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Thapa R, Goh KGK, Desai D, Copeman E, Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. Alterations in cell arrangements of group B streptococcus due to virulence factor expression can bias estimates of bacterial populations based on colony count measures. Microbiology (Reading) 2024; 170. [PMID: 38656296 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a chain-forming commensal bacterium and opportunistic pathogen that resides in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of healthy adults. GBS can cause various infections and related complications in pregnant and nonpregnant women, adults, and newborns. Investigations of the mechanisms by which GBS causes disease pathogenesis often utilize colony count assays to estimate bacterial population size in experimental models. In other streptococci, such as group A streptococcus and pneumococcus, variation in the chain length of the bacteria that can occur naturally or due to mutation can affect facets of pathogenesis, such as adherence to or colonization of a host. No studies have reported a relationship between GBS chain length and pathogenicity. Here, we used GBS strain 874391 and several derivative strains displaying longer chain-forming phenotypes (874391pgapC, 874391ΔcovR, 874391Δstp1) to assess the impact of chain length on bacterial population estimates based on the colony-forming unit (c.f.u.) assay. Disruption of GBS chains via bead beating or sonication in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy was used to compare chaining phenotypes pre- and post-disruption to detect long- and short-chain forms, respectively. We used a murine model of GBS colonization of the female reproductive tract to assess whether chaining may affect bacterial colonization dynamics in the host during chronic infection in vivo. Overall, we found that GBS exhibiting long-chain form can significantly affect population size estimates based on the colony count assay. Additionally, we found that the length of chaining of GBS can affect virulence in the reproductive tract colonization model. Collectively, these findings have implications for studies of GBS that utilize colony count assays to measure GBS populations and establish that chain length can affect infection dynamics and disease pathogenesis for this important opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ellen Copeman
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
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Jumutc V, Suponenkovs A, Bondarenko A, Bļizņuks D, Lihachev A. Hybrid Approach to Colony-Forming Unit Counting Problem Using Multi-Loss U-Net Reformulation. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8337. [PMID: 37837169 PMCID: PMC10575106 DOI: 10.3390/s23198337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) counting is a complex problem without a universal solution in biomedical and food safety domains. A multitude of sophisticated heuristics and segmentation-driven approaches have been proposed by researchers. However, U-Net remains the most frequently cited and used deep learning method in these domains. The latter approach provides a segmentation output map and requires an additional counting procedure to calculate unique segmented regions and detect microbial colonies. However, due to pixel-based targets, it tends to generate irrelevant artifacts or errant pixels, leading to inaccurate and mixed post-processing results. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a novel hybrid counting approach, incorporating a multi-loss U-Net reformulation and a post-processing Petri dish localization algorithm. Firstly, a unique innovation lies in the multi-loss U-Net reformulation. An additional loss term is introduced in the bottleneck U-Net layer, focusing on the delivery of an auxiliary signal that indicates where to look for distinct CFUs. Secondly, the novel localization algorithm automatically incorporates an agar plate and its bezel into the CFU counting techniques. Finally, the proposition is further enhanced by the integration of a fully automated solution, which comprises a specially designed uniform Petri dish illumination system and a counting web application. The latter application directly receives images from the camera, processes them, and sends the segmentation results to the user. This feature provides an opportunity to correct the CFU counts, offering a feedback loop that contributes to the continued development of the deep learning model. Through extensive experimentation, the authors of this paper have found that all probed multi-loss U-Net architectures incorporated into the proposed hybrid approach consistently outperformed their single-loss counterparts, as well as other comparable models such as self-normalized density maps and YOLOv6, by at least 1% to 3% in mean absolute and symmetric mean absolute percentage errors. Further significant improvements were also reported through the means of the novel localization algorithm. This reaffirms the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid solution in addressing contemporary challenges of precise in vitro CFU counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilen Jumutc
- Institute of Smart Computer Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.J.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Artjoms Suponenkovs
