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Pedreira A, Fernandes S, Simões M, García MR, Vázquez JA. Synergistic Bactericidal Effects of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Essential Oil Constituents. Foods 2024; 13:1831. [PMID: 38928773 PMCID: PMC11202425 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial tolerance is a significant concern in the food industry, as it poses risks to food safety and public health. To overcome this challenge, synergistic combinations of antimicrobials have emerged as a potential solution. In this study, the combinations of two essential oil constituents (EOCs), namely carvacrol (CAR) and eugenol (EUG), with the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, two common foodborne bacteria. The checkerboard assay was employed to determine the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and the fractional bactericidal concentration index (FBCI), indicating the presence of bactericidal, but not bacteriostatic, synergy in all QAC-EOC combinations. Bactericidal synergism was clearly supported by Bliss independence analysis. The bactericidal activity of the promising synergistic combinations was further validated by time-kill curves, achieving a >4-log10 reduction of initial bacterial load, which is significant compared to typical industry standards. The combinations containing DDAC showed the highest efficiency, resulting in the eradication of bacterial population in less than 2-4 h. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects when evaluating antimicrobial combinations and the potential of EOC-QAC combinations for sanitization and disinfection in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Pedreira
- Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
- Biosystems and Bioprocess Engineering Group (Bio2Eng), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Susana Fernandes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.F.); (M.S.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Míriam R. García
- Biosystems and Bioprocess Engineering Group (Bio2Eng), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
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2
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Zou X, Zheng X, Liang Y, Zhang C, Fan B, Liang J, Ling J, Bian Z, Yu Q, Hou B, Chen Z, Wei X, Qiu L, Chen W, He W, Xu X, Meng L, Zhang C, Chen L, Deng S, Lei Y, Xie X, Wang X, Yu J, Zhao J, Shen S, Zhou X, Yue L. Expert consensus on irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal therapy. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:23. [PMID: 38429299 PMCID: PMC10907616 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-024-00280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes. Additionally, ambiguous clinical indications for root canal medication and non-standardized dressing protocols must be clarified. Inappropriate intracanal medication may present side effects and jeopardize the therapeutic outcomes. Indeed, clinicians have been aware of these concerns for years. Based on the current evidence of studies, this article reviews the properties of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments and elucidates their effectiveness and interactions. The evolution of different kinetic irrigation methods, their effects, limitations, the paradigm shift, current indications, and effective operational procedures regarding intracanal medication are also discussed. This expert consensus aims to establish the clinical operation guidelines for root canal irrigation and a position statement on intracanal medication, thus facilitating a better understanding of infection control, standardizing clinical practice, and ultimately improving the success of endodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zou
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
- Center of Stomatology, Peking University Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Liang
- Department of Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; National Center for Stomatology; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xián, China
| | - Benxiang Hou
- Center for Microscope Enhanced Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenxia Chen
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenxi He
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Air Force Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuyan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuli Deng
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yayan Lei
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Endodontology, Hunan Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University & Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Song Shen
- Center of Stomatology, Peking University Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lin Yue
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China.
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Thomas H, Nirupama DN, Nainan MT, Naveen DN, Ranjini CY, Vijay R. Comparative evaluation of antifungal activity of Sodium Hypochlorite, Calcium Hypochlorite and modified Salt Solution associated with passive ultrasonic irrigation against Candida albicans - An In-Vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:159-163. [PMID: 38463475 PMCID: PMC10923231 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_211_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aim The study evaluated the antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and modified salt solution (MSS) assisted with passive ultrasonic irrigation against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods One hundred and thirty-six single-rooted premolars were decoronated and enlarged up to a file #45, autoclaved, inoculated with C. albicans, and incubated for 72 h. The samples were randomly distributed into eight groups (n = 17) according to the protocol for decontamination G1: No treatment, G2: Distilled water (DW), G3: 2.5% NaOCl, G4: 2.5% NaOCl + ultrasonic activation (US), G5: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2, G6: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 + US, G7: MSS, G8: MSS + US. Microbiological testing (Colony forming Unit [CFU] counting) was performed before and after the treatment. Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to the one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey's post hoc test (P < 0.05). Results and Conclusion Groups 1 and 2 showed the highest mean contamination (5.41 and 4.31 log10 CFU/mL, respectively), which was statistically different from all the other groups (P < 0.001). G4 showed the lowest mean contamination (0.24 log10 CFU/mL) with statistically significant value (P < 0.001). 2.5% NaOCl with ultrasonic activation can aid in significant fungal reduction. Ultrasonic activation of 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% Ca(OCl)2, and MSS was also found to have improved antifungal activity against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Thomas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D. N. Nirupama
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Thomas Nainan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D. N. Naveen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C. Y. Ranjini
- Department of Microbiology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R. Vijay
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Suwartini T, Santoso J, Widyarman AS, Ratnasari D. Efficacy of Bioceramic and Calcium Hydroxide-Based Root Canal Sealers against Pathogenic Endodontic Biofilms: An In vitro Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2022; 13:322-330. [PMID: 36687000 PMCID: PMC9855266 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_198_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complete eradication of root canal pathogens cannot be predictably achieved by chemomechanical preparation and root canal disinfection. Therefore, an obturation material that has superior antimicrobial activity and sealing ability is required to inactivate residual microbes and prevent them from reentering the root canal system. Recently developed bioceramic root canal sealers are hydraulic cement which form calcium hydroxide during the hydration process. Like calcium hydroxide sealers, they exert an antimicrobial effect by releasing hydroxyl ions and increasing the pH. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of a calcium hydroxide-based sealer and two bioceramic sealers against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans biofilms. Materials and Methods The sealers were dissolved in sterile saline to obtain supernatants. Biofilm formation assays, colony counting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of each supernatant. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results All sealers exerted effects against all three microbial biofilms. The biofilm formation assays showed that the bioceramic sealers were more effective against P. gingivalis and E. faecalis biofilms. In contrast, colony counting and real-time PCR showed that the calcium hydroxide sealer was significantly more effective than the bioceramic sealers. All tests showed that the calcium hydroxide sealer was more effective against C. albicans, with the colony count and real-time PCR results showing statistically significant differences. Conclusion The calcium hydroxide-based sealer was more effective than the bioceramic sealers in eradicating pathogenic root canal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Suwartini
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jessica Santoso
- Conservative Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Armelia Sari Widyarman
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dina Ratnasari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Thienngern P, Panichuttra A, Ratisoontorn C, Aumnate C, Matangkasombut O. Efficacy of chitosan paste as intracanal medication against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm compared with calcium hydroxide in an in vitro root canal infection model. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:354. [PMID: 35974361 PMCID: PMC9382833 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans are frequently found in persistent endodontic infection and could remain in dentinal tubules despite intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), a commonly used medication. Thus, an effective and safe antimicrobial medication against such refractory infection is necessary in endodontic retreatment, so we aimed to test the efficacy of chitosan paste against these microorganisms compared with Ca(OH)2 in root canals of extracted human teeth. Methods Thirty-six sterilized human root samples prepared from extracted premolars and upper maxillary incisors were infected with E. faecalis for 14 days, while 32 were infected with C. albicans for 48 h, for mature biofilm formation. The samples were assigned to 6 groups of intracanal medications: Group 1: no medication (negative control); Group 2: 20% Polyethylene glycol (PEG); Group 3: 20% Propylene glycol (PG); Group 4: Ca(OH)2; Group 5: Chitosan + PEG; and Group 6: Chitosan + PG. After 7 days, intracanal surface dentin was harvested using Protaper next, resuspended, serially diluted and spread on Brain–Heart-Infusion agar (for E. faecalis) and Yeast Extract-Peptone-Dextrose agar (for C. albicans) for colony count. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined as percentage of remaining colony forming unit (CFUs) relative to negative control and analyzed using One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Games-Howell test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results For E. faecalis, chitosan + PG had significantly higher antibacterial activity than Ca(OH)2 (P = 0.039). Chitosan + PEG and chitosan + PG medication significantly reduced viable bacteria compared with negative control, PEG and PG (P = 0.001, 0.003, 0.024, respectively for chitosan + PEG; P = 0.002, 0.003, 0.014, respectively for chitosan + PG). For C.albicans, chitosan + PEG and chitosan + PG were not significantly different from Ca(OH)2. However, Chitosan + PEG and chitosan + PG, but not Ca(OH)2, showed a significantly lower level of remaining CFUs compared with negative control (P = 0.013 and 0.005, respectively). Conclusion Chitosan paste showed better efficacy in reducing viable E. faecalis biofilm when compared to Ca(OH)2 after 7-day intracanal medication in this in vitro root canal model. It could also significantly reduce viable C. albicans, but was not significantly different from Ca(OH)2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02385-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasika Thienngern
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchana Panichuttra
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chootima Ratisoontorn
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chuanchom Aumnate
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Research Laboratory of Biotechnoloty, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kampangpetch 6 Rd, Laksi, Bangkok, 10120, Thailand.
