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Discepolo V, Kelly CP, Koning F, Schuppan D. How Future Pharmacologic Therapies for Celiac Disease Will Complement the Gluten-Free Diet. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:90-103. [PMID: 38604542 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The only proven treatment for celiac disease is adherence to a strict, lifelong, gluten-free diet. However, complete dietary gluten avoidance is challenging and a substantial number of patients do not respond fully, clinically, or histologically, despite their best efforts. As celiac disease is common and its central pathophysiology is well elucidated, it has become attractive for drug development to address the limitations of dietary treatment. Most efforts address nonresponsive celiac disease, defined as continued symptoms and/or signs of disease activity despite a gluten-free diet, and the more severe forms of refractory celiac disease, types I and II. An increasing spectrum of therapeutic approaches target defined mechanisms in celiac disease pathogenesis and some have advanced to current phase 2 and 3 clinical studies. We discuss these approaches in terms of potential efficiency, practicability, safety, and need, as defined by patients, regulatory authorities, health care providers, and payors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Translational Medical Science and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ciarán P Kelly
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Center for Celiac Disease and Autoimmunity, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Mukherjee T, Kumar N, Chawla M, Philpott DJ, Basak S. The NF-κB signaling system in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadh1641. [PMID: 38194476 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic, chronic condition characterized by episodes of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) system describes a family of dimeric transcription factors. Canonical NF-κB signaling is stimulated by and enhances inflammation, whereas noncanonical NF-κB signaling contributes to immune organogenesis. Dysregulation of NF-κB factors drives various inflammatory pathologies, including IBD. Signals from many immune sensors activate NF-κB subunits in the intestine, which maintain an equilibrium between local microbiota and host responses. Genetic association studies of patients with IBD and preclinical mouse models confirm the importance of the NF-κB system in host defense in the gut. Other studies have investigated the roles of these factors in intestinal barrier function and in inflammatory gut pathologies associated with IBD. NF-κB signaling modulates innate and adaptive immune responses and the production of immunoregulatory proteins, anti-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and other tolerogenic factors in the intestine. Furthermore, genetic studies have revealed critical cell type-specific roles for NF-κB proteins in intestinal immune homeostasis, inflammation, and restitution that contribute to the etiopathology of IBD-associated manifestations. Here, we summarize our knowledge of the roles of these NF-κB pathways, which are activated in different intestinal cell types by specific ligands, and their cross-talk, in fueling aberrant intestinal inflammation. We argue that an in-depth understanding of aberrant immune signaling mechanisms may hold the key to identifying predictive or prognostic biomarkers and developing better therapeutics against inflammatory gut pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Mukherjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Meenakshi Chawla
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Wang Z, Ou Q, Gao L. The increased cfRNA of TNFSF4 in peripheral blood at late gestation and preterm labor: its implication as a noninvasive biomarker for premature delivery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154025. [PMID: 37275889 PMCID: PMC10232964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Given the important roles of immune tolerance and inflammation in both preterm and term labor, some inflammation-related genes could be related to the initiation of labor, even preterm labor. Inspection of cell-free RNA (cfRNA) engaged in inflammation in maternal blood may represent the varied gestational age and may have significant implications for the development of noninvasive diagnostics for preterm birth. Methods To identify potential biomarkers of preterm birth, we investigated the cfRNA and exosomal miRNA in the peripheral blood of pregnant women at different gestational ages that undergo term labor or preterm labor. 17 inflammatory initiation-related cfRNAs were screened by overlapping with the targets of decreasing miRNAs during gestation and highly expressed cfRNAs at late gestation in maternal blood. To reveal the origins and mechanisms of these screened cfRNAs, the datasets of single-cell RNA sequencing from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of pregnant women, the fetal lung, and the placenta across different gestational ages were analyzed. Results During late gestation, TNFSF4 expression increased exclusively in pro-inflammatory macrophages of maternal blood, whereas its receptor, TNFRSF4, increased expression in T cells from the decidua, which suggested the potential cell-cell communication of maternally-originated pro-inflammatory macrophages with the decidual T cells and contributed to the initiation of labor. Additionally, the cfRNA of TNFSF4 was also increased in preterm labor compared to term labor in the validation cohorts. The EIF2AK2 and TLR4 transcripts were increased in pro-inflammatory macrophages from both fetal lung and placenta but not in those from maternal mononuclear cells at late gestation, suggesting these cfRNAs are possibly derived from fetal tissues exclusively. Moreover, EIF2AK2 and TLR4 transcripts were found highly expressed in the pro-inflammatory macrophages from decidua as well, which suggested these specific fetal-origin macrophages may function at the maternal-fetal interface to stimulate uterine contractions, which have been implicated as the trigger of parturition and preterm labor. Discussion Taken together, our findings not only revealed the potential of peripheral TNFSF4 as a novel cfRNA biomarker for noninvasive testing of preterm labor but further illustrated how maternal and fetal signals coordinately modulate the inflammatory process at the maternal-fetal interface, causing the initiation of term or preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Tee YC, Blake SJ, Lynn DJ. OX40-targeted immune agonist antibodies induce potent antitumor immune responses without inducing liver damage in mice. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:829-840. [PMID: 34632317 PMCID: PMC8493970 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising preclinical and clinical data demonstrating that immune agonist antibody immunotherapies (IAAs) such as αOX40 induce strong antitumor immune responses, clinical translation has been significantly hampered by the propensity of some IAAs to induce dose-limiting and sometimes life-threatening immunotoxicities such as cytokine release syndrome and hepatotoxicity. For example, in a recent study αOX40 was shown to induce significant liver damage in mice by inducing the pyroptosis of liver natural killer T cells (NKT) cells. Surprisingly; however, given these previous reports, αOX40 treatment in our hands did not induce NKT cell pyroptosis or liver damage. We investigated numerous potential confounding factors including age, sex, tumor burden, dosing strategy, and the gut microbiota, which could have explained this discrepancy with the previous study. In none of these experiments did we find that αOX40 induced any more than very mild inflammation in the liver. Our study therefore suggests that, preclinically, αOX40 is a safe and effective immunotherapy and further studies into the clinical benefit of αOX40 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee C. Tee
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research InstituteFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSAAustralia
| | - Stephen J. Blake
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - David J. Lynn
- Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research InstituteFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSAAustralia
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Winkelmann P, Unterweger AL, Khullar D, Beigel F, Koletzko L, Siebeck M, Gropp R. The PI3K pathway as a therapeutic intervention point in inflammatory bowel disease. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:804-818. [PMID: 33942546 PMCID: PMC8342202 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With glucose being the preferred source of energy in activated T cells, targeting glycolysis has become an attractive therapeutic intervention point for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The switch to glycolysis is mediated by phosphoinositide‐3‐kinases (PI3K) which relay signals from surface receptors to the AKT pathway. We first confirmed by analysis of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) that metabolism is shifted towards glycolysis in IBD patients as compared to non‐IBD donors. In contrast to non‐IBD donors, OCR correlated with ECAR (IBD: cor = 0.79, p = 2E‐10; non‐IBD: cor = 0.37, p = n.s.), in IBD patients. Second, we tested the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib as a potential therapeutic. Ex vivo, copanlisib suppressed the ECAR significantly in T cells activated by anti‐CD3 antibodies and significantly decreased ECAR rates in the presence of copanlisib (anti‐CD3: 58.24 ± 29.06; copanlisib: 43.16 ± 20.23, p < .000. In addition, copanlisib impaired the activation of CD4+ CD25+ T cells (anti‐CD3: 42.15 ± 21.46; anti‐CD3 + copanlisib: 26.06 ± 21.82 p = .013) and the secretion of cytokines (IFNγ: anti‐CD3: 6332.0 ± 5707.61 pmol/ml; anti‐CD3 + copanlisib: 6332.0 ± 5707.61, p = .018). In vivo, copanlisib significantly improved the histological scores (ethanol: 8.5 ± 3.81; copanlisib: 4.57 ± 2.82, p = .006) in the NSG‐UC mouse model. Orthogonal partial least square analysis confirmed the efficacy of copanlisib. These data suggest that the PI3K pathway provides an attractive therapeutic intervention point in IBD for patients in relapse. Targeting metabolic pathways have the potential to develop phase dependent therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Winkelmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Unterweger
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Diya Khullar
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Beigel
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU, München, Germany
| | - Leandra Koletzko
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU, München, Germany
| | - Matthias Siebeck
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Gropp
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
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Furihata K, Ishiguro Y, Yoshimura N, Ito H, Katsushima S, Kaneko E, Shimabe M, Mukai M, Watanabe R, Morishige T. A Phase 1 Study of KHK4083: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Single-Ascending-Dose Study in Healthy Adults and an Open-Label Multiple-Dose Study in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:870-883. [PMID: 33512065 PMCID: PMC8451804 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OX40 plays an essential role in maintaining late T‐cell proliferation and survival by suppressing apoptosis and by inducing T‐cell memory formation. Here, we report the results of the phase 1 study of KHK4083, a fully human antimonoclonal antibody specific for OX40. In this study, we aimed to assess the safety and tolerability of a single intravenous or subcutaneous administration of KHK4083 compared with placebo in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects and determined the pharmacokinetics (PK) and immunogenicity. Also, we assessed the preliminary efficacy and pharmacodynamics of multiple intravenous doses in Japanese patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC). Drug‐related treatment emergent adverse events occurred in 21 healthy subjects (58.3%) and 5 patients with UC (62.5%) after administration of KHK4083. There were no serious adverse events. The PK profile of a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg KHK4083 was similar in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Of 8 UC patients, a clinical response was observed in 3 patients (37.5%) and clinical remission in 2 patients (25.0%) in week 6. Our study demonstrated the safety and tolerability of single and multiple administrations of KHK4083 in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects and Japanese patients with moderate to severe UC. It also indicated favorable pharmacological properties of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoh Ishiguro
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hirosaki Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Aomori, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Katsushima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
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Kierkus J, Pesegova M, Klopocka M, Brankovic M, Kasai N, Efuni S, Kong J, Nakajima Y, Jordan C, Matsui T, Feagan BG, Strout V. Randomized, Ascending Dose, Phase 2 Study of KHK4083, an Anti-OX40 Monoclonal Antibody, in Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2020; 2:otaa049. [PMID: 36776497 PMCID: PMC9808818 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background OX40 (CD134) plays a role in the maintenance of late T-cell proliferation and survival. KHK4083 is a monoclonal antibody directed against OX40. We aimed to assess the safety and preliminary efficacy of KHK4083 in patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods In this multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 2 study, patients with moderately active UC patients were randomized to ascending doses of intravenous KHK4083 (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) or placebo every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was safety. The primary efficacy end point was the change from baseline in mean modified Mayo endoscopy subscore at week 12. Treatment with KHK4083 or placebo was continued every 4 weeks for up to 52 weeks in responders. Results Long-term treatment with KHK4083 was well tolerated, with treatment-related adverse events being predominantly transient mild-to-moderate infusion-related reactions. Exploratory analysis of biopsy samples showed the virtually complete elimination of OX40+ cells in colon mucosa after 12 weeks of KHK4083 treatment. There were no significant differences between any of the randomized KHK4083 dose groups and placebo for the mean change in Mayo endoscopy subscore from baseline to week 12. Conclusions KHK4083 can be safely administered intravenously at doses up to 10 mg/kg every 2 or 4 weeks for up to 52 weeks. Proof of pharmacodynamic action was confirmed by depletion of the elevated levels of the OX40+ cells associated with UC at all tested doses. Clinical response and mucosal healing (endoscopic improvement) in this population was not correlated with ablation of OX40+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Kierkus
- Maternal, Pediatric and Adolescent Healthcare Centre, Gastroenterology Diagnostic Facility for Adults, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marina Pesegova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Territorial Clinical Hospital, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Maria Klopocka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marija Brankovic
- Gastroenterology Clinic, Bezanijska Kosa Clinical Hospital Centre, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Noriyuki Kasai
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Sergey Efuni
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer Kong
- Robarts Clinical Trials, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Nakajima
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Christina Jordan
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Brian G Feagan
- Robarts Clinical Trials, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Strout
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey,Address correspondence to: Vincent Strout, MBA, Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., 212 Carnegie Center, Suite 400, Princeton, NJ 08540 ()