- Institute of Smart Computer Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.J.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrey Bondarenko
- Institute of Smart Computer Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.J.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Dmitrijs Bļizņuks
- Institute of Smart Computer Technologies, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.J.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexey Lihachev
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia;
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Gul N, Idrees QTA, Fareed MA, Mian SA, Nasim HMO, Naz F, Aldahlan B, Khan AS. Biological and Physicochemical Characterization of Self-Adhesive Protective Coating Dental Restorative Material after Incorporation of Antibacterial Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36297861 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of EQUIATM coat liquid (E) after incorporation of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. ZnO and TiO2 (1 wt.% and 2 wt.%) were dispersed in EQUIA coat. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were performed to visualize systemic variation. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by colony-forming units and crystal violet staining using Streptococcusmutans and Lactobacillusacidophilus after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, and the microstructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The weight change was analyzed at 1 and 21 days. The PCA for TiO2- and ZnO-based groups showed 100% variance at all spectral ranges at 600−800/cm and 800−1200/cm, whereas 1200−1800/cm and 2700−3800/cm spectral regions demonstrated 99% variance. The absorbance values were significant (p < 0.05) for both nanoparticles-based adhesives, and the specimens with 2 wt.% ZnO showed the maximum response by minimum bacterial attachment, and the control group showed the least response by maximum attachment. The weight change percentage was reduced after the incorporation of antibacterial nanoparticles. It is suggested that EQUIATM coat containing nanoparticles exhibits promising results, and it may be recommended to clinically use as an improved coating material.
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Mir SA, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of n-terminally formylated ESAT-6 protein in murine tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2022; 11:108-112. [PMID: 35295032 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_39_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early secreted antigenic target-6 kDa (ESAT-6) being one of the important antigens expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has been widely investigated for its strong immunmodulatory effects. We have previously evaluated the immunotherapeutic efficacy of ESAT-6 in the murine model of experimental tuberculosis (TB). Now in the present study, we have evaluated the immunotherapeutic efficacy of N-terminally formylated form of ESAT-6 (f-ESAT-6) in murine TB. MATERIALS AND METHODS The production and purification of f-ESAT-6 have been discussed in our earlier report (Mir SA and Sharma S, 2014). In the present study, the MTB H37Rv-infected mice were treated with f-ESAT-6 alone or in combination with anti-TB drugs (ATDs). Four weeks postinitiation of the treatment, the experimental mice were sacrificed, and the colony-forming units (CFUs) were enumerated in their lungs and spleen as described in "materials and methods" section. RESULTS The N-terminally formylated ESAT-6 protein (f-ESAT-6) induced a moderate reduction in the bacterial load in the target organs of infected mice. Compared to the dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide treated and untreated groups, the f-ESAT-6 treatment significantly reduced the CFU in the spleen and lungs of infected mice by 0.377 log10 units (P < 0.05) and 0.396 log10 units (P < 0.01), respectively. The administration of f-ESAT-6 in combination with ATDs revealed an additional immunotherapeutic effect and elicited higher therapeutic efficacy over drugs (ATDs) alone. CONCLUSION The results of the present study clearly indicate that f-ESAT-6 protein alone as well as in combination with the conventional ATDs induce moderate therapeutic effect against experimental TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Le HM, Nguyen LT, Hoang DH, Bach TQ, Nguyen HTN, Mai HT, Trinh DP, Nguyen TD, Nguyen LT, Than UTT. Differential Development of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells During Long-Term Maintenance in Fetal Bovine Serum-Supplemented Medium and Xeno- and Serum-Free Culture Medium. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:359-369. [PMID: 34748399 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2021.