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Guha A, Vicha A, Zelinka T, Kana M, Musil Z, Pacak K, Betka J, Chovanec M, Plzak J, Boucek J. High incidence of occult familial SDHD cases amongst Czech patients with head and neck paragangliomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1278175. [PMID: 38144572 PMCID: PMC10739302 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1278175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, which are mostly benign in nature. Amongst all genes, Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit D (SDHD) is the most commonly mutated in familial HNPGLs. In about 30% of HNPGLs, germline mutations in SDHD can also occur in the absence of positive family history, thus giving rise to "occult familial" cases. Our aim was to evaluate the pattern of SDHD germline mutations in Czech patients with HNPGLs. Materials and methods We analyzed a total of 105 patients with HNPGLs from the Otorhinolaryngology departments of 2 tertiary centers between 2006 - 2021. All underwent complex diagnostic work-up and were also consented for genetic analysis. Results Eighty patients aged 13-76 years were included; around 60% with multiple PGLs were males. Carotid body tumor was the most frequently diagnosed tumor. Germline SDHD mutation was found in only 12% of the Czech patients; approximately 78% of those harboring the mutation had negative family history. The mutation traits had higher affiliation for multiple tumors with nearly 70% patients of ≤ 40 years of age. Conclusion An SDHD mutation variant was shared amongst unrelated patients but no founder-effect was established. Our findings confirmed that the pattern of SDHD mutation distribution amongst HNPGLs in Czech Republic differs from most studies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Guha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Charles University, 3 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ales Vicha
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charles University, 2 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Zelinka
- 3 Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolsim of the 1 Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Charles University, 1 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Musil
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the 1 Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jan Betka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Charles University, 1 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Chovanec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Charles University, 3 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Plzak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Charles University, 1 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Boucek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Charles University, 1 Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
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Liu C, Zhou D, Yang K, Xu N, Peng J, Zhu Z. Research progress on the pathogenesis of the SDHB mutation and related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115500. [PMID: 37734265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the improvement of genetic testing technology in diseases in recent years, researchers have a more detailed and clear understanding of the source of cancers. Succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB), a mitochondrial gene, is related to the metabolic activities of cells and tissues throughout the body. The mutations of SDHB have been found in pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma and other cancers, and is proved to affect the occurrence and progress of those cancers due to the important structural functions. The importance of SDHB is attracting more and more attention of researchers, however, reviews on the structure and function of SDHB, as well as on the mechanism of its carcinogenesis is inadequate. This paper reviews the relationship between SDHB mutations and related cancers, discusses the molecular mechanism of SDHB mutations that may lead to tumor formation, analyzes the mutation spectrum, structural domains, and penetrance of SDHB and sorts out some of the previously discovered diseases. For the patients with SDHB mutation, it is recommended that people in SDHB mutation families undergo regular genetic testing or SDHB immunohistochemistry (IHC). The purpose of this paper is hopefully to provide some reference and help for follow-up researches on SDHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Ambulatory Surgical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Dayang Zhou
- Ambulatory Surgical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Department of Surgical oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Ambulatory Surgical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jibang Peng
- Department of Surgical oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Ambulatory Surgical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming 650032, China.
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Dwivedi G, Bharadwaja S, Kovilapu UB, Swain P, Kumari A. Carotid Body Tumor: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:2409-2416. [PMID: 36452787 PMCID: PMC9702211 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-02189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid body tumour (CBT) is a rare hypervascular tumor in the head and neck region. It develops from neural crest origin paraganglionic tissue which is an arterial chemoreceptor. It presents as a slow growing mass at the carotid bifurcation. Its optimal evaluation and treatment requires involvement of multiple specialities. Because of the high rate of neurovascular complications, resection of this tumor is challenging for surgeons. Early tumor detection, meticulous evaluation and multidisciplinary approach are vital for successful management of these tumors. A case of CBT in a 50 year-old lady managed at our centre is being reported here along with a review of literature.
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Kang W, Suzuki M, Saito T, Miyado K. Emerging Role of TCA Cycle-Related Enzymes in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13057. [PMID: 34884868 PMCID: PMC8657694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is the main source of cellular energy and participates in many metabolic pathways in cells. Recent reports indicate that dysfunction of TCA cycle-related enzymes causes human diseases, such as neurometabolic disorders and tumors, have attracted increasing interest in their unexplained roles. The diseases which develop as a consequence of loss or dysfunction of TCA cycle-related enzymes are distinct, suggesting that each enzyme has a unique function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between each TCA cycle-related enzyme and human diseases. We also discuss their functions in the context of both mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial (or cytoplasmic) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (M.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Miki Suzuki
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (M.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Takako Saito
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (M.S.); (K.M.)
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Guha A, Vicha A, Zelinka T, Musil Z, Chovanec M. Genetic Variants in Patients with Multiple Head and Neck Paragangliomas: Dilemma in Management. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060626. [PMID: 34072806 PMCID: PMC8226913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors of a mostly benign nature that can be associated with a syndrome, precipitated by the presence of a germline mutation. Familial forms of the disease are usually seen with mutations of SDHx genes, especially the SDHD gene. SDHB mutations are predisposed to malignant tumors. We found 6 patients with multiple tumors amongst 30 patients with HNPGLs during the period of 2016 to 2021. We discuss the phenotypic and genetic patterns in our patients with multiple HNPGLs and explore the management possibilities related to the disease. Fifty percent of our patients had incidental findings of HNPGLs. Twenty-one biochemically silent tumors were found. Four patients had germline mutations, and only one had a positive family history. Three out of five underwent surgery without permanent complications. Preventative measures (genetic counselling and tumor surveillance) represent the gold standard in effectively controlling the disease in index patients and their relatives. In terms of treatment, apart from surgical and radiotherapeutic interventions, new therapeutic measures such as gene targeted therapy have contributed very sparsely. With the lack of standardized protocols, management of patients with multiple HNPGLs still remains very challenging, especially in those with sporadic or malignant forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Guha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ales Vicha
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomas Zelinka
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdenek Musil
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Chovanec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Aghamir SMK, Heshmat R, Ebrahimi M, Ketabchi SE, Parichehreh Dizaji S, Khatami F. The Impact Of Succinate Dehydrogenase Gene (SDH) Mutations In Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC): A Systematic Review. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7929-7940. [PMID: 31579262 PMCID: PMC6771773 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s207460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Renal cell cancer (RCC) syndrome is linked to Krebs cycle compartments and their coding genes' alterations like succinate dehydrogenase genes (SDHx). Here we present a systematic review of the SDH genes’ mutations and their impact on both RCC diagnosis and prognosis. Methods This systematic review includes any study in which tissue samples of RCC are considered in correlation with the SDHx mutations, microsatellite instability (MSI), and protein expression. For this purpose, a systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted and finally 5384 articles were recruited. All studies' content was checked to find the related ones which were 145 articles, which with data extraction were limited to nineteen. Results The final selected nineteen studies investigating the SDHx role in RCC tumor genesis were included, among which fifteen were mutation analysis, three were just SDHx protein expression, and two were MSI and mutation analysis studies. A total of 432 RCC patients were reported by SDH mutations, and 64 patients with MSI and SDH expression change were reported in 514 surgically resected renal epithelial tumors. The most common mutation was the single nucleotide variant rs772551056 (c.137G>A) of SDHB. For SDHC, c.380A>G presented in 48 RCC patients, and for SDHA a novel germline mutation c.2T>C: p.M1T in an occasional case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor intricate with RCC. Conclusion RCC as an aggressive type of kidney cancer needs some biomarkers to be diagnosed exactly. It was shown recently that the succinate dehydrogenase gene variations can provide this diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. For this purpose, SDHB rs772551056 associated with its protein expression alterations can be taken into account. It is possible that a novel mutation of SDHA (c.2T>C: p.M1T) can provide evidence of GIST associated with RCC as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Parichehreh Dizaji
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khatami
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Snezhkina AV, Lukyanova EN, Fedorova MS, Kalinin DV, Melnikova NV, Stepanov OA, Kiseleva MV, Kaprin AD, Pudova EA, Kudryavtseva AV. Novel Genes Associated with the Development of Carotid Paragangliomas. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319040137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wong MY, Andrews KA, Challis BG, Park S, Acerini CL, Maher ER, Casey RT. Clinical Practice Guidance: Surveillance for phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma in paediatric succinate dehydrogenase gene mutation carriers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:499-505. [PMID: 30589099 PMCID: PMC6850004 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex functions as a key enzyme coupling the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle. Inactivation of this enzyme complex results in the cellular accumulation of the oncometabolite succinate, which is postulated to be a key driver in tumorigenesis. Succinate accumulation inhibits 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including DNA and histone demethylase enzymes and hypoxic gene response regulators. Biallelic inactivation (typically resulting from one inherited and one somatic event) at one of the four genes encoding the SDH complex (SDHA/B/C/D) is the most common cause for SDH deficient (dSDH) tumours. Germline mutations in the SDHx genes predispose to a spectrum of tumours including phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL), wild type gastrointestinal stromal tumours (wtGIST) and, less commonly, renal cell carcinoma and pituitary tumours. Furthermore, mutations in the SDHx genes, particularly SDHB, predispose to a higher risk of malignant PPGL, which is associated with a 5-year mortality of 50%. There is general agreement that biochemical and imaging surveillance should be offered to asymptomatic carriers of SDHx gene mutations in the expectation that this will reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with dSDH tumours. However, there is no consensus on when and how surveillance should be performed in children and young adults. Here, we address the question: "What age should clinical, biochemical and radiological surveillance for PPGL be initiated in paediatric SDHx mutation carriers?".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yin Wong
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyCambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Katrina A. Andrews
- East Anglian Medical Genetics ServiceCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Benjamin G. Challis
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyCambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Soo‐Mi Park
- East Anglian Medical Genetics ServiceCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | | | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge CentreCambridgeUK
| | - Ruth T. Casey
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyCambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Lin B, Yang HY, Yang HJ, Shen SY. Concomitant paraganglioma and thyroid carcinoma: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:656-662. [PMID: 30863766 PMCID: PMC6406204 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i5.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma can coexist and are often found in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN). However, very few cases highlight papillary thyroid carcinoma. We present herein a rare case of head and neck paraganglioma associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
CASE SUMMARY A 51-year-old man presented to our department with right-sided neck swelling and hypertension. Physical examination showed neck masses with obvious pulsation. Concentrations of serum calcium, phosphorus, parathormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and calcitonin were within normal limits. Enhanced computed tomography revealed an irregular solid nodule, located in the carotid artery bifurcation. A low-density nodule of the thyroid isthmus with a spot-like dense shadow was also detected. The diagnosis of carotid body tumor was raised and an ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid nodule revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma. The patient underwent surgery for lesion excision, total thyroidectomy, and neck dissection, and the pathology was reported as paraganglioma and papillary carcinoma. Genetic studies showed negative results for germline mutation of succinate dehydrogenase subunit D on 11q23. He was treated with 131I after surgery and remained disease-free so far.