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Fu Y, Lin Q, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Therapeutic strategies for the costimulatory molecule OX40 in T-cell-mediated immunity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:414-433. [PMID: 32140389 PMCID: PMC7049610 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell co-stimulatory molecule OX40 and its cognate ligand OX40L have attracted broad research interest as a therapeutic target in T cell-mediated diseases. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the therapeutic efficacy of both agonist and blockade of the OX40-OX40L interaction. Despite this progress, many questions about the immuno-modulator roles of OX40 on T cell function remain unanswered. In this review we summarize the impact of the OX40-OX40L interaction on T cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Treg, Tfh, and CD8+ T cells, to gain a comprehensive understanding of anti-OX40 mAb-based therapies. The potential therapeutic application of the OX40-OX40L interaction in autoimmunity diseases and cancer immunotherapy are further discussed; OX40-OX40L blockade may ameliorate autoantigen-specific T cell responses and reduce immune activity in autoimmunity diseases. We also explore the rationale of targeting OX40-OX40L interactions in cancer immunotherapy. Ligation of OX40 with targeted agonist anti-OX40 mAbs conveys activating signals to T cells. When combined with other therapeutic treatments, such as anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 blockade, cytokines, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, the anti-tumor activity of agonist anti-OX40 treatment will be further enhanced. These data collectively suggest great potential for OX40-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Ryba-Stanisławowska M, Sakowska J, Zieliński M, Ławrynowicz U, Trzonkowski P. Regulatory T cells: the future of autoimmune disease treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:777-789. [PMID: 31104510 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1620602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: CD4 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been described as the most potent immunosuppressive cells in the human body. They have been found to control autoimmunity, and clinical attempts have been made to apply them to treat autoimmune diseases. Some specific pathways utilized by Tregs in the regulation of immune response or Tregs directly as cellular products are tested in the clinic. Areas covered: Here, we present recent advances in the research on the biology and clinical applications of Tregs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Expert opinion: Regulatory T cells seem to be a promising tool for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The development of both cell-based therapies and modern pharmacotherapies which affect Tregs may strongly improve the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Growing knowledge about Treg biology together with the latest biotechnology tools may give an opportunity for personalized therapies in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ryba-Stanisławowska
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Justyna Sakowska
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Maciej Zieliński
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Urszula Ławrynowicz
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
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Guttman-Yassky E, Pavel AB, Zhou L, Estrada YD, Zhang N, Xu H, Peng X, Wen HC, Govas P, Gudi G, Ca V, Fang H, Salhi Y, Back J, Reddy V, Bissonnette R, Maari C, Grossman F, Wolff G. GBR 830, an anti-OX40, improves skin gene signatures and clinical scores in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:482-493.e7. [PMID: 30738171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GBR 830 is a humanized mAb against OX40, a costimulatory receptor on activated T cells. OX40 inhibition might have a therapeutic role in T cell-mediated diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE This exploratory phase 2a study investigated the safety, efficacy, and tissue effects of GBR 830 in patients with AD. METHODS Patients with moderate-to-severe AD (affected body surface area, ≥10%; Eczema Area and Severity Index score, ≥12; and inadequate response to topical treatments) were randomized 3:1 to 10 mg/kg intravenous GBR 830 or placebo on day 1 (baseline) and day 29. Biopsy specimens were collected (n = 40) at days 1, 29, and 71. Primary end points included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and changes from baseline in biomarkers (epidermal hyperplasia/cytokines) at days 29 and 71. RESULTS GBR 830 was well tolerated, with equal TEAE distribution (GBR 830, 63.0% [29/46]; placebo, 63.0% [10/16]). One serious TEAE in the GBR 830 group was deemed unrelated to study drug. At day 71, the proportion of intent-to-treat subjects achieving 50% or greater improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index score was greater with GBR 830 (76.9% [20/26]) versus placebo (37.5% [3/8]). GBR 830 induced significant progressive reductions in TH1 (IFN-γ/CXCL10), TH2 (IL-31/CCL11/CCL17), and TH17/TH22 (IL-23p19/IL-8/S100A12) mRNA expression in lesional skin. Significant progressive reductions until day 71 in the drug group were seen in OX40+ T cells and OX40L+ dendritic cells (P < .001). Hyperplasia measures (thickness/keratin 16/Ki67) showed greater reductions with GBR 830 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Two doses of GBR 830 administered 4 weeks apart were well tolerated and induced significant progressive tissue and clinical changes until day 71 (42 days after the last dose), highlighting the potential of OX40 targeting in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana B Pavel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lisa Zhou
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Ning Zhang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hui Xu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Xiangyu Peng
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Huei-Chi Wen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Vinu Ca
- Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Mumbai, India
| | - Hui Fang
- Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Paramus, NJ
| | | | - Jonathan Back
- Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
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12
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Konjar Š, Ferreira C, Blankenhaus B, Veldhoen M. Intestinal Barrier Interactions with Specialized CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1281. [PMID: 29075263 PMCID: PMC5641586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, essential for nutrient absorption, are kept under control by a single cell barrier and large amounts of immune cells. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are critical in establishing an environment supporting microbial colonization and immunological tolerance. A large population of CD8+ T cells is in direct and constant contact with the IECs and the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Due to their location, at the interphase of the intestinal lumen and external environment and the host tissues, they seem ideally positioned to balance immune tolerance and protection to preserve the fragile intestinal barrier from invasion as well as immunopathology. IELs are a heterogeneous population, with a large innate-like contribution of unknown specificity, intercalated with antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of IEL physiology and how they interact with the IECs and contribute to immune surveillance to preserve intestinal homeostasis and host-microbial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Konjar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Birte Blankenhaus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Papp KA, Gooderham MJ, Girard G, Raman M, Strout V. Phase I randomized study of KHK4083, an anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody, in patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1324-1332. [PMID: 28556418 PMCID: PMC5575535 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background OX40 (CD134) is expressed in lesional but not healthy skin of patients with psoriasis. KHK4083 is a fully human monoclonal antibody against OX40. Objective The primary aim of this first‐in‐human phase 1 study was to determine the safety and tolerability of ascending single doses of KHK4083 in patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. Secondary aims were to determine the pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of KHK4083, and an exploratory objective was to assess clinical activity. Methods In phase 1a, single doses of KHK4083 0.003 and 0.001 mg/kg IV were administered open label in two cohorts (each n = 6). Phase 1b had a multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, ascending single‐dose design in seven cohorts. Randomization was performed 3 : 1 to KHK4083 (n = 6) or placebo (n = 2) within each cohort. Ascending doses of KHK4083 were 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 and 10 mg/kg IV, and 1.0 mg/kg SC. Results There were no severe or serious adverse events (AEs), or discontinuations because of AEs. The most frequent treatment‐related AEs in the 55 patients who received KHK4083 were mild or moderate chills (9.1%), and infusion/injection site reactions (7.3%). No clinically meaningful or dose‐related changes from baseline in laboratory values, vital signs, ECG recordings or physical examinations were observed. Some KHK4083 recipients (10/54) developed anti‐KHK4083 antibodies following treatment. Mean elimination half‐life (t1/2) increased with dose, maximum serum concentration increased in a dose‐proportional manner, and area under the serum concentration–time curve increased in a more than dose‐proportional manner with increasing IV dose. Absolute bioavailability following SC administration was 73%. There was some indication of improvement in Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and sPGA scores at the highest IV doses (1.0 and 10 mg/kg) and the SC dose (1.0 mg/kg). The largest PASI 50 response and improvement in sPGA score ≥2 occurred with KHK4083 1.0 mg/kg SC. Conclusion KHK4083 administration as a single dose up to 10 mg/kg IV or 1.0 mg/kg SC was generally safe and well tolerated in patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis with no dose‐limiting AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Papp
