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Todorov SD, Popov I, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Use of Bacteriocins and Bacteriocinogenic Beneficial Organisms in Food Products: Benefits, Challenges, Concerns. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193145. [PMID: 36230222 PMCID: PMC9563261 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review’s objective was to critically revisit various research approaches for studies on the application of beneficial organisms and bacteriocins as effective biopreservatives in the food industry. There are a substantial number of research papers reporting newly isolated bacterial strains from fermented food products and their application as potential probiotics, including partial characterization of bacteriocins produced by these microorganisms. Most of these studies follow scientific community-accepted standard procedures and propose various applications of the studied strains and bacteriocins as potential biopreservatives for the food industry. A few investigations go somewhat further, performing model studies, exploring the application of expressed bacteriocins in a designed food product, or trying to evaluate the effectiveness of the studied potential probiotics and bacteriocins against foodborne pathogens. Some authors propose applications of bacteriocin producers as starter cultures and are exploring in situ bacteriocin production to aid in the effective control of foodborne pathogens. However, few studies have evaluated the possible adverse effects of bacteriocins, such as toxicity. This comes from well-documented reports on bacteriocins being mostly non-immunogenic and having low cytotoxicity because most of these proteinaceous molecules are small peptides. However, some studies have reported on bacteriocins with noticeable cytotoxicity, which may become even more pronounced in genetically engineered or modified bacteriocins. Moreover, their cytotoxicity can be very specific and is dependent on the concentration of the bacteriocin and the nature of the targeted cell. This will be discussed in detail in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- ProBacLab, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-88-9583119
| | - Igor Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344002 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08904, USA
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344002 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08904, USA
- Department of General Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Lee D, Lee E, Jang S, Kim K, Cho E, Mun SJ, Son W, Jeon HI, Kim HK, Jeong YJ, Lee Y, Oh JE, Yoo HH, Lee Y, Min SJ, Yang CS. Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3364c-Derived Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents to Target SNX9 for Sepsis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:386-408. [PMID: 34982557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor Rv3364c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is highly expressed in cells during MTB exposure. In this study, we showed that the 12WLVSKF17 motif of Rv3364c interacts with the BAR domain of SNX9 and inhibits endosome trafficking to interact with p47phox, thereby suppressing TLR4 inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Derived from the structure of this Rv3364c peptide motif, 2,4-diamino-6-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,5-trazine, DATPT as a 12WLVSKF17 peptide-mimetic small molecule has been identified. DATPT can block the SNX9-p47phox interaction in the endosome and suppress reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokine production; it demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. DATPT has considerably improved potency, with an IC50 500-fold (in vitro) or 2000-fold (in vivo) lower than that of the 12WLVSKF17 peptide. Furthermore, DATPT shows potent antibacterial activities by reduction in ATP production and leakage of intracellular ATP out of bacteria. These results provide evidence for peptide-derived small molecule DATPT with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Eunbi Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Sein Jang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Euni Cho
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, S. Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Mun
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, S. Korea
| | - Wooic Son
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Hye-In Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Hyo Keun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Yuno Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, S. Korea
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Youngbok Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea.,Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, S. Korea
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3
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Comparison of Synergistic Effect of Nisin and Monolaurin on the Inactivation of Three Heat Resistant Spores Studied by Design of Experiments in Milk. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/9977646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore forming bacteria are special problems for the dairy industry. Heat treatments are insufficient to kill the spores. This is a continuously increasing problem for the industry, but we should be able to control it. In this context, we investigated the combined effect of nisin, monolaurin, and pH values on three heat resistant spores in UHT milk and distilled water and to select an optimal combination for the maximum spore inactivation. The inhibitory effect of nisin (between 50 and 200 IU/ml), monolaurin (ranging from 150 to 300 µg/ml), and pH (between 5 and 8) was investigated using a central composite plan. Results were analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The obtained data showed that the inactivation of Bacillus spores by the combined effect of nisin-monolaurin varies with spore species, acidity, and nature of the medium in which the bacterial spores are suspended. In fact, Terribacillus aidingensis spores were more resistant, to this treatment, than Paenibacillus sp. and Bacillus sporothermodurans ones. The optimum process parameters for a maximum reduction of bacterial spores (∼3log) were obtained at a concentration of nisin >150 IU/ml and of monolaurin >200 µg/ml. The current study highlighted the presence of a synergistic effect between nisin and monolaurin against heat bacterial spores. So, such treatment could be applied by the dairy industry to decontaminate UHT milk and other dairy products from bacterial spores.