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (UC-MSCs) are believed to have potential for the treatment of various diseases; thus, many scientists have investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of UC-MSCs and, for example, the appropriate media for large-scale UC-MSC expansion to prepare cells for real-world application. In this study, we investigated the cellular morphology, proliferation capacity, surface markers, cellular senescence signals, clonogenic potential, trilineage differentiation capacity, and secreted factors of human primary UC-MSCs in long-term culture from passage 2 (P2) to passage 10 (P10) with either conventional fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplemented medium or commercial xeno- and serum-free medium (StemMACS™). We found that the cells cultured in both media had similar morphology and marker expression. However, the proliferation kinetics as measured by the cell population doubling time differed in a passage (P2-P10)-dependent manner between the cells cultured in the two media; sustainable growth was observed in cells maintained in xeno- and serum-free medium. Moreover, significant differences in cellular senescence signals were observed, with more aging cells in the cell population cultured in FBS-containing medium. Colony numbers and the day that the first colony appeared were similar; however, UC-MSC colony sizes were smaller when cultured in FBS-containing medium. In addition, the multidifferentiation potential of UC-MSCs cultured in xeno- and serum-free StemMACS medium was maintained during long-term culture, but this potential was lost for adipogenic differentiation at P9. Moreover, secreted epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A were detected in the conditioned media from UC-MSCs, whereas platelet-derived growth factor was not. Similar expression of these factors was observed in conditioned media of UC-MSCs cultured in StemMACS, but the VEGF level was higher in young UC-MSCs (P6) than in aged UC-MSCs cultured in FBS-supplemented Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12. Thus, StemMACS is better for UC-MSC expansion than conventional FBS-supplemented culture medium, especially when culturing UC-MSCs for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Minh Le
- Department of Cell Therapy, Vinmec Hitech Centre, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Research and Technology Development, Vinmec Institute of Applied Sciences and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lung Tien Nguyen
- Department of Cell Therapy, Vinmec Hitech Centre, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Diem Huong Hoang
- Department of Cell Therapy, Vinmec Hitech Centre, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Research and Technology Development, Vinmec Institute of Applied Sciences and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung Quoc Bach
- Department of Cellular Research, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Cell Therapy, Vinmec Hitech Centre, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Research and Technology Development, Vinmec Institute of Applied Sciences and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thi Mai
- Department of Cell Therapy, Vinmec Hitech Centre, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Research and Technology Development, Vinmec Institute of Applied Sciences and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dong Phuong Trinh
- Department of Cellular Research, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Dac Nguyen
- Department of Cell Therapy, Vinmec Hitech Centre, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Research and Technology Development, Vinmec Institute of Applied Sciences and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Liem Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Cellular Research, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Uyen Thi Trang Than
- Department of Research and Technology Development, Vinmec Institute of Applied Sciences and Regenerative Medicine, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Cellular Research, Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Wang JH, Ban LK, Lee HH, Chen YH, Lin HY, Zhu ZW, Su HY, Umezawa A, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Kumar RS, Wu GJ, Higuchi A. Purification of Colon Carcinoma Cells from Primary Colon Tumor Using a Filtration Method via Porous Polymeric Filters. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3411. [PMID: 34641226 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are key factors for tumor generation and metastasis. We investigated a filtration method to enhance CSCs (CICs) from colon carcinoma HT-29 cells and primary colon carcinoma cells derived from patient colon tumors using poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid)/silk screen (PLGA/SK) filters. The colon carcinoma cell solutions were permeated via porous filters to obtain a permeation solution. Then, the cell cultivation media were permeated via the filters to obtain the recovered solution, where the colon carcinoma cells that adhered to the filters were washed off into the recovered solution. Subsequently, the filters were incubated in the culture media to obtain the migrated cells via the filters. Colon carcinoma HT-29 cells with high tumorigenicity, which might be CSCs (CICs), were enhanced in the cells in the recovered solution and in the migrated cells based on the CSC (CIC) marker expression, colony-forming unit assay, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) production. Although primary colon carcinoma cells isolated from colon tumor tissues contained fibroblast-like cells, the primary colon carcinoma cells were purified from fibroblast-like cells by filtration through PLGA/SK filters, indicating that the filtration method is effective in purifying primary colon carcinoma cells.
