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Maslennikova VS, Tsvetkova VP, Shelikhova EV, Selyuk MP, Alikina TY, Kabilov MR, Dubovskiy IM. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Mix Suppresses Rhizoctonia Disease and Improves Rhizosphere Microbiome, Growth and Yield of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1142. [PMID: 38132743 PMCID: PMC10744094 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Black scurf and stem canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a significant disease problem of potatoes. Currently, chemical methods are the primary means of controlling this pathogen. This study sought to explore an alternative approach by harnessing the biocontrol potential of a bacterial mix of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against black scurf, and to determine their effect on rhizosphere microorganisms of soil microbiota. This study showed that these bacteria demonstrate antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Reduced damage to potato plants during the growing season in Siberia was observed. The index of disease development decreased from 40.9% to 12.0%. The treatment of tubers with this mix of bacteria also led to a change in the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota (according to CFU, 16S and ITS sequencing). This effect was accompanied by a positive change in plant physiological parameters (spectrophotometric analysis). The concentration of chlorophyll in potatoes with the bacterial mix treatment increased by 1.3 fold (p ≤ 0.001), and of carotenoids by 1.2 fold (p ≤ 0.01) compared with the control. After bacterial mix treatment, the length of the aerial parts of plants was 1.3 fold higher (p ≤ 0.001), and the number of stems 1.4 fold higher (p ≤ 0.05). The yield of potatoes was increased by 8.2 t/ha, while the large tuber fraction was increased by 16% (p ≤ 0.05). The bacteria mix of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens suppressed the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, and simultaneously enhanced the physiological parameters of potato plants. This treatment can be used to enhance the yield/quality of potato tubers under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava S. Maslennikova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vera P. Tsvetkova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
| | - Evgenia V. Shelikhova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina P. Selyuk
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
| | - Tatyana Y. Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Bouassida M, Mnif I, Hammami I, Triki MA, Ghribi D. Bacillus subtilis SPB1 lipopeptide biosurfactant: antibacterial efficiency against the phytopathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and compared production in submerged and solid state fermentation systems. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1595-1609. [PMID: 37637836 PMCID: PMC10449737 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis SPB1 derived biosurfactants (BioS) proved its bio-control activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens using tomato plant. Almost 83% of disease symptoms triggered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens were reduced. Aiming potential application, we studied lipopeptide cost-effective production in both fermentations systems, namely the submerged fermentation (SmF) and the solid-state fermentation (SSF) as well as the use of Aleppo pine waste and confectionery effluent as cheap substrates. Optimization studies using Box-Behnken (BB) design followed by the analysis with response surface methodology were applied. When using an effluent/sea water ratio of 1, Aleppo pine waste of 14.08 g/L and an inoculum size of 0.2, a best production yield of 17.16 ± 0.91 mg/g was obtained for the SmF. While for the SSF, the best production yield of 27.59 ± 1.63 mg/g was achieved when the value of Aleppo pine waste, moisture, and inoculum size were, respectively, equal to 25 g, 75%, and 0.2. Hence, this work demonstrated the superiority of SSF over SmF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Bouassida
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Plantes et Valorisation des Agro-Ressources, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
- Bioréacteur couple à un ultra filtre, Ecole Nationale D’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Inès Mnif
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabes, Université de Gabes, Gabes, Tunisie
| | - Ines Hammami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed-Ali Triki
- Institut de l’Olivier-Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education-Tunisia-Protection of Plants Researcher, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Dhouha Ghribi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Plantes et Valorisation des Agro-Ressources, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
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Reale A, Messia MC, Pulvento C, Lavini A, Nazzaro S, Di Renzo T. Microbial and Qualitative Traits of Quinoa and Amaranth Seeds from Experimental Fields in Southern Italy. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091866. [PMID: 37174403 PMCID: PMC10177794 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa and amaranth are of special interest since they are increasingly used for the development of new bakery products with enhanced nutritional value. The aim of the study was to evaluate the agronomic, microbiological, and nutritional characteristics of quinoa and amaranth seeds grown in Southern Italy. For this reason, quinoa Titicaca and three amaranth accessions (5, 12, and 14) were cultivated in different experimental fields in the Campania Region and analyzed for the cultivation aspects, chemical composition, and microbiological quality of the seeds. All seeds showed a good adaptability to cultivation in the experimental areas of the Mediterranean basin. Quinoa seeds were characterized by their higher protein, fat, and ash content than the amaranth seeds, which were characterized by their higher value in dietary fiber. All seeds, regardless of the geographical area of production, were contaminated with yeasts, moulds, and spore-forming bacteria, mainly Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, B. safensis and B. subtilis, as identified by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. So, the detection of Bacillus spp. must be strongly monitored, as quinoa and amaranth seeds could be used in bread production, where they can cause ropiness, resulting in great economic losses for the industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reale
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Messia
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Cataldo Pulvento
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DISSPA), University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lavini
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania Nazzaro
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Renzo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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Shift of Dominant Species in Plant Community and Soil Chemical Properties Shape Soil Bacterial Community Characteristics and Putative Functions: A Case Study on Topographic Variation in a Mountain Pasture. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050961. [PMID: 33947019 PMCID: PMC8146586 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing management intensity according to the topography of pastures can change the dominant plant species from sown forages to weeds. It is unclear how changes in species dominance in plant community drive spatial variation in soil bacterial community characteristics and functions in association with edaphic condition. Analysing separately the effects of both plant communities and soil chemical properties on bacterial community is crucial for understanding the biogeographic process at a small scale. In this paper, we investigated soil bacterial responses in five plant communities (two forage and three weed), where >65% of the coverage was by one or two species. The structure and composition of the bacterial communities in the different microbiome were analysed using sequencing and their characteristics were assessed using the Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Firmicutes and Planctomycetes responded only to one specific plant community, and each plant community harboured unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the species level. There were a large percentage of uniquely absent OTUs for specific plant communities, suggesting that a negative effect is critical in the relationship between plants and bacteria. Bacterial diversity indices were influenced more by soil chemical properties than by plant communities. Some putative functions related to C and N recycling including nitrogen fixation were correlated with pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and nutrient levels, and this also implied that some biological functions, such as ureolysis and carbon metabolism, may decline when fertilisation intensity is reduced. Taken together, these results suggest that a shift of dominant species in plant community exerts individual effects on the bacterial community composition, which is different from the effect of soil chemical properties.