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van Staden ADP, van Zyl WF, Trindade M, Dicks LMT, Smith C. Therapeutic Application of Lantibiotics and Other Lanthipeptides: Old and New Findings. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0018621. [PMID: 33962984 PMCID: PMC8231447 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00186-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides, with modifications that are incorporated during biosynthesis by dedicated enzymes. Various modifications of the peptides are possible, resulting in a highly diverse group of bioactive peptides that offer a potential reservoir for use in the fight against a plethora of diseases. Their activities range from the antimicrobial properties of lantibiotics, especially against antibiotic-resistant strains, to antiviral activity, immunomodulatory properties, antiallodynic effects, and the potential to alleviate cystic fibrosis symptoms. Lanthipeptide biosynthetic genes are widespread within bacterial genomes, providing a substantial repository for novel bioactive peptides. Using genome mining tools, novel bioactive lanthipeptides can be identified, and coupled with rapid screening and heterologous expression technologies, the lanthipeptide drug discovery pipeline can be significantly sped up. Lanthipeptides represent a group of bioactive peptides that hold great potential as biotherapeutics, especially at a time when novel and more effective therapies are required. With this review, we provide insight into the latest developments made toward the therapeutic applications and production of lanthipeptides, specifically looking at heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Du Preez van Staden
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Winschau F. van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marla Trindade
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leon M. T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carine Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Reedoy KS, Loots DT, Beukes D, Reenen MV, Pillay B, Pillay M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) is associated with significant host metabolic pathways in an A549 epithelial cell infection model and contributes to the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Metabolomics 2020; 16:116. [PMID: 33084984 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A clear understanding of the metabolome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its target host cell during infection is fundamental for the development of novel diagnostic tools, effective drugs and vaccines required to combat tuberculosis. The surface-located Mycobacterium tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) adhesin forms initial contact with the host cell and is therefore important for the establishment of infection. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to determine the role of MTP in modulating pathogen and host metabolic pathways in A549 epithelial cells infected with MTP proficient and deficient strains of M. tuberculosis. METHODS Uninfected A549 epithelial cells, and those infected with M. tuberculosis V9124 wild-type strain, Δmtp and the mtp-complemented strains, were subjected to metabolite extraction, two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) and bioinformatic analyses. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests were used to identify metabolites that were significantly differentially produced in the WT-infected and ∆mtp-infected A549 epithelial cell models, comparatively. RESULTS A total of 46 metabolites occurred in significantly lower relative concentrations in the Δmtp-infected cells, indicating a reduction in nucleic acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and peptidoglycan, compared to those cells infected with the WT strain. CONCLUSION The absence of MTP was associated with significant changes to the host metabolome, suggesting that this adhesin is an important contributor to the pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis, and supports previous findings of its potential as a suitable drug, vaccine and diagnostic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Reedoy
- Medical Microbiology School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1st Floor, Congella, Private Bag 7, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - D T Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - D Beukes
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - M van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - B Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - M Pillay
- Medical Microbiology School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 1st Floor, Congella, Private Bag 7, Durban, 4013, South Africa.
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6
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Virgicin, a novel lanthipeptide from Virgibacillus sp. strain AK90 exhibits inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:133. [PMID: 31432254 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant increase in the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds in recent past to combat drug resistant pathogens. Members of the genus Bacillus and related genera have been screened extensively due to their ability to produce wide range of antimicrobial compounds. In this study, we have isolated and characterized a new antimicrobial peptide from a marine bacterium identified as Virgibacillus species. The low molecular mass and stability of the antimicrobial substance pointed towards the bacteriocinogenic nature of the compound. The RAST analysis of genome sequence showed presence of a putative bacteriocin biosynthetic cluster containing genes necessary for synthesis of a lanthipeptide. Translated amino acid sequence of mature C-terminal propeptide showed identity with salivaricin A (52.2%) and lacticin A (33.3%). Accordingly, the mass (2417 Da) obtained by MALDI analysis was in agreement with posttranslational modifications of the leader peptide to yield three methyl lanthionine rings and a disulfide bond between two free cysteine residues. The lanthipeptide was named as virgicin, which selectively inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. Inhibition of biofilm formation by E. faecalis was also observed in in vitro model experiments using hydroxyapatite discs. Thus, virgicin appears to be a promising new bacteriocin to control oral biofilm formation by selective pathogens.
