1
|
Oyama K, Ueda T. Relationship between protein conformational stability and its immunogenicity when administering antigens to mice using adjuvants-Analysis employed the CH2 domain in human antibodies. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307320. [PMID: 39038003 PMCID: PMC11262634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in the immune system by breaking down antigens into peptide fragments that subsequently bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Previous studies indicate that stable proteins can impede CD4+ T cell stimulation by hindering antigen processing and presentation. Conversely, certain proteins require stabilization in order to activate the immune response. Several factors, including the characteristics of the protein and the utilization of different adjuvants in animal experiments, may contribute to this disparity. In this study, we investigated the impact of adjuvants on antigen administration in mice, specifically focusing on the stability of the CH2 domain. Consequently, the CH2 domain induced a stronger IgG response in comparison to the stabilized one when using Alum and PBS (without adjuvant). On the other hand, animal experiment using Freund's adjuvant showed the opposite results. These findings indicate the significance of considering the intrinsic conformational stability of a protein when eliciting its immunogenicity, particularly within the context of vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Foo ACY, Mueller GA. Abundance and Stability as Common Properties of Allergens. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:769728. [PMID: 35386965 PMCID: PMC8974735 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.769728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to identify common biophysical properties which differentiate allergens from their non-immunogenic counterparts. This review will focus on recent studies which examine two such factors: abundance and stability. Anecdotal accounts have speculated that the elevated abundance of potential allergens would increase the likelihood of human exposure and thus the probability of sensitization. Similarly, the stability of potential allergens dictates its ability to remain a viable immunogen during the transfer from the source to humans. This stability could also increase the resilience of potential allergens to both gastric and endosomal degradation, further skewing the immune system toward allergy. Statistical analyses confirm both abundance and stability as common properties of allergens, while epidemiological surveys show a correlation between exposure levels (abundance) and allergic disease. Additional studies show that changes in protein stability can predictably alter gastric/endosomal processing and immunogenicity, providing a mechanistic link between stability and allergenicity. However, notable exceptions exist to both hypotheses which highlight the multifaceted nature of immunological sensitization, and further inform our understanding of some of these other factors and their contribution to allergic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A. Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo Q, Ahmed W, Dai Y, Mohsin A, Hang H, Zhuang Y, Guo M. Evaluation of a Virus-like Nanoparticle Porcine Circovirus Type-2 (PCV2) Capsid Protein Fused with the Pig Immunoglobulin Fc Fragment as a Novel Vaccine Candidate against PCV2 in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1128. [PMID: 34696236 PMCID: PMC8540293 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) is a primary etiological pathogen of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The capsid protein of PCV2 is the crucial immunogenic protein which can induce antibody generation and immune responses. However, there is still a lack of efficient PCV2 vaccines with high immunogenicity. In the current study, we developed a novel engineered PCV2 capsid (∆1-41aa)-pFc fusion protein (PCFP), which comprised a truncated capsid protein of PCV2 and a porcine IgG Fc fragment, fused to the capsid protein of PCV2 at the C-terminus. We found that this novel fusion protein could auto-assemble into virus-like nanoparticles with an estimated mean diameter of 22.6 nm, characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Immunization of BALB/c mice with this fusion protein significantly increased the production levels of anti-PCV2-capsid protein antibody in serum. Besides, the virus-like nanoparticles, PCFP was demonstrated to induce efficient cellular immune responses in mice, as evident by the high specific T cell reactivity to the PCFP fusion protein and the high production of the immune cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10 in an ex vivo re-stimulation system. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the PCV2 truncated capsid subunit Fc-fusion protein can induce both cellular and humoral immune responses, and it displays great application potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Q.L.); (W.A.); (Y.D.); (A.M.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Winter P, Stubenvoll S, Scheiblhofer S, Joubert IA, Strasser L, Briganser C, Soh WT, Hofer F, Kamenik AS, Dietrich V, Michelini S, Laimer J, Lackner P, Horejs-Hoeck J, Tollinger M, Liedl KR, Brandstetter J, Huber CG, Weiss R. In silico Design of Phl p 6 Variants With Altered Fold-Stability Significantly Impacts Antigen Processing, Immunogenicity and Immune Polarization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1824. [PMID: 33013833 PMCID: PMC7461793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding, which factors determine the immunogenicity and immune polarizing properties of proteins, is an important prerequisite for designing better vaccines and immunotherapeutics. While extrinsic immune modulatory factors such as pathogen associated molecular patterns are well-understood, far less is known about the contribution of protein inherent features. Protein fold-stability represents such an intrinsic feature contributing to immunogenicity and immune polarization by influencing the amount of peptide-MHC