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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Álvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Argüello H, Berendonk T, Cavaco LM, Gaze W, Schmitt H, Topp E, Guerra B, Liébana E, Stella P, Peixe L. Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06651. [PMID: 34178158 PMCID: PMC8210462 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of food-producing environments in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in EU plant-based food production, terrestrial animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) and aquaculture was assessed. Among the various sources and transmission routes identified, fertilisers of faecal origin, irrigation and surface water for plant-based food and water for aquaculture were considered of major importance. For terrestrial animal production, potential sources consist of feed, humans, water, air/dust, soil, wildlife, rodents, arthropods and equipment. Among those, evidence was found for introduction with feed and humans, for the other sources, the importance could not be assessed. Several ARB of highest priority for public health, such as carbapenem or extended-spectrum cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacterales (including Salmonella enterica), fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were identified. Among highest priority ARGs bla CTX -M, bla VIM, bla NDM, bla OXA -48-like, bla OXA -23, mcr, armA, vanA, cfr and optrA were reported. These highest priority bacteria and genes were identified in different sources, at primary and post-harvest level, particularly faeces/manure, soil and water. For all sectors, reducing the occurrence of faecal microbial contamination of fertilisers, water, feed and the production environment and minimising persistence/recycling of ARB within animal production facilities is a priority. Proper implementation of good hygiene practices, biosecurity and food safety management systems is very important. Potential AMR-specific interventions are in the early stages of development. Many data gaps relating to sources and relevance of transmission routes, diversity of ARB and ARGs, effectiveness of mitigation measures were identified. Representative epidemiological and attribution studies on AMR and its effective control in food production environments at EU level, linked to One Health and environmental initiatives, are urgently required.
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Hu M, Yang D, Wu X, Luo M, Xu F. A novel high-resolution melting analysis-based method for Salmonella genotyping. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 172:105806. [PMID: 31837350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To establish a simple and rapid high-resolution melting curve (HRM) method, 5 different strains of Salmonella were identified by adding DNA denaturants at different concentrations into the HRM system to change the characteristics of DNA melting and to obtain different Tm (dissolving temperature) values of DNA from different target bacteria. When the concentration of n-butanol was 7% (v/v), the Tm value of the melting curve of the 5 strains changed from 89 °C to 80.5 °C, 81.5 °C, 79.5 °C, 81.0 °C and 82.5 °C, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method were both over 90% in the detection of 270 spiked milk powder samples. In summary, the proposed method in this study has potential for application to food safety and epidemiological research on Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hu
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Meng Luo
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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3
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Ferrari RG, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Worldwide Epidemiology of Salmonella Serovars in Animal-Based Foods: a Meta-analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00591-19. [PMID: 31053586 PMCID: PMC6606869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the Salmonella serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, S Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans.IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denes K A Rosario
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E S Figueiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Bonilauri P, Grisenti MS, Daminelli P, Merialdi G, Ramini M, Bardasi L, Taddei R, Cosciani-Cunico E, Dalzini E, Frustoli MA, Giacometti F, Piva S, Serraino A. Reduction of Salmonella spp. populations in Italian salami during production process and high pressure processing treatment: Validation of processes to export to the U.S. Meat Sci 2019; 157:107869. [PMID: 31234028 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study involved ten enterprises producing Italian salami, 20 different samples of fermented sausages underwent challenge tests to assess and record the following parameters: time, temperature, pH, aw, and Salmonella counts. A linear regression model was used to describe the Salmonella spp. decay: at the end of the process the result of total Salmonella reduction was 0.97-5.84 Log10 CFU/g and it was significantly associated with pH at the end of acidification/drying process, aw at the end of seasoning period, the duration of seasoning, and the caliber of salami respectively. High Pressure Processing (HPP) further reduced the Salmonella level by 2.41-5.84 Log10 CFU/g with an efficacy that resulted inversely associated with aw of salami at the end of seasoning; the objective of 5-Log reduction was always reached in all the cases tested by the production process plus HPP. This model could be a useful tool for enterprises and Authorities to evaluate the efficacy of the processes to reduce Salmonella load for exportation to the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bonilauri
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Grisenti
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Daminelli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Ramini
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lia Bardasi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Taddei
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosciani-Cunico
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Dalzini
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Frustoli
- SSICA Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari, V.le Tanara 31/a, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