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8
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Ali ZI, Saudi AM, Albrecht R, Talaat AM. The inhibitory effect of nisin on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and its effect on mycobacterial cell wall. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4935-4944. [PMID: 30981481 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is a widespread problem in the United States and worldwide, and it constitutes a significant health problem for dairy animals with a potential effect on human health. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is easily transmitted through consumption of contaminated milk; therefore, finding safe methods to reduce the mycobacterial load in milk and other dairy products is important to the dairy industry. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of natural products, such as bacteriocins designated as "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS), on the survival of M. paratuberculosis in milk. Commercially synthesized bacteriocin (nisin) was used to examine its effect on the survival of laboratory and field isolates of M. paratuberculosis and in contaminated milk. Surprisingly, nisin had a higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the laboratory strain (M. paratuberculosis K10), at 500 U/mL, than against field isolates (e.g., M. paratuberculosis 4B and JTC 1281), at 15 U/mL. In milk, growth of M. paratuberculosis was inhibited after treatment with levels of nisin that are permissible in human food at 4°C and 37°C. Using both fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy, we were able to identify defects in the bacterial cell walls of treated cultures. Our analysis indicated that nisin reduced membrane integrity by forming pores in the mycobacterial cell wall, thereby decreasing survival of M. paratuberculosis. Thus, nisin treatment of milk could be implemented as a control measure to reduce M. paratuberculosis secreted in milk from infected herds. Nisin could also be used to reduce M. paratuberculosis in colostrum given to calves from infected animals, improving biosecurity control in dairy herds affected by Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab I Ali
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
| | - Adel M Saudi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
| | - Ralph Albrecht
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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Stedman A, Maluquer de Motes C, Lesellier S, Dalley D, Chambers M, Gutierrez-Merino J. Lactic acid Bacteria isolated from European badgers (Meles meles) reduce the viability and survival of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and influence the immune response to BCG in a human macrophage model. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:74. [PMID: 30005620 PMCID: PMC6044090 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is the most serious endemic disease affecting livestock in the UK. The European badger (Meles meles) is the most important wildlife reservoir of bTB transmission to cattle, making eradication particularly difficult. In this respect, oral vaccination with the attenuated M. bovis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been suggested as a wide-scale intervention to reduce bTB infection in badgers. However, experimental studies show variable protection. Among the possibilities for this variation is that the resident gut bacteria may influence the success of oral vaccination in badgers; either through competitive exclusion and/or inhibition, or via effects on the host immune system. In order to explore this possibility, we have tested whether typical gut commensals such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have the capacity to impact on the viability and survival rate of BCG and to modulate the immune response to BCG using an in vitro model. Results Twelve LAB isolated from badger faeces displayed inhibitory activity to BCG that was species-dependent. Weissella had a bacteriostatic effect, whereas isolates of enterococci, lactobacilli and pediococci had a more bactericidal activity. Furthermore, BCG-induced activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in human THP-1 macrophages was modulated by LAB in a strain-dependent manner. Most pediococci enhanced NF-κB activation but one strain had the opposite effect. Interestingly, isolates of enterococci, lactobacilli and weissella had different effects as immunomodulators of BCG-induced macrophage responses as some had no significant influence on NF-κB activation, but others increased it significantly. Conclusions Our in vitro results show that LAB isolated from badgers exhibit significant inhibitory activity against BCG and influence the immune activation mediated by BCG in a human macrophage assay. These findings suggest that gut commensal bacteria could play a role in influencing the outcome of oral BCG vaccination. Inactivated cells of LAB, or LAB that are bacteriostatic but have a synergistic immunostimulatory effect with BCG, could be potential adjuvants to be used for oral vaccination in badgers. Further work is needed to take into account the complex nature of the gut microbiome, specific immunity of the badger and the in vivo context. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1210-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stedman
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Deanna Dalley
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