II complexes (pMHCII). Here, we investigated how modulation of the fold-stability of the grass pollen allergen Phl p 6 affects its ability to stimulate immune responses and T cell polarization. Methods: MAESTRO software was used for in silico prediction of stabilizing or destabilizing point mutations. Mutated proteins were expressed in E. coli, and their thermal stability and resistance to endolysosomal proteases was determined. Resulting peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The structure of the most stable mutant protein was assessed by X-ray crystallography. We evaluated the capacity of the mutants to stimulate T cell proliferation in vitro, as well as antibody responses and T cell polarization in vivo in an adjuvant-free BALB/c mouse model. Results: In comparison to wild-type protein, stabilized or destabilized mutants displayed changes in thermal stability ranging from -5 to +14°. While highly stabilized mutants were degraded very slowly, destabilization led to faster proteolytic processing in vitro. This was confirmed in BMDCs, which processed and presented the immunodominant epitope from a destabilized mutant more efficiently compared to a highly stable mutant. In vivo, stabilization resulted in a shift in immune polarization from TH2 to TH1/TH17 as indicated by higher levels of IgG2a and increased secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-21. Conclusion: MAESTRO software was very efficient in detecting single point mutations that increase or reduce fold-stability. Thermal stability correlated well with the speed of proteolytic degradation and presentation of peptides on the surface of dendritic cells in vitro. This change in processing kinetics significantly influenced the polarization of T cell responses in vivo. Modulating the fold-stability of proteins thus has the potential to optimize and polarize immune responses, which opens the door to more efficient design of molecular vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Winter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Stubenvoll
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Lisa Strasser
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carolin Briganser
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wai Tuck Soh
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Hofer
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Sophia Kamenik
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentin Dietrich
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara Michelini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Laimer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Lackner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Martin Tollinger
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saylor K, Gillam F, Lohneis T, Zhang C. Designs of Antigen Structure and Composition for Improved Protein-Based Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32153587 PMCID: PMC7050619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, vaccinologists have come to understand that the hallmark of any protective immune response is the antigen. However, it is not the whole antigen that dictates the immune response, but rather the various parts comprising the whole that are capable of influencing immunogenicity. Protein-based antigens hold particular importance within this structural approach to understanding immunity because, though different molecules can serve as antigens, only proteins are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immunity. This fact, coupled with the versatility and customizability of proteins when considering vaccine design applications, makes protein-based vaccines (PBVs) one of today's most promising technologies for artificially inducing immunity. In this review, we follow the development of PBV technologies through time and discuss the antigen-specific receptors that are most critical to any immune response: pattern recognition receptors, B cell receptors, and T cell receptors. Knowledge of these receptors and their ligands has become exceptionally valuable in the field of vaccinology, where today it is possible to make drastic modifications to PBV structure, from primary to quaternary, in order to promote recognition of target epitopes, potentiate vaccine immunogenicity, and prevent antigen-associated complications. Additionally, these modifications have made it possible to control immune responses by modulating stability and targeting PBV to key immune cells. Consequently, careful consideration should be given to protein structure when designing PBVs in the future in order to potentiate PBV efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Saylor
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Frank Gillam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Locus Biosciences, Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Lohneis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- BioPharmaceutical Technology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fedotova MM, Fedorova OS, Konovalova UV, Kamaltynova EM, Nagaeva TA, Ogorodova LM. Hen’s egg allergy: an update. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2018-2-156-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hen’s egg allergy is one of the most common problems in pediatrics. This pathology is associated with severe clinical manifestations, often with a risk of anaphylactic reactions. This review presents current data on the epidemiology and clinical presentation, as well as aspects of the natural history and management of hen’s egg allergy. The paper will provide data on allergenic proteins of hen’s egg, including data on structure, physicochemical properties, IgE-binding capacity, and cross-reactivity. Finally, practical information about egg allergy and immunization will be presented.