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Zhang H, Xu MP, Dong ZQ, Liu SH, Yang AJ. Does using outpatient room air for bleomycin foam preparation increase the risk of infection? Phlebology 2020; 35:583-588. [PMID: 32312165 DOI: 10.1177/0268355520919267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the risk of infections is increased with the use of air from outpatient rooms to prepare bleomycin foam. METHODS Settling plates were adopted to collect bacteria from outpatient room air, operating theatre air, human serum albumin, bleomycin solution and bleomycin foam prepared with both outpatient room and operating theatre air. The plates were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 48 h, and the number of bacterial colonies was recorded using colony-forming units. The results were analysed by the t-test. A retrospective study was then performed to evaluate the outpatient safety of bleomycin foam. RESULTS The number of colony-forming units in the bleomycin foam produced using both operating and outpatient room air was very low, with no statistic difference. No infection cases were reported in clinical evaluation. CONCLUSION Using the air from outpatient treatment rooms for bleomycin foam preparation does not increase the risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Pei Xu
- Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zuo Qing Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shao Hua Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ai Jun Yang
- Library of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Boom FA, Le Brun PPH, Boehringer S, Kosterink JGW, Touw D. Improving the aseptic transfer procedures in hospital pharmacies. Part B: evaluation of disinfection methods for materials with a non-sterile surface. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2019; 28:271-275. [PMID: 34426480 PMCID: PMC8403772 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2018-001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To improve the disinfection methods for materials with a non-sterile surface to be used in aseptic handling. Methods The surface bioburden on ampoules (A) and injection vials (IV) is determined by contact plates and total immersion. The occurrence of spore-forming bacteria is determined by strain colouring and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry. The disinfection procedures of non-sterile materials in 10 hospital pharmacies are judged by observing. Results After wiping according to local disinfection methods, the mean surface bioburden determined by contact plates in 10 hospital pharmacies is 0.36 (plastic A), 0.50 (glass A) and 0.29 colony-forming unit (cfu) (IV). The observers found great differences in accuracy of wiping and degree of wetting the sterile gauzes. After improved wiping with commercially available alcohol impregnated sterile wipes and a two-towel technique (one-step TT disinfection), the mean surface bioburden determined by contact plates is 0.03 (plastic A), 0.2 (glass A) and 0.13 cfu (IV). Further improvement can be reached by submerging A and IV in ethanol 70% followed by improved wiping (two-step TT disinfection), but still micro-organisms will remain (mean surface bioburden determined by total immersion is 0 (plastic A) and 0.3 cfu (IV); glass A not determined). Two-step TT disinfection is more labour intensive. Spilling of alcohol is another disadvantage. However, we presume one-step TT disinfection is effective enough in daily practice. Routine surface bioburden determinations have to prove this. The effectiveness of the combination of spray and wipe is not examined because we observed a quick disappearance of alcohols from vertical as well as horizontal surfaces, which shortens the contact time to far below the advised 2 min. Spore-forming bacteria disappear as quickly as other micro-organisms during disinfection by alcohols. Conclusion Local disinfection procedures can be improved. Complete removal of micro-organisms from materials with a non-sterile surface, even after two-step TT disinfection, is impossible. Routine surface bioburden determinations have to prove if one-step TT disinfection is effective enough.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul P H Le Brun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Boehringer
- Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G W Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ueda N, Oe K, Nakamura T, Tsuta K, Iida H, Saito T. Sonication of Extracted Implants Improves Microbial Detection in Patients With Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infections. J Arthroplasty 2019; 34:1189-1196. [PMID: 30872034 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed whether combining the conventional culture and implant sonicate fluid culture (SFC) methods increased the diagnostic accuracy of orthopedic implant-associated infection (OIAI). METHODS Consecutive patients (n = 66) undergoing implant removal (OIAI, 17; non-OIAI, 49) were evaluated prospectively. We analyzed 493 samples (39 preoperative joint aspirates, 243 peri-implant tissue specimens, 124 implant sonication, 67 controls, and 20 