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Fiołka MJ, Grzywnowicz K, Mendyk E, Zagaja M, Szewczyk R, Rawski M, Keller R, Rzymowska J, Wydrych J. Antimycobacterial action of a new glycolipid-peptide complex obtained from extracellular metabolites of Raoultella ornithinolytica. APMIS 2015; 123:1069-80. [PMID: 26547373 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an antimycobacterial component of extracellular metabolites of a gut bacterium Raoultella ornithinolytica from D. veneta earthworms was isolated and its antimycobacterial action was tested using Mycobacterium smegmatis. After incubation with the complex obtained, formation of pores and furrows in cell walls was observed using microscopic techniques. The cells lost their shape, stuck together and formed clusters. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that, after incubation, the complex was attached to the cell walls of the Mycobacterium. Analyses of the component performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated high similarity to a bacteriocin nisin, but energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed differences in the elemental composition of this antimicrobial peptide. The component with antimycobacterial activity was identified using mass spectrometry techniques as a glycolipid-peptide complex. As it exhibits no cytotoxicity on normal human fibroblasts, the glycolipid-peptide complex appears to be a promising compound for investigations of its activity against pathogenic mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Grzywnowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewaryst Mendyk
- Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Szewczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Łódź
| | - Michał Rawski
- Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Keller
- Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rzymowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Black PA, Warren RM, Louw GE, van Helden PD, Victor TC, Kana BD. Energy metabolism and drug efflux in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2491-503. [PMID: 24614376 PMCID: PMC3993223 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02293-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent drug susceptibility of microorganisms is determined by multiple factors, including growth state, the rate of drug diffusion into and out of the cell, and the intrinsic vulnerability of drug targets with regard to the corresponding antimicrobial agent. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a significant source of global morbidity and mortality, further exacerbated by its ability to readily evolve drug resistance. It is well accepted that drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is driven by the acquisition of chromosomal mutations in genes encoding drug targets/promoter regions; however, a comprehensive description of the molecular mechanisms that fuel drug resistance in the clinical setting is currently lacking. In this context, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that active extrusion of drugs from the cell is critical for drug tolerance. M. tuberculosis encodes representatives of a diverse range of multidrug transporters, many of which are dependent on the proton motive force (PMF) or the availability of ATP. This suggests that energy metabolism and ATP production through the PMF, which is established by the electron transport chain (ETC), are critical in determining the drug susceptibility of M. tuberculosis. In this review, we detail advances in the study of the mycobacterial ETC and highlight drugs that target various components of the ETC. We provide an overview of some of the efflux pumps present in M. tuberculosis and their association, if any, with drug transport and concomitant effects on drug resistance. The implications of inhibiting drug extrusion, through the use of efflux pump inhibitors, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa A. Black
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Robin M. Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Gail E. Louw
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Paul D. van Helden
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Thomas C. Victor
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Bavesh D. Kana
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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12
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de la Fuente-Salcido NM, Barboza-Corona JE, Espino Monzón AN, Pacheco Cano RD, Balagurusamy N, Bideshi DK, Salcedo-Hernández R. Expanding the use of a fluorogenic method to determine activity and mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:503269. [PMID: 22919330 PMCID: PMC3415160 DOI: 10.1100/2012/503269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we described a rapid fluorogenic method to measure the activity of five bacteriocins produced by Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against B. cereus 183. Here we standardize this method to efficiently determine the activity of bacteriocins against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It was determined that the crucial parameter required to obtain reproducible results was the number of cells used in the assay, that is, ~4 × 108 cell/mL and ~7 × 108 cell/mL, respectively, for target Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Comparative analyses of the fluorogenic and traditional well-diffusion assays showed correlation coefficients of 0.88 to 0.99 and 0.83 to 0.99, respectively, for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The fluorogenic method demonstrated that the five bacteriocins of B. thuringiensis have bacteriolytic and bacteriostatic activities against all microorganisms tested, including clinically significant bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Shigella flexneri reported previously to be resistant to the antimicrobials as determined using the well-diffusion protocol. These results demonstrate that the fluorogenic assay is a more sensitive, reliable, and rapid method when compared with the well-diffusion method and can easily be adapted in screening protocols for bacteriocin production by other microorganisms.