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Aneja K, Gupta A, Abraham D, Aggarwal V, Sethi S, Chauhan P, Singh A, Kurian AH, Jala S. Influence of vehicle for calcium hydroxide on postoperative pain: a scoping review. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2022; 22:75-86. [PMID: 35449780 PMCID: PMC8995678 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2022.22.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to identify the influence of the vehicle and its concentration used to carry calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) medicament on postoperative pain. The protocol for this review was registered in the open science framework (Registration DOI-10.17605/OSF.IO/4Y8A9) and followed the guidelines provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Reporting was based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Literature screening and searches were performed on PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and EBSCO hosts. Furthermore, additional records were manually analyzed using various sources. The selected studies were published in English and included the use of any vehicle adjunct to Ca(OH)2 to evaluate postoperative pain using qualitative and quantitative pain assessment tools. Descriptive analysis was conducted to review the study design, vehicle elements, and their effects. A preliminary search yielded 7584 studies, of which 10 were included. According to the data collected, the most commonly used Ca(OH)2 vehicles were chlorhexidine (CHX), normal saline, and camphorated paramonochlorophenol/glycerine (CPMC/glycerine), which had a significant effect on postoperative pain. Among the included studies, six evaluated the effect of CHX as a vehicle. It was observed that a higher concentration of the vehicle (2%) showed a favorable response in reducing postoperative pain. A majority of studies have validated a positive consequence of using a vehicle on postoperative pain. Although higher vehicle concentrations were found to alter postoperative pain levels, the data were insufficient to draw a firm conclusion. Our scoping review indicates that further clinical studies should focus on using different vehicles at various concentrations and application times to check for feasible and safe exposure in addition to providing pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Aneja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Alpa Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Dax Abraham
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek Aggarwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Simar Sethi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Parul Chauhan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Arundeep Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ansy Hanna Kurian
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sucheta Jala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Leelapornpisid W, Novak-Frazer L, Qualtrough A, Rautemaa-Richardson R. Effectiveness of D,L-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) and alpha-mangostin against endodontopathogenic microorganisms in a multispecies bacterial-fungal biofilm in an ex vivo tooth model. Int Endod J 2021; 54:2243-2255. [PMID: 34473354 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a defined multispecies root canal biofilm model ex vivo, and to perform viable compositional analysis following D,L-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA), alpha-mangostin, Calcicur® , and Odontopaste® exposure. METHODOLOGY Time-kill assays were conducted in vitro using HICA, alpha-mangostin, Calcicur® , Odontopaste® , and saline solution on the planktonic cultures of C. albicans, E. faecalis, L. rhamnosus, and S. gordonii. Human root dentine blocks were prepared (n = 100) ex vivo, and multispecies suspensions containing each of 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL C. albicans, E. faecalis, L. rhamnosus, and S. gordonii in brain heart infusion (BHI) were incubated within the root canals for 21 days. Canals (n = 20/group) were then exposed to medicaments for 7 days. Samples taken from the inner (first 0.1 mm) and deeper (second 0.1 mm) dentine by drilling with Ash Steel Burs No. 5 and No. 6, and residual roots were cultured in broth for 24 h. Cell growth was detected by spectrophotometry and confirmed by culture on agar. The other set of inner dentine, deeper dentine, and residual root samples were sonicated, and then exposed with 50 μM PMA before DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA mini kit. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to determine the biofilm composition as well as the number of live and total cells remaining in the biofilm following each treatment. The OD data were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman with Wilcoxon signed-rank test between and within groups, respectively, agar culture and qPCR data with Pearson chi-square with Mann-Whitney and Cochran with McNemar tests, respectively (p < .0001). RESULTS Time-kill assays revealed that HICA and Calcicur® killed all planktonic organisms within 24 h, whilst alpha-mangostin killed the organisms within 72 h. However, Odontopaste® was a slow-killing agent: 10 cells of planktonic organisms survived after exposure to the agent for 7 days. The ex vivo tooth model demonstrated that HICA and alpha-mangostin significantly inhibited the cell growth in all sampling depths (p < .0001). All species-specific data revealed the effectiveness of each medicament on the biofilm composition. CONCLUSIONS D,L-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid and alpha-mangostin had antimicrobial activity against multispecies bacterial-fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warat Leelapornpisid
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lilyann Novak-Frazer
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester and Department of Infectious Diseases, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester and Department of Infectious Diseases, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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8
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Antibacterial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel versus Different Types of Root Canal Medicaments Using Agar Diffusion Test: An In Vitro Comparative Study. Int J Dent 2020; 2020:6483026. [PMID: 33354215 PMCID: PMC7737462 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6483026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite gel and four types of intracanal medicaments. Materials and Methods The agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of five medicaments (sodium hypochlorite gel (NaOCl), chlorhexidine gel (CHX), calcium hydroxide paste (CH), Ledermix, and Diapex plus) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The zone of inhibition around each medicament was measured in millimeters, after 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. The antibacterial effects of medicaments against each microbial strain and the sensitivity of microorganisms towards each medicament were compared using the one-way ANOVA and Games–Howell post hoc tests. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05. Results All medicaments showed variable inhibition zones for all bacterial strains except Diapex Plus which showed no antibacterial activity. NaOCl gel exhibited the most significant inhibition zones for all bacterial strains followed by CHX gel, Ledermix, and CH. However, the effect of CHX and CH paste against S. aureus was statistically similar, while the effect of CH against E. faecalis was significantly higher than the Ledermix. Conclusion Sodium hypochlorite gel displayed the highest antibacterial activity among tested medicaments and can be recommended as a potent intracanal medicament. Chlorhexidine gel showed a significantly higher antibacterial effect when compared with Ledermix and calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity against E. faecalis than Ledermix. Diapex Plus exhibited no antibacterial effect.
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Kerlikowski A, Matthes R, Pink C, Steffen H, Schlüter R, Holtfreter B, Weltmann KD, von Woedtke T, Kocher T, Jablonowski L. Effects of cold atmospheric pressure plasma and disinfecting agents on Candida albicans in root canals of extracted human teeth. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000221. [PMID: 32931142 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reinfection in endodontically treated teeth is linked to the complexity of the root canal system, which is problematic to reach with conventional disinfection methods. As plasma is expected to have the ability to sanitize narrow areas, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) on Candida albicans in root canals of extracted human teeth. CAP was applied as mono treatment and in combination with standard endodontic disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and octenidine). Disinfection efficiency was evaluated as reduction of the logarithm of colony forming units per milliliter (log10 CFU/mL) supported by scanning electron microscopy as imaging technique. Plasma alone showed the highest reduction of log10 CFU, suggesting the best disinfection properties of all tested agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kerlikowski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rutger Matthes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane Pink
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heike Steffen
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birte Holtfreter
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Weltmann
- Department Plasma Life Science, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Department Plasma Life Science, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukasz Jablonowski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Yüksel BN, Demirel A, Ziya M, Kolçakoğlu K, Doğan S, Sarı Ş. The effects of various irrigation protocols on root canal wall adaptation and apical microleakage in primary teeth. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:321-326. [PMID: 31909679 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1709890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the wall adaptation and apical microleakage values following the application of various irrigation protocols in primary teeth.Material and methods: For the two parts of the study, extracted upper incisor primary teeth were randomly included to the 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)+1% NaOCl, 6% citric acid (CA)+1% NaOCl and 0.9% physiological saline (PS) groups. Canal wall adaptation and apical microleakage were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and stereomicroscope, respectively.Results: 6% CA + 1% NaOCl group was found to be the most successful irrigation protocol in providing strong canal wall adaptation and less apical microleakage, followed by 10% EDTA +1% NaOCl. 6% CA +1% NaOCl was significantly superior regarding apical microleakage (p < .05).Conclusions: Due to the ability to provide appropriate changes in the root canal walls to make a well-adapted and leak-proof canal filling, 6% CA + 1% NaOCl can be recommended as an irrigation protocol in primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Nihan Yüksel
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Akif Demirel
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem Ziya
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kolçakoğlu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Salih Doğan
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Şaziye Sarı
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Candida albicans Biofilm Heterogeneity and Tolerance of Clinical Isolates: Implications for Secondary Endodontic Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040204. [PMID: 31671533 PMCID: PMC6963865 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Endodontic infections are caused by the invasion of various microorganisms into the root canal system. Candida albicans is a biofilm forming yeast and the most prevalent eukaryotic microorganism in endodontic infections. In this study we investigated the ability of C. albicans to tolerate treatment with standard endodontic irrigants NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a combination thereof. We hypothesized that biofilm formed from a panel of clinical isolates differentially tolerate disinfectant regimens, and this may have implications for secondary endodontic infections. Methodology: Mature C. albicans biofilms were formed from 30 laboratory and oral clinical isolates and treated with either 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA or a sequential treatment of 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA for 5 min. Biofilms were then washed, media replenished and cells reincubated for an additional 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 °C. Regrowth was quantified using metabolic reduction, electrical impedance, biofilm biomass and microscopy at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: Microscopic analysis and viability readings revealed a significant initial killing effect by NaOCl, followed by a time dependent significant regrowth of C. albicans, but with inter-strain variability. In contrast to NaOCl, there was a continuous reduction in viability after EDTA treatment. Moreover, EDTA significantly inhibited regrowth after NaOCl treatment, though viable cells were still observed. Conclusions: Our results indicate that different C. albicans biofilm phenotypes grown in a non-complex surface topography have the potential to differentially tolerate standard endodontic irrigation protocols. This is the first study to report a strain dependent impact on efficacy of endodontic irrigants. Its suggested that within the complex topography of the root canal, a more difficult antimicrobial challenge, that existing endodontic irrigant regimens permit cells to regrow and drive secondary infections.