water bath samples). OIAI was preoperatively evaluated based on clinical evidence of infection or aspirate culture (AC). Conventional methods required positive results in either preoperative ACs or intraoperative tissue cultures (TCs), whereas the combination method required at least 1 positive culture among 3 sources (AC, TC, or SFC). The application of SFC and the detection rate, sensitivity, and specificity of the diagnostic methods were assessed. RESULTS No controls or water bath samples harbored bacteria. Three patients (18%) were detected by SFC only and Peptostreptococcus and Corynebacterium species were isolated by SFC only. The OIAI detection rate attributable to SFC was significantly higher than that of TC (61% vs 36%; P = .02). The sensitivities of AC, TC, and SFC at a cutoff point of 1 colony-forming unit/plate and 1 positive culture were 60%, 59%, and 71%, respectively. At a cutoff point of 2 positive cultures, the combination (vs conventional) method showed significantly greater sensitivity (71% vs 47%; P = .008). CONCLUSION By incorporating SFCs into conventional culture methods, the diagnostic accuracy in the context of OIAI was significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Ueda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Iida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanori Saito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Yoo YJ, Kwon I, Oh SR, Perinpanayagam H, Lim SM, Ahn KB, Lee Y, Han SH, Chang SW, Baek SH, Zhu Q, Kum KY. Antifungal Effects of Synthetic Human Beta-defensin-3-C15 Peptide on Candida albicans-infected Root Dentin. J Endod 2017; 43:1857-1861. [PMID: 28951032 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal efficacy of a synthetic human beta-defensin-3-C15 peptide (HBD3-C15) in Candida albicans-infected human root dentin. METHODS Standardized root dentin blocks were prepared (6-mm thick, 0.7-mm-wide canal) from single-rooted human permanent premolars and infected with C. albicans for 3 weeks. They were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8/group), and their canals were filled with calcium hydroxide (CH), HBD3-C15 peptide, or chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX, 2%) as disinfectants or saline as control. After 1 week of disinfection, dentinal debris were harvested at depths of 200 and 400 μm from the canal lumen, and incubated in Yeast broth for 72 hours at 37°C. Then, colony-forming units (CFU) were measured to assess the antifungal efficacy of each medicament and analyzed statistically. RESULTS All medicaments showed significantly lower CFU than saline (P < .05), and their antifungal efficacies were similar at both 200- and 400-μm tubular depths (P > .05). HBD3-C15 had similar antifungal efficacy to that of CHX at both depths (P > .05), and both medicaments had significantly lower CFU than CH at both depths (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In this ex vivo model of C. albicans-infected human root dentin, the antifungal efficacy of synthetic HBD3-C15 was comparable with CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikyung Kwon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ram Oh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Sang-Min Lim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Ahn
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Baek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Division of Endodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Schnittke N, Herrick DB, Lin B, Peterson J, Coleman JH, Packard AI, Jang W, Schwob JE. Transcription factor p63 controls the reserve status but not the stemness of horizontal basal cells in the olfactory epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5068-77. [PMID: 26305958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512272112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult tissue stem cells can serve two broad functions: to participate actively in the maintenance and regeneration of a tissue or to wait in reserve and participate only when activated from a dormant state. The adult olfactory epithelium, a site for ongoing, life-long, robust neurogenesis, contains both of these functional stem cell types. Globose basal cells (GBCs) act as the active stem cell population and can give rise to all the differentiated cells found in the normal tissue. Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) act as reserve stem cells and remain dormant unless activated by tissue injury. Here we show that HBC activation following injury by the olfactotoxic gas methyl bromide is coincident with the down-regulation of protein 63 (p63) but anticipates HBC proliferation. Gain- and loss-of-function studies show that this down-regulation of p63 is necessary and sufficient for HBC activation. Moreover, activated HBCs give rise to GBCs that persist for months and continue to act as bona fide stem cells by participating in tissue maintenance and regeneration over the long term. Our analysis provides mechanistic insight into the dynamics between tissue stem cell subtypes and demonstrates that p63 regulates the reserve state but not the stem cell status of HBCs.