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Sharma N, Tiwari V, Vats S, Kumari A, Chunduri V, Kaur S, Kapoor P, Garg M. Evaluation of Anthocyanin Content, Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Black, Purple and Blue Colored Wheat Flour and Wheat-Grass Juice against Common Human Pathogens. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245785. [PMID: 33302587 PMCID: PMC7764458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of anthocyanins extracted from colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice against human pathogens. The total anthocyanin content and antioxidant potential in colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice extracts were significantly higher than white flour and wheat-grass juice extracts. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography showed the maximum number of anthocyanin peaks in black wheat, with delphinidin-3-o-galactoside chloride, delphinidin-3-o-glucoside chloride, and cyanindin-3-o-glucoside chloride as the major contributors. Among flour extracts, maximum zones of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1934), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1434), Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans (MTCC 227) were produced by black flour extract, having the highest anthocyanin content. It exhibited a minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of 200 mg/mL against E. coli and C. albicans; and 100 and 150 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Black and purple flour extracts exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. White flour extracts did not show MMC against E. coli and C. albicans. Among wheat-grass juice extracts, black wheat-grass was most effective and showed an MIC of 100-150 mg/mL against all pathogens. It exhibited an MMC of 200 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Hence, anthocyanin-rich colored wheat could be of nutraceutical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sharma
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India; (N.S.); (V.T.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (S.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Vandita Tiwari
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India; (N.S.); (V.T.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (S.K.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Shreya Vats
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India; (N.S.); (V.T.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (S.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India; (N.S.); (V.T.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (S.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Satveer Kaur
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India; (N.S.); (V.T.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (S.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India; (N.S.); (V.T.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (S.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Monika Garg
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India; (N.S.); (V.T.); (A.K.); (V.C.); (S.K.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Baráti-Deák B, Mohácsi-Farkas C, Belák Á. Searching for Antagonistic Activity of Bacterial Isolates Derived from Food Processing Environments on Some Food-Borne Pathogenic Bacteria. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2020.49.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial strains with inhibitory effect on Salmonella Hartford, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli, respectively, were isolated. Out of the 64 bacteria originated from food processing environments, 20 could inhibit at least one of the tested pathogens, and it was proved that growth decline of the pathogenic bacteria was more remarkable by co-culturing than by using cell-free supernatants of the isolates. Seven different genera (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Macrococcus, Staphylococcus, Serratia, and Rothia) reduced the pathogens’ growth during the time period of analysis, and the strongest inhibitory effect was observed after 24 h between 15 and 30 °C. Sensitivity of the tested human pathogenic bacteria against the inhibitory strains was distinct, as Y. enterocolitica could be inhibited by numerous isolates, while S. Hartford proved to be the most resistant. Our results reveal that the isolated bacteria or their excreted metabolites could hinder pathogen growth when used in sufficient quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Baráti-Deák
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University,H-1118 Budapest, Somlói út 14–16. Hungary
| | - Cs. Mohácsi-Farkas
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University,H-1118 Budapest, Somlói út 14–16. Hungary
| | - Á. Belák
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University,H-1118 Budapest, Somlói út 14–16. Hungary
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Dahmana H, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Insecticidal Activity of Bacteria from Larvae Breeding Site with Natural Larvae Mortality: Screening of Separated Supernatant and Pellet Fractions. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060486. [PMID: 32570965 PMCID: PMC7350308 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes can transmit to humans devastating and deadly pathogens. As many chemical insecticides are banned due to environmental side effects or are of reduced efficacy due to resistance, biological control, including the use of bacterial strains with insecticidal activity, is of increasing interest and importance. The urgent actual need relies on the discovery of new compounds, preferably of a biological nature. Here, we explored the phenomenon of natural larvae mortality in larval breeding sites to identify potential novel compounds that may be used in biological control. From there, we isolated 14 bacterial strains of the phylum Firmicutes, most of the order Bacillales. Cultures were carried out under controlled conditions and were separated on supernatant and pellet fractions. The two fractions and a 1:1 mixture of the two fractions were tested on L3 and early L4 Aedes albopictus. Two concentrations were tested (2 and 6 mg/L). Larvae mortality was recorded at 24, 48 and 72 h and compared to that induced by the commercialized B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Of the 14 strains isolated, 11 were active against the A. albopictus larvae: 10 of the supernatant fractions and one pellet fraction, and mortality increased with the concentration. For the insecticide activity prediction in three strains of the Bacillus cereus complex, PCR screening of the crystal (Cry) and cytolytic (Cyt) protein families characteristic to B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was performed. Most of the genes coding for these proteins' synthesis were not detected. We identified bacterial strains that exhibit higher insecticidal activity compared with a commercial product. Further studies are needed for the characterization of active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handi Dahmana
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (H.D.); (D.R.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Didier Raoult
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (H.D.); (D.R.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (H.D.); (D.R.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-13-73-24-01; Fax: +33-(0)4-13-73-24-02
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From Genome to Field-Observation of the Multimodal Nematicidal and Plant Growth-Promoting Effects of Bacillus firmus I-1582 on Tomatoes Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050592. [PMID: 32384661 PMCID: PMC7285481 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are considered the most important group of plant-parasitic nematodes due to their wide range of plant hosts and subsequent role in yield losses in agricultural production systems. Chemical nematicides are the primary control method, but ecotoxicity issues with some compounds has led to their phasing-out and consequential development of new control strategies, including biological control. We evaluated the nematicidal activity of Bacillus firmus I-1582 in pot and microplot experiments against Meloidogyne luci. I-1582 reduced nematode counts by 51% and 53% compared to the untreated control in pot and microplot experiments, respectively. I-1582 presence in the rhizosphere had concurrent nematicidal and plant growth-promoting effects, measured using plant morphology, relative chlorophyll content, elemental composition and hyperspectral imaging. Hyperspectral imaging in the 400–2500 nm spectral range and supervised classification using partial least squares support vector machines successfully differentiated B. firmus-treated and untreated plants, with 97.4% and 96.3% accuracy in pot and microplot experiments, respectively. Visible and shortwave infrared spectral regions associated with chlorophyll, N–H and C–N stretches in proteins were most relevant for treatment discrimination. This study shows the ability of hyperspectral imaging to rapidly assess the success of biological measures for pest control.