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Raoof M, Khaleghi M, Siasar N, Mohannadalizadeh S, Haghani J, Amanpour S. Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Myrtus Communis L. and Eucalyptus Galbie and their Combination with Calcium Hydroxide Powder against Enterococcus Faecalis. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2019; 20:195-202. [PMID: 31579695 PMCID: PMC6732178 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2019.44898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem: The goal of endodontic therapy is the reduction or elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system. The use of intracanal medicament between treatment appointments is recommended in order to eliminate any remainang microorganisms in the pulp space.
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Myrtus communis L.
and Eucalyptus galbie, their combination with calcium hydroxide powder; combination of calcium hydroxide powder with water,
and ready-to-use calcium hydroxide paste with iodoform; against Enterococcus faecalis.
Materials and Method: In this experimental study, after gathering the plants, their methanolic extracts were obtained by masceration method. The diameters of inhibition zone of all mentioned materials were determined by agar diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC); and anti biofilm effect of the materials that showed antibacterial effect in agar diffusion test, were then evaluated by tube dilution test, and microtiter plate assay followed by colorimetric crystal violet methods, respectively.
Results: After 48 hours, both herbal extracts showed antimicrobial effect. However, combination of calcium hydroxide with extracts produced no zone of inhibition.
The mean inhibition zone of Eucalyptus extract was more than that of Myrtus. However, the results of ANOVA test, showed that there was no significant difference
between the antibacterial effect of Eucalyptus galbie, Myrtus communis L. and positive control (Cefoxitin) (p Value= 0.987). The MIC for both extracts were 12.5 mg/ml.
MBC evaluation of the two methanolic extracts showed no bactericidal effect on Enterococcus faecalis. Based on ELISA analysis, biofilm formation in response to different
sub-MIC concentrations of both extracts was scored as weak to moderate.
Conclusion: The methanolic extracts of Eucalyptus galbie and Myrtus communis L. in combination with calcium hydroxide powder were not able to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis within 48 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Raoof
- Dept. of Endodontology, Endodontology Research Center, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moj Khaleghi
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Siasar
- Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mohannadalizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jahangir Haghani
- Dept. of Maxillofacial Radiology, Kerman School of Dentistry, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Amanpour
- Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Superhydrophobic coatings with self-cleaning and antibacterial adhesion properties for denture base. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:148-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kameri A, Koçani F, Hashani Z, Kurteshi K, Kamberi B, Kurti A, Haziri A. Antifungal and Synergistic Effects of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Against Candida albicans. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2019; 25:179-186. [PMID: 31451678 PMCID: PMC6730044 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.917394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the continued demand for new, effective, and safe endodontic therapies, the aim of this study was assessment of efficiency of the ethyl acetate (EthOAc) extract of Tanacetum vulgare (L.) against Candida albicans. MATERIAL AND METHODS The antifungal effectiveness of the EthOAc extract of T. vulgare was determined using the agar disk diffusion method. The inhibition zones induced by the EthOAc extract were compared after 5 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours to those induced by standard solutions (2% chlorhexidine, saturated calcium hydroxide, and 2% sodium hypochlorite). Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS The inhibition zone of chlorhexidine against C. albicans was 30.3-19.3 mm, but in combination with EthOAc extract (100 mg/mL) of T. vulgare, this inhibition was from 32.7-30 mm, indicating that this combination exerted a marked synergistic effect against C. albicans. The inhibition zone of sodium hypochlorite (69.7-65 mm) was higher than the inhibition zone of EthOAc extract and chlorhexidine. The combination of EthOAc extract with sodium hypochlorite resulted in a loss of antifungal activity. Furthermore, the activity of the EthOAc extract against C. albicans was decreased after mixing the extract with dentine at a concentration of 25 mg/50 µL (30.3-20.7 mm). The EthOAc extract did not show a genotoxic effect on lymphocyte cells. CONCLUSIONS The EthOAc extract of T. vulgare may be a useful tool to discover natural bioactive agents that have antifungal activity against C. albicans and could be used as endodontic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Kameri
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Ferit Koçani
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Zeqir Hashani
- Education Faculty, University of Prizren “Ukshin Hoti”, Prizren, Kosovo
| | - Kemajl Kurteshi
- Department of Biology, Natural Science Faculty, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Blerim Kamberi
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Arsim Kurti
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Arben Haziri
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Science Faculty, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
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Demirel A, Yüksel BN, Ziya M, Gümüş H, Doğan S, Sari Ş. The effect of different irrigation protocols on smear layer removal in root canals of primary teeth: a SEM study. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:380-385. [PMID: 30859897 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1577491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of different irrigation protocols on smear layer removal in root canals of primary teeth by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted with 40 extracted maxillary primary incisor teeth divided into four groups (n = 10) as 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)+1% NaOCl, 6% citric acid (CA)+1% NaOCl, and 0.9% physiological saline (PS). After the irrigation procedures, root canal walls were examined by SEM and the efficacies of irrigation solutions in smear layer removal were scored and compared. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman and Siegel Castellan tests. RESULTS The smear layer removal was found to be statistically more effective in groups of 10% EDTA + 1% NaOCl and 6% CA + 1% NaOCl when compared with the other groups (p < .05). Smear removal efficacy was statistically significantly higher in coronal and medium thirds when compared with the apical regions in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that 10% EDTA + 1% NaOCl and 6% CA + 1% NaOCl could be alternative irrigation protocols regarding smear layer removal. However, due to the absence of erosive dentinal changes, it might be suggested that using 6% CA + 1% NaOCl can be recommended compared to 10% EDTA + 1% NaOCl in primary root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Demirel
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Nihan Yüksel
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem Ziya
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüsniye Gümüş
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Salih Doğan
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Şaziye Sari
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Siqueira Junior JF, Rôças IDN, Marceliano-Alves MF, Pérez AR, Ricucci D. Unprepared root canal surface areas: causes, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e65. [PMID: 30365606 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemomechanical preparation is intended to clean, disinfect, and shape the root canal. This step is of utmost importance during treatment of infected teeth with apical periodontitis, because treatment outcome depends on how effectively the clinician eliminates bacteria, their products, and necrotic tissue that would serve as substrate for bacterial regrowth. Nonetheless, curvatures and complex internal anatomical variations of the root canal system can pose a high degree of difficulty in reaching these goals. In infected teeth, bacteria may persist not only in difficult-to-reach areas such as isthmuses, ramifications, dentinal tubules, and recesses from C-shaped or oval/flattened canals, but also in areas of the main canal wall that remain untouched by instruments. If bacteria withstand chemomechanical procedures, there is an augmented risk for post-treatment apical periodontitis. This article discloses the reasons why some areas remain unprepared by instruments and discusses strategies to circumvent this issue and enhance infection control during endodontic treatment/retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabela das Neves Rôças
- Universidade Estácio de Sá, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alejandro Ron Pérez
- Universidade Estácio de Sá, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Nogo-Zivanovic D, Bjelovic L, Ivanovic V, Kanjevac T, Tanaskovic I. Consideration of the Therapeutic Potential of Irrigants in Endodontic Therapy. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of endodontic treatment is to remove vital and necrotic remnants of pulp tissue and microorganisms and their toxic products from the root canal. During chemo-mechanical endodontic preparation, a smear layer is formed on the wall of the canals. Due to an inability to remove all tissue remnants and the smear layer from the root canal by mechanical instrumentation, it is necessary to use irrigation to ensure sufficient cleaning and disinfection of the largest part of the root canalicular system. The most commonly used irrigants are sodium hypochlorite (Na-OCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid and chlorhexidine (CHX). Recently, the irrigants QMix and MTAD have been introduced to the market. They are a mixture of different components having antimicrobial, organolytic and mineralytic effects on canal detritus and the smear layer. This review article investigates irrigants in terms of the nature of their effect, their efficiency, optimal concentration, and method of use, and the interactions between the irrigants most commonly used in endodontic therapy are discussed, with special emphasis on QMix and MTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Nogo-Zivanovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljiljana Bjelovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vladimir Ivanovic