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MONTVILLE THOMASJ. BIOSAFETY CHALLENGES FOR THE FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY. J Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2012.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Donaghy J. Lantibiotics as prospective antimycobacterial agents. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:437-9. [PMID: 21468214 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.6.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Donaghy
- Food Microbiology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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15
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Permeabilization induced by lipid II-targeting lantibiotic nisin and its effect on the bioconversion of vitamin D3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by Rhodococcus erythropolis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:393-8. [PMID: 21237135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a fat-soluble prohormone in mammals. VD3 is inert and must be activated by hydroxylation at the C-25 and C-1α positions to exert its biological activity. We recently accomplished the bioconversion of VD3 to 25(OH)VD3 with a recombinant strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis and found that the permeability of VD3 into the cytoplasm may be the rate-limiting step of 25(OH)VD3 production (Sallam et al., 2010). When the cells were treated with the lipid II-targeting lantibiotic nisin, the permeability of green chemiluminescent cyclodextrin (GCCD), which is used as a model substrate instead of VD3-partially methylated-β-cyclodextrin (PMCD) complex, was drastically induced. Nisin also induced VD3 hydroxylation, and the rate was correlated with the expression levels of Vdh and its redox partner proteins. In the bioconversion reaction, the stability of the redox partner proteins and the additional NADH-regenerating system are crucial for VD3 hydroxylation. The degradation rate of the [2Fe-2S] cluster of ferredoxin ThcC from R. erythropolis NI86/21 is faster than that of AciB from Acinetobacter sp. OC4. Therefore, the nisin-treated R. erythropolis cells coexpressing Vdh and AciBC (1176.5 μg) exhibited much greater 25(OH)VD3 production than the cells coexpressing Vdh and ThcCD (431.7 μg) after four consecutive 16 h reactions. These results suggest that nisin forms nisin-lipid II pore complexes in the Rhodococcus membrane that increase the accessibility of VD3-PMCD complexes to the inside of the cells. Furthermore, nisin-treated Rhodococcus cells can be utilized for the bioconversion of other fat-soluble chemicals.
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Loss of msnA, a putative stress regulatory gene, in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus increased production of conidia, aflatoxins and kojic acid. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:82-104. [PMID: 22069691 PMCID: PMC3210457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of the harmful carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus has been postulated to be a mechanism to relieve oxidative stress. The msnA gene of A. parasiticus and A. flavus is the ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSN2 that is associated with multi-stress response. Compared to wild type strains, the msnA deletion (∆msnA) strains of A. parasiticus and A. flavus exhibited retarded colony growth with increased conidiation. The ∆msnA strains also produced slightly higher amounts of aflatoxins and elevated amounts of kojic acid on mixed cereal medium. Microarray assays showed that expression of genes encoding oxidative stress defense enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and cytochrome c peroxidase in A. parasiticus ∆msnA, and the catalase A gene in A. flavus ∆msnA, was up-regulated. Both A. parasiticus and A. flavus ∆msnA strains produced higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS production of A. flavus msnA addback strains was decreased to levels comparable to that of the wild type A. flavus. The msnA gene appears to be required for the maintenance of the normal oxidative state. The impairment of msnA resulted in the aforementioned changes, which might be used to combat the increased oxidative stress in the cells.
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Henry M, Begley M, Neve H, Maher F, Ross RP, McAuliffe O, Coffey A, O'Mahony JM. Cloning and expression of a mureinolytic enzyme from the mycobacteriophage TM4. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 311:126-32. [PMID: 20727013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the characterization, cloning, expression and purification of the lysin A gene of the mycobacteriophage TM4. The gene TM4_gp29 (gp29) is a 1644-bp gene that codes for a 58.6-kDa protein and contains peptidoglycan recognition protein, Zn-binding and amidase catalytic domains. The gene was cloned into Escherichia coli using the 'His-Tag' pQE60 vector. After affinity chromatography-mediated purification, the protein was concentrated and visualized using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Evidence of peptidoglycan-degrading activity was observed initially by a chloroform assay and later by conventional zymogram analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Henry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Gaggìa F, Nielsen DS, Biavati B, Siegumfeldt H. Intracellular pH of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis following exposure to antimicrobial compounds monitored at the single cell level. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 141 Suppl 1:S188-92. [PMID: 20573414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease; moreover, it seems to be implicated in the development of Crohn's disease in humans. In the present study, fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy (FRIM) was used to assess changes in intracellular pH (pH(i)) of one strain of MAP after exposure to nisin and neutralized cell-free supernatants (NCSs) from five bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with known probiotic properties. The evaluation of pH(i) by FRIM provides information about the physiological state of bacterial cells, bypassing the long and problematic incubations needed for methods relying upon growth of MAP such as determination of colony forming units. The FRIM results showed that both nisin and the cell-free supernatant from Lactobacillus plantarum PCA 236 affected the pH(i) of MAP within a few hours. However, monitoring the population for 24h revealed the presence of a subpopulation of cells probably resistant to the antimicrobial compounds tested. Use of nisin and bacteriocin-producing LAB strains could lead to new intervention strategies for the control of MAP based on in vivo application of probiotic cultures as feed additives at farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaggìa
- Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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19
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Catalão MJ, Gil F, Moniz-Pereira J, Pimentel M. The mycobacteriophage Ms6 encodes a chaperone-like protein involved in the endolysin delivery to the peptidoglycan. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:672-86. [PMID: 20545844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Like most double-stranded (ds) DNA phages, mycobacteriophage Ms6 uses the holin-endolysin system to achieve lysis of its host. In addition to endolysin (lysA) and holin (hol) genes, Ms6 encodes three accessory lysis proteins. In this study we investigated the lysis function of Gp1, which is encoded by the gp1 gene that lies immediately upstream of lysA. Escherichia coli lysis was observed after coexpression of LysA and Gp1 in the absence of Ms6 holin. Gp1 does not belong to the holin class of proteins, and we provide evidence that it shares several characteristics with molecular chaperones. We show that Gp1 interacts with LysA, and that this interaction is necessary for LysA delivery to its target. In addition, PhoA fusions showed that, in Mycobacterium smegmatis, LysA is exported to the extracytoplasmic environment in the presence of Gp1. We also show that Gp1 is necessary for efficient M. smegmatis lysis, as Ms6 gp1 deletion results in host lysis defects. We propose that delivery of Ms6 endolysin to the murein layer is assisted by Gp1, a chaperone-like protein, in a holin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Catalão
- Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Unidade dos Retrovirus e Infecções Associadas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Comparison of the activities of the lantibiotics nisin and lacticin 3147 against clinically significant mycobacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 36:132-6. [PMID: 20547041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use the microtitre alamarBlue assay to investigate and compare the antimycobacterial potential of the lantibiotics nisin and lacticin 3147 against a representative cohort of clinically significant mycobacteria, i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) ATCC 19698 and Mycobacterium kansasii CIT11/06. Lacticin 3147 displayed potent activity against all strains of mycobacteria, with MIC(90) values (lowest concentration of lantibiotic that prevented growth of >90% of the bacterial population) of 60 mg/L and 15 mg/L for M. kansasii and MAP, respectively. Lacticin 3147 was particularly effective against M. tuberculosis H37Ra, with a MIC(90) value of 7.5mg/L. Nisin, although inhibitory, was generally less potent against all strains of mycobacteria, with MIC(90) values of 60 mg/L for M. kansasii and >60 mg/L for MAP and M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Thus, lacticin 3147 is a potent antimycobacterial peptide that shows superior activity compared with nisin at physiological pH.
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Zhang H, Wei H, Cui Y, Zhao G, Feng F. Antibacterial interactions of monolaurin with commonly used antimicrobials and food components. J Food Sci 2010; 74:M418-21. [PMID: 19895490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monolaurin is a nontraditional antimicrobial agent that possesses better antimicrobial activities but causes no health problems to consumers, but the use of monolaurin in the food industry as a preservative is still limited. Using a microtiter plate assay, the minimum inhibitory concentrations for monolaurin were 25 microg/mL against Escherichia coli, 12.5 microg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, and 30 microg/mL against Bacillus subtilis. The interaction with commonly used antimicrobials revealed that monolaurin and nisin acted synergistically against the test microorganisms, monolaurin in combination with sodium dehydroacetate or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was synergistic against E. coli and B. subtilis but not S. aureus, and monolaurin combined with calcium propionate or sodium lactate showed no synergistic effects against any test microorganism. The interaction with food components revealed that the antibacterial effectiveness of monolaurin was reduced by fat or starch while the monolaurin activity remained unchanged in the presence of protein. This study contributes to a better understanding on the use of monolaurin as a nontraditional preservative in food products. Results from this study suggest the potential use of monolaurin as a nontraditional preservative in combination with commonly used antimicrobials, such as nisin, sodium dehydroacetate, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and suggest that the antibacterial effectiveness of monolaurin may be reduced significantly in high-fat or low-starch food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Dept of Food Science and Nutrition, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou 310029, China
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22
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Zhou J, Liu L, Shi Z, Du G, Chen J. ATP in current biotechnology: regulation, applications and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 27:94-101. [PMID: 19026736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), the most important energy source for metabolic reactions and pathways, plays a vital role in the growth of industrial strain and the production of target metabolites. In this review, current advances in manipulating ATP in industrial strains, including altering NADH availability, and regulating NADH oxidation pathway, oxygen supply, proton gradient, the electron transfer chain activity and the F(0)F(1)-ATPase activity, are summarized and discussed. By applying these strategies, optimal product concentrations, yields and productivity in industrial biotechnology have been achieved. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which ATP extends the substrate utilization spectra and enhances the ability to challenge harsh environmental stress have been elucidated. Finally, three critical issues related to ATP manipulation have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Bovicin HC5, a lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus bovis HC5, catalyzes the efflux of intracellular potassium but not ATP. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2247-9. [PMID: 18347110 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00109-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovicin HC5, a broad-spectrum lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus bovis HC5, catalyzed the efflux of intracellular potassium from Streptococcus bovis JB1, a sensitive strain. The level of ATP also decreased, but this decline appeared to be caused by the activity of the F(1)F(0) ATPase rather than efflux per se.