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Ntushelo K, Ledwaba LK, Rauwane ME, Adebo OA, Njobeh PB. The Mode of Action of Bacillus Species against Fusarium graminearum, Tools for Investigation, and Future Prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100606. [PMID: 31635255 PMCID: PMC6832908 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a pervasive plant pathogenic fungal species. Biological control agents employ various strategies to weaken their targets, as shown by Bacillus species, which adopt various mechanisms, including the production of bioactive compounds, to inhibit the growth of F. graminearum. Various efforts to uncover the antagonistic mechanisms of Bacillus against F. graminearum have been undertaken and have yielded a plethora of data available in the current literature. This perspective article attempts to provide a unified record of these interesting findings. The authors provide background knowledge on the use of Bacillus as a biocontrol agent as well as details on techniques and tools for studying the antagonistic mechanism of Bacillus against F. graminearum. Emphasizing its potential as a future biological control agent with extensive use, the authors encourage future studies on Bacillus as a useful antagonist of F. graminearum and other plant pathogens. It is also recommended to take advantage of the newly invented analytical platforms for studying biochemical processes to understand the mechanism of action of Bacillus against plant pathogens in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khayalethu Ntushelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Corner Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Private Bag X6, Florida 1709, Guateng, South Africa.
| | - Lesiba Klaas Ledwaba
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Corner Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Private Bag X6, Florida 1709, Guateng, South Africa.
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, Tshwane, South Africa.
| | - Molemi Evelyn Rauwane
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Corner Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Private Bag X6, Florida 1709, Guateng, South Africa.
| | - Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Corner Siemert and Louisa Street, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Corner Siemert and Louisa Street, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Islam MN, Choi J, Baek KH. Control of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria by Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Ginkgo biloba L. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:661-670. [PMID: 31268372 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria (EB) are a prospective source of natural and novel bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical relevance. In the present study, a total of 50 EB were isolated from the fruits and leaves of ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba L.), the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta and popularly known as a living fossil. All the isolated EB were screened for their antibacterial activity against five deleterious foodborne pathogenic bacteria namely Escherichia coli ATCC 43890, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 19586, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19115, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600. Among the isolated EB, GbF-96, GbF-97, and GbF-98 exhibited antibacterial activity against all the pathogenic bacteria tested, with inhibition zone ranging from 33.47 to 9.55 mm. GbF-96, identified as Bacillus subtilis, exerted the highest antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria. In contrast, the ethyl acetate extract of GbF-96 showed antibacterial activity against only B. cereus, E. coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated cracked and irregular, swollen, shrunken, and lysed cell surfaces of the pathogenic bacteria treated with ethyl acetate extract of GbF-96 or B. subtilis, indicating that the metabolites of GbF-96 might penetrate the bacterial cell membranes and evoke pathways inducing cell lysis. Together, the data suggest that B. subtilis from G. biloba can be a potential candidate for controlling dreadful foodborne pathogenic bacteria, either by itself or by its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Islam
- Soil Resource Development Institute, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Screening of Biocontrol Potential of Indigenous Bacillus spp. Isolated from Rice Rhizosphere against R. solani, S. oryzae, S. rolfsii and Response towards Growth of Rice. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.1.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hamdy AA, Elattal NA, Amin MA, Ali AE, Mansour NM, Awad GE, Farrag ARH, Esawy MA. In vivo assessment of possible probiotic properties of Bacillus subtilis and prebiotic properties of levan. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sierra-García IN, Romero-Tabarez M, Orduz-Peralta S. Determinación de la actividad antimicrobiana e insecticida de extractos producidos por bacterias aisladas de suelo. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colombia es considerado uno de los países con mayor diversidad biológica, sin embargo, muy poca de esa diversidad ha sido explorada para identificar sustancias biológicamente activas. Los metabolitos secundarios bacterianos pueden presentar actividad frente a patógenos de plantas y animales y representan alternativas biotecnológicas para la industria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial de diferentes cepas bacterianas aisladas de suelo, para producir sustancias biológicamente activas como antibacterianos, antifúngicos e insecticidas. Un total de 92 extractos metanólicos de metabolitos secundarios bacterianos fueron evaluados. La actividad antibacterial y antifúngica se evaluó mediante el ensayo de difusión en agar frente a diversas bacterias como Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus frente a diferentes hongos Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Pestalotia sp. y Verticillium sp. La actividad insecticida se evaluó determinando el efecto de los extractos sobre la mortalidad de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera) y Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera). Se determinó que el 50% de los aislamientos bacterianos tuvieron algún tipo de actividad, aunque la mayor actividad biológica se detectó en los extractos producidos por bacterias del género Bacillus, identificados por medio de análisis del ADN ribosomal 16S y por caracterización bioquímica con API® 50 CHB, MicroLogTM y Biolog. Las especies del género Bacillus identificadas han sido caracterizadas como productoras de compuestos antimicrobianos de amplio espectro o de varios compuestos con diferentes actividades. La actividad biológica presentada por los extractos evidencian que los microorganismos terrestres y especialmente, las especies de Bacillus son productores prolíficos de diversas sustancias bioactivas.