- Probity Medical Research Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - M J Gooderham
- Skin Center for Dermatology, Probity Medical Research Inc., Queen's University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - G Girard
- DIEX Recherche Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - M Raman
- The Center for Dermatology and Probity Medical Research Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
| | - V Strout
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
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Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor receptor OX40 (CD134) is activated by its cognate ligand OX40L (CD134L, CD252) and functions as a T cell co-stimulatory molecule. OX40-OX40L interactions have been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmunity. OX40 is expressed on activated T cells, and in the mouse at rest on regulatory T cells (Treg). OX40L is found on antigen-presenting cells, activated T cells and others including lymphoid tissue inducer cells, some endothelia and mast cells. Expression of both molecules is increased after antigen presentation occurs and also in response to multiple other pro-inflammatory factors including CD28 ligation, CD40L ligation and interferon-gamma signaling. Their interactions promote T cell survival, promote an effector T cell phenotype, promote T cell memory, tend to reduce regulatory function, increase effector cytokine production and enhance cell mobility. In some circumstances, OX40 agonism may be associated with increased tolerance, although timing with respect to antigenic stimulus is important. Further, recent work has suggested that OX40L blockade may be more effective than OX40 blockade in reducing autoimmunity. This article reviews the expression of OX40 and OX40L in health, the effects of their interactions and insights from their under- or over-expression. We then review OX40 and OX40L expression in human autoimmune disease, identified associations of variations in their genes (TNFRSF4 and TNFSF4, respectively) with autoimmunity, and data from animal models of human diseases. A rationale for blocking OX40-OX40L interaction in human autoimmunity is then presented along with commentary on the one trial of OX40L blockade in human disease conducted to date. Finally, we discuss potential problems with clinical use of OX40-OX40L directed pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym J Webb
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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Park JH, Jeong DY, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Eisenhut M, Shin JI. Insight into the role of TSLP in inflammatory bowel diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:55-63. [PMID: 27697608 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are thought to modulate pathogeneses of various inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which has been studied in various allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), has been less considered to be involved in IBDs. However, mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) induced by various cytokines including TSLP were reported to cause polarization of T cell toward Th2 response, the differentiation of regulatory T-cell (Treg), and secretion of IgA by B cells. In this review, we discuss the concept that decreased TSLP has the potential to accelerate the development of Th1 response dominant diseases such as the Crohn's disease (CD) while increased TSLP has the potential to lead to a development of Th2 cell dominant diseases such the ulcerative colitis (UC). To examine TSLP's role as a potential determining factor for differentiating UC and CD, we analyzed the effects of other genes regulated by TSLP in regards to the UC and CD pathogeneses using data from online open access resources such as NetPath, GeneMania, and the String database. Our findings indicate that TSLP is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of IBDs and that further studies are needed to evaluate its role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Inflammatory bowel disease: exploring gut pathophysiology for novel therapeutic targets. Transl Res 2016; 176:38-68. [PMID: 27220087 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the 2 major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which are influenced by a complex interplay of immunological and genetic elements, though the precise etiology still remains unknown. With IBD developing into a globally prevailing disease, there is a need to explore new targets and a thorough understanding of the pathophysiological differences between the healthy and diseased gut could unearth new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we provide an overview of the major aspects of IBD pathogenesis and thereafter present a comprehensive analysis of the gut pathophysiology leading to a discussion on some of the most promising targets and biologic therapies currently being explored. These include various gut proteins (CXCL-10, GATA-3, NKG2D, CD98, microRNAs), immune cells recruited to the gut (mast cells, eosinophils, toll-like receptors 2, 4), dysregulated proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, -13, -18, -21), and commensal microbiota (probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation). We also evaluate some of the emerging nonconventional therapies being explored in IBD treatment focusing on the latest developments in stem cell research, oral targeting of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, novel anti-inflammatory signaling pathway targeting, adenosine deaminase inhibition, and the beneficial effects of antioxidant and nutraceutical therapies. In addition, we highlight the growth of biologics and their targets in IBD by providing information on the preclinical and clinical development of over 60 biopharmaceuticals representing the state of the art in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease drug development.
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17
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Kurada S, Yadav A, Leffler DA. Current and novel therapeutic strategies in celiac disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1211-23. [PMID: 27322016 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A gluten free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment for celiac disease (CD). However many patients fail to respond fully clinically or histologically. Several surveys highlight the psychosocial implications of adherence to a GFD. Hence, efforts are ongoing to develop therapeutic strategies beyond a GFD. AREAS COVERED We conducted a search of PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov to extract articles on CD using keywords including 'celiac disease' and 'refractory celiac disease' (RCD) and focused on articles conducting pathophysiologic and therapeutic research in/ex-vivo models and human trials. We highlight novel therapeutics that manipulate these mechanisms including tight junction regulators, glutenases, gluten sequestrants and immunotherapy using vaccines, nanoparticles that may serve as adjuncts to a GFD or more ambitiously to allow for gluten consumption. We also highlight the role of anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies in RCD. Expert commentary: Therapeutics including tight junction regulators, glutenases have the potential to be approved for non-responsive CD or as gluten adjuncts. We expect results of various phase 1/2 trials using AMG 714, BL 7010, IgY antibodies to be published. In the interim, off-label use of 5 amino-salicylates, budesonide, nucleoside analogues and newer biologics developed for other inflammatory diseases will be used in RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Kurada
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Abhijeet Yadav
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Daniel A Leffler
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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18