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Cabral CC, Panzenhagen PHN, Delgado KF, Silva GRA, Rodrigues DDP, Franco RM, Conte-Junior CA. Contamination of Carcasses and Utensils in Small Swine Slaughterhouses by Salmonella in the Northwestern Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1128-1132. [PMID: 28585863 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen that constantly threatens food safety in developed countries and underdeveloped countries such as Brazil, where it is responsible for 38% of notified cases of foodborne illness. Swine are one of the main meat-producing species that may asymptomatically carry Salmonella, periodically shedding the bacteria through feces. The state of Rio de Janeiro is not a major producer of swine meat, but small slaughterhouses are operational and produce meat for consumption within the state, although few studies have been conducted in the region. In this context, this study was designed to evaluate Salmonella contamination in carcasses, lymph nodes, feces, utensils, and the environment of three small slaughterhouses in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A total of 344 samples from carcasses, utensils, equipment, water, and the environment were collected from these slaughterhouses in the northwestern region of Rio de Janeiro. Salmonella was isolated from 36 (10.5%) samples: 10 of 48 carcasses, 19 of 96 lymph nodes, 4 of 48 fecal samples, 2 of 6 water samples, and 1 of 6 bleeding knives; 55 isolates were recovered. Serotyping revealed the predominance of Salmonella Typhimurium (20 isolates) followed by Salmonella Abony (10 isolates), Salmonella Give (7 isolates), Salmonella Heidelberg (4 isolates), and Salmonella Infantis (1 isolate). Ten isolates were only partially typeable, with only their O antigen identified, and three isolates had rough, nontypeable colonies. Despite the overall low prevalence of Salmonella in this study, all three slaughterhouses had poor hygienic and sanitary conditions, providing easy routes for carcass and, consequently, meat contamination. Thus, it is imperative to enforce sanitary inspections in these establishments and to apply good manufacture practices to assure the safety of the produced pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Couto Cabral
- 1 Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 62, 24230-340, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Nunes Panzenhagen
- 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira ramos, Sala 545, 149 Cidade Universitária, 21949-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karina Frensel Delgado
- 2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira ramos, Sala 545, 149 Cidade Universitária, 21949-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues Alves Silva
- 1 Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 62, 24230-340, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dália Dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- 3 Laboratório de Enterobactérias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brazil, 4365 Pav. Rocha Lima, 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Maia Franco
- 1 Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 62, 24230-340, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- 1 Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 62, 24230-340, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Sanchez-Maldonado AF, Aslam M, Service C, Narváez-Bravo C, Avery BP, Johnson R, Jones TH. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from two pork processing plants in Alberta, Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 241:49-59. [PMID: 27750110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the frequency of Salmonella serovars on pig carcasses at various processing steps in two commercial pork processing plants in Alberta, Canada and characterized phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and PFGE patterns of the Salmonella isolates. Over a one year period, 1000 swab samples were collected from randomly selected pigs at two slaughter plants. Sampling points were: carcass swabs after bleeding (CSAB), carcass swabs after de-hairing (CSAD, plant A) or skinning (CSASk, plant B), carcass swabs after evisceration (CSAE), carcass swabs after pasteurization (CSAP, plant A) or washing (CSAW, plants B) and retail pork (RP). For plant A, 87% of CSAB and 8% of CSAE were positive for Salmonella while at plant B, Salmonella was recovered from 94% of CSAB and 10% of CSAE. Salmonella was not recovered from the RP samples at either plant, indicating that the plants used effective control measures. Salmonella enterica serovar Derby was the most common serotype (23%, 29/127) recovered in plant A and plant B (61%, 76/124). For plant A, 35% (45/127) of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Five isolates (3.9%), 4 serovar Ohio strains and one serovar I:Rough-O:I,v:-, strain were simultaneously resistant to antimicrobials of very high (Category I), high (Category II), and medium (Category III) importance to human medicine. The 4 S. Ohio isolates were recovered from 3 different steps of pork processing on the same sampling day and displayed resistance to 5-7 antimicrobials, with all of them displaying resistance to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone (Category I). An I:Rough-O:l,v:- isolate, recovered on a different sampling day, was resistant to 7 antimicrobials that included resistance to ampicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur and ceftriaxone (Category I). Salmonella strains isolated from plant A harbored 12 different AMR genes. The most prevalent genes were sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), aadA, strA/strB, aac(3)IV and aphA1. For Salmonella isolates from plant B, 7 resistance genes were identified alone or in combination where tet(B) was found in 77 (62.3%) of the isolates. For plant A, 19 different PFGE subtypes of Salmonella isolates that displayed phenotypic and/or genotypic resistance were observed while 13 different PFGE subtypes were observed for plant B. The lack of detection of Salmonella on the surfaces of RP suggests that current pork processing practices can dramatically reduce Salmonella. Salmonella isolates from pig carcasses at various steps displayed multidrug resistance, including to those of very high importance in human medicine, which represent a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mueen Aslam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Cara Service
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Claudia Narváez-Bravo
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brent P Avery
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5B2, Canada
| | - Roger Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory @ Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Tineke H Jones
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada.