CONCLUSION The presence of concomitant paraganglioma and thyroid papillary carcinoma could be either coincidental or a result of an unknown mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui-Jun Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Yue Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong Province, China
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Gleeson M. Technical Challenges in Temporal Bone Paraganglioma Surgery: a Clinical Review. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-019-00227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tufton N, Sahdev A, Drake WM, Akker SA. Can subunit-specific phenotypes guide surveillance imaging decisions in asymptomatic SDH mutation carriers? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:31-46. [PMID: 30303539 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the discovery that familial phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma syndrome can be caused by mutations in each subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDH), has come the recognition that mutations in the individual subunits have their own distinct natural histories. Increased genetic screening is leading to the identification of increasing numbers of, mostly asymptomatic, gene mutation carriers and the implementation of screening strategies for these individuals. Yet there is, to date, no international consensus regarding screening strategies for asymptomatic carriers. DESIGN A comprehensive PubMed search from 1/1/2000 to 28/2/2018 was undertaken using multiple search terms and subsequently a manual review of references in identified papers to identify all clinically relevant cases and cohorts. In this review, the accumulated, published experience of phenotype and malignancy risks of individual SDH subunits is analysed. Where possible screening results for asymptomatic SDH mutation carriers have been analysed separately to define the penetrance in asymptomatic carriers (asymptomatic penetrance). RESULTS The combined data confirms that "asymptomatic penetrance" is highest for SDHD and when there is penetrance, the most likely site to develop a PGL is head and neck (SDHD) and extra-adrenal abdominal (SDHB). However, the risk in SDHB carriers of developing HNPGL is also high (35.5%) and a PCC is low (15.1%), and in SDHD carriers there is a high risk of developing a PCC (35.8%) or abdominal PGL (9.4%) and a small, but significant risk at other sympathetic sites. The data suggest that the risk of malignant transformation is the same for both PCC and extra-adrenal abdominal PGLs (30%-35%) in SDHB carriers. In SDHD carriers, the risk of malignant transformation was highest in HNPGLs (7.5%) and similar for sympathetic sites (3.8%-5.2%). CONCLUSIONS Using this data, we suggest surveillance screening of asymptomatic carriers can be tailored to the underlying SDH subunit and review possible surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tufton
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anju Sahdev
- Department of Radiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - William M Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Scott A Akker
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Shulskaya MV, Shadrina MI, Bakilina NA, Zolotova SV, Slominsky PA. The spectrum of SDHD mutations in Russian patients with head and neck paraganglioma. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:1174-1179. [PMID: 30375904 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1503181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY It was found that the mutations in the SDHD gene, encoding one of subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, lead to the development of head and neck paraganglioma (HNPGL). We analyzed this gene in 91 patients with HNPGL from Russia. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was isolated from the whole blood. A screening for mutations was performed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We revealed three missense mutations that have been described previously: p.Pro81Leu, p.His102Arg, p.Tyr114Cys. Moreover, we identified a novel potentially pathogenic variant (p.Trp105*). CONCLUSIONS We found that mutations in the SDHD gene were less common in Russian patients compared with the majority of European populations. It was shown that the p.His102Arg mutation is a major mutation in Russia. We confirmed the previous suggestion that a bilateral localization of the tumor and the carotid type represent a marker of the genetically determined form of HNPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Shulskaya
- a Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics , Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Maria I Shadrina
- a Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics , Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Natalia A Bakilina
- a Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics , Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Svetlana V Zolotova
- b Department of Radiology and Neurosurgery , N. N. Burdenko Scientific Research Neurosurgery Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - Petr A Slominsky
- a Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics , Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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Ong RKS, Flores SK, Reddick RL, Dahia PLM, Shawa H. A Unique Case of Metastatic, Functional, Hereditary Paraganglioma Associated With an SDHC Germline Mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2802-2806. [PMID: 29878124 PMCID: PMC7263789 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in genes encoding for the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex are linked to hereditary paraganglioma syndromes. Paraganglioma syndrome 3 is associated with mutations in SDHC and typically manifests as benign, nonfunctional head and neck paragangliomas. DESIGN We describe a case of a 51-year-old woman who initially presented with diarrhea and hypertension and was found to have a retroperitoneal mass, which was resected with a pathology consistent with paraganglioma. Five years later, her symptoms recurred, and she was found to have new retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and lytic lesions in the first lumbar vertebral body and the right iliac crest, which were visualized on CT scan and octreoscan but not on iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) and bone scans. She had significantly elevated 24-hour urine norepinephrine and dopamine. The patient received external beam radiation and a series of different antineoplastic agents. Her disease progressed, and she eventually expired within 2 years. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous SDHC c.43C>T, p.Arg15X mutation, which was also detected in her daughter and her grandson, both of whom have no biochemical or imaging evidence of paraganglioma syndrome yet. CONCLUSION We report a unique case of functional, metastatic abdominal paraganglioma associated with SDHC germline mutation. Our case exemplifies that SDHC germline mutation has variable penetrance, which may manifest with an aggressive biology that could be missed by a 123I-MIBG scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Kristin S Ong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Shahida K Flores
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert L Reddick
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Patricia L M Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hassan Shawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Hassan Shawa, MD, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Albany Medical College, 25 Hackett Blvd., MC141, Albany, New York 12208. E-mail:
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Andrews KA, Ascher DB, Pires DEV, Barnes DR, Vialard L, Casey RT, Bradshaw N, Adlard J, Aylwin S, Brennan P, Brewer C, Cole T, Cook JA, Davidson R, Donaldson A, Fryer A, Greenhalgh L, Hodgson SV, Irving R, Lalloo F, McConachie M, McConnell VPM, Morrison PJ, Murday V, Park SM, Simpson HL, Snape K, Stewart S, Tomkins SE, Wallis Y, Izatt L, Goudie D, Lindsay RS, Perry CG, Woodward ER, Antoniou AC, Maher ER. Tumour risks and genotype-phenotype correlations associated with germline variants in succinate dehydrogenase subunit genes SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. J Med Genet 2018; 55:384-394. [PMID: 29386252 PMCID: PMC5992372 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline pathogenic variants in SDHB/SDHC/SDHD are the most frequent causes of inherited phaeochromocytomas/paragangliomas. Insufficient information regarding penetrance and phenotypic variability hinders optimum management of mutation carriers. We estimate penetrance for symptomatic tumours and elucidate genotype-phenotype correlations in a large cohort of SDHB/SDHC/SDHD mutation carriers. METHODS A retrospective survey of 1832 individuals referred for genetic testing due to a personal or family history of phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma. 876 patients (401 previously reported) had a germline mutation in SDHB/SDHC/SDHD (n=673/43/160). Tumour risks were correlated with in silico structural prediction analyses. RESULTS Tumour risks analysis provided novel penetrance estimates and genotype-phenotype correlations. In addition to tumour type susceptibility differences for individual genes, we confirmed that the SDHD:p.Pro81Leu mutation has a distinct phenotype and identified increased age-related tumour risks with highly destabilising SDHB missense mutations. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, the penetrance (cumulative risk of clinically apparent tumours) in SDHB and (paternally inherited) SDHD mutation-positive non-probands (n=371/67 with detailed clinical information) by age 60 years was 21.8% (95% CI 15.2% to 27.9%) and 43.2% (95% CI 25.4% to 56.7%), respectively. Risk of malignant disease at age 60 years in non-proband SDHB mutation carriers was 4.2%(95% CI 1.1% to 7.2%). With retrospective cohort analysis to adjust for ascertainment, cumulative tumour risks for SDHB mutation carriers at ages 60 years and 80 years were 23.9% (95% CI 20.9% to 27.4%) and 30.6% (95% CI 26.8% to 34.7%). CONCLUSIONS Overall risks of clinically apparent tumours for SDHB mutation carriers are substantially lower than initially estimated and will improve counselling of affected families. Specific genotype-tumour risk associations provides a basis for novel investigative strategies into succinate dehydrogenase-related mechanisms of tumourigenesis and the development of personalised management for SDHB/SDHC/SDHD mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Andrews
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Ascher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Douglas Eduardo Valente Pires
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lindsey Vialard
- West Midlands Regional Genetics service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth T Casey
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Bradshaw