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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Kumar SM, Kumar VA, Natarajan P, Sreenivasan G. Antifungal Efficacy and the Mechanical Properties of Soft Liners against Candida albicans after the Incorporation of Garlic and Neem: An In vitro Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:212-217. [PMID: 29911057 PMCID: PMC5985676 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_343_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro growth inhibition of Candida albicans, in the soft-liner material and Shore A hardness from resin-based denture soft lining materials modified by neem or garlic incorporation. Materials and Methods: Resin discs were prepared with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and soft liners incorporated with varying concentrations of neem or garlic. For antifungal activity, resin discs were placed on agar plates inoculated with C. albicans and were evaluated after 2, 4, and 7 days using the streaking method. The hardness of the PMMA was evaluated with the use of Shore A at 2, 4, and 7 days. Data were statistically processed by SPSS software (IBM Company, Chicago, USA) using Kruskal–Wallis test, and post hoc comparisons were done using Dunn's test. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Neem and garlic added to PMMA soft liner had an inhibitory effect on C. albicans. Both the neem and garlic when added showed positive results against C. albicans when compared to the control group. The soft liner hardness increased statistically by time but not for the different plant extract concentrations. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was found that neem and garlic can be used as an additive to tissue conditioner to reduce the adherence of C. albicans without significantly affecting the hardness of the heat-polymerized acrylic resin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Anand Kumar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gayathri Sreenivasan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sangalli J, Júnior EGJ, Bueno CRE, Jacinto RC, Sivieri-Araújo G, Filho JEG, Cintra LTÂ, Junior ED. Antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum associated with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2273-2279. [PMID: 29318387 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dentin specimens obtained from extracted bovine incisors were infected during 14 days with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and C. albicans ATCC 10231. The specimens were filled with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with the following vehicles: Psidium cattleianum ethanolic, Psidium cattleianum propylene glycolic, distilled water, and saline as control. After 24 h, 3, 7, and 14 days, the canals were irrigated with sterile saline and dried. Dentin samples were collected from the canals with burs of increasing diameters. To determine the number of colony-forming units (CFU), samples were inoculated onto BHI agar supplemented with yeast extract (0.5%), at 37 °C, for 48 h, in CO2 enriched atmosphere. Comparisons among the groups for the variation factors were performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Ethanolic and propylene glycolic extracts showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis (p < 0.01) when compared with distilled water. The ethanolic extract exhibited in 24 h the same antibacterial activity that propylene glycolic extract and distilled water after 7 and 14 days. For C. albicans, all were effective in reducing the number of CFU at all periods. CONCLUSION The P. cattleianum ethanolic extract presented the fastest and highest antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, significantly reducing the microbial load in 24 h. All medications were effective against C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The antibacterial potential of P. cattleianum and its biological compatibility associated with calcium hydroxide indicate promising applications in the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgiana Sangalli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Elerson Gaetti Jardim Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Imunology, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Emerenciano Bueno
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Rogério Castilho Jacinto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sivieri-Araújo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Ângelo Cintra
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Eloi Dezan Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil.
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Charannya S, Duraivel D, Padminee K, Poorni S, Nishanthine C, Srinivasan MR. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles and 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate When Used Alone and in Combination Assessed Using Agar Diffusion Method: An In vitro Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:S204-S209. [PMID: 30294145 PMCID: PMC6169295 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_869_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) is a potent antimicrobial that is widely used in several fields of medicine. Chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate is a well-known agent used in dentistry to eliminate oral microbial flora. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of AgNPs, 2% CHX gluconate, and the combination of two solutions against endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. These organisms are frequently found in the root canal space and their persistence may lead to endodontic failure. The synergistic effect of the two solutions has been evaluated in this study. The antibiotic gentamycin was taken as the control group. Settings and Design: Agar well diffusion method was used and minimum inhibitory concentration of AgNP was found to be 15 μg/mL. AgNPs were synthesized from the aqueous plant extract of Cassia roxburghii. The combination of CHX-AgNP solution was stirred together by a glass rod. The values were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS software version 20. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare within the groups and between groups. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: CHX-AgNP combined solution exhibited the highest efficacy in comparison to these solutions used alone. They showed the highest efficacy against C. albicans among the three organisms tested. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the antimicrobial efficacy of a novel mixture of CHX-AgNP solution, and it may be developed as a promising antimicrobial agent against endodontic flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharam Charannya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dasarathan Duraivel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Padminee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Poorni
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Cruz Nishanthine
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manali Ramakrishnan Srinivasan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yoo YJ, Kwon I, Oh SR, Perinpanayagam H, Lim SM, Ahn KB, Lee Y, Han SH, Chang SW, Baek SH, Zhu Q, Kum KY. Antifungal Effects of Synthetic Human Beta-defensin-3-C15 Peptide on Candida albicans-infected Root Dentin. J Endod 2017; 43:1857-1861. [PMID: 28951032 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal efficacy of a synthetic human beta-defensin-3-C15 peptide (HBD3-C15) in Candida albicans-infected human root dentin. METHODS Standardized root dentin blocks were prepared (6-mm thick, 0.7-mm-wide canal) from single-rooted human permanent premolars and infected with C. albicans for 3 weeks. They were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8/group), and their canals were filled with calcium hydroxide (CH), HBD3-C15 peptide, or chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX, 2%) as disinfectants or saline as control. After 1 week of disinfection, dentinal debris were harvested at depths of 200 and 400 μm from the canal lumen, and incubated in Yeast broth for 72 hours at 37°C. Then, colony-forming units (CFU) were measured to assess the antifungal efficacy of each medicament and analyzed statistically. RESULTS All medicaments showed significantly lower CFU than saline (P < .05), and their antifungal efficacies were similar at both 200- and 400-μm tubular depths (P > .05). HBD3-C15 had similar antifungal efficacy to that of CHX at both depths (P > .05), and both medicaments had significantly lower CFU than CH at both depths (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In this ex vivo model of C. albicans-infected human root dentin, the antifungal efficacy of synthetic HBD3-C15 was comparable with CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikyung Kwon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ram Oh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Sang-Min Lim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Ahn
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Baek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Division of Endodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Balakrishna N, Moogi P, Kumar GV, Prashanth BR, Shetty NK, Rao KR. Effect of conventional irrigation and photoactivated disinfection on Enterococcus faecalis in root canals: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:125-128. [PMID: 28855761 PMCID: PMC5564239 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.212244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: A study was done to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and photoactivated disinfection (PAD) on Enterococcus faecalis. Settings and Design: Random sampling, in-vitro study. Subjects and Methods: Access opening and biomechanical preparation were performed on fifty freshly extracted mandibular second premolars. The specimens were sterilized; 15 μm of E. faecalis was inoculated into each canal and incubated at 36°C for 24 h. Later, specimens were randomly divided into two groups of fifty each and following procedures was carried out: (i) conventional irrigation with 2.25% NaOCl (ii) PAD using diode laser, and toluidine blue photosensitizer. Samples were collected from each canal using sterile paper points which were deposited in brain heart infusion broth, and microbiological evaluation was carried out. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test was used to find the significant difference in the reduction of colony forming unit (CFU) between the groups. Results: The mean CFUs of the two groups showed statistically significant difference (P = 0.001). Improved antibacterial efficacy was seen with PAD group compared to conventional NAOCL irrigation. Conclusions: NaOCl alone was not effective in eliminating E. faecalis completely from the root canals. PAD compared to conventional irrigation showed the best results in removing E. faecalis from root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Balakrishna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Moogi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G Vinay Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashanth
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nithin Kumar Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaushal R Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.L.E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Gandhi K, Maganti RS, Kaur H, Vinod KS, Verma P. Formulation and Evaluation of Sol-Gel Drug Delivery System for Intracanal pH Sensitive Controlled Delivery of Chlorhexidine. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC68-ZC72. [PMID: 28571266 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26061.9693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistence of viable micro-organisms even after thorough chemomechanical debridement has been cited as a major cause for endodontic failure. Chlorhexidine is a drug, which has shown marked efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida spp., which are mostly accounted for endodontic failure and it has demonstrated high degree of substantivity to dentin by adsorption. Another issue with chlorhexidine and other intracanal medicaments is the excessive or premature peaking of the drug leading to possible side effects. AIM The objective of this experimental work undertaken was to formulate a pH sensitive sol-gel sustained drug delivery system containing chlorhexidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The formulations were prepared using different concentrations of GELRITE® (0.1% and 0.2%) and Chlorhexidine (0.1% and 0.2%). The prepared solutions were evaluated for pharmacological properties like sterility test, viscosity, drug content, drug release characteristics, drug excipient compatible study. RESULTS The drug excipient compatibility studies showed no interaction between the excipient and the active constituent. The microbial analysis showed good efficacy against the test micro-organisms and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values against Candida albicans (ATCC® 14053™) was observed as 4 μl/ml for both formulation containing 0.1% and 0.2% of GELRITE® Gellan (polymer). Whereas, MIC values against Enterococcus faecalis was observed to be 3.2 μl/ml and 6 μl/ml for formulation containing 0.1% and 0.2% of GELRITE® Gellan (polymer) respectively. CONCLUSION From the present study, it could be successfully demonstrated that sol-gel formulations can be simple, easy to administer mode of intracanal drug delivery system. Localized pH changes present within the canal can trigger sol-gel conversion thereby releasing the drug in sustained manner with less toxicity and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gandhi