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Barati M, Chamani M, Mousavi SN, Hoseini SA, Taj Abadi Ebrahimi M. Effects of biological and mineral compounds in aflatoxin-contaminated diets on blood parameters and immune response of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1388243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Barati
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chamani
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Naser Mousavi
- Department of Animal Science, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hoseini
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
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Shen Z, Mustapha A, Lin M, Zheng G. Biocontrol of the internalization of Salmonella enterica and Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in mung bean sprouts with an endophytic Bacillus subtilis. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 250:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Gao H, Xu X, Zeng Q, Li P. Optimization of Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction for GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Compounds Produced by Biocontrol Strain Bacillus subtilis CF-3 Using Response Surface Methodology. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops
| | - Xinxing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops
| | - Qing Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops
| | - Peizhong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops
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Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial biofilms formed by competitive exclusion microorganisms on stainless steel. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:165-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chandrasekaran M, Chun SC. Expression of PR-protein genes and induction of defense-related enzymes by Bacillus subtilis CBR05 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants challenged with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2277-2283. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1206811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis CBR05 for control of soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) in tomato, and the possible mechanisms of its resistance induction have been investigated under pot conditions. Results showed that plants inoculated with B. subtilis CBR05 had lower disease incidence (36%). A significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities was observed in plants inoculated with B. subtilis between 48 and 72 hpi. Also, the transcript profiles of Glu and Phenyl ammonia lyase (PAL) showed a significant up-regulation following inoculation. The most significant up-regulation was observed in transcript profile of PAL that showed 0.49 Fold Expression, at 72 hpi as compared to its expression at 12 hpi. These results suggest that systemic induction of defense-related genes expression and antioxidant enzyme activity by B. subtilis could play a pivotal role in disease resistance against soft rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Se Chul Chun
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hsueh YH, Ke WJ, Hsieh CT, Lin KS, Tzou DY, Chiang CL. ZnO Nanoparticles Affect Bacillus subtilis Cell Growth and Biofilm Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128457. [PMID: 26039692 PMCID: PMC4454653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are an important antimicrobial additive in many industrial applications. However, mass-produced ZnO NPs are ultimately disposed of in the environment, which can threaten soil-dwelling microorganisms that play important roles in biodegradation, nutrient recycling, plant protection, and ecological balance. This study sought to understand how ZnO NPs affect Bacillus subtilis, a plant-beneficial bacterium ubiquitously found in soil. The impact of ZnO NPs on B. subtilis growth, FtsZ ring formation, cytosolic protein activity, and biofilm formation were assessed, and our results show that B. subtilis growth is inhibited by high concentrations of ZnO NPs (≥ 50 ppm), with cells exhibiting a prolonged lag phase and delayed medial FtsZ ring formation. RedoxSensor and Phag-GFP fluorescence data further show that at ZnO-NP concentrations above 50 ppm, B. subtilis reductase activity, membrane stability, and protein expression all decrease. SDS-PAGE Stains-All staining results and FT-IR data further demonstrate that ZnO NPs negatively affect exopolysaccharide production. Moreover, it was found that B. subtilis biofilm surface structures became smooth under ZnO-NP concentrations of only 5–10 ppm, with concentrations ≤ 25 ppm significantly reducing biofilm formation activity. XANES and EXAFS spectra analysis further confirmed the presence of ZnO in co-cultured B. subtilis cells, which suggests penetration of cell membranes by either ZnO NPs or toxic Zn+ ions from ionized ZnO NPs, the latter of which may be deionized to ZnO within bacterial cells. Together, these results demonstrate that ZnO NPs can affect B. subtilis viability through the inhibition of cell growth, cytosolic protein expression, and biofilm formation, and suggest that future ZnO-NP waste management strategies would do well to mitigate the potential environmental impact engendered by the disposal of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Huang Hsueh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Wan-Ju Ke
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Song Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Ying Tzou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Sharma A, Trivedi S. Evaluation ofin vitroprobiotic potential of phytase-producing bacterial strain as a new probiotic candidate. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sharma
- Bacteriology Laboratory; Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Biological Science; Rani Durgavati University; Pachpedi Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 482001 India
| | - Shraddha Trivedi
- Bacteriology Laboratory; Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Biological Science; Rani Durgavati University; Pachpedi Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 482001 India
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Kanagaraj J, Senthilvelan T, Panda RC, Aravindhan R, Mandal AB. Biosorption of Trivalent Chromium from Wastewater: An Approach towards Green Chemistry. Chem Eng Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Inhibition of Aspergillus carbonarius and fungal contamination in table grapes using Bacillus subtilis. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nishanth Kumar S, Dileep C, Mohandas C, Nambisan B, Ca J. Cyclo(d-Tyr-d-Phe): a new antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant cyclic dipeptide fromBacillussp. N strain associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:173-85. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nishanth Kumar
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilization; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam Thiruvananthapuram 695017 India
| | - C. Dileep
- Department of Botany; SD College; Alappuzha 688003 Kerala India
| | - C. Mohandas
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilization; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam Thiruvananthapuram 695017 India
| | - Bala Nambisan
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilization; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam Thiruvananthapuram 695017 India
| | - Jayaprakas Ca