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Simon Aylwin
- Department of Endocrinology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carole Brewer
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jackie A Cook
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemarie Davidson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan Donaldson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Alan Fryer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynn Greenhalgh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shirley V Hodgson
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard Irving
- Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiona Lalloo
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle McConachie
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Vivienne P M McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Patrick J Morrison
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Victoria Murday
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen L Simpson
- The Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie Snape
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Susan Stewart
- West Midlands Regional Genetics service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Susan E Tomkins
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Yvonne Wallis
- West Midlands Regional Genetics service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise Izatt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Goudie
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Robert S Lindsay
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Colin G Perry
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Emma R Woodward
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- The Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Tufton N, Shapiro L, Srirangalingam U, Richards P, Sahdev A, Kumar AV, McAndrew L, Martin L, Berney D, Monson J, Chew SL, Waterhouse M, Druce M, Korbonits M, Metcalfe K, Drake WM, Storr HL, Akker SA. Outcomes of annual surveillance imaging in an adult and paediatric cohort of succinate dehydrogenase B mutation carriers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 86:286-296. [PMID: 27678251 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For 'asymptomatic carriers' of the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) gene mutations, there is currently no consensus as to the appropriate modality or frequency of surveillance imaging. We present the results of a surveillance programme of SDHB mutation carriers. DESIGN Review of clinical outcomes of a surveillance regimen in patients identified to have an SDHB gene mutation, based on annual MRI, in a single UK tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS A total of 92 patients were identified with an SDHB gene mutation. a total of 27 index patients presented with symptoms, and 65 patients were identified as asymptomatic carriers. MEASUREMENTS Annual MRI of the abdomen, with alternate year MRI of the neck, thorax and pelvis. Presence of an SDHB-related tumour included paraganglioma (PGL), phaeochromocytoma (PCC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). RESULTS A total of 43 PGLs, eight PCCs and one RCC occurred in the 27 index patients (23 solitary, four synchronous, five metachronous). A further 15 SDHB-related tumours (11 PGLs, three RCCs, one GIST) were identified in the asymptomatic carriers on surveillance screening (25% of screened carriers): 10 on the first surveillance imaging and five on subsequent imaging 2-6 years later. A total of 11 patients had malignant disease. CONCLUSIONS SDHB-related tumours are picked up as early as 2 years after initial negative surveillance scan. We believe the high malignancy rate and early identification rate of tumours justifies the use of 1-2 yearly imaging protocols and MRI-based imaging could form the mainstay of surveillance in this patient group thereby minimizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tufton
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucy Shapiro
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Umasuthan Srirangalingam
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Polly Richards
- Department of Radiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anju Sahdev
- Department of Radiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ajith V Kumar
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lorraine McAndrew
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lee Martin
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel Berney
- Department of Pathology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John Monson
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Shern L Chew
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mona Waterhouse
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Maralyn Druce
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Karl Metcalfe
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - William M Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Scott A Akker
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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16
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Daniel E, Jones R, Bull M, Newell-Price J. Rapid-sequence MRI for long-term surveillance for paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma in patients with succinate dehydrogenase mutations. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:561-570. [PMID: 27634942 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with SDHx mutations need long-term radiological surveillance for the development of paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas, but no longitudinal data exist. The aim of the study was to assess the performance of rapid-sequence non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the long-term monitoring of patients with SDHx mutations. METHODS Retrospective study between 2005 and 2015 at a University Hospital and regional endocrine genetics referral centre. Clinical and imaging data of 47 patients with SDHx mutations (SDHB (36), SDHC (6) and SDHD (5)) who had surveillance for detection of paragangliomas by rapid-sequence non-contrast MRI (base of skull to pubic symphysis) were collected. RESULTS Twelve index cases (nine SDHB, one SDHC and two SDHD) and 35 mutation-positive relatives were monitored for a mean of 6.4 years (range 3.1-10.0 years). Mean age at the end of the study: SDHB 46.9 ± 17.6 years; SDHC 42.3 ± 24.4 years; SDHD 54.9 ± 10.6 years. On excluding imaging at initial diagnosis of index cases, 42 patients underwent 116 rapid-sequence MRI scans: 83 scans were negative and 31 scans were positive for sPGL/HNPGL in 13 patients. Most patients had multiple scans (n = number of patients (number of rapid-sequence MRI scans during screening)): n = 9 (2), n = 20 (3), n = 6 (4), n = 1 (6). Nine patients (three index) were diagnosed with new paragangliomas during surveillance and non-operated tumour size was monitored in nine patients. There were two false-positive scans (1.6%). Scans were repeated every 27 ± 9 months. CONCLUSIONS Biannual rapid-sequence non-contrast MRI is effective to monitor patients with SDHx mutations for detection of new tumours and monitoring of known tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Daniel
- Academic Unit of DiabetesEndocrinology and Reproduction, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Endocrinology
| | - Robert Jones
- Academic Unit of DiabetesEndocrinology and Reproduction, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Endocrinology
| | - Matthew Bull
- Department of RadiologySheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Newell-Price
- Academic Unit of DiabetesEndocrinology and Reproduction, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Endocrinology
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Niyazov DM, Kahler SG, Frye RE. Primary Mitochondrial Disease and Secondary Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Importance of Distinction for Diagnosis and Treatment. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:122-37. [PMID: 27587988 DOI: 10.1159/000446586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disease refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting in defective cellular energy production due to abnormal oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos). Primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) is diagnosed clinically and ideally, but not always, confirmed by a known or indisputably pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) mutation. The PMD genes either encode oxphos proteins directly or they affect oxphos function by impacting production of the complex machinery needed to run the oxphos process. However, many disorders have the 'mitochondrial' phenotype without an identifiable mtDNA or nDNA mutation or they have a variant of unknown clinical significance. Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction (SMD) can be caused by genes encoding neither function nor production of the oxphos proteins and accompanies many hereditary non-mitochondrial diseases. SMD may also be due to nongenetic causes such as environmental factors. In our practice, we see many patients with clinical signs of mitochondrial dysfunction based on phenotype, biomarkers, imaging, muscle biopsy, or negative/equivocal mtDNA or nDNA test results. In these cases, it is often tempting to assign a patient's phenotype to 'mitochondrial disease', but SMD is often challenging to distinguish from PMD. Fortunately, rapid advances in molecular testing, made possible by next generation sequencing, have been effective at least in some cases in establishing accurate diagnoses to distinguish between PMD and SMD. This is important, since their treatments and prognoses can be quite different. However, even in the absence of the ability to distinguish between PMD and SMD, treating SMD with standard treatments for PMD can be effective. We review the latest findings regarding mitochondrial disease/dysfunction and give representative examples in which differentiation between PMD and SMD has been crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy M Niyazov
- Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, La, USA
| | - Stephan G Kahler
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark., USA
| | - Richard E Frye
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark., USA
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18
