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor activity of recombinant mAb's directed against tumor cell growth receptors has generally been considered to result from direct antiproliferative effects, the induction of apoptosis, or possibly Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated against tumor targets. However, it remains unclear to what degree these mechanisms actually aid in the clearance of Ab-coated tumor cells in vivo. We show here that NK cells secrete a distinct profile of potent immunostimulatory cytokines in response to dual stimulation with Ab-coated tumor cells and IL-12. This response could not be duplicated by costimulation with other ILs and was significantly enhanced in the presence of monocytes. Cytokine production was dependent upon synergistic signals mediated by the activating receptor for the Fc portion of IgG (FcgammaRIII) and the IL-12 receptor expressed on NK cells. Coadministration of Ab-coated tumor cells and IL-12 to BALB/c mice resulted in enhanced circulating levels of NK cell-derived cytokines with the capacity to augment anti-tumor immunity. These findings suggest that, in addition to mediating cellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis, the anti-tumor activity of mAb's might also result from activation of a potent cytokine secretion program within immune effectors capable of recognizing mAb-coated targets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Trastuzumab
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Parihar
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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47
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Parihar R, Dierksheide J, Hu Y, Carson WE. IL-12 enhances the natural killer cell cytokine response to Ab-coated tumor cells. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:983-92. [PMID: 12370276 PMCID: PMC151155 DOI: 10.1172/jci15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor activity of recombinant mAb's directed against tumor cell growth receptors has generally been considered to result from direct antiproliferative effects, the induction of apoptosis, or possibly Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated against tumor targets. However, it remains unclear to what degree these mechanisms actually aid in the clearance of Ab-coated tumor cells in vivo. We show here that NK cells secrete a distinct profile of potent immunostimulatory cytokines in response to dual stimulation with Ab-coated tumor cells and IL-12. This response could not be duplicated by costimulation with other ILs and was significantly enhanced in the presence of monocytes. Cytokine production was dependent upon synergistic signals mediated by the activating receptor for the Fc portion of IgG (FcgammaRIII) and the IL-12 receptor expressed on NK cells. Coadministration of Ab-coated tumor cells and IL-12 to BALB/c mice resulted in enhanced circulating levels of NK cell-derived cytokines with the capacity to augment anti-tumor immunity. These findings suggest that, in addition to mediating cellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis, the anti-tumor activity of mAb's might also result from activation of a potent cytokine secretion program within immune effectors capable of recognizing mAb-coated targets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Trastuzumab
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Parihar
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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48
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Parihar R, Dierksheide J, Hu Y, Carson WE. IL-12 enhances the natural killer cell cytokine response to Ab-coated tumor cells. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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49
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Maheshwari A, Han S, Mahato RI, Kim SW. Biodegradable polymer-based interleukin-12 gene delivery: role of induced cytokines, tumor infiltrating cells and nitric oxide in anti-tumor activity. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1075-84. [PMID: 12140735 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2001] [Accepted: 12/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the role of induced cytokines, tumor infiltrating cells and nitric oxide (NO) in anti-tumor activity upon intratumoral injection of free and condensed plasmid DNA encoding murine interleukin-12 (pmIL-12) into BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous tumors. Poly[alpha-(4-aminobutyl)-L-glycolic acid] (PAGA) was used for complex formation with pmIL-12 in presence of 5% (w/v) glucose. Upon characterization, PAGA/pmIL-12 (3/1, +/-) complexes were found to be most effective in gene transfer and were used consistently throughout this study. The levels of mIL-12 p70 and induced cytokines were determined by ELISA in the supernatant of the cultured tumors of the CT-26 subcutaneous tumor bearing BALB/c female mice 48 h after intratumoral injection of PAGA/pmIL-12 complexes and naked pmIL-12. The levels of IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and NO were higher for the PAGA/pmIL-12 complexes than those for the naked pmIL-12, PAGA alone and 5% glucose injected groups. The relative presence of natural killer (NK) cells, CD4(+) T cells, and antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells determined using immunohistochemistry was higher for PAGA/pmIL-12 complexes compared with naked pmIL-12. The presence of CMV promoter in plasmid encoding IL-12 cDNAs did not induce any type I interferon response. There was a significant improvement in the survival rate and the inhibition of tumor growth after repeated injections of PAGA/pmIL-12 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maheshwari
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112-5820, USA
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50
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Benchetrit F, Ciree A, Vives V, Warnier G, Gey A, Sautès-Fridman C, Fossiez F, Haicheur N, Fridman WH, Tartour E. Interleukin-17 inhibits tumor cell growth by means of a T-cell-dependent mechanism. Blood 2002; 99:2114-21. [PMID: 11877287 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.6.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated CD4(+) memory T cells. We previously showed that IL-17 increased the growth rate of human cervical tumors transplanted into athymic nude mice. To address the possible role of T cells in the biologic activity of IL-17 for tumor control, we grafted 2 murine hematopoietic immunogenic tumors (P815 and J558L) transfected with a complementary DNA encoding murine IL-17 into syngeneic immunocompetent mice. We found that growth of the 2 IL-17-producing tumors was significantly inhibited compared with that of mock-transfected tumors. In contrast to the antitumor activity of IL-17 observed in immunocompetent mice, we observed no difference in the in vivo growth of IL-17-transfected or mock-transfected P815 cells (P815-IL-17 and P815-Neo, respectively) transplanted into nude mice. We then showed that IL-17 increased generation of specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directed against the immunodominant antigens from P815 called A, B, C, D, and E, since all mice injected with P815-IL-17 developed a P815-specific CTL response, whereas only 6 of 16 mice immunized with P815-Neo had a specific CTL response against the antigens. The induction of CTLs was associated with establishment of a tumor-protective immunity. These experiments suggest that T lymphocytes are involved in the antitumor activity of IL-17. Therefore, IL-17, like other cytokines, appears to be a pleiotropic cytokine with possible protumor or antitumor effects on tumor development, which often depends on the immunogenicity of tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Benchetrit
- INSERM U 255, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France
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