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Mercadante ER, Lorenz UM. Breaking Free of Control: How Conventional T Cells Overcome Regulatory T Cell Suppression. Front Immunol 2016; 7:193. [PMID: 27242798 PMCID: PMC4870238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional T (Tcon) cells are crucial in shaping the immune response, whether it is protection against a pathogen, a cytotoxic attack on tumor cells, or an unwanted response to self-antigens in the context of autoimmunity. In each of these immune settings, regulatory T cells (Tregs) can potentially exert control over the Tcon cell response, resulting in either suppression or activation of the Tcon cells. Under physiological conditions, Tcon cells are able to transiently overcome Treg-imposed restraints to mount a protective response against an infectious threat, achieving clonal expansion, differentiation, and effector function. However, evidence has accumulated in recent years to suggest that Tcon cell resistance to Treg-mediated suppression centrally contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Tipping the balance too far in the other direction, cancerous tumors utilize Tregs to establish an overly suppressive microenvironment, preventing antitumor Tcon cell responses. Given the wide-ranging clinical importance of the Tcon/Treg interaction, this review aims to provide a better understanding of what determines whether a Tcon cell is susceptible to Treg-mediated suppression and how perturbations to this finely tuned balance play a role in pathological conditions. Here, we focus in detail on the complex array of factors that confer Tcon cells with resistance to Treg suppression, which we have divided into two categories: (1) extracellular factor-mediated signaling and (2) intracellular signaling molecules. Further, we explore the therapeutic implications of manipulating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which is proposed to be the convergence point of signaling pathways that mediate Tcon resistance to suppression. Finally, we address important unresolved questions on the timing and location of acquisition of resistance, and the stability of the “Treg-resistant” phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Mercadante
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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19
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Mahmood T, Yang PC. OX40L-OX40 Interactions: A Possible Target for Gastrointestinal Autoimmune Diseases. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012. [PMID: 23181223 PMCID: PMC3503370 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) autoimmune diseases have a high incidence in developed countries, such as Canada and the US. Some common GI autoimmune diseases include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease. These conditions are not only unpleasant for the patient, but also present a heavy burden on the healthcare system. OX40L, a member of the tumor necrosis family, has been identified as a key player in the pathological inflammatory response, which characterizes GI autoimmune diseases. OX40L is expressed in many cell types, including antigen presenting cells (APCs), T-cells, vascular endothelial cells, mast cells, and natural killer cells. The importance of OX40L-OX40 interactions in inflammatory autoimmune diseases is becoming more evident through different animal models, ranging from nematode models to mouse models. This literature review attempts to summarize the current literature regarding the role of OX40L-OX40 interactions in GI autoimmune inflammatory diseases and comment on its potential for treatment. Various databases, including OVID MedLine and PubMed were used to retrieve articles regarding the role of OX40L-OX40 interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. These articles were then reviewed and summarized in a comprehensive manner. OX40L-OX40 interactions have a strong potential for becoming a treatment target; however, there are still many gaps in the present knowledge, which need to be addressed before more definitive treatments can emerge. It is also suggested that upstream events leading to OX40L activation, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-activated dendritic cells, be explored as treatment targets as well. OX40L-OX40 interaction is a possible venue for treatment of GI diseases; however, the underlying mechanisms of actions and the downstream effects of OX40L knock down need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahrin Mahmood
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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20
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Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum strains downregulate proinflammatory genes in an ex vivo system of cultured human colonic mucosa. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 8:165-80. [PMID: 22669626 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant health benefits have been demonstrated for certain probiotic strains through intervention studies; however, there is a shortage of experimental evidence relative to the mechanisms of action. Here, noninvasive experimental procedure based on a colon organ culture system has been used that, in contrast to most experimental in vitro models reported, can preserve natural immunohistochemical features of the human mucosa. This system has been used to test whether commensal lactobacilli (Lactobacillus paracasei BL23, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v and L. plantarum 299v (A(-))) were able to hinder inflammation-like signals induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin (IO). Whole genome microarrays have been applied to analyze expression differences, from which mRNA markers could be inferred to monitor the effect of putative probiotic strains under such conditions. Regarding the gene expression, PMA/IO treatment induced not only interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), as expected, but also other relevant genes related to immune response and inflammation, such as IL-17A, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 9 and CXCL11. The ex vivo culturing did not modify the pattern of expression of those genes or others related to inflammation. Interestingly, this study demonstrated that lactobacilli downregulated those genes and triggered a global change of the transcriptional profile that indicated a clear homeostasis restoring effect and a decrease in signals produced by activated T cells.
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21
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Anti-OX40 prevents effector T-cell accumulation and CD8+ T-cell mediated skin allograft rejection. Transplantation 2011; 90:1265-71. [PMID: 21037534 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181fe5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OX40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is a potent T-cell costimulatory molecule. Although the impact of blockade of the OX40-OX40L pathway has been documented in models of autoimmune disease, the effect on allograft rejection is less well defined. METHODS The expression of OX40 and impact of OX40 blockade on BM3 T cells (H2Kb-reactive, T-cell receptor-transgenic) after stimulation with alloantigen were assessed in vitro by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and flow cytometry. In vivo, naïve BM3 or polyclonal CD8+ T cells were transferred into syngeneic recombinase-activating gene(-/-) mice, which received an H2b+ skin allograft with and without anti-OX40. Skin allograft survival was monitored, and the proliferation, number, and phenotype of BM3 T cells were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS In vitro allogeneic stimulation of CD8+ T cells resulted in OX40 expression, the blockade of which was found to partially inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation as a result of increased cell death among activated T cells. Similarly, in vivo, anti-OX40 prevented skin allograft rejection mediated by CD8+ T cells. However, after cessation of anti-OX40 therapy, skin allografts were eventually rejected indicating that tolerance had not been induced. Correlating with the in vitro data, analysis of lymph nodes draining skin allografts revealed that OX40 blockade had no effect on the activation and proliferation of BM3 T cells but rather resulted in diminished effector T-cell accumulation. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data demonstrate that anti-OX40 attenuates CD8+ T-cell responses to alloantigen by reducing the pool of effector T cells, suggesting that this may be a worthwhile adjunct to preexisting costimulatory molecule-blocking regimens.