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilization; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; Sreekariyam Thiruvananthapuram 695017 India
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Kumar SN, Mohandas C, Nambisan B, Sreerag RS, Jayaprakas CA. Cyclo(L-Pro-D-Arg): a new antibacterial and antitumour diketopiperazine from Bacillus cereus associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:197-202. [PMID: 24097052 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our search for new antimicrobial secondary metabolites from Bacillus cereus associated with rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode, a new microbial diketopiperazine, cyclo(L-Pro-D-Arg), was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of fermented modified nutrient broth. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were identified based on their 1D, 2D NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionisation-mass spectroscopy data. Antibacterial activity of the compound was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration and disc diffusion method against medically important bacteria, and the compound was recorded to have significant antibacterial activity against test bacteria. The highest activity was recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniae (1 μg/mL). Cyclo(L-Pro-D-Arg) was recorded to have significant antitumor activity against HeLa cells (IC50 value 50 μg/mL), and this compound was recorded to have no cytotoxicity against normal monkey kidney cells (VERO) up to 100 μg/mL). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that cyclo(L-Pro-D-Arg) has been isolated from a microbial natural source.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishanth Kumar
- Division of Crop Protection/Division of Crop Utilisation, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram, 695017, India,
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Characterizing the mode of action of Brevibacillus laterosporus B4 for control of bacterial brown strip of rice caused by A. avenae subsp. avenae RS-1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:469-78. [PMID: 23990042 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological control efficacy of Brevibacillus laterosporus B4 associated with rice rhizosphere was assessed against bacterial brown stripe of rice caused by Acidovorex avenae subsp. avenae. A biochemical bactericide (chitosan) was used as positive control in this experiment. Result of in vitro analysis indicated that B. laterosporus B4 and its culture filtrates (70%; v/v) exhibited low inhibitory effects than chitosan (5 mg/ml). However, culture suspension of B. laterosporus B4 prepared in 1% saline solution presented significant ability to control bacterial brown stripe in vivo. Bacterization of rice seeds for 24 h yielded a greater response (71.9%) for controlling brown stripe in vivo than chitosan (56%). Studies on mechanisms revealed that B. laterosporus B4 suppressed the biofilm formation and severely disrupted cell membrane integrity of A. avenae subsp. avenae, causing the leakage of intracellular substances. In addition, the expression level of virulence-related genes in pathogen recovered from biocontrol-agent-treated plants showed that the genes responsible for biofilm formation, motility, niche adaptation, membrane functionality and virulence of A. avenae subsp. avenae were down-regulated by B. laterosporus B4 treatment. The biocontrol activity of B. laterosporus B4 was attributed to a substance with protein nature. This protein nature was shown by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequent treatment with protease. The results obtained from this study showed the potential effectiveness of B. laterosporus B4 as biocontrol agent in control of bacterial brown stripe of rice.
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Elkahoui S, Abdel rahim H, Tabbene O, Shaaban M, Limam F, Laatsch H. Cyclo-(His,Leu): A new microbial diketopiperazine from a terrestrialBacillus subtilisstrain B38. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:108-16. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.660635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ceballos I, Mosquera S, Angulo M, Mira JJ, Argel LE, Uribe-Velez D, Romero-Tabarez M, Orduz-Peralta S, Villegas V. Cultivable bacteria populations associated with leaves of banana and plantain plants and their antagonistic activity against Mycosphaerella fijiensis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 64:641-653. [PMID: 22562105 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycosphaerella fijiensis is the etiological agent of Black Sigatoka, a fungal disease that affects production of banana and plantain crops in tropical regions. The sizes of cultivable epiphytic and endophytic bacterial populations, aerobic endospore forming bacteria (AEFB), and antagonist bacteria against M. fijiensis isolated from three Musa spp. cultivars from Urabá (Colombia) were studied, in order to find a suitable screening strategy to isolate antagonistic bacteria. Most of the variability found in the epiphytic and endophytic bacterial community sizes among fruit trees was explained by the cultivar differences. We found population sizes ranging from 1.25 × 10(3) to 9.64 × 10(5) CFU/g of fresh leaf and found that 44 % of total cultivable bacteria belong to the AEFB group. We isolated 648 AEFB from three different cultivars and assessed their antagonistic activity against M. fijiensis using the cell-free supernatant obtained from bacterial liquid cultures in three different in vitro assays. Five percent of those bacteria showed higher percent inhibition than the positive control Bacillus subtilis UA321 has (percent inhibition = 84 ± 5) in the screening phase. Therefore, they were selected as antagonistic bacteria against the pathogen. The strains with the highest percentage of antagonism were found in older leaves for the three cultivars, given support to recommend this group of leaves for future samplings. Some of these isolated bacteria affected the mycelium and ascospores morphology of the fungus. They also presented in vitro characteristics related to a successful colonization of the phylloplane such as indolic compounds, surfactant production, and biofilm formation, which makes them possible, potential candidates as biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ceballos
- Grupo GIPAB. Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 No. 7 Sur-50, Medellín, Colombia
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Bagherzadeh Kasmani F, Karimi Torshizi MA, Allameh A, Shariatmadari F. A novel aflatoxin-binding Bacillus probiotic: Performance, serum biochemistry, and immunological parameters in Japanese quail. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1846-53. [PMID: 22802177 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to screen bacilli isolated from quails for their aflatoxin removal potential and to assess the efficiency of their amelioration of experimental aflatoxicosis. Nonhemolytic bacilli were selected for in vitro aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) removal and conventional probiotic tests. The isolate with the highest scores was selected for assessment in field experiments and was identified as Berevibacillus laterosporus (Bl). In the second experiment, 125 male Japanese quails (21 d old) were divided into 5 groups with 5 replications to compare the toxin removal efficiency of Bl with that of a commercial toxin binder, improved Millbond-TX (IMTX). The experimental groups were as follows: Control (without any feed additive or AFB1); AFB1 (2.5 mg/kg); AFB1+Bl (2.5 mg/kg+10(8) cfu/mL); AFB1+IMTX (2.5 mg/kg+2.5 g/kg); and Bl (10(8) cfu/mL). The greatest BW gain and slaughter and carcass weights were found in the Bl group and the lowest values were observed in the AFB1 group (P<0.05). Feeding AFB1 alone to the chicks resulted in a significant decrease in serum albumin, total protein, and glucose and cholesterol levels but a significant increase in serum uric acid, urea, creatinin and phosphorus (P<0.05). Treatment of birds on AFB1 with Bl restored these to their original levels (P<0.05). AFB1+Bl-fed birds had serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity similar to control birds (P<0.05). Antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus was found to be lowest in the AFB1 group but highest in the Bl group (P<0.05). Antibody production against sheep red blood cells was lower in the AFB1 group compared with the AFB1+Bl group (P<0.05). Berevibacillus laterosporus supplementation of the AFB1 diet restored the skin response to 2,4-dinitro 1-chlorobenzene to levels comparable with control birds (P<0.05). It can be concluded that selected indigenous Bl is a promising probiotic with AFB1 removal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bagherzadeh Kasmani
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Selection and identification of non-pathogenic bacteria isolated from fermented pickles with antagonistic properties against two shrimp pathogens. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 65:289-94. [PMID: 22491136 PMCID: PMC3393057 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, potential probiotic strains were isolated from fermented pickles based on antagonistic activity against two shrimp pathogens (Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Two strains L10 and G1 were identified by biochemical tests, followed by16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis as Bacillus subtilis, and characterized by PCR amplification of repetitive bacterial DNA elements (Rep-PCR). Subsequently, B. subtilis L10 and G1 strains were tested for antibacterial activity under different physical conditions, including culture medium, salinity, pH and temperature using the agar well diffusion assay. Among the different culture media, LB broth was the most suitable medium for antibacterial production. Both strains showed the highest level of antibacterial activity against two pathogens at 30 °C and 1.0% NaCl. Under the pH conditions, strain G1 showed the greatest activity against V. harveyi at pH 7.3–8.0 and against V. parahaemolyticus at pH 6.0–8.0, whereas strain L10 showed the greatest activity against two pathogens at pH 7.3. The cell-free supernatants of both strains were treated with four different enzymes in order to characterize the antibacterial substances against V. harveyi. The result showed considerable reduction of antibacterial activity for both strains, indicating the proteinaceous nature of the antibacterial substances. A wide range of tolerance to NaCl, pH and temperature was also recorded for both strains. In addition, both strains showed no virulence effect in juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. On the basis of these results and safety of strains to L. vannamei, they may be considered for future challenge experiments in shrimp as a very promising alternative to the use of antibiotics.
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Hanajima D, Fukumoto Y, Yasuda T, Suzuki K, Maeda K, Morioka R. Bacterial community dynamics in aerated cow manure slurry at different aeration intensities. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1416-25. [PMID: 21920002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to characterize microbial community dynamics in aerated cow manure slurry at different aeration intensities. METHODS AND RESULTS Batch aerobic treatments were set up in 5-l jar fermentor, each containing 3 l of manure slurry; the slurries were subjected to low, medium and high (50, 150 and 250 ml min(-1), respectively) aeration for 9 days. Microbial community composition was determined using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and a clone library targeting 16S rRNA genes. High and medium aeration accelerated organic carbon degradation in parallel with the degree of aeration intensity; however, 90% of the initial total organic carbon was retained during low-aeration treatment. During the active stages of organic carbon decomposition, clones belonging to the class Bacilli accumulated. Moreover, Bacilli accumulation occurred earlier under high aeration than under medium aeration. CONCLUSIONS Organic matter degradation was mainly governed by a common microbial assemblage consisting of many lineages belonging to the class Bacilli. The timing of community development differed depending on aeration intensity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reports on changes in several environmentally important parameters and the principal microbial assemblage during the pollution-reducing phase of cattle manure aeration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hanajima
- Waste Recycling Research Team, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Kim J, Miller CM, Shepherd MW, Liu X, Jiang X. Impact of indigenous microorganisms on Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth in cured compost. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9619-9625. [PMID: 21875793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Both autoclaving and dry-heat treatments were applied to dairy manure-based compost to achieve target populations of indigenous microorganisms. A 3 strain-mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 of ca. 2 log CFU/g was inoculated into acclimated autoclaved compost (AAC) and dry heat-treated compost (DHTC) with different moistures, and stored at 8, 22, or 30 °C. Only selected groups of microorganisms grew in AAC during acclimation, whereas the relative ratio of each group of microorganisms was maintained in DHTC after heat treatment. E. coli O157:H7 grew more in AAC than DHTC in the presence of same level of indigenous mesophiles. However, control compost (no heat treatment) did not support E. coli O157:H7 growth. Our results revealed that both the type and population of indigenous microorganisms is critical for suppressing E. coli O157:H7 growth in compost, and dry-heat treatment can result in a compost product which resembles cured compost with different levels of indigenous microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Kim
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0316, USA
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Prakash NT, Sharma N, Prakash R, Acharya R. Removal of selenium from Se enriched natural soils by a consortium of Bacillus isolates. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 85:214-218. [PMID: 20577868 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Four bacterial strains designated as SNTP-1, NS-2 to NS-4 were isolated from selenium contaminated soils of Nawanshahr-Hoshiarpur region of Punjab, India, by enrichment technique and a consortium was developed using these isolates. The isolates were observed to be belonging to Bacillus sp. In soil microcosm, complete removal was observed by the consortium in selenite augmented soils while the rate of removal with consortia in selenate treatment was 72% after 120 days. Population survival of isolates showed stability at lower treatments and decline at higher levels of Se enrichment. The consortium can, thus, be used for removal of Se contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tejo Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala, India.