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radha Srikrishna Maganti
- General Manager, Department of Research and Development, Sai Life Sciences Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K S Vinod
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences, Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Pratik Verma
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Rama Dental College and Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sevekar SA, Gowda SHN. Postoperative Pain and Flare-Ups: Comparison of Incidence Between Single and Multiple Visit Pulpectomy in Primary Molars. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC09-ZC12. [PMID: 28511499 PMCID: PMC5427425 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/22662.9377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic treatment performed in either single- or multiple visit can be followed by numerous short- and long term complications. One of the short term complications include postoperative pain and flare-ups. The ability to predict its prevalence and forewarn the patient may go some way towards enabling coping strategies and help dentist in pain management treatment decisions. AIM To compare the incidence and intensity of postoperative pain and flare-ups between single- and multiple visit pulpectomy in primary molars. Also, to correlate the preoperative status of the pulp to postoperative pain and flare-ups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty primary molars indicated for pulpectomy were included in the study and divided into two groups. Tooth treated and preoperative status of the pulp vitality was recorded. All the conventional steps in pulpectomy were followed. Teeth in Group 1 (single visit pulpectomy) were obturated on the same visit. Teeth in Group 2 (multiple visit pulpectomy) were obturated in the subsequent appointment. The recording of postoperative pain, flare-ups, use of medication were done after 24 hours, seven days and one month. RESULTS Four cases in both the groups reported postoperative pain (10%) at 24 hour recall, p=0.74. One flare-up (2.5%) was recorded in each group p=0.67. None of the patients reported pain at seventh day and one month recall. Postoperative pain was recorded in five non-vital teeth (13.5%) and three vital teeth (6.9%). However, it was statistically not significant p=0.53. CONCLUSION From the perspective of our study there was a low incidence of postoperative pain. The majority of patients in both groups reported no pain or only minimal pain within 24 hours of treatment. There were no differences between single- and multi visit treatment protocols with respect to the incidence of postoperative pain. No significant correlation could be found between pulp vitality and the incidence of postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrirang Anand Sevekar
- Associate Professor, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, MGM Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhadra Halemane Nagaraj Gowda
- Associate Professor, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, YMT Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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25
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Shen Y, Zhao J, de la Fuente-Núñez C, Wang Z, Hancock REW, Roberts CR, Ma J, Li J, Haapasalo M, Wang Q. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Multispecies Oral Biofilm Resistance to Chlorhexidine Treatment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27537. [PMID: 27325010 PMCID: PMC4914838 DOI: 10.1038/srep27537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate recovery of multispecies oral biofilms following chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and CHX with surface modifiers (CHX-Plus) treatment. Specifically, we examine the percentage of viable bacteria in the biofilms following their exposure to CHX and CHX-Plus for 1, 3, and 10 minutes, respectively. Before antimicrobial treatment, the biofilms are allowed to grow for three weeks. We find that (a). CHX-Plus kills bacteria in biofilms more effectively than the regular 2% CHX does, (b). cell continues to be killed for up to one week after exposure to the CHX solutions, (c). the biofilms start to recover after two weeks, the percentage of the viable bacteria recovers in the 1 and 3 minutes treatment groups but not in the 10 minutes treatment group after five weeks, and the biofilms fully return to the pretreatment levels after eight weeks. To understand the mechanism, a mathematical model for multiple bacterial phenotypes is developed, adopting the notion that bacterial persisters exist in the biofilms together with regulatory quorum sensing molecules and growth factor proteins. The model reveals the crucial role played by the persisters, quorum sensing molecules, and growth factors in biofilm recovery, accurately predicting the viable bacterial population after CHX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - César de la Fuente-Núñez
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 Canada.,Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Clive R Roberts
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S. Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine as a root canal irrigant: a literature review. J Oral Sci 2016; 56:99-103. [PMID: 24930745 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Use of an appropriate root canal irrigant is essential during endodontic treatment, due to the complex and unpredictable anatomy of the root canal system and limitations in the mechanical instrumentation techniques used to obtain a clean, bacteria-free canal. Several irrigants, such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and normal saline, have been proposed as canal system irrigants in endodontic treatment. The widely used endodontic irrigant chlorhexidine is a positively charged lipophilic/hydrophobic molecule that interacts with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell membrane. In endodontics, its mode of antibacterial activity is determined by its concentration (0.2% or 2%). This article reviews findings from available endodontic studies on the antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activities of chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahed Mohammadi
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
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27
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A 3D numerical study of antimicrobial persistence in heterogeneous multi-species biofilms. J Theor Biol 2016; 392:83-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Gowri M, Sofi Beaula W, Biswal J, Dhamodharan P, Saiharish R, Rohan prasad S, Pitani R, Kandaswamy D, Raghunathan R, Jeyakanthan J, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G. β-lactam substituted polycyclic fused pyrrolidine/pyrrolizidine derivatives eradicate C. albicans in an ex vivo human dentinal tubule model by inhibiting sterol 14-α demethylase and cAMP pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:636-47. [PMID: 26723175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Further quest for new anti-fungal compounds with proven mechanisms of action arises due to resistance and dose limiting toxicity of existing agents. Among the human fungal pathogens C. albicans predominate by infecting several sites in the body and in particular oral cavity and root canals of human tooth. METHODS In the present study, we screened a library of β-lactam substituted polycyclic fused pyrrolidine/pyrrolizidine compounds against Candida sp. Detailed molecular studies were carried out with the active compound 3 on C. albicans. Morphological damage and antibiofilm activity of compound 3 on C. albicans was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biochemical evidence for membrane damage was studied using flow cytometry. In silico docking studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of action of compound 3. Further, the antifungal activity of compound 3 was evaluated in an ex vivo dentinal tubule infection model. RESULTS Screening data showed that several new compounds were active against Candida sp. Among them, Compound 3 was most potent and exerted time kill effect at 4h, post antifungal effect up to 6h. When used in combination with fluconazole or nystatin, compound 3 revealed an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) decrease by 4 fold for both drugs used. In-depth molecular studies with compound 3 on C. albicans showed that this compound inhibited yeast to hyphae (Y-H) conversion and this involved the cAMP pathway. Further, SEM images of C. albicans showed that compound 3 caused membrane damage and inhibited biofilm formation. Biochemical evidence for membrane damage was confirmed by increased propidium iodide (PI) uptake in flow cytometry. Further, in silico studies revealed that compound 3 docks with the active site of the key enzyme 14-α-demethylase and this might inhibit ergosterol synthesis. In support of this, ergosterol levels were found to be decreased by 32 fold in compound 3 treated samples as analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Further, the antifungal activity of compound 3 was evaluated in an ex vivo dentinal tubule infection model, which mimics human tooth root canal infection. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies showed 83% eradication of C. albicans and a 6 log reduction in colony forming unit (CFU) after 24h treatment in the infected tooth samples in this model. CONCLUSION Compound 3 was found to be very effective in eradicating C. albicans by inhibiting cAMP pathway and ergosterol biosynthesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study can pave the way for developing new antifungal agents with well deciphered mechanisms of action and can be a promising antifungal agent or medicament against root canal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyazhagan Gowri
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology & Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai- 600 116, India
| | - Winfred Sofi Beaula
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology & Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai- 600 116, India
| | - Jayashree Biswal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi- 630003, India
| | - Prabhu Dhamodharan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi- 630003, India
| | - Raghavan Saiharish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology & Research,Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai- 600 116, India
| | - Surabi Rohan prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M), Chennai- 600 025, India
| | - Ravishankar Pitani
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai-600 116, India
| | - Deivanayagam Kandaswamy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai-600 116, India
| | - Ragavachary Raghunathan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai- 600 025, India
| | | | - Suresh K Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT M), Chennai- 600 025, India.