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pablos-Tanarro A, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Martínez-Blanco M, López-Fandiño R, Molina E. Sensitizing and Eliciting Capacity of Egg White Proteins in BALB/c Mice As Affected by Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4500-4508. [PMID: 28467846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses to what extent technological processes that lead to different degrees of denaturation of egg white proteins affect their allergenicity. We focused on heat (80 °C, 10 min) and high-pressure (400 MPa and 37 °C, 10 min) treatments and used a BALB/c mouse model of food allergy. Oral sensitization to egg white using cholera toxin as adjuvant induced the production of IgE and IgG1 isotypes and led to severe clinical signs following challenge with the allergen. Extensive protein denaturation caused by heat treatment increased its ability to induce Th1 responses and reduced both its sensitizing and eliciting capacity. Heated egg white stimulated the production of IgE over IgG1 antibodies directed, at least in part, toward new epitopes exposed as a result of heat treatment. Conversely, partial denaturation caused by high-pressure treatment increased the ability of egg white to stimulate Th2 responses and its allergenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pablos-Tanarro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scheiblhofer S, Laimer J, Machado Y, Weiss R, Thalhamer J. Influence of protein fold stability on immunogenicity and its implications for vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:479-489. [PMID: 28290225 PMCID: PMC5490637 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1306441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In modern vaccinology and immunotherapy, recombinant proteins more and more replace whole organisms to induce protective or curative immune responses. Structural stability of proteins is of crucial importance for efficient presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC, which plays a decisive role for triggering strong immune reactions. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss structural stability as a key factor for modulating the potency of recombinant vaccines and its importance for antigen proteolysis, presentation, and stimulation of B and T cells. Moreover, the impact of fold stability on downstream events determining the differentiation of T cells into effector cells is reviewed. We summarize studies investigating the impact of protein fold stability on the outcome of the immune response and provide an overview on computational methods to estimate the effects of point mutations on protein stability. Expert commentary: Based on this information, the rational design of up-to-date vaccines is discussed. A model for predicting immunogenicity of proteins based on their conformational stability at different pH values is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheiblhofer
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Josef Laimer
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Yoan Machado
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- a Department of Molecular Biology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guillon B, Bernard H, Drumare MF, Hazebrouck S, Adel-Patient K. Heat processing of peanut seed enhances the sensitization potential of the major peanut allergen Ara h 6. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2722-2735. [PMID: 27374416 PMCID: PMC5213772 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Processing of food has been shown to impact IgE binding and functionality of food allergens. In the present study, we investigated the impact of heat processing on the sensitization capacity of Ara h 6, a major peanut allergen and one of the most potent elicitors of the allergic reaction. METHODS AND RESULTS Peanut extracts obtained from raw or heat-processed peanut and some fractions thereof were biochemically and immunochemically characterized. These extracts/fractions, purified Ara h 6, or recombinant Ara h 6 including Ara h 6 mutants lacking disulfide bridges were used in in vitro digestion tests and mouse models of experimental sensitization. Peanut roasting led to the formation of complexes of high molecular weight, notably between Ara h 6 and Ara h 1, which supported the induction of IgE specific to native Ara h 6. On the contrary, a fraction containing free monomeric 2S albumins or purified native Ara h 6 displayed no intrinsic allergenicity. In addition to complex formation, heat denaturation and/or partial destabilization enhanced Ara h 6 immunogenicity and increased its sensitivity to digestion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sensitization potency and IgE binding capacity can be supported by different structures, modified and/or produced during food processing in interaction with other food constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanche Guillon
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Bernard
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Drumare
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Hazebrouck
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A Rationally Designed TNF-α Epitope-Scaffold Immunogen Induces Sustained Antibody Response and Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163080. [PMID: 27658047 PMCID: PMC5033357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF-α biological inhibitors have significantly improved the clinical outcomes of many autoimmune diseases, in particular rheumatoid arthritis. However, the practical uses are limited due to high costs and the risk of anti-drug antibody responses. Attempts to develop anti-TNF-α vaccines have generated encouraging data in animal models, however, data from clinical trials have not met expectations. In present study, we designed a TNF-α epitope-scaffold immunogen DTNF7 using the transmembrane domain of diphtheria toxin, named DTT as a scaffold. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that the grafted TNF-α epitope is entirely surface-exposed and presented in a native-like conformation while the rigid helical structure of DTT is minimally perturbed, thereby rendering the immunogen highly stable. Immunization of mice with alum formulated DTNF7 induced humoral responses against native TNF-α, and the antibody titer was sustained for more than 6 months, which supports a role of the universal CD4 T cell epitopes of DTT in breaking self-immune tolerance. In a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, DTNF7-alum vaccination markedly delayed the onset of collagen-induced arthritis, and reduced incidence as well as clinical score. DTT is presumed safe as an epitope carrier because a catalytic inactive mutant of diphtheria toxin, CRM197 has good clinical safety records as an active vaccine component. Taken all together, we show that DTT-based epitope vaccine is a promising strategy for prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakamura H, Ohkuri T, So T, Ueda T. Relationship between the magnitude of IgE production in mice and conformational stability of the house dust mite allergen, Der p 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2279-84. [PMID: 27108391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein antigens are degraded by endosomal protease in antigen presentation cell. T cells recognize peptides derived from antigen proteins bound to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. We previously reported that an increase in the conformational stability of an antigen depressed its immunogenicity. However, there is little information on antigens with differences in molecular properties such as net charges and molecular weight. METHODS Denaturation experiments against guanidine hydrochloride. The serum IgE levels to protein antigens at 35days after the first immunization analyzed using ELISA. RESULTS The Der p 2 mutations in which Ile13 is mutated to Ala (I13A) and Ala122 is mutated to Ile (A122I) were shown to have lower and higher conformational stability than the wild-type, respectively, by denaturation experiments. The amount of IgE production by the less stable I13A mutant was higher and that of the stable A122I mutant was lower than that of the wild-type. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the increased conformational stability of Der p 2 depressed the IgE production in mice. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings should provide a milestone for the engineering of allergen vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ohkuri
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Benedé S, López-Expósito I, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Egg proteins as allergens and the effects of the food matrix and processing. Food Funct 2016; 6:694-713. [PMID: 25598200 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hen eggs are an important and inexpensive source of high-quality proteins in the human diet. Egg, either as a whole or its constituents (egg yolk and white), is a key ingredient in many food products by virtue of its nutritional value and unique functional properties, such as emulsifying, foaming, and gelling. Nevertheless, egg is also known because of its allergenic potential and, in fact, it is the second most frequent source of allergic reactions, particularly in children. This review deals with the structural or functional properties of egg proteins that make them strong allergens. Their ability to sensitize and/or elicit allergic reactions is linked to their resistance to gastroduodenal digestion, which ultimately allows them to interact with the intestinal mucosa where absorption occurs. The factors that affect protein digestibility, whether increasing it, decreasing it, or inducing a different proteolysis pattern, and their influence on their capacity to induce or trigger an allergic reaction are discussed. Special attention is paid to the effect of the food matrix and the processing practices on the capacity of egg proteins to modulate the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Machado Y, Freier R, Scheiblhofer S, Thalhamer T, Mayr M, Briza P, Grutsch S, Ahammer L, Fuchs JE, Wallnoefer HG, Isakovic A, Kohlbauer V, Hinterholzer A, Steiner M, Danzer M, Horejs-Hoeck J, Ferreira F, Liedl KR, Tollinger M, Lackner P, Johnson CM, Brandstetter H, Thalhamer J, Weiss R. Fold stability during endolysosomal acidification is a key factor for allergenicity and immunogenicity of the major birch pollen allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1525-34. [PMID: 26559323 PMCID: PMC4877439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for intrinsic factors, which account for a protein's capability to act as an allergen, is ongoing. Fold stability has been identified as a molecular feature that affects processing and presentation, thereby influencing an antigen's immunologic properties. OBJECTIVE We assessed how changes in fold stability modulate the immunogenicity and sensitization capacity of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. METHODS By exploiting an exhaustive virtual mutation screening, we generated mutants of the prototype allergen Bet v 1 with enhanced thermal and chemical stability and rigidity. Structural changes were analyzed by means of x-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular dynamics simulations. Stability was monitored by using differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Endolysosomal degradation was simulated in vitro by using the microsomal fraction of JAWS II cells, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Immunologic properties were characterized in vitro by using a human T-cell line specific for the immunodominant epitope of Bet v 1 and in vivo in an adjuvant-free BALB/c mouse model. RESULTS Fold stabilization of Bet v 1 was pH dependent and resulted in resistance to endosomal degradation at a pH of 5 or greater, affecting presentation of the immunodominant T-cell epitope in vitro. These properties translated in vivo into a strong allergy-promoting TH2-type immune response. Efficient TH2 cell activation required both an increased stability at the pH of the early endosome and efficient degradation at lower pH in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that differential pH-dependent fold stability along endosomal maturation is an essential protein-inherent determinant of allergenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Machado