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Gu L, Bai Z, Jin B, Zhang J, Li W, Zhuang G, Zhang H. Production of a newly isolated Paenibacillus polymyxa biocontrol agent using monosodium glutamate wastewater and potato wastewater. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:1407-1412. [PMID: 21174972 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A phyllosphere bacterial strain EBL-06 was isolated from wheat leaves. The morphology, cultural characteristics, phospholipid fatty acids, physiological and antagonistic fungus activities of this strain were investigated. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with the published 16S rDNA sequences of the relevant bacteria. The results showed that the isolate EBL-06 was a strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa; this strain performed a high level of antagonistic fungus activity toward a broad spectrum of phytopathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Fusarium spp. The isolate EBL-06 can grow well using monosodium glutamate wastewater (MGW) and potato wastewater (PW) as culture medium. The maximum yield of 6.5 x 10(9) CFU/mL of the isolate EBL-06 anti-fungus biocontrol agent was reached in 15 hr cultivation at 28 degrees C, pH 6.0-7.5 using the mixture of MGW and PW (1:9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Gu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Todorova S, Kozhuharova L. Characteristics and antimicrobial activity of Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 26:1207-16. [PMID: 24026925 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic Bacillus strains were isolated from soil and analyzed for the purpose of determining whether they could be used as natural biological agents. Primary in vitro screening for antagonism of the isolates was performed against five phytopathogenic mould fungi. Strains TS 01 and ZR 02 exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects. They were identified as Bacillus subtilis on the basis of their morphological, cultural and physiology-biochemical properties as well as their hierarchical cluster analysis conducted by means of computer program SPSS. The antimicrobial activity of the strains from cultural medium and sterile filtrate were determined in vitro against a great number of predominantly phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. TS 01 and ZR 02 strains exhibited very broad and at the same time degree varying antibiotic spectra of activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Many of them were tested against sensitivity to the antimicrobial action of B. subtilis for the very first time. B. subtilis TS 01 and ZR 02 showed highest antifungal activity (sterile zone in diameter over 37 mm) against Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Monilia linhartiana 869, Phytophthora cryptogea 759/1 and Rhizoctonia sp. The most sensitive bacterial species were found to be Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Ro and Xanthomonas campestris with sterile zones 48.0 and 50.0 mm in diameter, respectively. The latter draws a conclusion that the isolated and identified Bacillus subtilis strains are promising natural biocontrol agents and should be further studied and tested for control of numerous plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevdalina Todorova
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Rousse University, Razgrad Branch 47 "Aprilsko Vustanie" Blvd, P.O.Box 110, Razgrad, 7200, Bulgaria,
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Yoshiyama M, Kimura K. Bacteria in the gut of Japanese honeybee, Apis cerana japonica, and their antagonistic effect against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 102:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nunes da Rocha U, Van Overbeek L, Van Elsas JD. Exploration of hitherto-uncultured bacteria from the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 69:313-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Production of Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Activity from Bacillus subtilis sp. Strain B38 Newly Isolated from Soil. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 157:407-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lalloo R, Maharajh D, Görgens J, Gardiner N. Functionality of a Bacillus cereus biological agent in response to physiological variables encountered in aquaculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:111-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Petchkongkaew A, Taillandier P, Gasaluck P, Lebrihi A. Isolation of Bacillus spp. from Thai fermented soybean (Thua-nao): screening for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A detoxification. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:1495-502. [PMID: 18194245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the interaction between Bacillus spp. and contaminating Aspergillus flavus isolated strains from Thai fermented soybean in order to limit aflatoxin production. To study the detoxification of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and ochratoxin A (OTA) by Bacillus spp. in order to find an efficient strain to remove these toxins. METHODS AND RESULTS One A. flavus aflatoxin-producing strain and 23 isolates of Bacillus spp. were isolated from soybean and fresh Thua-nao collected from the north of Thailand. Inhibition studies of A. flavus and A. westerdijkiae NRRL 3174 (reference strain) growth by all isolates of Bacillus spp. were conducted by dual culture technique on agar plates. These isolates were also tested for AFB(1) and OTA detoxification ability on both solid and liquid media. Most of the strains were able to detoxify aflatoxin but only some of them could detoxify OTA. CONCLUSIONS One Bacillus strain was able to inhibit growth of both Aspergillus strains and to remove both mycotoxins (decrease of 74% of AFB(1) and 92.5% of OTA). It was identified by ITS sequencing as Bacillus licheniformis. The OTA decrease was due to degradation in OTalpha. Another Bacillus strain inhibiting both Aspergillus growth and detoxifying 85% of AFB(1) was identified as B. subtilis. AFB(1) decrease has not been correlated to appearance of a degradation product. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The possibility to reduce AFB(1) level by a strain from the natural flora is of great interest for the control of the quality of fermented soybean. Moreover, the same strain could be a source of efficient enzyme for OTA degradation in other food or feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petchkongkaew