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22
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Abstract
The vast majority of peripheral T cells exist as resting lymphocytes until a signal for activation has been received. In response to antigen, this activation involves ligation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) and signal transmission through the CD3 complex, which then initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to the expression of genes used in T-cell activation. T-cell activation also requires soluble mediators in the form of cytokines and chemokines that regulate the process in both positive and negative ways, and costimulatory signals received in conjunction with TCR/CD3 signaling are important in the activation of T cells. Unlike T cells in other peripheral immune compartments, small and large intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) bear some but not all properties of activated T cells, suggesting that they constitute a large population of 'partially activated' effector cells. Thus, regulation of the IEL activation process must be held in tight check, yet it must be ready to respond to foreign antigen rapidly and effectively. We discuss how costimulatory molecules may hold the key to controlling IEL activation through a multiphase process beginning with cells that have already entered into the early stage of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Montufar-Solis
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Li M, Zhang Y. Effect of antibody to CD134 on perforin-mediated cytolysis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2006; 25:145-53. [PMID: 16796461 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.25.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CD134 (OX40) is a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. The influence of CD134 on perforin-mediated cytolysis remains obscure. In this study, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were induced with phytohemagglutinin (50 microg/mL), by using anti-CD134 blocking monoclonal antibody (MAb; 1, 5, and 10 microg/mL) for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Perforin-mediated cytolysis against human erythrocytes of PBMC was detected. The expression of perforin mRNA and protein was also measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Our data showed that the perforin-mediated cytolysis of PBMC was downregulated by various concentrations of anti-CD134 blocking MAb for different times and reached a minimum at 24 h at any concentration. Anti-CD134 blocking MAb induced downregulation of perforin-mediated cytolysis of PBMC in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 1-5 microg/mL. Perforin- mediated cytolysis of PBMC reached a plateau when the concentration of anti-CD134 blocking MAb exceeded 5 microg/mL. Anti-CD134 blocking MAb also induced the inhibition of the expression of perforin protein and mRNA in PBMC. In conclusion, anti-CD134 blocking MAb inhibits perforin-mediated cytolysis of PBMC by, at least in some part, decreasing the production of preforin, which may be useful in treating several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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24
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Xiaoyan Z, Pirskanen R, Malmstrom V, Lefvert AK. Expression of OX40 (CD134) on CD4+ T-cells from patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:110-6. [PMID: 16367941 PMCID: PMC1809569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is commonly regarded as the prototype of an antibody-mediated, organ-specific autoimmune disease. Antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the muscle endplate trigger its typical clinical manifestations of weakness and fatiguability. T-B cell interactions are thought to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MG. OX40 (CD134), a costimulatory molecule that is expressed on activated CD4+ T-cells, might contribute to the development or pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and graft-versus-host disease. In the present study, we investigated the expression of OX40 on CD4+ T-cells from patients with MG and healthy individuals. Results from 36 MG patients and 28 healthy controls revealed that more freshly isolated CD4+ T-cells from MG patients expressed OX40 than cells from healthy individuals. High levels of antibodies against the AChR, thymic hyperplasia and onset at an early age were associated with elevated expression of OX40. Upon activation by various concentrations of anti-CD3 antibodies, CD4+ T-cells from MG patients showed a tendency toward higher levels of OX40 expression than cells from healthy individuals. Given the role of OX40 in the immune system, we conclude that OX40 might contribute to the development of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xiaoyan
- Immunological Research Unit, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Abstract
Several members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family function after initial T cell activation to sustain T cell responses. This review focuses on CD27, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40 (CD134), HVEM, CD30, and GITR, all of which can have costimulatory effects on T cells. The effects of these costimulatory TNFR family members can often be functionally, temporally, or spatially segregated from those of CD28 and from each other. The sequential and transient regulation of T cell activation/survival signals by different costimulators may function to allow longevity of the response while maintaining tight control of T cell survival. Depending on the disease condition, stimulation via costimulatory TNF family members can exacerbate or ameliorate disease. Despite these complexities, stimulation or blockade of TNFR family costimulators shows promise for several therapeutic applications, including cancer, infectious disease, transplantation, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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26
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Hehlgans T, Pfeffer K. The intriguing biology of the tumour necrosis factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily: players, rules and the games. Immunology 2005; 115:1-20. [PMID: 15819693 PMCID: PMC1782125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of the immune system. The biological functions of this system encompass beneficial and protective effects in inflammation and host defence as well as a crucial role in organogenesis. At the same time, members of this superfamily are responsible for host damaging effects in sepsis, cachexia, and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent progress in the immunobiology of the TNF/TNFR superfamily focusing on results obtained from animal studies using gene targeted mice. The different modes of signalling pathways affecting cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune organ development as well as host defence are reviewed. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that demonstrate a therapeutic potential by targeting individual receptors or ligands for the treatment of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
Members of both the CD28 and TNFR families can have costimulatory roles in T cell activation. Gene targeted mice as well as in vivo blocking experiments have established distinct roles for CD28/B7; ICOS/ICOSL; CD27/CD70; 4-1BB/4-1BBL and OX40/OX40L during viral infection. Many issues remain to be addressed, including the timing and location of the interactions, the possibility of partial redundancy between related family members and the molecular basis for the specific phenotypes observed in the different gene targeted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Bertram
- Australian Phenomics Facility and Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 2601
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28
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Pakala SV, Bansal-Pakala P, Halteman BS, Croft M. Prevention of diabetes in NOD mice at a late stage by targeting OX40/OX40 ligand interactions. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3039-46. [PMID: 15368274 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells play a major role in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, suggesting that costimulatory molecules that regulate T cell responses might be essential for disease progression. In NOD mice, CD28/B7 and CD40/CD40 ligand (L) interactions control the onset of diabetes from 2 to 4 weeks of age, but blocking these molecules has little effect after this time. Hence, it is possible that other ligand/receptor pairs control a later phase of disease. We now show that OX40 is expressed on CD4 and CD8 T cells several weeks prior to islet destruction, which is initiated around weeks 12-14, and that OX40L is present on dendritic cells in both secondary lymphoid organs and the pancreas from 11 to 13 weeks of age. Blocking OX40L at 6, 9, or 15 weeks after birth had little effect on disease; however, inhibiting OX40/OX40L interactions at week 12, or continuous treatment from week 12 onwards, significantly reduced the incidence of diabetes. Histological examination showed that islet destruction was prevented and insulitis reduced by targeting OX40L. These studies show that OX40/OX40L interactions form a late checkpoint in diabetes development and suggest that these molecules are realistic targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamasundar V Pakala
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Sugamura K, Ishii N, Weinberg AD. Therapeutic targeting of the effector T-cell co-stimulatory molecule OX40. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:420-31. [PMID: 15173831 DOI: 10.1038/nri1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Sugamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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30
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:505-511. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
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31