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology & Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai- 600 116, India.
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Joy Sinha D, Garg P, Verma A, Malik V, Maccune ER, Vasudeva A. Dentinal Tubule Disinfection with Propolis & Two Extracts of Azadirachta indica Against Candida albicans Biofilm Formed on Tooth Substrate. Open Dent J 2015; 9:369-74. [PMID: 26962368 PMCID: PMC4763964 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study evaluates the disinfection of dentinal tubules using Propolis, Azadirachta indica (alcoholic and aqueous extracts), 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide against Candida albicans biofilm formed on tooth substrate. Materials & Method: One hundred and five human teeth were infected with Candida albicans for 2 days. Samples were divided into 7 groups. Group I- Propolis, Group II- Alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica, Group III- Aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica, Group IV- 2% Chlorhexidine, Group V- Calcium hydroxide, Group VI- Ethanol and Group VII- Saline (negative control). At the end of 1,3 and 5 days, the antimicrobial efficacy of medicaments against Candida albicans was assessed at the depths of 200 µm and 400 µm. Results: The overall percentage inhibition of fungal growth (at 200 µm and 400 µm depth) was 99.2% with 2% chlorhexidine gel. There was no statistical difference between propolis, alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) and 2% chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Propolis and alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica performed equally well as that of 2% Chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshita Joy Sinha
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad (U.P.)- 244001, India
| | - Paridhi Garg
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad (U.P.)- 244001, India
| | - Anurag Verma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India
| | | | | | - Agrima Vasudeva
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad (U.P.)- 244001, India
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Gomes CC, Pinto LCC, Victor FL, Silva EABD, Ribeiro ADA, Sarquis MIDM, Camões ICG. Aspergillus in endodontic infection near the maxillary sinus. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 81:527-32. [PMID: 26254203 PMCID: PMC9449009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diseases of the maxillary sinus have been associated with dental roots near the maxillary sinus that have undergone endodontic treatment. Objective To investigate the presence of filamentous fungi in patients with dental roots near the maxillary sinus who had apical periodontitis treated endodontically, and to alert practitioners that this could be a possible avenue of contamination of the sinus in patients who develop maxillary sinus infection. Methods Cross-sectional study in 60 palatal roots of the first maxillary molars near the maxillary sinus, that underwent endodontic treatment for apical periodontitis. After removal of the filling material, dentin shavings were collected and placed in test tubes containing Sabouraud dextrose agar and chloramphenicol. The phenotype was determined by macroscopic and microscopic examination of the colonies. For polymerase chain reaction, the primers ITS-5 and ITS-4 were used. The sequences obtained were compared with those deposited at GenBank using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool program. Results Filamentous fungi were isolated from 6 of 60 canals (10%): Aspergillus niger (6.7%), Aspergillus versicolor (1.6%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (1.6%). Conclusion Root canals near the maxillary sinus with endodontic treatment and apical periodontitis may exhibit positive cultures for filamentous fungi. Interested professionals should be alert, because these microorganisms have pathogenic characteristics that can cause disease of odontogenic origin in the maxillary sinus.
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Weckwerth PH, Lima FLDS, Greatti VR, Duarte MAH, Vivan RR. Effects of the association of antifungal drugs on the antimicrobial action of endodontic sealers. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29:S1806-83242015000100269. [PMID: 26083088 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to determine the susceptibility of oral specimens and ATCC lineages of Candida albicans for five endodontic sealers, which were pure and associated with two antifungal drugs, and to analyze their effect on the physical properties. For this purpose, 30 lineages of C. albicans, collected from the oral cavity of patients assisted at the endodontics clinic of the Universidade Sagrado Coração, were analyzed. Yeasts susceptibility to the sealers was tested by diffusion on agar plates. Physical properties were evaluated according to the ADA specification no. 57. The pure versions of the Sealer 26, AH Plus, Endofill, Fillapex, and Sealapex demonstrated antifungal activity, with Endofill presenting the greatest inhibition zones. All cements, except for Endofill, had their antifungal actions enhanced by addition of ketoconazole and fluconazole (p < 0.05), and the AH Plus presented the best antifungal activity. The addition of antifungal drugs did not interfere with the setting time and flowability of the sealers. It was concluded that the addition of antifungals to endodontic sealers enhanced the antimicrobial action of most cements tested without altering their physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanessa Raquel Greatti
- Pro-Rectory of Research and Post Graduation, Universidade Sagrado Coração, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Comparison of the Antifungal Efficacy of 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD with Other Routine Irrigants: An Ex-Vivo Study. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:575748. [PMID: 27379317 PMCID: PMC4897288 DOI: 10.1155/2014/575748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To evaluate and compare the antifungal efficacy of 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), and iodine potassium iodide (IKI). Materials and Methods. Fifty-two single rooted teeth were used which were divided into four groups with 10 teeth in each group: 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, IKI, 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD, and physiologic saline. Two teeth served as negative controls and were placed in fresh brain-heart infusion broth (BHI) after autoclaving. The teeth were inoculated and incubated with Candida albicans after which the teeth were instrumented and irrigated with the test irrigants. The first microbial sampling was then performed and colony forming unit/mL (cfu/mL) was counted. The second microbial sampling was performed 1 week after instrumentation and irrigation. Results. The test irrigants were effective against C. albicans in both the first and second microbial samplings. When the irrigants were compared, there was no statistical difference in their activity in the 1st and 2nd microbial sampling. On comparison of the change in mean cfu/mL between the 1st and 2nd microbial samplings, the antifungal activity of the test irrigants was in the order 2.5% NaOCl > 2% CHX > 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD > IKI.