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR5503 (CNRS/INPT/UPS), Department Bioprocedes & Systemes Microbiens, ENSAT-INPT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Cazorla FM, Romero D, Pérez-García A, Lugtenberg BJJ, Vicente AD, Bloemberg G. Isolation and characterization of antagonistic Bacillus subtilis strains from the avocado rhizoplane displaying biocontrol activity. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:1950-9. [PMID: 17953605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was undertaken to isolate Bacillus subtilis strains with biological activity against soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi from the avocado rhizoplane. METHODS AND RESULTS A collection of 905 bacterial isolates obtained from the rhizoplane of healthy avocado trees, contains 277 gram-positive isolates. From these gram-positive isolates, four strains, PCL1605, PCL1608, PCL1610 and PCL1612, identified as B. subtilis, were selected on the basis of their antifungal activity against diverse soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi. Analysis of the antifungal compounds involved in their antagonistic activity showed that these strains produced hydrolytic enzymes such as glucanases or proteases and the antibiotic lipopeptides surfactin, fengycin, and/or iturin A. In biocontrol trials using the pathosystems tomato/Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and avocado/Rosellinia necatrix, two B. subtilis strains, PCL1608 and PCL1612, both producing iturin A, exhibited the highest biocontrol and colonization capabilities. CONCLUSIONS Diverse antagonistic B. subtilis strains isolated from healthy avocado rhizoplanes have shown promising biocontrol abilities, which are closely linked with the production of antifungal lipopeptides and good colonization aptitudes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is one of the few reports dealing with isolation and characterization of B. subtilis strains with biocontrol activity against the common soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici and R. necatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Cazorla
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg, AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lalloo R, Ramchuran S, Ramduth D, Görgens J, Gardiner N. Isolation and selection of Bacillus spp. as potential biological agents for enhancement of water quality in culture of ornamental fish. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:1471-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Guo X, Li D, Lu W, Piao X, Chen X. Screening of Bacillus strains as potential probiotics and subsequent confirmation of the in vivo effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis MA139 in pigs. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 90:139-46. [PMID: 16820971 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 124 samples were collected from the intestine of broiler chickens, piglet faeces, fermented foods, soils and Chinese herbs. More than 750 strains of aerobic, spore-forming bacteria were isolated from these samples. The inhibitory activity of these spore-forming strains against Escherichia coli K88, E. coli K99, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed using a disc plate diffusion assay. The six bacilli with the largest inhibition zones against the four indicator bacteria were chosen and assessed for their resistance to unfavorable conditions within simulated gut environments. The strain Bacillus subtilis MA139 showed full resistance to pH 2, 0.3% bile salts and exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity. Based on these results, B. subtilis MA139 was selected as a potential probiotic and fed to piglets at concentrations of 2.2 x 10(5), 2.2 x 10(6) or 2.2 x 10(7) CFU/g of feed during a 28-day feeding trial. A negative control consisting of the basal diet with no additives and a positive control consisting of the basal diet supplemented with 16 g/ton flavomycin were also included. Ninety piglets between 35 and 40 days old were used in the in vivo animal trials. B. subtilis MA139 enhanced daily gain (P = 0.10) and feed conversion (P = 0.03) compared with the negative control. The performance of pigs fed B. subtilis MA139 supplemented diets did not differ from that of pigs fed the antibiotic diet. There was a significant increase in Lactobacilli cell counts (P = 0.02) and a numerical decrease in E. coli counts (P = 0.05) in the faecal samples of pigs fed B. subtilis MA139 with 2.2 x 10(5) CFU/g of feed. The overall results of this study show that the use of initial co-culture with indicator pathogens, a disc plate diffusion assay and simulated gut environment tolerance tests is one of effective methods of screening Bacillus for probiotic use and that B. subtilis MA139 is a promising alternative to antibiotics for use as a feed additive in piglet diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Guo
- National Key Laboratory on Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2. West Road Yuanmingyuan, Beijing 100094, PR China
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Bae S, Fleet GH, Heard GM. Occurrence and significance of Bacillus thuringiensis on wine grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 94:301-12. [PMID: 15246241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wine grapes harvested at different stages during cultivation from several vineyards in New South Wales, Australia, harboured Bacillus thuringiensis at viable populations of 10(2)-10(6) cfu/g. Commercial preparations of B. thuringiensis had been sprayed onto the grapes as a biological insecticide. B. thuringiensis (10(1)-10(3) cfu/ml) was isolated from grape juice and fermenting grape juice in a commercial winery. Although B. thuringiensis remained viable when inoculated at 10(3)-10(4) cfu/ml into grape juice and wine (pH 3.0-6.0), it did not grow. Using in vitro agar culture assays, B. thuringiensis inhibited several grape-associated yeasts and bacteria as well as various species of fungi associated with grape spoilage and ochratoxin A production. B. thuringiensis did not inhibit Saccharomyces cerevisiae in agar culture or during alcoholic fermentation of grape juice. B. thuringiensis inhibited the malolactic bacterium, Oenococcus oeni, in agar culture but not during mixed cultures in a liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsook Bae
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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