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Pajuelo-Reguera D, Alán L, Olejár T, Ježek P. Dichloroacetate stimulates changes in the mitochondrial network morphology via partial mitophagy in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2409-18. [PMID: 25846762 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is beneficial in cancer therapy because it induces apoptosis and decreases cancer growth in vitro and in vivo without affecting non-cancer cells. DCA stimulates the activity of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Consequently, DCA promotes oxidative phosphorylation after glycolysis. Therefore, DCA produces changes in energy metabolism that could affect the mitochondrial network and mitophagy. This investigation determined the effects of DCA treatment on mitophagy in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were cultured and distributed into 3 groups: control, NH4Cl and chloroquine. Each group was treated with DCA at 0, 5, 30 and 60 mM for 16 h. Samples were analyzed for cell viability, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial network morphology and expression of key proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, such as LC3b, FIS1, OPA1, PARKIN and PINK1. In all groups, DCA caused a decrease in cell viability, an induction of autophagy in a dose-dependent manner and a decrease in Tim23, FIS1 and PARKIN protein expression, leading to profound morphological changes in the mitochondrial network resulting in shorter and more fragmented filaments. However, TFAM protein levels remained unchanged. Similarly, the mitochondrial copy number was not significantly different among the treatment groups. In conclusion, DCA induces mitophagy and remodeling of the mitochondrial network. In this remodeling, DCA induces a decrease in the expression of key proteins involved in protein degradation and mitochondrial dynamics but does not significantly affect the mtDNA density. Blocking late phase autophagy increases the effects of DCA, suggesting that autophagy protects the cell, at least partially, against DCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo-Reguera
- Department of Membrane Transport Biophysics, No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Alán
- Department of Membrane Transport Biophysics, No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Olejár
- Department of Membrane Transport Biophysics, No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ježek
- Department of Membrane Transport Biophysics, No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Singleterry J, Sreedhar A, Zhao Y. Components of cancer metabolism and therapeutic interventions. Mitochondrion 2014; 17:50-5. [PMID: 24910195 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All forms of life share a common indispensible need of energy. The requirement of energy is necessary for an organism not only to survive but also to thrive. The metabolic activities in normal cells rely predominately on mitochondrial oxidative phophorylation for energy generation in the form of ATP. On the contrary, cancer cells predominately rely on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation. It is long believed that an impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the cause of this glycolytic phenotype observed in cancers. However, studies in cancer metabolism have revealed that mitochondrial function in many cancers is intact. It has also been observed that cancers utilize various forms of metabolism. The various metabolic phenotypes that are employed by cancer cells have a common purpose, to balance macromolecular biosynthesis and sufficient ATP production in order to support the rapid proliferation rate characteristic of these aberrant cells. These metabolic pathways are attractive targets for possible therapeutic interventions and currently research is underway to meet this end. More importantly, normal cells have essentially the same metabolic requirements as cancer cells so finding an approach to target these metabolic pathways without incurring detrimental effects on normal tissues remains the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Singleterry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, United States
| | - Annapoorna Sreedhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport , Shreveport, LA 71130, United States
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport , Shreveport, LA 71130, United States.
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Vicha A, Taieb D, Pacak K. Current views on cell metabolism in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R261-77. [PMID: 24500761 PMCID: PMC4016161 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Warburg's metabolic hypothesis is based on the assumption that a cancer cell's respiration must be under attack, leading to its damage, in order to obtain increased glycolysis. Although this may not apply to all cancers, there is some evidence proving that primarily abnormally functioning mitochondrial complexes are indeed related to cancer development. Thus, mutations in complex II (succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)) lead to the formation of pheochromocytoma (PHEO)/paraganglioma (PGL). Mutations in one of the SDH genes (SDHx mutations) lead to succinate accumulation associated with very low fumarate levels, increased glutaminolysis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and pseudohypoxia. This results in significant changes in signaling pathways (many of them dependent on the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor), including oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, specific expression profiles, as well as genomic instability and increased mutability resulting in tumor development. Although there is currently no very effective therapy for SDHx-related metastatic PHEOs/PGLs, targeting their fundamental metabolic abnormalities may provide a unique opportunity for the development of novel and more effective forms of therapy for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Vicha
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2 Medical School, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Taieb
- Service Central de Biophysique et de Médecine Nucléaire, CERIMED Centre hospitalo-universitaire Timone, Marseille, France
- Département d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892 USA
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Hodin R, Lubitz C, Phitayakorn R, Stephen A. Diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma. Curr Probl Surg 2014; 51:151-87. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Klepinin A, Chekulayev V, Timohhina N, Shevchuk I, Tepp K, Kaldma A, Koit A, Saks V, Kaambre T. Comparative analysis of some aspects of mitochondrial metabolism in differentiated and undifferentiated neuroblastoma cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 46:17-31. [PMID: 24072403 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to clarify some aspects of the mechanisms of regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in neuroblastoma (NB) cells. Experiments were performed on murine Neuro-2a (N2a) cell line, and the same cells differentiated by all-trans-retinoic acid (dN2a) served as in vitro model of normal neurons. Oxygraphy and Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) were applied to characterize the function of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in NB cells. Flux control coefficients (FCCs) for components of the OXPHOS system were determined using titration studies with specific non-competitive inhibitors in the presence of exogenously added ADP. Respiration rates of undifferentiated Neuro-2a cells (uN2a) and the FCC of Complex-II in these cells were found to be considerably lower than those in dN2a cells. Our results show that NB is not an exclusively glycolytic tumor and could produce a considerable part of ATP via OXPHOS. Two important enzymes - hexokinase-2 and adenylate kinase-2 can play a role in the generation of ATP in NB cells. MCA has shown that in uN2a cells the key sites in the regulation of OXPHOS are complexes I, II and IV, whereas in dN2a cells complexes II and IV. Results obtained for the phosphate and adenine nucleotide carriers showed that in dN2a cells these carriers exerted lower control over the OXPHOS than in undifferentiated cells. The sum of FCCs for both types of NB cells was found to exceed significantly that for normal cells suggesting that in these cells the respiratory chain was somehow reorganized or assembled into large supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Klepinin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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Jochmanová I, Yang C, Zhuang Z, Pacak K. Hypoxia-inducible factor signaling in pheochromocytoma: turning the rudder in the right direction. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1270-83. [PMID: 23940289 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many solid tumors, including pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL), are characterized by a (pseudo)hypoxic signature. (Pseudo)hypoxia has been shown to promote both tumor progression and resistance to therapy. The major mediators of the transcriptional hypoxic response are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). High levels of HIFs lead to transcription of hypoxia-responsive genes, which are involved in tumorigenesis. PHEOs and PGLs are catecholamine-producing tumors arising from sympathetic- or parasympathetic-derived chromaffin tissue. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the metabolic disturbances present in PHEO and PGL, especially because of the identification of some disease-susceptibility genes. To date, fifteen PHEO and PGL susceptibility genes have been identified. Based on the main transcription signatures of the mutated genes, PHEOs and PGLs have been divided into two clusters, pseudohypoxic cluster 1 and cluster 2, rich in kinase receptor signaling and protein translation pathways. Although these two clusters seem to show distinct signaling pathways, recent data suggest that both clusters are interconnected by HIF signaling as the important driver in their tumorigenesis, and mutations in most PHEO and PGL susceptibility genes seem to affect HIF-α regulation and its downstream signaling pathways. HIF signaling appears to play an important role in the development and growth of PHEOs and PGLs, which could suggest new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jochmanová