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Regina Freier
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Theresa Thalhamer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Melissa Mayr
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sarina Grutsch
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda Ahammer
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes G Wallnoefer
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Almedina Isakovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vera Kohlbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Markus Steiner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Danzer
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Transfusion Service for Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Tollinger
- Center of Molecular Biosciences & Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Asam C, Batista AL, Moraes AH, de Paula VS, Almeida FCL, Aglas L, Kitzmüller C, Bohle B, Ebner C, Ferreira F, Wallner M, Valente AP. Bet v 1--a Trojan horse for small ligands boosting allergic sensitization? Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1083-93. [PMID: 24979350 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birch pollen allergy represents the main cause of winter and spring pollinosis in the temperate climate zone of the northern hemisphere and sensitization towards Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, affects over 100 million allergic patients. The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 has been described as promiscuous acceptor for a wide variety of hydrophobic ligands. OBJECTIVE In search of intrinsic properties of Bet v 1, which account responsible for the high allergenic potential of the protein, we thought to investigate the effects of ligand-binding on immunogenic as well as allergenic properties. METHODS As surrogate ligand of Bet v 1 sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was selected. Recombinant and natural Bet v 1 were characterised physico-chemically as well as immunologically in the presence or absence of DOC, and an animal model of allergic sensitization was established. Moreover, human IgE binding to Bet v 1 was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. RESULTS Ligand-binding had an overall stabilizing effect on Bet v 1. This translated in a Th2 skewing of the immune response in a mouse model. Analyses of human IgE binding on Bet v 1 in mediator release assays revealed that ligand-bound allergen-induced degranulation at lower concentrations; however, in basophil activation tests with human basophils ligand-binding did not show this effect. For the first time, human IgE epitopes on Bet v 1 were determined using antibodies isolated from patients' sera. The IgE epitope mapping of Bet v 1 demonstrated the presence of multiple binding regions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Deoxycholate binding stabilizes conformational IgE epitopes on Bet v 1; however, the epitopes themselves remain unaltered. Therefore, we speculate that humans are exposed to both ligand-bound and free Bet v 1 during sensitization, disclosing the ligand-binding cavity of the allergen as key structural element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Asam
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hock MB, Thudium KE, Carrasco-Triguero M, Schwabe NF. Immunogenicity of antibody drug conjugates: bioanalytical methods and monitoring strategy for a novel therapeutic modality. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:35-43. [PMID: 25380723 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity (the development of an adaptive immune response reactive with a therapeutic) is a well-described but unwanted facet of biotherapeutic development. There are commonly applied procedures for immunogenicity risk assessment, testing strategies, and bioanalysis. With some modifications, these can be applied to new biotherapeutic modalities. For novel therapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the unique structural components may contribute additional complexities to both immunologic responses and bioanalytical methods. US product inserts (USPIs) for two commercially available ADCs detail the incidence of immunogenicity; however, the body of literature on immunogenicity of ADCs is limited. We recently participated in a conference session on this topic (Annual meeting of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, held November 2013 in San Antonio, TX, USA. The meeting featured the Symposium: Immunogenicity Assessment for Novel Antibody Drug Conjugates, Nonclinical to Clinical) which prompted an effort to share our perspectives on how immunogenicity risk assessment, testing strategies, and bioanalytical methods can be adapted to reflect the complexity of ADC therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Benjamin Hock
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., 30E-3-B, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiménez-Saiz R, Benedé S, Miralles B, López-Expósito I, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Immunological behavior of in vitro digested egg-white lysozyme. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:614-24. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM; Madrid Spain
| | - Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM; Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Miralles
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM; Madrid Spain
| | - Iván López-Expósito