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Santos JM, Palma PJ, Ramos JC, Cabrita AS, Friedman S. Periapical inflammation subsequent to coronal inoculation of dog teeth root filled with resilon/epiphany in 1 or 2 treatment sessions with chlorhexidine medication. J Endod 2013; 40:837-41. [PMID: 24862712 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic methods that inhibit microbial ingress into filled root canals are desirable. This in vivo study assessed the inhibition of periapical inflammation subsequent to coronal inoculation in canals medicated with 2% chlorhexidine gel and filled with Resilon/Epiphany (Pentron Clinical Technologies, Wallingford, CT). METHODS Six Beagle dogs each had 10 two-rooted premolars treated. In group 1 (n = 36 roots), 1 root/tooth had the canal conditioned with Primer Epiphany, filled with Epiphany sealer and Resilon core in 1 session, and coronally sealed with PhotacFil. In group 2 (n = 36 roots), the second root/tooth had the canal medicated with 2% chlorhexidine gel for 1 week and then filled and coronally sealed as in group 1. After 3 weeks, canals were exposed to the oral environment for 7 days, inoculated with isologous plaque, and coronally sealed. Negative controls treated as groups 1 and 2 remained sealed. Positive controls had canals unfilled and exposed. Seven months after inoculation, dogs were euthanized; jaw blocks processed for histologic examination; and periapical inflammation (PI) recorded as none, mild, or severe. RESULTS In groups 1 and 2, severe PI occurred in 5 of 65 roots (8%) and mild PI in 18 of 65 roots (28%) with a significantly higher (P = .031) PI incidence in group 2 than in group 1. Negative controls had only mild PI in 9 of 29 roots (31%). Roots medicated with 2% chlorhexidine gel had mild PI significantly more (P = .009) than roots filled in 1 session (more than 2-fold). CONCLUSIONS Intracanal medication with 2% chlorhexidine gel and root filling with Resilon/Epiphany did not effectively inhibit apical periodontitis subsequent to coronal inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M Santos
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João C Ramos
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António S Cabrita
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Shimon Friedman
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhu X, Yin X, Chang JWW, Wang Y, Cheung GSP, Zhang C. Comparison of the antibacterial effect and smear layer removal using photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming aided irrigation versus a conventional irrigation in single-rooted canals: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31:371-7. [PMID: 23863104 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Er:YAG laser with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) technique was reported to be effective in root canal disinfection. This study attempted to further investigate the antibacterial efficacy and smear layer removal ability of PIPS in comparison with conventional syringe irrigation in vitro. METHODS For antibacterial analysis, 48 single-rooted human teeth were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and then divided into six groups of eight roots each. The colony-forming units (CFUs) per milliliter were determined after infection as the baseline. Then, the teeth were subjected to either PIPS plus 3% sodium hypochlorite (PIPS+NaOCl) or conventional syringe irrigation with 0.9% saline, 3% NaOCl, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), or 3% NaOCl alternating with 17% EDTA. The reduction of CFUs in the individual group was determined. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the canal walls for E. faecalis colonization was performed. For comparing the smear removal efficacy, another 48 single-rooted teeth, assigned to different groups as mentioned, were irrigated after mechanical instrumentation. The presence of a smear layer at different levels of the root canal was scored by SEM examination. RESULTS No significant differences were found in CFU reduction. No bacteria could be observed by SEM in the NaOCl, NaOCl+EDTA, and PIPS+NaOCl groups. The scores of smear layer of the NaOCl+EDTA and PIPS+NaOCl groups were significantly lower than those of the other groups in the coronal and middle third of the root canal. None of the methods can effectively remove smear layer in the apical third. CONCLUSIONS PIPS system supplied with NaOCl and conventional syringe irrigation with NaOCl+EDTA are comparable in their ability to remove E. faecalis and smear layer in single-rooted canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhu
- Special Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing University, Beijing, China
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Shen Y, Gao Y, Lin J, Ma J, Wang Z, Haapasalo M. Methods and models to study irrigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tirali RE, Gulsahi K, Cehreli SB, Karahan ZC, Uzunoğlu E, Elhan A. Antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine hydrochloride, MTAD and chlorhexidine gluconate mixed with calcium hydroxide. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013; 14:456-60. [PMID: 24171989 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate whether mixing with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] affects the antimicrobial action of Octenidine hydrochloride (Octenisept), MTAD and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Freshly grown cultures of Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and a mixture of both strains were incubated in agar plates containing brain-heart infusion broth (BHIB). Zones of inhibition were measured at 24 and 48 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, both p=0.05). RESULTS Mixing with Ca(OH)2 significantly increased the antibacterial effect of Octenisept (p<0.05), but did not alter its antifungal activity. Only chlorhexidine showed more antibacterial and antifungal efficiency compared to its Ca(OH)2-mixed version (both p<0.05). Mixing with Ca(OH)2 decreased the antibacterial efficacy of MTAD, but increased its antifungal effect (both p<0.05). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the differential effects of Ca(OH)2 addition on the antimicrobial action of the tested endodontic medicaments in vitro. Ca(OH)2 was as effective as its combination with all of the tested medicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmiye Ebru Tirali
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey, e-mail:
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Sinha N, Patil S, Dodwad PK, Patil AC, Singh B. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide paste, chlorhexidine gel, and a combination of both as intracanal medicament: An in vivo comparative study. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:65-70. [PMID: 23349580 PMCID: PMC3548350 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide (CH), 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) and a combination of both, on obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes and Candida spp . Materials and Methods: 90 single rooted permanent teeth were included in the study. After complete disinfection and access opening, the first microbiological pre-treatment sample (S1) was collected. After completion of instrumentation, a post-instumentation sample (S2) was taken and the teeth were divided into three groups: Group I: CH, Group II: 2% CHX, Group III: 2% CHX with CH. After 1 week, a post-medication sample (S3) was collected. Results: All three medicaments were effective in the elimination of obligate anaerobes. CHX and combination showed higher antimicrobial effect against facultative anaerobes and Candida spp. in comparison with CH. But there was no statistical significant difference between Group II and Group III. Conclusion: CHX with or without CH was more effective than CH alone against all the tested micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sinha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jodhpur Dental College, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, India
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Mohammadi Z, Shalavi S, Yazdizadeh M. Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide in endodontics: a review. Chonnam Med J 2012; 48:133-40. [PMID: 23323217 PMCID: PMC3539092 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2012.48.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of endodontic therapy is to preserve the patient's natural teeth without compromising the patient's local or systemic health. Calcium hydroxide has been included in several materials and antimicrobial formulations that are used in several treatment modalities in endodontics, such as inter-appointment intracanal medicaments. The purpose of this article was to review the antimicrobial properties of calcium hydroxide in endodontics. Calcium hydroxide has a high pH (approximately 12.5-12.8) and is classified chemically as a strong base. The lethal effects of calcium hydroxide on bacterial cells are probably due to protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. Calcium hydroxide has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Calcium hydroxide is also a valuable anti-endotoxin agent. However, its effect on microbial biofilms is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mohammadi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran. ; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research (ICER), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Farhad AR, Barekatain B, Allameh M, Narimani T. Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide in combination with three different vehicles: An in vitro study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012; 9:167-72. [PMID: 22623933 PMCID: PMC3353693 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.95231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Antimicrobial activity of interappointment intracanal medications is an important consideration in endodontics. Considering the fact that calcium hydroxide (CH) cannot sterilize the root canal system, completing its antimicrobial spectrum seems necessary. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of CH combined with three different vehicles in root canal system. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 61 freshly extracted human single rooted teeth were used. After chemo-mechanical preparation, the teeth were dressed with CH in combination with: G1: Distilled water (DW); G2: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; G3: 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. All teeth were mounted in a 2-chamber apparatus. After sterilization, the coronal chamber was exposed to bacteria and the apical chamber was filled with broth for 90 days. Leakage was recorded when turbidity was observed in broth. Mean times of leakage and turbidity percentage were recorded for each group. Data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA test (α=0.005). Results: The highest mean time of contamination was for chorhexidine/CH combination (M=66.76 days), and the lowest was for DW/CH combination (M=40.29 days). Statistically significant difference was observed between G3 and G1 (P=0.042), but the difference between G2 and G3 (P=0.76) or G1 and G2 (P=0.18) were not significant. 88.23% of the samples of G1, 70.58% of G2, and 64.70% of G3 were contaminated after 3 months. Conclusion: As an intracanal medication, the chlorhexidine/CH combination had significantly more antibacterial activity than DW/CH combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Farhad
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Department of Endodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