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Vortmeyer AO, Falke EA, Gläsker S, Li J, Oldfield EH. Nervous system involvement in von Hippel-Lindau disease: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:333-50. [PMID: 23400300 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease carry a germline mutation of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor-suppressor gene. We discuss the molecular consequences of loss of VHL gene function and their impact on the nervous system. Dysfunction of the VHL protein causes accumulation and activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) which can be demonstrated in earliest stages of tumorigenesis and is followed by expression of VEGF, erythropoietin, nitric oxide synthase and glucose transporter 1 in VHL-deficient tumor cells. HIF-independent functions of VHL, epigenetic inactivation of VHL, pVHL proteostasis, and links between loss of VHL function and developmental arrest are also described. A most intriguing feature in VHL disease is the occurrence of primary hemangioblastic tumors in the nervous system, the origin of which has not yet been entirely clarified, and current hypotheses are discussed. Endolymphatic sac tumors may extend into the brain, but originally arise from proliferation of endolymphatic duct/sac epithelium; the exact nature of the proliferating epithelial cell, however, also has remained unclear, as well as the question why tumors almost consistently develop in the intraosseous portion of the endolymphatic sac/duct only. The epitheloid clear cell morphology of both advanced hemangioblastoma and renal clear cell carcinoma can make the differential diagnosis challenging, recent developments in immunohistochemical differentiation are discussed. Finally, metastasis to brain may not only be caused by renal carcinoma, but may derive from VHL disease-associated pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Vortmeyer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 416A Lauder Hall 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Richter S, Qin N, Pacak K, Eisenhofer G. Role of hypoxia and HIF2α in development of the sympathoadrenal cell lineage and chromaffin cell tumors with distinct catecholamine phenotypic features. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:285-317. [PMID: 24054150 PMCID: PMC3785008 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia has wide-ranging impact in normal physiology and disease processes. This stimulus evokes changes in gene expression mediated by transcription factors termed hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) that affect numerous processes: angiogenesis, cell survival, cellular metabolism, stem cell self-renewal and multipotency, migration, invasiveness, and metastatic progression in tumor cells. Over the past decade, increasing numbers of reports have emerged documenting differential roles of HIF1α and HIF2α in these processes. In cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage, both HIFs differentially mediate influences of hypoxia on catecholamine synthesis and secretion, but HIF2α signaling has particularly prominent functions in regulating developmental processes of growth and differentiation. This chapter discusses the role of HIF2α and HIF1α in the context of the development, phenotypic features, and functions of chromaffin cells. Moreover, current knowledge about tumor formation in cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage, leading to catecholamine-producing pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, is analyzed in the light of the HIF2α signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Richter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Nölting S, Garcia E, Alusi G, Giubellino A, Pacak K, Korbonits M, Grossman AB. Combined blockade of signalling pathways shows marked anti-tumour potential in phaeochromocytoma cell lines. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:79-96. [PMID: 22715163 PMCID: PMC4714579 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no completely effective therapy available for metastatic phaeochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas. In this study, we explore new molecular targeted therapies for these tumours, using one more benign (mouse phaeochromocytoma cell (MPC)) and one more malignant (mouse tumour tissue (MTT)) mouse PCC cell line - both generated from heterozygous neurofibromin 1 knockout mice. Several PCC-promoting gene mutations have been associated with aberrant activation of PI3K/AKT, mTORC1 and RAS/RAF/ERK signalling. We therefore investigated different agents that interfere specifically with these pathways, including antagonism of the IGF1 receptor by NVP-AEW541. We found that NVP-AEW541 significantly reduced MPC and MTT cell viability at relatively high doses but led to a compensatory up-regulation of ERK and mTORC1 signalling at suboptimal doses while PI3K/AKT inhibition remained stable. We subsequently investigated the effect of the dual PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor NVP-BEZ235, which led to a significant decrease of MPC and MTT cell viability at doses below 50 nM but again increased ERK signalling. Accordingly, we next examined the combination of NVP-BEZ235 with the established agent lovastatin, as this has been described to inhibit ERK signalling. Lovastatin alone significantly reduced MPC and MTT cell viability at therapeutically relevant doses and inhibited both ERK and AKT signalling, but increased mTORC1/p70S6K signalling. Combination treatment with NVP-BEZ235 and lovastatin showed a significant additive effect in MPC and MTT cells and resulted in inhibition of both AKT and mTORC1/p70S6K signalling without ERK up-regulation. Simultaneous inhibition of PI3K/AKT, mTORC1/2 and ERK signalling suggests a novel therapeutic approach for malignant PCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Nölting
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Nölting S, Grossman AB. Signaling pathways in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: prospects for future therapies. Endocr Pathol 2012; 23:21-33. [PMID: 22391976 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-012-9199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no completely effective therapy available for metastatic pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas. Increasing understanding of the germline and somatic mutations leading to pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma development has revealed crucial insights into the molecular pathology of these tumors. A detailed understanding of the molecular pathway alterations giving rise to pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas should allow for the exploration and development of new effective molecular-targeted therapy options for this rare but frequently fatal malignancy. Molecular analysis has shown that pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma-promoting gene mutations can be divided into two major groups-clusters 1 and 2-following two different routes to tumorigenesis. Cluster 1 mutations are associated with pseudohypoxia and aberrant VEGF signaling while cluster 2 mutations are associated with abnormal activation of kinase signaling pathways such as PI3 kinase/AKT, RAS/RAF/ERK, and mTORC1/p70S6K suggesting relevant targets for novel molecular-targeted therapy approaches which will be discussed in detail in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Nölting
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ramundo V, Ercolino T, Faggiano A, Giachè V, Ragghianti B, Rapizzi E, Colao A, Mannelli M. Genetic-clinical profile of subjects with apparently sporadic extra-adrenal paragangliomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:65. [PMID: 22723792 PMCID: PMC3379562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the genes encoding B, C, and D subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are involved in the pathogenesis of familial paraganglioma (PGL) syndrome. Many subjects with apparently sporadic extra-adrenal paragangliomas are found to be carrier for SDH mutation. OBJECTIVE Here we describe four subjects with apparently sporadic extra-adrenal paragangliomas with newly identified mutations in the SDH subunit B and the related clinical phenotype. METHODS Gene sequencing was performed to search for mutations in the SDHB (all exons), SDHC (all exons), and SDHD (all exons) genes as well as VHL (all exons) and RET (10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 exons) genes in all four index cases. A complete clinical, biochemical, and instrumental work-up was performed. RESULTS Three subjects were found to be affected with a nonsense SDHB germline mutation (Q30X, Y61X, and W201X, respectively). These mutations are predicted to encode for a truncated SDHB protein. The fourth subject presented a S195del frameshift mutation, causing a deletion of the codon AGC, encoding for a serine. Clinical presentation and course of each patient is described. CONCLUSIONS Extra-adrenal paragangliomas, localized in the sympathetic ganglia (in the posterior thorax or in the abdomen), are very often SDHB-inherited form rather than sporadic tumor. Our data confirm the importance of genetic screening in patients affected with paragangliomas and enlarge the list of mutations responsible for the presence of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ramundo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, “Federico II” University of NaplesNaples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Valeria Ramundo, Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini, 5 – 80131 Naples, Italy. e-mail:
| | - Tonino Ercolino
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of FlorenceNaples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, “Federico II” University of NaplesNaples, Italy
- Endocrinology, National Cancer InstituteNaples, Italy
| | - Valentino Giachè
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of FlorenceNaples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ragghianti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of FlorenceNaples, Italy
| | - Elena Rapizzi
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of FlorenceNaples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, “Federico II” University of NaplesNaples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mannelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of FlorenceNaples, Italy
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Reboll R, Martínez-Leon J, Zapater E, Juez M, Garcia-Planells J, Martinez-Cadenas C, Basterra J. A novel SDHD mutation associated with neck paraganglioma. Acta Otolaryngol 2011; 131:1110-6. [PMID: 21619495 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2011.587201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe a previously unreported mutation in the SDHD gene, which has been linked to familial paraganglioma. Clinical data were collected from all members of the family, which had four siblings affected with paraganglioma. For the index patient, genomic DNA extraction from whole blood was performed using the High Pure PCR Template Preparation kit. The nucleotide sequence in the index patient revealed a deletion in the SDHD gene, c.165_169 + 14del. The loss of nucleotides in the DNA led to production of an anomalous protein. RNA analysis showed the absence of exon 2 in the sequence that corresponded to the mRNA from the index case. Genetic testing of this deletion was extended to the symptomatic and asymptomatic brothers and sisters of the index patient and other family members at risk. The deletion was detected in both symptomatic brothers, in accordance with their phenotype, but not in the asymptomatic sister. In the other asymptomatic brother (II.7) the deletion was detected and magnetic resonance angiography revealed the vascular characteristics of two tumors in both carotid bifurcations. Thus, we report a novel punctual mutation in the SDHD gene, which is related to familial paraganglioma: the deletion was c.165_169 + 14del.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Reboll
- ENT Department, Valencia Medical School, Spain.