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM; Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM; Madrid Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ohkuri T, Nagatomo S, Oda K, So T, Imoto T, Ueda T. A Protein’s Conformational Stability Is an Immunologically Dominant Factor: Evidence That Free-Energy Barriers for Protein Unfolding Limit the Immunogenicity of Foreign Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4199-205. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Carrillo-Conde B, Schiltz E, Yu J, Chris Minion F, Phillips GJ, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Encapsulation into amphiphilic polyanhydride microparticles stabilizes Yersinia pestis antigens. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3110-9. [PMID: 20123135 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of biodegradable polymeric delivery systems based on polyanhydrides that would provide for improved structural integrity of Yersinia pestis antigens was the main goal of this study. Accordingly, the full-length Y. pestis fusion protein (F1-V) or a recombinant Y. pestis fusion protein (F1(B2T1)-V10) was encapsulated and released from microparticles based on 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH) and sebacic acid (SA) copolymers and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) and CPH copolymers fabricated by cryogenic atomization. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure changes in the antigenicity of the released proteins. The recombinant F1(B2T1)-V10 was unstable upon release from the hydrophobic CPH:SA microparticles, but maintained its structure and antigenicity in the amphiphilic CPTEG:CPH system. The full-length F1-V was stably released by both CPH:SA and CPTEG:CPH microparticles. In order to determine the effect of the anhydride monomers on the protein structure, changes in the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, as well as the antigenicity of both Y. pestis antigens, were measured after incubation in the presence of saturated solutions of SA, CPH, and CPTEG anhydride monomers. The results indicated that the amphiphilic environment provided by the CPTEG monomer was important to preserve the structure and antigenicity of both proteins. These studies offer an approach by which a thorough understanding of the mechanisms governing antigenic instability can be elucidated in order to optimize the in vivo performance of biodegradable delivery devices as protein carriers and/or vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Carrillo-Conde
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mine Y, Yang M. Recent advances in the understanding of egg allergens: basic, industrial, and clinical perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4874-4900. [PMID: 18543935 DOI: 10.1021/jf8001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of egg allergy has had both industrial and clinical implications. In industrialized countries, egg allergy accounts for one of the most prevalent food hypersensitivities, especially in children. Atopic dermatitis represents the most common clinical manifestation in infancy; however, the range of clinical signs is broad and encompasses life-threatening anaphylaxis. The dominant egg allergens are proteins and are mainly present in the egg white, for example, ovalbumin, ovomucoid, ovotransferrin, and lysozyme. However, egg yolk also displays low-level allergenicity, for example, alpha-livetin. Strict avoidance of the offending food remains the most common recommendation for egg-allergic individuals. Nevertheless, the omnipresence of egg-derived components in prepackaged or prepared foods makes it difficult. Therefore, more efficient preventive approaches are investigated to protect consumers from inadvertent exposure and ensuing adverse reactions. On the one hand, commercial kits have become readily available that allow for the detection of egg contaminants at trace levels. On the other hand, attempts to produce hypoallergenic egg-containing products through food-processing techniques have met with promising results, but the approach is limited due to its potentially undesirable effects on the unique functional and sensory attributes of egg proteins. Therefore, the development of preventive or curative strategies for egg allergy remains strongly warranted. Pilot studies have suggested that oral immunotherapy (IT) with raw or cooked preparations of egg may represent a safe alternative, immediately available to allergic subjects, but remains applicable to only nonanaphylactic patients. Due to the limitations of conventional IT, novel forms of immunotherapy are sought based on information obtained from the molecular characterization of major egg allergens. In the past decade, promising approaches to the treatment and prevention of egg allergy have been explored and include, among others, the production of hypoallergenic recombinant egg proteins, the development of customized peptides, and bacterial-mediated immunotherapy. Nonspecific approaches have also been evaluated, and preliminary trials with the use of probiotic bacteria have yielded encouraging results. The current understanding of egg allergens offers novel approaches toward the making of food products safe for human consumption and the development of efficient immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lecoq A, Moine G, Bellanger L, Drevet P, Thai R, Lajeunesse E, Ménez A, Léonetti M. Increasing the humoral immunogenic properties of the HIV-1 Tat protein using a ligand-stabilizing strategy. Vaccine 2008; 26:2615-26. [PMID: 18394763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tat is regarded as an attractive target for the development of an AIDS vaccine. However, works suggest that Tat is a poorly immunogenic protein and therefore we attempted to increase its immunogenic potency. As we observed that Tat is highly sensitive to enzymatic degradation in vitro we tried to make it less susceptible to proteolysis using ligands. We complexed Tat101 with various sulfated sugars and observed that some of these ligands made the protein more resistant to proteolysis and more immunogenic. In a more thorough study, we observed that a low-molecular-weight heparin fragment, called Hep6000, altered both the cell-binding capacity and transactivating activity of Tat101, suggesting that this sulfated polysaccharide can make the protein less toxic. Sera raised against Tat101 and Tat101/Hep6000 similarly bound mainly to the N-terminal region of the protein, indicating that formation of the complex does not alter the B-cell immunodominant region. Anti-Tat101/Hep6000 antisera neutralized the transactivating activity of Tat101 more efficiently than anti-Tat101 antisera. Altogether, these results indicate that stabilization of Tat101 using sulfated sugars increases its immunogenicity and might be of value in increasing its vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lecoq