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24
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Effective control of Listeria innocua by combination of nisin, pH and low temperature in liquid cheese whey. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Morphological changes of temperature- and pH-stressed Salmonella following exposure to cetylpyridinium chloride and nisin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Long C, Phillips C. The effect of sodium citrate, sodium lactate and nisin on the survival of Arcobacter butzleri NCTC 12481 on chicken. Food Microbiol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(02)00176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li J, Kolling GL, Matthews KR, Chikindas ML. Cold and carbon dioxide used as multi-hurdle preservation do not induce appearance of viable but non-culturable Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 94:48-53. [PMID: 12492922 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study whether the exposure to cold (4 degrees C) and carbon dioxide which results in the elongation of Listeria cells, induces a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. METHODS AND RESULTS When cold and CO2 stressed L. monocytogenes were observed under a fluorescence microscope, using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacteria viability kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA), the healthy, mildly injured, and the putative VBNC cells accounted for 31.0% of the stressed cell population. By using the selective plate count, 31.4% of the same stressed cell population was found to be healthy and mildly injured (putative VBNC cells not included). If there were VBNC state cells present, we should have observed a significant difference between the above two numbers. In fact, there was no significant difference between the results obtained from those two methods. CONCLUSIONS There were no VBNC state cells observed in the stressed cell population. We conclude that cold and CO2 do not induce L. monocytogenes to enter a VBNC state. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Cold and modified atmospheres are widely used in fresh muscle food and fruit preservation. Whether they would induce L. monocytogenes into a VBNC state is of a great concern for microbial food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Food Science, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Phillips C, Duggan J. The effect of temperature and citric acid, alone, and in combination with nisin, on the growth of Arcobacter butzleri in culture. Food Control 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0956-7135(01)00074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Pol IE, Krommer J, Smid EJ. Bioenergetic consequences of nisin combined with carvacrol towards Bacillus cereus. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(01)00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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The effect of EDTA and trisodium phosphate, alone and in combination with nisin, on the growth of Arcobacter butzleri in culture. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Mansour M, Millière JB. An inhibitory synergistic effect of a nisin–monolaurin combination on Bacillus sp. vegetative cells in milk. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2000.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Abstract
This study examined the inhibitory effect of nisin and its mode of action against Mycobacterium smegmatis, a non-pathogenic species of mycobacteria, and M. bovis-Bacill Carmette Guerin (BCG), a vaccine strain of pathogenic M. bovis. In agar diffusion assays, 2.5 mg ml(-1) nisin was required to inhibit M. bovis-BCG. Nisin caused a slow, gradual, time- and concentration-dependent decrease in internal ATP levels in M. bovis-BCG, but no ATP efflux was detected. In mycobacteria, nisin decreased both components of proton motive force (membrane potential, Delta Psi and Delta pH) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, mycobacteria maintained their intracellular ATP levels during the initial time period of Delta Psi and Delta pH dissipation. These data suggest that the mechanism of nisin in mycobacteria is similar to that in food-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chung
- Cook College, Department of Food Science, Rutgers--The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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