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Gulsahi K, Tirali RE, Cehreli SB, Karahan ZC, Uzunoglu E, Sabuncuoglu B. The effect of temperature and contact time of sodium hypochlorite on human roots infected with Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Odontology 2012; 102:36-41. [PMID: 23011474 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-012-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2.5 % NaOCl at different temperature and time intervals on Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans-infected human roots. A total of 112 root cylinders prepared from extracted single-rooted humans were infected by E. faecalis (Group A, n = 56) or C. albicans (Group B, n = 56); 3 root cylinders served as negative controls. Both groups were further divided into 6 subgroups according to three contact times (30 s, 1 min, 5 min) with NaOCl at two different temperatures (25 or 37 °C). Microorganism growth was controlled at the 24th and 48th hours. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. While NaOCl at 25 °C for 5 min was the most effective irrigation regimen to eliminate E. faecalis (p < 0.001), NaOCl at 37 °C for 5 min exhibited significantly superior antifungal properties (p < 0.05). At the same contact times, difference in the temperature of NaOCl did not affect the growth of either E. faecalis or C. albicans. As a result, the irrigation time of NaOCl was more effective than the temperature to eliminate E. faecalis, while pre-heating of NaOCl to 37 °C increased its effectiveness on C. albicans at 5 min contact time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Gulsahi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Pereira MSS, Faria G, Bezerra da Silva LA, Tanomaru-Filho M, Kuga MC, Rossi MA. Response of mice connective tissue to intracanal dressings containing chlorhexidine. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1653-8. [PMID: 22887775 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Substances containing chlorhexidine (CHX) have been studied as intracanal medicaments. The aim of the present study was to characterize the response of mouse subcutaneous connective tissue to CHX-containing medications by conventional optical microscopy. The tissue response was evaluated by implanting polyethylene tubes containing one of the substances evaluated: Calen paste + 0.5% CHX, Calen + 2% CHX, 2% CHX gel, and Calen paste (control). After experimental periods of 7, 21, and 63 days, the implants (n = 10) were removed along with the subcutaneous connective tissue. Tissue samples were subjected to histological processing, and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the number of inflammatory cells, blood vessels, and vascularized areas were performed. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests with the significance level set at 5%. We concluded that Calen + 0.5% CHX led to reparative tissue response in contrast with Calen + 2% CHX and 2% CHX gel, which induced persistent inflammatory response, pointing to the aggressive nature of this mixture. When Calen + 2% CHX and 2% CHX gel were compared, the latter induced more intense inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela Soares Swerts Pereira
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Good M, El KIA, Hussey DL. Endodontic 'solutions' part 1: a literature review on the use of endodontic lubricants, irrigants and medicaments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:239-40, 242-4, 246. [PMID: 22774686 DOI: 10.12968/denu.2012.39.4.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic lubricants, irrigants and medicaments help prepare and disinfect root canal systems (RCS) but primary and secondary cases involve different microbes and therefore it is unlikely that one protocol will be effective for both case types. Each individual 'solution' or sequence of'solutions' could play a significant role in each case type, but there are no detailed published guidelines in existence. To help inform clinical practice it was decided to undertake a literature review followed by a UK and Republic of Ireland wide audit on current endodontic'solution' usage within dental schools. The literature review was undertaken under the following headings: pre-op oral rinse; file lubricants; root canal irrigants and intracanal medicaments and provides an evidence base for protocol development for both primary and retreatment cases.The audit project and the protocols developed from the findings of both the literature review and audit will be presented in Part 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Good
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, The Royal Hospitals, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT12 6BP, Northern Ireland, UK
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Bidar M, Hooshiar S, Naderinasab M, Moazzami M, Orafaee H, Naghavi N, Jafarzadeh H. Comparative study of the antimicrobial effect of three irrigant solutions (chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidinated MUMS). J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13:436-9. [PMID: 23151688 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and MUMS containing 2% chlorhexidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS All of the above irrigants were examined on Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Lactobacillus casei and E. coli. A total of 0.5 CC of each solution and 0.5 CC of McFarland solution bacterium were added to each examination tube. After 15, 30 and 45 minutes, colony count was performed for each tube. The difference in the number of bacteria indicated the effect taken by disinfectant material. RESULTS MUMS containing chlorhexidine showed the antimicrobial properties just like chlorhexidine's effect against E. coli, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus casei in preventing these entire microorganisms to incubate. Sodium hypochlorite was not effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans incubated in 15, 30 and 45 minutes and Enterococcus faecalis in 15 minutes. CONCLUSION MUMS has antimicrobial properties similar to chlorhexidine. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE As MUMS containing chlorhexidine can transfer chlorhexidine through its own surfactant around apical area and it can open the dentinal tubules by its own chelator for more penetration of chlorhexidine, it may be a choice for canal irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bidar
- Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Saatchi M, Hosseini HS, Farhad AR, Narimany T. The effect of various concentrations of iodine potassium iodide on the antimicrobial properties of mineral trioxide aggregate--a pilot study. Dent Traumatol 2012; 28:474-7. [PMID: 22296180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2012.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a multi-purpose dental material with various uses in dentistry. Iodine potassium iodide (IKI) is the most commonly used iodine compound in endodontics. We aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of tooth-colored ProRoot MTA combined with IKI. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity of IKI was assessed at three concentrations (1%, 2%, and 4%) as the mixing agents combined with MTA against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. For each microorganism, three plates were inoculated with 100 μl of a microbial suspension (McFarland 0.5). Four wells were prepared in each plate. MTA (70 mg) was mixed with any of the three concentrations of IKI (25 μl) or sterile distilled water (25 μl) and placed in each well. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Zones of inhibition (ZOI) were measured in millimeters by a blinded observer. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Dunnett t-test. RESULTS All MTA mixtures with water or IKI solutions showed inhibitory zones. The mean ZOI of each MTA/IKI mixture was not significantly different from MTA/water mixture (P > 0.05). MTA/1% IKI had smaller ZOI than MTA/water against E. coli, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. MTA/2% IKI showed larger ZOI only against P. aeruginosa. MTA/4% IKI showed larger ZOI against P. aeruginosa and E. coli (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Substitution of IKI solutions (1%, 2%, and 4%) for water did not significantly increase the antimicrobial activity of MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Saatchi
- Department of Endodontics and Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Dohaithem A, Al-Nasser A, Al-Badah A, Al-Nazhan S, Al-Maflehi N. An in vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of bioaggregate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 112:e27-30. [PMID: 21689954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the antifungal effect of bioaggregate (BA) against Candida albicans by using the direct contact method. STUDY DESIGN BA was tested freshly mixed and after 24-hour set on C. albicans. The tested BA was incubated with C. albicans in plastic tissue clusters for 1 hour, 24 hours, and 3 and 5 days. Aliquots of 0.1 mL were taken from each well at the end of the incubation periods and transfered to tubes containing 5 mL fresh Sabouraud broth. All tubes were vortexed and then incubated at 37°C and observed for the subsequent 5 days. Growth of the fungi was observed daily by the presence of turbidity in the tubes. The results were statistically analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier test. RESULTS The freshly mixed and set BA had no antifungal effect at 1 and 24 hours of contact. Both mixes demonstrated complete fungicidal activity after 24 hours' contact. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference between the negative and positive control groups (P < .001) and a significant difference between the freshly mixed and 24-hour set BA groups (P < .001) at 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS BA (freshly mixed and 24-hour set) was effective against C. albicans after 24 hours.
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Weckwerth PH, Carnietto C, Weckwerth ACVB, Duarte MAH, Kuga MC, Vivan RR. In vitro susceptibility of oral Candida albicans strains to different pH levels and calcium hydroxide saturated aqueous solution. Braz Dent J 2012; 23:192-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402012000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is present in the oral cavity and in the whole digestive tract of humans and other animals, being frequently related to endodontic treatment failure. The present study determined the incidence of C. albicans in the oral cavity and the susceptibility of isolates to different pH values and saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution at pH 12.5. Sixty-five patients attending the Endodontic Clinic at the Sagrado Coração University participated in the study. The collected samples were cultivated in selective media for C. albicans and the isolates were tested in terms of resistance to both alkaline pH and saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. In relation to time variables, yeast viability was assessed by the Sabouraud's agar culture and fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide fluorescent staining method. Results from the different pHs and experimental times, including those from different techniques measuring fungal viability, were compared using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (α=0.05). The yeasts became completely inviable after 48 h of contact with the calcium hydroxide solution. On the other hand, when exposed to the alkaline culture broth, the yeasts were found to be viable at pHs 9.5 and 10.5 for up to 7 days. In conclusion, C. albicans can only be completely inhibited by direct contact with saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution after 48 h of exposure.
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Newer root canal irrigants in horizon: a review. Int J Dent 2011; 2011:851359. [PMID: 22190936 PMCID: PMC3235459 DOI: 10.1155/2011/851359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium hypochloride is the most commonly used endodontic irrigant, despite limitations. None of the presently available root canal irrigants satisfy the requirements of ideal root canal irrigant. Newer root canal irrigants are studied for potential replacement of sodium hypochloride. This article reviews the potential irrigants with their advantages and limitations with their future in endodontic irrigation.
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Lima RKP, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Faria-Júnior NB, Tanomaru-Filho M. Effectiveness of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2011; 45:311-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Madrid IM, Mattei AS, Santin R, dos Reis Gomes A, Cleff MB, Meireles MCA. Inhibitory effect of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate in clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii. Mycoses 2011; 55:281-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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