- Commissariat de l'Energie Atomique, DSV, iBiTec-S, SIMOPRO, LCV, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Delamarre L, Couture R, Mellman I, Trombetta ES. Enhancing immunogenicity by limiting susceptibility to lysosomal proteolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2049-55. [PMID: 16908625 PMCID: PMC2118388 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
T cells recognize protein antigens as short peptides processed and displayed by antigen-presenting cells. However, the mechanism of peptide selection is incompletely understood, and, consequently, the differences in the immunogenicity of protein antigens remain largely unpredictable and difficult to manipulate. In this paper we show that the susceptibility of protein antigens to lysosomal proteolysis plays an important role in determining immunogenicity in vivo. We compared the immunogenicity of proteins with the same sequence (same T cell epitopes) and structure (same B cell epitopes) but with different susceptibilities to lysosomal proteolysis. After immunizing mice with each of the proteins adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant, we measured serum IgG responses as a physiological measure of the antigen's ability to be presented on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and to prime CD4+ T cells in vivo. For two unrelated model antigens (RNase and horseradish peroxidase), we found that only the less digestible forms were immunogenic, inducing far more efficient T cell priming and antibody responses. These findings suggest that stability to lysosomal proteolysis may be an important factor in determining immunogenicity, with potential implications for vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lélia Delamarre
- Department of Cell Biology and Section of Immunobiology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brady LJ. Antibody-mediated immunomodulation: a strategy to improve host responses against microbial antigens. Infect Immun 2005; 73:671-8. [PMID: 15664904 PMCID: PMC547018 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.671-678.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oli MW, Rhodin N, McArthur WP, Brady LJ. Redirecting the humoral immune response against Streptococcus mutans antigen P1 with monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6951-60. [PMID: 15557617 PMCID: PMC529146 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.6951-6960.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesin P1 of Streptococcus mutans has been studied as an anticaries vaccine antigen. An anti-P1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) bound to S. mutans prior to mucosal immunization of mice was shown previously to alter the amount, specificity, isotype, and biological activity of anti-P1 antibodies. The present study was undertaken to screen this and four additional anti-P1 MAbs for immunomodulatory activity when complexed with S. mutans and administered by a systemic route and to evaluate sera from immunized mice for the ability to inhibit adherence of S. mutans to immobilized human salivary agglutinin. All five MAbs tested influenced murine anti-P1 serum antibody responses in terms of subclass distribution and/or specificity. The effects varied depending on which MAb was used and its coating concentration. Two MAbs promoted a more effective, and two others a less effective, adherence inhibition response. An inverse relationship was observed between the ability of the MAbs themselves to inhibit adherence and the ability of antibodies elicited following immunization with immune complexes to inhibit adherence. Statistically significant correlations were demonstrated between the levels of anti-P1 serum immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG2b, but not of IgG1 or IgG3, and the ability of sera from immunized animals to inhibit bacterial adherence. These results indicate that multiple anti-P1 MAbs can mediate changes in the immune response and that certain alterations are potentially more biologically relevant than others. Immunomodulation by anti-P1 MAbs represents a useful strategy to improve the beneficial immune response against S. mutans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika W Oli
- Department of Oral Biology, P.O. Box 100424, Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thai R, Moine G, Desmadril M, Servent D, Tarride JL, Ménez A, Léonetti M. Antigen Stability Controls Antigen Presentation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50257-66. [PMID: 15364925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405738200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether protein stability controls antigen presentation using a four disulfide-containing snake toxin and three derivatives carrying one or two mutations (L1A, L1A/H4Y, and H4Y). These mutations were anticipated to increase (H4Y) or decrease (L1A) the antigen non-covalent stabilizing interactions, H4Y being naturally and frequently observed in neurotoxins. The chemically synthesized derivatives shared similar three-dimensional structure, biological activity, and T epitope pattern. However, they displayed differential thermal unfolding capacities, ranging from 65 to 98 degrees C. Using these differentially stable derivatives, we demonstrated that antigen stability controls antigen proteolysis, antigen processing in antigen-presenting cells, T cell stimulation, and kinetics of expression of T cell determinants. Therefore, non-covalent interactions that control the unfolding capacity of an antigen are key parameters in the efficacy of antigen presentation. By affecting the stabilizing interaction network of proteins, some natural mutations may modulate the subsequent T-cell stimulation and might help microorganisms to escape the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Thai