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Patterson J, Moore CH, Palser E, Hearn JC, Dumitru D, Harper HA, Rich IN. Detecting primitive hematopoietic stem cells in total nucleated and mononuclear cell fractions from umbilical cord blood segments and units. J Transl Med 2015; 13:94. [PMID: 25784613 PMCID: PMC4374586 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare hematopoietic stem cell populations are responsible for the transplantation engraftment process. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is usually processed to the total nucleated cell (TNC), but not to the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction. TNC counts are used to determine UCB unit storage, release for transplantation and correlation with time to engraftment. However, the TNC fraction contains varying concentrations of red blood cells, granulocytes, platelets and other cells that dilute and mask the stem cells from being detected. This does not allow the quality and potency of the stem cells to be reliably measured. METHODS 63 UCB segments and 10 UCB units plus segments were analyzed for the response of both primitive lympho-hematopoietic and primitive hematopoietic stem cells in both the TNC and MNC fractions. The samples were analyzed using a highly sensitive, standardized and validated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence stem cell proliferation assay verified against the colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. Dye exclusion and metabolic viability were also determined. RESULTS Regardless of whether the cells were derived from a segment or unit, the TNC fraction always produced a significantly lower and more variable stem cell response than that derived from the MNC fraction. Routine dye exclusion cell viability did not correspond with metabolic viability and stem cell response. Paired UCB segments produced highly variable results, and the UCB segment did not produce similar results to the unit. DISCUSSION The TNC fraction underestimates the ability and capacity of the stem cells in both the UCB segment and unit and therefore provides an erroneous interpretation of the of the results. Dye exclusion viability can result in false positive values, when in fact the stem cells may be dead or incapable of proliferation. The difference in response between the segment and unit calls into question the ability to use the segment as a representative sample of the UCB unit. It is apparent that present UCB processing and testing methods are inadequate to properly determine the quality and potency of the unit for release and use in a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Patterson
- />Beth-Ell College of Nursing and Health Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA
| | - Cally H Moore
- />Department of Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado USA
| | - Emily Palser
- />Department of Biology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA
| | - Jason C Hearn
- />HemoGenix, Inc, 1485 Garden of the Gods Road, Suite 152, Colorado Springs, CO 80906 USA
| | - Daniela Dumitru
- />HemoGenix, Inc, 1485 Garden of the Gods Road, Suite 152, Colorado Springs, CO 80906 USA
| | - Holli A Harper
- />HemoGenix, Inc, 1485 Garden of the Gods Road, Suite 152, Colorado Springs, CO 80906 USA
| | - Ivan N Rich
- />HemoGenix, Inc, 1485 Garden of the Gods Road, Suite 152, Colorado Springs, CO 80906 USA
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Eskola M, Bäckman S, Möttönen S, Kekomäki R. Loss of the ability to generate large burst-forming unit-like megakaryocytic colonies from thawed cord blood in semisolid cultures after short term suspension culture. Vox Sang 2014; 108:294-301. [PMID: 25469871 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Total colony-forming cells from thawed cord blood units (CBUs) include megakaryocytic colony-forming units (CFU-Mks), which survive the freezing process. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether different megakaryocytic progenitors from unseparated CBUs survive the freezing process and a short-term liquid culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thawed samples of CBUs were cultured in liquid medium. During the cultures, serial samples were drawn to assess the growth of different megakaryocytic progenitors in a semisolid collagen medium with identical cytokines as in the liquid medium. Megakaryocytic cells were detected using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS In suspension culture, the megakaryocytic progenitors almost completely lost the ability to generate large (burst-forming unit-like, BFU-like) megakaryocytic colonies in semisolid cultures (large colonies, median count per chamber d0: 7.25 vs. d7: 1.5; P < 0.0001), whereas the number of small colonies (median count per chamber d0: 7.25 vs. d7: 16.0; P = 0.0505) peaked at day seven. Further 7-day culture in suspension resulted in the decline of small colonies as well (d7: 16.0 vs. d14: 5.75; P = 0.0088). Total CFU-Mk count declined from 23.3 (range 12.5-34.0) at d0 to 7.25 (range 1.0-13.5) at d14 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Immediately post-thaw, CBUs possess an ability to generate large BFU-like megakaryocytic colonies, whereas the colonies were not detectable in most CBUs in semisolid culture after a short suspension culture. Small CFU-Mks were observed throughout the cultures. It may be that the BFU-Mk colonies matured and acquired CFU-Mk behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eskola
- Department of Advanced Therapies and Product Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