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Takeda I, Ine S, Killeen N, Ndhlovu LC, Murata K, Satomi S, Sugamura K, Ishii N. Distinct Roles for the OX40-OX40 Ligand Interaction in Regulatory and Nonregulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3580-9. [PMID: 15004159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The OX40 (CD134) molecule is induced primarily during T cell activation and, as we show in this study, is also expressed on CD25+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. A necessary role for OX40 in the development and homeostasis of Treg cells can be inferred from the reduced numbers of the cells present in the spleens of OX40-deficient mice, and their elevated numbers in the spleens of mice that overexpress the OX40 ligand (OX40L). The homeostatic proliferation of Treg cells following transfer into lymphopenic mice was also found to be potentiated by the OX40-OX40L interaction. Suppression of T cell responses by Treg cells was significantly impaired in the absence of OX40, indicating that, in addition to its homeostatic functions, OX40 contributes to efficient Treg-mediated suppression. However, despite this, we found that CD25-CD4+ T cells became insensitive to Treg-mediated suppression when they were exposed to OX40L-expressing cells, or when they were treated with an agonistic OX40-specific mAb. OX40 signaling could also abrogate the disease-preventing activity of Treg cells in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, although the data reveal important roles for OX40 signaling in Treg cell development, homeostasis, and suppressive activity, they also show that OX40 signals can oppose Treg-mediated suppression when they are delivered directly to Ag-engaged naive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Communication/genetics
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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32
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Weinberg AD, Evans DE, Thalhofer C, Shi T, Prell RA. The generation of T cell memory: a review describing the molecular and cellular events following OX40 (CD134) engagement. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:962-72. [PMID: 14996827 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OX40 (CD134), a membrane-bound member of the tumor necrosis factor-receptor superfamily, is expressed primarily on activated CD4(+) T cells. Following engagement on the cell surface, OX40 delivers a costimulatory signal that leads to potent, proinflammatory effects. Engagement of OX40 during antigen (Ag)-specific stimulation of T cells leads to increased production of memory T cells, increased migration of Ag-specific T cells, enhanced cytokine production by effector T cells, and the ability to break peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo. Therefore, OX40 engagement in vivo could have important ramifications for the enhancement of vaccine strategies and inhibition of unwanted inflammation. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular events that occur following OX40 engagement during Ag-specific T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 N.E. Glisan, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
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Abstract
Costimulatory signals have been defined as signals brought about by ligation of membrane bound molecules that synergize with, or modify, signals provided when the T cell receptor engages peptide-MHC complexes. In large part, costimulatory signals are essential for many facets of a T cell response, and the general rule is that without these signals, a T cell is ineffective and may often succumb to death or become unresponsive. Until recently, costimulation has been dominated by studies of the Ig superfamily member, CD28, a constitutively expressed molecule that is required to initiate a majority of T cell responses. However, growing evidence over the past few years has now shown that several members of the TNFR family, OX40 (CD134), 4-1BB (CD137), and CD27, are equally important to the effective generation of many types of T cell response. In contrast to CD28, these molecules are either induced or highly upregulated on the T cell surface a number of hours or days after recognition of antigen, and appear to provide signals to allow continued cell division initially regulated by CD28 and/or to prevent excessive cell death several days into the response. An argument can be made that these molecules control the absolute number of effector T cells that are generated at the peak of the immune response and dictate the frequency of memory T cells that subsequently develop. The exact relationship between OX40, 4-1BB, and CD27, is at present unknown, including whether these molecules act together, or sequentially, or control differing types of T cell response. This review will focus on recent studies of these molecules and discuss their implications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- CD27 Ligand
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Kotani A, Hori T, Matsumura Y, Uchiyama T. Signaling of gp34 (OX40 ligand) induces vascular endothelial cells to produce a CC chemokine RANTES/CCL5. Immunol Lett 2002; 84:1-7. [PMID: 12161277 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that gp34 (OX40 ligand) expressed on vascular endothelial cells is not only involved in adhesion between activated T cells and endothelial cells but also by itself able to transmit intracellular signals leading to expression of c-fos and c-jun mRNA upon OX40 binding. In the present study, we searched for genes that were induced or upregulated by gp34 signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to define its downstream biological events. HUVECs expressing high levels of gp34 were stimulated with recombinant soluble OX40 or mock control and subjected to analysis using cDNA expression arrays. We found that a CC chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)/CCL5 is one of such inducible genes. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis showed that expression of RANTES mRNA was induced after incubation with soluble OX40 and this induction was inhibited by anti-gp34 mAb. We could detect expression of intracellular RANTES protein by flow cytometry in HUVECs stimulated with soluble OX40 as well as fixed OX40 transfectant cells but not those stimulated with mock supernatants or mock transfectant cells. Again, this induction of RANTES protein was inhibited by anti-gp34 mAb. These results clearly indicate that gp34 signaling induces expression of RANTES at both mRNA and protein levels in HUVECs and suggest a possible link between the OX40/gp34 system and RANTES during the process of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells and subsequent extravasation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface
- Cell Adhesion
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL5/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kotani
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Murata K, Nose M, Ndhlovu LC, Sato T, Sugamura K, Ishii N. Constitutive OX40/OX40 ligand interaction induces autoimmune-like diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4628-36. [PMID: 12370402 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between OX40 and OX40 ligand (OX40L) is suggested to provide T cells with an effective costimulatory signals during T cell-APC interaction. To examine the in vivo effect of constitutive OX40/OX40L interaction during immune regulation, we report the establishment of OX40L-transgenic (OX40L-Tg) mice that constitutively express OX40L on T cells. Markedly elevated numbers of effector memory CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, were observed in the secondary lymphoid organs of OX40L-Tg mice. Upon immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin in the absence of adjuvant, profound T cell proliferative responses and cytokine productions were seen in the OX40L-Tg mice as compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, in OX40L-Tg mice administrated with superantigen, this constitutive OX40/OX40L interaction on CD4(+) T cells completely prevented normal in vivo clonal T cell deletion. Interestingly, OX40L-Tg mice on the C57BL/6 background spontaneously developed interstitial pneumonia and inflammatory bowel disease that was accompanied with a significant production of anti-DNA Ab in the sera. Surprisingly, these diseases were not evident on the OX40L-Tg mice on the BALB/c strain. However, such inflammatory diseases were successfully reproducible in recombination-activating gene (RAG)2-deficient mice upon transfer of OX40L-Tg CD4(+) T cells. Blockade of OX40/OX40L interaction in the recipient RAG2-deficient mice completely prevented disease development. The present results orchestrated in this study indicate that OX40/OX40L interaction may be a vital link in our understanding of T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphatic Diseases/genetics
- Lymphatic Diseases/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- OX40 Ligand
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Splenomegaly/genetics
- Splenomegaly/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Murata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aobu-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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36
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Tateyama M, Fujihara K, Ishii N, Sugamura K, Onodera Y, Itoyama Y. Expression of OX40 in muscles of polymyositis and granulomatous myopathy. J Neurol Sci 2002; 194:29-34. [PMID: 11809163 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(01)00668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OX40 is selectively expressed on activated autoreactive memory T cells and these OX40+ lymphocytes may play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases. To determine whether OX40+ lymphocytes are involved in the pathomechanism of human inflammatory muscle diseases, we immunohistochemically examined the distribution of OX40+ cells in muscles from patients with polymyositis and granulomatous myopathy, and compared with that of cells bearing other activation markers, such as IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and HLA-DR. In polymyositis, OX40+ mononuclear cells were found predominantly in the perivascular sites and to a lesser degree in the endomysium. Scanty IL-2R+ mononuclear cells were located only in the endomysium and HLA-DR was expressed on half of the mononuclear cells distributed diffusely in the perivascular sites and in the endomysium. Mononuclear cell infiltration in the perivascular sites was greater in the muscles in which OX40+ cells were present in the perivascular sites than in those without OX40+ cells in the perivascular sites (p<0.05). In granulomatous myopathy, OX40+ cells were detected in the centers of the granulomas. In contrast, IL-2R+ cells were present at the periphery of the granulomas and HLA-DR was detected on mononuclear cells throughout the granulomas. OX40+ mononuclear cells with specific distributions in muscles may be involved in the pathomechanism of polymyositis and granulomatous myopathy, and can be a candidate molecule of selective immunotherapy in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Tateyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 980-8574, Sendai, Japan.