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Jiang S, Dahia PLM. Minireview: the busy road to pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas has a new member, TMEM127. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2133-40. [PMID: 21447639 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the entire spectrum of cancer-associated genetic disruptions is an overarching goal of contemporary and future oncology and can inform on patient diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. Hereditary endocrine tumors, by having the potential to reveal the cancer's primary molecular defect, have been especially informative in this realm. Within this group, pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, neural crest-derived, catecholamine-secreting tumors have come to represent true conduits for gene discovery. About one-third of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are now known to result from germline mutations in one of at least eight genes that belong to a variety of functional classes. Greater understanding of the molecular signals transduced by these genes and their respective mutants has advanced our understanding of kinase signaling pathways, hypoxia regulation, and the link between metabolic disruptions and cell growth. A new susceptibility gene without homology to other functional classes has been recently identified and encodes for a three-spanner transmembrane protein, transmembrane protein 127 (TMEM127). Initial insights from in vitro and patient data suggest that this candidate tumor suppressor is linked to the endosomal system and the mechanistic target of rapamycin [formerly mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)] pathway, and that mutation carriers often have clinical features that are typically associated with sporadic forms of pheochromocytoma. Functional characterization of transmembrane protein 127 (TMEM127) and discovery of additional pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma susceptibility genes is likely to shed light on our understanding of these tumors and extend these insights to other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulei Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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Müller U. Pathological mechanisms and parent-of-origin effects in hereditary paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma (PGL/PCC). Neurogenetics 2011; 12:175-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Estudio genético del complejo enzimático succinato deshidrogenasa en los paragangliomas carotídeos. Implicaciones diagnósticas. ANGIOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3170(10)70051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lodish MB, Adams KT, Huynh TT, Prodanov T, Ling A, Chen C, Shusterman S, Jimenez C, Merino M, Hughes M, Cradic KW, Milosevic D, Singh RJ, Stratakis CA, Pacak K. Succinate dehydrogenase gene mutations are strongly associated with paraganglioma of the organ of Zuckerkandl. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:581-8. [PMID: 20418362 PMCID: PMC3417306 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ of Zuckerkandl paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that are derived from chromaffin cells located around the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery extending to the level of the aortic bifurcation. Mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase subunits (SDH) B, C, and D (SDHx) have been associated with PGLs, but their contribution to PGLs of the organ of Zuckerkandl PGLs is not known. We aimed to describe the clinical presentation of patients with PGLs of the organ of Zuckerkandl and investigate the prevalence of SDHx mutations and other genetic defects among them. The clinical characteristics of 14 patients with PGL of the organ of Zuckerkandl were analyzed retrospectively; their DNA was tested for SDHx mutations and deletions. Eleven out of 14 (79%) patients with PGLs of the organ of Zuckerkandl were found to have mutations in the SDHB (9) or SDHD (2) genes; one patient was found to have the Carney-Stratakis syndrome (CSS), and his PGL was discovered during surgery for gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Our results show that SDHx mutations are prevalent in pediatric and adult PGLs of the organ of Zuckerkandl. Patients with PGLs of the organ of Zuckerkandl should be screened for SDHx mutations and the CSS; in addition, asymptomatic carriers of an SDHx mutation among the relatives of affected patients may benefit from tumor screening for early PGL detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Program, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10-CRC 10 Center Drive, room 1-3330 Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Karen T Adams
- Reproductive Biology and Adult Endocrinology Program, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Thanh T Huynh
- Reproductive Biology and Adult Endocrinology Program, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Tamara Prodanov
- Reproductive Biology and Adult Endocrinology Program, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Alex Ling
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Clara Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Suzanne Shusterman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States, 02115
| | - Camilo Jimenez
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
| | - Maria Merino
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Marybeth Hughes
- Department of Surgery, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kendall W Cradic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Dragana Milosevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Program, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10-CRC 10 Center Drive, room 1-3330 Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Karel Pacak
- Reproductive Biology and Adult Endocrinology Program, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
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Ricketts CJ, Forman JR, Rattenberry E, Bradshaw N, Lalloo F, Izatt L, Cole TR, Armstrong R, Kumar VKA, Morrison PJ, Atkinson AB, Douglas F, Ball SG, Cook J, Srirangalingam U, Killick P, Kirby G, Aylwin S, Woodward ER, Evans DGR, Hodgson SV, Murday V, Chew SL, Connell JM, Blundell TL, Macdonald F, Maher ER. Tumor risks and genotype-phenotype-proteotype analysis in 358 patients with germline mutations in SDHB and SDHD. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:41-51. [PMID: 19802898 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) and D (SDHD) subunit gene mutations predispose to adrenal and extraadrenal pheochromocytomas, head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGL), and other tumor types. We report tumor risks in 358 patients with SDHB (n=295) and SDHD (n=63) mutations. Risks of HNPGL and pheochromocytoma in SDHB mutation carriers were 29% and 52%, respectively, at age 60 years and 71% and 29%, respectively, in SDHD mutation carriers. Risks of malignant pheochromocytoma and renal tumors (14% at age 70 years) were higher in SDHB mutation carriers; 55 different mutations (including a novel recurrent exon 1 deletion) were identified. No clear genotype-phenotype correlations were detected for SDHB mutations. However, SDHD mutations predicted to result in loss of expression or a truncated or unstable protein were associated with a significantly increased risk of pheochromocytoma compared to missense mutations that were not predicted to impair protein stability (most such cases had the common p.Pro81Leu mutation). Analysis of the largest cohort of SDHB/D mutation carriers has enhanced estimates of penetrance and tumor risk and supports in silicon protein structure prediction analysis for functional assessment of mutations. The differing effect of the SDHD p.Pro81Leu on HNPGL and pheochromocytoma risks suggests differing mechanisms of tumorigenesis in SDH-associated HNPGL and pheochromocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Ricketts
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Yao L, Barontini M, Niederle B, Jech M, Pfragner R, Dahia PLM. Mutations of the metabolic genes IDH1, IDH2, and SDHAF2 are not major determinants of the pseudohypoxic phenotype of sporadic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1469-72. [PMID: 20130071 PMCID: PMC2841540 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are genetically heterogeneous tumors of neural crest origin. Approximately half of these tumors activate a pseudohypoxic transcription response, which is due in a minority of the cases to germline mutations of the VHL gene or the genes encoding subunits of the metabolic enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. However, the genetic basis of the hypoxic-like profile of the remaining tumors is undetermined. Mutations in genes involved in the energy metabolism, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and -2 (IDH2) and SDHAF2, a component of SDH, can mimic a pseudohypoxic state. DESIGN We examined the sequence spanning the mutation-susceptible codons 132 of IDH1 and 172 of IDH2, and the entire coding region of SDHAF2, in 104 pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, including tumors with a pseudohypoxic expression profile. RESULTS We did not find mutations in IDH1, IDH2, or SDHAF2 in any of the tumors in this cohort. CONCLUSION Conserved residues of IDH1 and IDH2 or the SDHAF2 gene are not frequently mutated in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. The molecular basis for activation of a hypoxic response in the majority of tumors without VHL or SDH mutations remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Division of Hematology and Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine and Cellular, Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC7880, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Oishi Y, Nagai S, Yoshida M, Fujisawa SI, Sazawa A, Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Matsuno K, Shimizu C. Mutation analysis of the SDHB and SDHD genes in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: identification of a novel nonsense mutation (Q168X) in the SDHB gene. Endocr J 2010; 57:745-50. [PMID: 20505258 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k10e-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma (PGL) are tumors of the autonomic nervous system. The former is a tumor that occurs in only adrenal glands, and the latter can be found in the head and neck or in the thorax and abdomen. In PCC and PGL, genetic mutations account for approximately 30% of functional (secrete catecholamines) and nonfunctional cases. In addition to RET, VHL and NF-1, genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B (SDHB), subunit C (SDHC), and subunit D (SDHD) are recognized as susceptibility genes for PCC and PGL. Recently, PCC and PGL caused by genetic mutations of SDHB, SDHC and SDHD were established as hereditary pheochromocytoma paraganglioma syndrome (HPPS). Approximately 15% of all PCCs and PGLs are recognized as HPPS. Among these three susceptibility genes, SDHB and SDHD are known to be strongly related to HPPS. The aim of this study was to analyze SDHB and SDHD mutations in PCC and PGL patients. Among 18 patients, we identified a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation at codon 168 resulting in a CAG (glutamine) to TAG (stop) substitution (Q168X) in the SDHB gene in a patient diagnosed with solitary sporadic PGL. A number of studies have reported that SDHB mutation-associated disease demonstrates a higher rate of malignancy. However, all seven patients diagnosed with malignancy in this study did not have genetic mutation of SDHB and only one patient with no malignant sign had genetic mutation of SDHB. Further accumulation of cases is necessary to confirm the association between SDHB mutation and malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohmi Oishi