- Département d'Ingénierie et d'Etudes des Protéines, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, C.E. Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yeung VP, Chang J, Miller J, Barnett C, Stickler M, Harding FA. Elimination of an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope in human IFN-beta does not result in an in vivo response directed at the subdominant epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6658-65. [PMID: 15153481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BALB/cByJ mouse strain displays an immunodominant T cell response directed at the same CD4(+) T cell epitope peptide region in human IFN-beta, as detected in a human population-based assay. BALB/cByJ mice also recognize a second region of the protein with a lesser magnitude proliferative response. Critical residue testing of the immunodominant peptide showed that both BALB/cByJ mice and the human population response were dependent on an isoleucine residue at position 129. A variant IFN-beta molecule was constructed containing the single amino acid modification, I129V, in the immunodominant epitope. The variant displayed 100% of control antiproliferation activity. Mice immunized with unmodified IFN-beta responded weakly in vitro to the I129V variant. However, BALB/cByJ mice immunized with the I129V variant were unable to respond to either the I129V variant or the unmodified IFN-beta molecule by either T cell proliferation or Ag-specific IgG1 Ab production. This demonstrates that a single amino acid change in an immunodominant epitope can eliminate an immune response to an otherwise intact therapeutic protein. The elimination of the immunodominant epitope response also eliminated the response to the subdominant epitope in the protein. Modifying functionally immunodominant T cell epitopes within proteins may obviate the need for additional subdominant epitope modifications.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chang SH, Kim J, Lee KY, Kim HJ, Chung YJ, Park CU, Kim BS, Jang YS. Modification of the Inhibitory Amino Acid for Epitope Peptide Binding onto Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules Enhances Immunogenicity of the Antigen. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:123-32. [PMID: 14871288 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the arginine at hen egg-white lysozyme 61 (HEL 61) was characterized as inhibiting T-lymphocyte stimulation due to the inefficient binding of the arginine-containing epitope peptide to the corresponding major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in C57BL/6 mice. In this study, we produced recombinant HEL, with arginine or alanine at HEL 61, and compared its ability to induce immune responses in mice to see whether modification of an inhibitory amino acid could enhance the immunogenicity of an inefficient antigen. Immunization of the mice with modified HEL induced strong antibody and T-cell immune responses against the native antigen. The enhanced T-cell immune response was due to a more specific elevation of the T-cell responses to the HEL 46-61 epitope region than to other epitope regions, although recognition of the other epitope peptides of HEL was generally increased. Mass spectrometric analyses of the epitope peptides generated by splenic antigen-presenting cells indicated that production of the epitope peptides encompassing HEL 46-61 was efficient using the modified antigen. These results suggest that modification of the critical amino acid residue(s) involved in hampering induction of an efficient immune response is an effective method to improve the immunogenicity of an inefficient antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-H Chang
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pedotti R, Sanna M, Tsai M, DeVoss J, Steinman L, McDevitt H, Galli SJ. Severe anaphylactic reactions to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) self peptides in NOD mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus. BMC Immunol 2003; 4:2. [PMID: 12597780 PMCID: PMC153530 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2002] [Accepted: 02/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin dependent (i.e., "type 1") diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is considered to be a T cell mediated disease in which TH1 and Tc autoreactive cells attack the pancreatic islets. Among the beta-cell antigens implicated in T1DM, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 appears to play a key role in the development of T1DM in humans as well as in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the experimental model for this disease. It has been shown that shifting the immune response to this antigen from TH1 towards TH2, via the administration of GAD65 peptides to young NOD mice, can suppress the progression to overt T1DM. Accordingly, various protocols of "peptide immunotherapy" of T1DM are under investigation. However, in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), another autoimmune TH1 mediated disease that mimics human multiple sclerosis, anaphylactic shock can occur when the mice are challenged with certain myelin self peptides that initially were administered with adjuvant to induce the disease. RESULTS Here we show that NOD mice, that spontaneously develop T1DM, can develop fatal anaphylactic reactions upon challenge with preparations of immunodominant GAD65 self peptides after immunization with these peptides to modify the development of T1DM. CONCLUSIONS These findings document severe anaphylaxis to self peptide preparations used in an attempt to devise immunotherapy for a spontaneous autoimmune disease. Taken together with the findings in EAE, these results suggest that peptide therapies designed to induce a TH1 to TH2 shift carry a risk for the development of anaphylactic reactivity to the therapeutic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosetta Pedotti
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maija Sanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hugh McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|