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37
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Weinberg AD. OX40: targeted immunotherapy--implications for tempering autoimmunity and enhancing vaccines. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:102-9. [PMID: 11929124 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OX40 (CD134), a membrane-bound member of the tumor-necrosis-factor-receptor superfamily, is expressed primarily on activated CD4+ T cells. Recently, several groups have reduced clinical signs of autoimmunity in animal models by blocking the OX40-OX40-ligand interaction or depleting OX40+ T cells. By contrast, engagement of OX40 in the setting of active immunization has potent adjuvant properties, leading to enhanced cytokine production and increased numbers of antigen-specific memory T cells. These potent adjuvant effects lead to an enhancement of anti-tumor responses. OX40 has several unique features that make it a clinically relevant target. They include: (1) T cells isolated from a site of inflammation that express OX40 are T cells that have been stimulated recentlythrough the T-cell receptor in vivo; (2) OX40 is only expressed on T cells found at the site of inflammation, therefore, targeting this receptor does not interfere with the peripheral T-cell repertoire; and (3) the biological function of OX40 is limited primarily to effector CD4+ T cells, which are a major source of cytokines to induce and maintain ongoing immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
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38
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Wang HC, Klein JR. Multiple levels of activation of murine CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes defined by OX40 (CD134) expression: effects on cell-mediated cytotoxicity, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6717-23. [PMID: 11739485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of OX40 (CD134) in the activation of CD8(+) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) has been studied using freshly isolated IELs and in vitro CD3-stimulated IELs. Although freshly isolated CD8(+) IELs exhibited properties of activated T cells (CD69 expression and ex vivo cytotoxicity), virtually all CD8(+) IELs from normal mice were devoid of other activation-associated properties, including a lack of expression of OX40 and the ligand for OX40 (OX40L) and an absence of intracellular IFN-gamma staining. However, OX40 and OX40L expression were rapidly up-regulated on CD8 IELs following CD3 stimulation, indicating that both markers on IELs reflect activation-dependent events. Unlike IELs, activated lymph node T cells did not express OX40L, thus indicating that OX40-OX40L communication in the intestinal epithelium is part of a novel CD8 network. Functionally, OX40 expression was exclusively associated with IELs with active intracellular IFN-gamma synthesis and markedly enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity. However, OX40 costimulation during CD3-mediated activation significantly suppressed IL-10 synthesis by IELs, whereas blockade of OX40-OX40L by anti-OX40L mAb markedly increased IL-10 production. These findings indicate that: 1) resident CD69(+)OX40(-) IELs constitute a population of partially activated T cells poised for rapid delivery of effector activity, 2) OX40 and OX40L expression defines IELs that have undergone recent immune activation, 3) OX40(+) IELs are significantly more efficient CTL than are OX40(-) IELs, and 4) the local OX40/OX40L system plays a critical role in regulating the magnitude of cytokine responses in the gut epithelium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Immunological
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kotani A, Ishikawa T, Matsumura Y, Ichinohe T, Ohno H, Hori T, Uchiyama T. Correlation of peripheral blood OX40+(CD134+) T cells with chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2001; 98:3162-4. [PMID: 11698307 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.10.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no reliable laboratory indicator of the onset of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). This study looks at whether the expression of OX40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is related to the development of cGVHD in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 22 patients after day 100 were subjected to multicolor flow cytometry. The percentages of both OX40+CD4+ and OX40+CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in patients with cGVHD than those without (P <.0001 and P =.001, respectively). Serial analyses showed that OX40+CD4+ T cells elevated before the onset of cGVHD and closely correlated with the therapeutic response. The expression of CD25, CD69, and HLA-DR was partially detectable on OX40+ T cells. These results indicate that serial measurement of OX40+ T cells is useful for predicting the onset as well as the therapeutic response of cGVHD and raise a possibility that the OX40/gp34 system is involved in the pathogenesis of cGVHD.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Aplastic/therapy
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Biomarkers
- Chronic Disease
- Flow Cytometry
- Graft vs Host Disease/blood
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/mortality
- Graft vs Host Disease/therapy
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Hematologic Neoplasms/therapy
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kotani
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yuan YH, ten Hove T, The FO, Slors JF, van Deventer SJ, te Velde AA. Chemokine receptor CXCR3 expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001; 7:281-6. [PMID: 11720316 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200111000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes in the lamina propria (LP) of the gut play a central role in the immune response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor expressed on activated T lymphocytes, and a key component for the recruitment of T helper (Th1) effector cells to the site of inflammation. To determine if CXCR3 is involved in localization of T cells to the gut in IBD patients, we investigated the expression of CXCR3 on CD4+ T lymphocytes in the LP and in the submucosa of resection specimens from 51 IBD patients and 15 control patients. Positive cells were microscopically scored using a semiquantitative analysis on a five-point scale. We found that CD4+ T cells, CXCR3+ cells, and CD4+CXCR3+ T cells in the LP were slightly increased in both IBD groups compared with control non-IBD specimens. In addition, CD4+ and CXCR3+ cells in the submucosa were significant increased in the CD group compared with the control group. CD4+ and CXCR3+ expression was not statistically different between CD and UC. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the percentage of CXCR3+ cells within the CD4+ T-cell population isolated from biopsy specimens and peripheral blood from IBD patients and control patients. There was no difference in the percentage of CD4+CXCR3+ cells between the different groups in the gut as well as in the circulation. These results suggest that CD4+CXCR3+ T cells migrate to the normal and inflamed intestinal mucosa, indicating a role in maintaining normal gut homeostasis. The selective expression of CXCR3+ cells in the submucosa of CD patients might also indicate that these cells play a role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Yuan
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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