- Department of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Petri BJ, van Eijck CHJ, de Herder WW, Wagner A, de Krijger RR. Phaeochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas. Br J Surg 2009; 96:1381-92. [PMID: 19918850 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 24 per cent of phaeochromocytomas (PCCs) and sympathetic paragangliomas (sPGLs) appear in familial cancer syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, von Hippel-Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis type 1 and PCC-paraganglioma syndrome. Identification of these syndromes is of prime importance for patients and their relatives. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for both PCC and sPGL, but controversy exists about the management of patients with bilateral or multiple tumours. METHODS Relevant medical literature from PubMed, Ovid and Embase websites until 2009 was reviewed for articles on PCC, sPGL, hereditary syndromes and their treatment. DISCUSSION Genetic testing for these syndromes should become routine clinical practice for those with PCC or sPGL. Patients should be referred to a clinical geneticist. Patients and family members with proven mutations should be entered into a standardized screening protocol. The preferred treatment of PCC and PGL is surgical resection; to avoid the lifelong consequences of bilateral adrenalectomy, cortex-sparing adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-J Petri
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Naito M, Usui T, Tamanaha T, Kawashima ST, Iogawa H, Hagiwara H, Kimura T, Tagami T, Kurosawa M, Shimatsu A, Naruse M. R27X nonsense mutation of the SDHB gene in a patient with sporadic malignant paraganglioma. Endocrine 2009; 36:10-5. [PMID: 19415531 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that approximately 10% of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are part of a hereditary syndrome. Recent studies, however, suggest that the genetic involvement in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma is actually far more common. Here, we report a case of malignant paraganglioma with no apparent family history. A 59-year-old man was referred to our services because of multiple abdominal masses. Plasma and urine adrenalin and noradrenalin levels were slightly elevated, and plasma dopamine and urine vanillylmandelic acid levels were remarkably elevated. Abdominal and chest computed tomography revealed multiple masses in the para-aortic region and in both lungs. Although (131)I-meta iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy did not show significant uptake in these tumors, a 6-[(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic scanning study showed multiple areas of uptake corresponding to the tumors. Biopsy of the tumors revealed paraganglioma with chromogranin A-immunopositive cells. Genetic analysis indicated a nonsense mutation at codon 27 of the SDHB gene. As recently described, SDHB mutations may cause extra-adrenal and malignant paragangliomas, such as in the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Naito
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
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Miller JP, Semaan MT, Maciunas RJ, Einstein DB, Megerian CA. Radiosurgery for Glomus Jugulare Tumors. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2009; 42:689-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Loss of heterozygosity of succinate dehydrogenase B mutation by direct sequencing in synchronous paragangliomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 192:82-5. [PMID: 19596260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extraadrenal pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare entities within the pediatric population. We report the presentation of three synchronous extra-adrenal abdominal paragangliomas in an adolescent boy who carries a germline mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) gene. Loss of heterozygosity of this allele was demonstrated by direct sequencing of DNA from two of his tumors, confirming loss of tumor suppressor function in the pathogenesis of these paragangliomas.
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Solis DC, Burnichon N, Timmers HJLM, Raygada MJ, Kozupa A, Merino MJ, Makey D, Adams KT, Venisse A, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Pacak K. Penetrance and clinical consequences of a gross SDHB deletion in a large family. Clin Genet 2009; 75:354-63. [PMID: 19389109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding subunit B of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB) are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and are associated with hereditary paraganglioma (PGL) and pheochromocytoma. The phenotype of patients with SDHB point mutations has been previously described. However, the phenotype and penetrance of gross SDHB deletions have not been well characterized as they are rarely described. The objective was to describe the phenotype and estimate the penetrance of an exon 1 large SDHB deletion in one kindred. A retrospective and prospective study of 41 relatives across five generations was carried out. The main outcome measures were genetic testing, clinical presentations, plasma catecholamines and their O-methylated metabolites. Of the 41 mutation carriers identified, 11 were diagnosed with PGL, 12 were found to be healthy carriers after evaluation, and 18 were reportedly healthy based on family history accounts. The penetrance of PGL related to the exon 1 large SDHB deletion in this family was estimated to be 35% by age 40. Variable expressivity of the phenotype associated with a large exon 1 SDHB deletion was observed, including low penetrance, diverse primary PGL tumor locations, and malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Solis
- Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Pasini B, Stratakis CA. SDH mutations in tumorigenesis and inherited endocrine tumours: lesson from the phaeochromocytoma-paraganglioma syndromes. J Intern Med 2009; 266:19-42. [PMID: 19522823 PMCID: PMC3163304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A genetic predisposition for paragangliomas and adrenal or extra-adrenal phaeochromocytomas was recognized years ago. Beside the well-known syndromes associated with an increased risk of adrenal phaeochromocytoma, Von Hippel Lindau disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and neurofibromatosis type 1, the study of inherited predisposition to head and neck paragangliomas led to the discovery of the novel 'paraganglioma-phaeochromocytoma syndrome' caused by germline mutations in three genes encoding subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme (SDHB, SDHC and SDHD) thus opening an unexpected connection between mitochondrial tumour suppressor genes and neural crest-derived cancers. Germline mutations in SDH genes are responsible for 6% and 9% of sporadic paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas, respectively, 29% of paediatric cases, 38% of malignant tumours and more than 80% of familial aggregations of paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma. The disease is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance with a peculiar parent-of-origin effect for SDHD mutations. Life-time tumour risk seems higher than 70% with variable clinical manifestantions depending on the mutated gene. In this review we summarize the most recent knowledge about the role of SDH deficiency in tumorigenesis, the spectrum and prevalence of SDH mutations derived from several series of cases, the related clinical manifestantions including rare phenotypes, such as the association of paragangliomas with gastrointestinal stromal tumours and kidney cancers, and the biological hypotheses attempting to explain genotype to phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pasini
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Via Santena 19, Turin 10126, Italy.
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Kim MS, Muratore C, Snelling L, Mandelbaum DE, McEachern R, Mangray S, Faizan M, Quintos JB. Ischemic stroke and rhabdomyolysis in a 15-year-old girl with paraganglioma due to an SDHB exon 6 (Q214X) mutation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009; 22:565-71. [PMID: 19694205 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2009.22.6.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a 15-year-old girl with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus who presented in malignant hypertensive crisis (BP 210/120 mm Hg). Abdominal CT showed an 8.2 x 4.7 x 7.0 cm mass in the region of the organ of Zuckerkandl. MIBG scan showed a single paraganglioma without metastatic foci. Plasma total metanephrines were 232,176.4 pmol/l [263-1052] with normetanephrine predominance. Pre-operative course was complicated by ischemic stroke in the left MCA and right thalamic regions, acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis and congestive heart failure. She required massive doses of propranolol, phenoxybenzamine, doxazosin and metyrosine prior to surgery. RESULTS Pathology showed a Zellballen pattern, negative tumor margins and benign para-aortic lymph nodes. Mutation analysis of the succinate dehydrogenase type B (SDHB) gene revealed a heterozygous change of C to T at position 640 in exon 6 (Q214X) predicting an amino acid change to a stop codon. CONCLUSION We report a severe clinical phenotype in a patient with a paraganglioma affecting multiple organ systems, due to an SDHB mutation. SDHB mutation warrants close follow up and investigation of the family due to high malignant potential and risk of familial occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- Department ofPediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital/Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Hensen EF, Goeman JJ, Oosting J, Van der Mey AGL, Hogendoorn PCW, Cremers CWRJ, Devilee P, Cornelisse CJ. Similar gene expression profiles of sporadic, PGL2-, and SDHD-linked paragangliomas suggest a common pathway to tumorigenesis. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:25. [PMID: 19432956 PMCID: PMC2694828 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paragangliomas of the head and neck are highly vascular and usually clinically benign tumors arising in the paraganglia of the autonomic nervous system. A significant number of cases (10–50%) are proven to be familial. Multiple genes encoding subunits of the mitochondrial succinate-dehydrogenase (SDH) complex are associated with hereditary paraganglioma: SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. Furthermore, a hereditary paraganglioma family has been identified with linkage to the PGL2 locus on 11q13. No SDH genes are known to be located in the 11q13 region, and the exact gene defect has not yet been identified in this family. Methods We have performed a RNA expression microarray study in sporadic, SDHD- and PGL2-linked head and neck paragangliomas in order to identify potential differences in gene expression leading to tumorigenesis in these genetically defined paraganglioma subgroups. We have focused our analysis on pathways and functional gene-groups that are known to be associated with SDH function and paraganglioma tumorigenesis, i.e. metabolism, hypoxia, and angiogenesis related pathways. We also evaluated gene clusters of interest on chromosome 11 (i.e. the PGL2 locus on 11q13 and the imprinted region 11p15). Results We found remarkable similarity in overall gene expression profiles of SDHD -linked, PGL2-linked and sporadic paraganglioma. The supervised analysis on pathways implicated in PGL tumor formation also did not reveal significant differences in gene expression between these paraganglioma subgroups. Moreover, we were not able to detect differences in gene-expression of chromosome 11 regions of interest (i.e. 11q23, 11q13, 11p15). Conclusion The similarity in gene-expression profiles suggests that PGL2, like SDHD, is involved in the functionality of the SDH complex, and that tumor formation in these subgroups involves the same pathways as in SDH linked paragangliomas. We were not able to clarify the exact identity of PGL2 on 11q13. The lack of differential gene-expression of chromosome 11 genes might indicate that chromosome 11 loss, as demonstrated in SDHD-linked paragangliomas, is an important feature in the formation of paragangliomas regardless of their genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F Hensen
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
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Taïeb D, Sebag F, Barlier A, Tessonnier L, Palazzo FF, Morange I, Niccoli-Sire P, Fakhry N, De Micco C, Cammilleri S, Enjalbert A, Henry JF, Mundler O. 18F-FDG Avidity of Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: A New Molecular Imaging Signature? J Nucl Med 2009; 50:711-7. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Neumann HPH, Erlic Z, Boedeker CC, Rybicki LA, Robledo M, Hermsen M, Schiavi F, Falcioni M, Kwok P, Bauters C, Lampe K, Fischer M, Edelman E, Benn DE, Robinson BG, Wiegand S, Rasp G, Stuck BA, Hoffmann MM, Sullivan M, Sevilla MA, Weiss MM, Peczkowska M, Kubaszek A, Pigny P, Ward RL, Learoyd D, Croxson M, Zabolotny D, Yaremchuk S, Draf W, Muresan M, Lorenz RR, Knipping S, Strohm M, Dyckhoff G, Matthias C, Reisch N, Preuss SF, Esser D, Walter MA, Kaftan H, Stöver T, Fottner C, Gorgulla H, Malekpour M, Zarandy MM, Schipper J, Brase C, Glien A, Kühnemund M, Koscielny S, Schwerdtfeger P, Välimäki M, Szyfter W, Finckh U, Zerres K, Cascon A, Opocher G, Ridder GJ, Januszewicz A, Suarez C, Eng C. Clinical Predictors for Germline Mutations in Head and Neck Paraganglioma Patients: Cost Reduction Strategy in Genetic Diagnostic Process as Fall-Out. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3650-6. [PMID: 19351833 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut P H Neumann
- Department of Nephrology, Section of Preventive Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
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Komminoth P, Perren A, van Nederveen FH, de Krijger RR. Familial endocrine tumours: phaeochromocytomas and extra-adrenal paragangliomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Peczkowska M, Erlic Z, Hoffmann MM, Furmanek M, Cwikla J, Kubaszek A, Prejbisz A, Szutkowski Z, Kawecki A, Chojnowski K, Lewczuk A, Litwin M, Szyfter W, Walter MA, Sullivan M, Eng C, Januszewicz A, Neumann HPH. Impact of screening kindreds for SDHD p.Cys11X as a common mutation associated with paraganglioma syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4818-25. [PMID: 18826997 PMCID: PMC2626452 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Germline mutations of the genes SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD predispose to paraganglioma syndromes. Mutation-specific counseling, risk assessment, and management recommendations ideally should be performed. Here, we provide data for a single common mutation of the SDHD gene. METHODS The European-American Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma Registry served as the source for unrelated index cases affected by pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. Patients with the SDHD c.33 C-->A (p.Cys11X) germline mutations were reinvestigated by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and 24-h urinary catecholamine assay. First-degree relatives underwent genetic testing and those testing positive had same clinical investigations. Microsatellite analyses were used to test the hypothesis that all index cases were related and the mutation is a founding one. RESULTS Sixteen index cases with the mutation SDHD p.Cys11X are registered. After testing their relatives, there were a total of 25 mutation carriers. We excluded seven subjects who inherited the mutation from the mother because of maternal imprinting. Thus, 18 mutation carriers were clinically affected. Among these 16 (89%) had head and neck paragangliomas, six (33%) thoracic tumors, six (33%) extraadrenal retroperitoneal, and five (28%) intraadrenal. Of note, 16 (89%) had multiple tumors at first diagnosis, and one (5%) had signs of malignancy during follow-up. Overall penetrance was 100% at age 54. Haplotype analyses revealed evidence for a founder effect. CONCLUSIONS The SDHD p.Cys11X mutation is a founding mutation associated with a high penetrance for paraganglial tumors of the skull base, neck, thorax, and retroperitoneum in the first four decades of life and, rarely, with malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Peczkowska
- Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
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Srirangalingam U, Walker L, Khoo B, MacDonald F, Gardner D, Wilkin TJ, Skelly RH, George E, Spooner D, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Akker SA, Pollard PJ, Plowman N, Avril N, Berney DM, Burrin JM, Reznek RH, Kumar VKA, Maher ER, Chew SL. Clinical manifestations of familial paraganglioma and phaeochromocytomas in succinate dehydrogenase B (SDH-B) gene mutation carriers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69:587-96. [PMID: 18419787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas are familial in up to 25% of cases and can result from succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene mutations. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations of subjects with SDH-B gene mutations. DESIGN Retrospective case-series. PATIENTS Thirty-two subjects with SDH-B gene mutations followed up between 1975 and 2007. Mean follow-up of 5.8 years (SD 7.4, range 0-31). Patients seen at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London and other UK centres. MEASUREMENTS Features of clinical presentation, genetic mutations, tumour location, catecholamine secretion, clinical course and management. RESULTS Sixteen of 32 subjects (50%) were affected by disease. Two previously undescribed mutations in the SDH-B gene were noted. A family history of disease was apparent in only 18% of index subjects. Mean age at diagnosis was 34 years (SD 15.4, range 10-62). 50% of affected subjects had disease by the age of 26 years. 69% (11 of 16) were hypertensive and 80% (12 of 15) had elevated secretions of catecholamines/metabolites. 24% (6 of 25) of tumours were located in the adrenal and 76% (19 of 25) were extra-adrenal. 19% (3 of 16) had multifocal disease. Metastatic paragangliomas developed in 31% (5 of 16). One subject developed a metastatic type II papillary renal cell carcinoma. The cohort malignancy rate was 19% (6 of 32). Macrovascular disease was noted in two subjects without hypertension. CONCLUSION SDH-B mutation carriers develop disease early and predominantly in extra-adrenal locations. Disease penetrance is incomplete. Metastatic disease is prominent but levels are less than previously reported. Clinical manifestations may include papillary renal cell carcinoma and macrovascular disease.
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Margetts CDE, Morris M, Astuti D, Gentle DC, Cascon A, McRonald FE, Catchpoole D, Robledo M, Neumann HPH, Latif F, Maher ER. Evaluation of a functional epigenetic approach to identify promoter region methylation in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15:777-86. [PMID: 18499731 PMCID: PMC2519165 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular genetics of inherited phaeochromocytoma have received considerable attention, but the somatic genetic and epigenetic events that characterise tumourigenesis in sporadic phaeochromocytomas are less well defined. Previously, we found considerable overlap between patterns of promoter region tumour suppressor gene (TSG) hypermethylation in two neural crest tumours, neuroblastoma and phaeochromocytoma. In order to identify candidate biomarkers and epigenetically inactivated TSGs in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma, we characterised changes in gene expression in three neuroblastoma cell lines after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Promoter region methylation status was then determined for 28 genes that demonstrated increased expression after demethylation. Three genes HSP47, homeobox A9 (HOXA9) and opioid binding protein (OPCML) were methylated in >10% of phaeochromocytomas (52, 17 and 12% respectively). Two of the genes, epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) and HSP47, demonstrated significantly more frequent methylation in neuroblastoma than phaeochromocytoma. These findings extend epigenotype of phaeochromocytoma and identify candidate genes implicated in sporadic phaeochromocytoma tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D E Margetts
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Mark Morris
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Dewi Astuti
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Dean C Gentle
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Alberto Cascon
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Department of Human Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Fiona E McRonald
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- The Tumour BankThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadLocked Bag 4001, Westmead, New South Wales 2145Australia
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Department of Human Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | | | - Farida Latif
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham School of MedicineEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- (Correspondence should be addressed to E R Maher; E-mail: )
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