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Kim MH, Kang SG, Park JH, Yanagisawa M, Kim CH. Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:396-406.e1-10. [PMID: 23665276 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the most abundant microbial metabolites in the intestine, activate cells via G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), such as GPR41 and GPR43. We studied regulation of the immune response by SCFAs and their receptors in the intestines of mice. METHODS Inflammatory responses were induced in GPR41(-/-), GPR43(-/-), and C57BL6 (control) mice by administration of ethanol; 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic-acid (TNBS); or infection with Citrobacter rodentium. We examined the effects of C rodentium infection on control mice fed SCFAs and/or given injections of antibodies that delay the immune response. We also studied the kinetics of cytokine and chemokine production, leukocyte recruitment, intestinal permeability, and T-cell responses. Primary colon epithelial cells were isolated from GPR41(-/-), GPR43(-/-), and control mice; signaling pathways regulated by SCFAs were identified using immunohistochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry analyses. RESULTS GPR41(-/-) and GPR43(-/-) mice had reduced inflammatory responses after administration of ethanol or TNBS compared with control mice, and had a slower immune response against C rodentium infection, clearing the bacteria more slowly. SCFAs activated intestinal epithelial cells to produce chemokines and cytokines in culture and mice after administration of ethanol, TNBS, or C rodentium. These processes required GPR41 and GPR43 and were required to recruit leukocytes and activate effector T cells in the intestine. GPR41 and GPR43 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in epithelial cells to induce production of chemokines and cytokines during immune responses. CONCLUSIONS SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells, leading to mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. These pathways mediate protective immunity and tissue inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung H Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Samara P, Kalbacher H, Ioannou K, Radu DL, Livaniou E, Promponas VJ, Voelter W, Tsitsilonis O. Development of an ELISA for the quantification of the C-terminal decapeptide prothymosin α(100-109) in sera of mice infected with bacteria. J Immunol Methods 2013; 395:54-62. [PMID: 23831611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is characterized by a series of discrete biochemical events, among which is the truncation of the nuclear polypeptide prothymosin alpha (proTα) by activated caspase-3. This early apoptotic event results in the generation of a carboxy-terminal fragment of proTα, the immunoactive decapeptide proTα(100-109). We hypothesized that the detection of increased levels of proTα(100-109) in serum can be directly correlated with the induction of massive cell apoptosis, resulting from a severe bacterial infection. Thus, using high-affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies (Abs), raised in rabbits and a prototype antibody-capture system, we developed a highly sensitive and specific competitive ELISA for proTα(100-109). The sensitivity of the ELISA (0.1ng/mL to 10μg/mL) is acceptable for the quantification of the decapeptide in serum samples. To assess our initial hypothesis, we determined the concentration of proTα(100-109) in the sera of mice infected with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes over the course of the infection. We show that serum concentration of proTα(100-109) was marginal to undetectable before infection, increased over time and peaked at 72h postinfection. In silico analysis suggests that the Abs generated are unlikely to cross-react with any other unrelated mouse or bacterial protein. Further validation of our ELISA using serum samples from humans, infected with bacteria, may provide a useful tool to differentiate the causative agent of a potentially lethal septic infection.
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Zhang P, Iwama A, Datta MW, Darlington GJ, Link DC, Tenen DG. Upregulation of interleukin 6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors by transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) is critical for granulopoiesis. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1173-84. [PMID: 9743535 PMCID: PMC2212540 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.6.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/1998] [Revised: 06/29/1998] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines stimulate granulopoiesis through signaling via receptors whose expression is controlled by lineage-specific transcription factors. Previously, we demonstrated that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor mRNA was undetectable and granulocyte maturation blocked in CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha)-deficient mice. This phenotype is distinct from that of G-CSF receptor-/- mice, suggesting that other genes are likely to be adversely affected by loss of C/EBPalpha. Here we demonstrate loss of interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor and IL-6-responsive colony-forming units (CFU-IL6) in C/EBPalpha-/- mice. The observed failure of granulopoiesis could be rescued by the addition of soluble IL-6 receptor and IL-6 or by retroviral transduction of G-CSF receptors, demonstrating that loss of both of these receptors contributes to the absolute block in granulocyte maturation observed in C/EBPalpha-deficient hematopoietic cells. The results of these and other studies suggest that additional C/EBPalpha target genes, possibly other cytokine receptors, are also important for the block in granulocyte differentiation observed in vivo in C/EBPalpha-deficient mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Drug Synergism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Fetus
- Granulocytes/physiology
- Hematopoiesis/drug effects
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
- Solubility
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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