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7
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Mann E, Wetzels SU, Pinior B, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Wagner M, Schmitz-Esser S. Psychrophile spoilers dominate the bacterial microbiome in musculature samples of slaughter pigs. Meat Sci 2016; 117:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Corbellini LG, Júnior AB, de Freitas Costa E, Duarte ASR, Albuquerque ER, Kich JD, Cardoso M, Nauta M. Effect of slaughterhouse and day of sample on the probability of a pig carcass being Salmonella-positive according to the Enterobacteriaceae count in the largest Brazilian pork production region. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 228:58-66. [PMID: 27107299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sources of contamination of carcasses during slaughter include infected pigs as well as environmentally related sources. There are many microbial indicators that can be used in the processing of food to assess food hygiene and the safety of food processing. The presence of some microbial indicators can be viewed as a result of direct or indirect contamination of a food with fecal material. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae is often used as a hygiene indicator, as they are found both in the environment and in the intestine of warm-blooded animals. An association between Salmonella isolation and Enterobacteriaceae count (EC) on pre-chill carcasses has been described, however the impact of slaughterhouse and the day of sampling on the occurrence of Salmonella has not been previously investigated. To this end, mixed logistic regressions (MLRs) with random effects and fixed slopes were performed to assess the change in EC and its correlation with Salmonella occurrence using two data sets. The first describes the EC and Salmonella isolation in 60 pork carcasses in one slaughterhouse sampled at 11 different slaughter steps, including the carcass as a random effect. The second describes the EC and Salmonella isolation on 1150 pre-chill carcasses sampled in 13 slaughterhouses over 230 sampling days, and the model combined two random intercepts, slaughterhouse and date of sampling nested with slaughterhouse (day/slaughterhouse). Statistically significant associations (p<0.0001) between the log of the EC and Salmonella occurrence were found in all models. Nevertheless, although a strong association was found between Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella contamination in pork carcasses, this association was not constant, given that there was a high variation in the probability of a carcass being positive for Salmonella according to the EC mainly between days of samples. The effect of the day of sampling on Salmonella prevalence was so large that the predictive value of the EC count for Salmonella isolation on a daily basis was compromised. It is possible that on some days batches with a high prevalence of Salmonella carriers shedding a high number of Salmonella were slaughtered. On these days, the potential for contamination/cross-contamination of carcasses will be so large that even hygienic slaughter, confirmed by the low EC on carcasses, will not be able to prevent the presence of Salmonella on some carcasses. The results of this study demonstrate that, despite the statistically significant association found, it may be difficult to predict when hygiene failure measured via EC actually indicates Salmonella contamination, and neither the inverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gustavo Corbellini
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | | | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte
- Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | | | - Marisa Cardoso
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maarten Nauta
- Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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9
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Cai Y, Tao J, Jiao Y, Fei X, Zhou L, Wang Y, Zheng H, Pan Z, Jiao X. Phenotypic characteristics and genotypic correlation between Salmonella isolates from a slaughterhouse and retail markets in Yangzhou, China. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 222:56-64. [PMID: 26851738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological investigation of Salmonella spp. in pig and pork samples from one slaughterhouse and its downstream retail markets in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, was conducted from October 2013 to March 2014. A total of 71.8% (155/216) and 70.9% (78/110), respectively, of the slaughterhouse and retail market samples were recovered positive for Salmonella. All Salmonella isolates were characterized using serotyping, antimicrobial resistance detection, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Seven serotypes were shared by isolates from the two sources, with the most common serotypes being Salmonella Derby, Typhimurium, and Uganda. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed that the highest antimicrobial resistance rate was against tetracycline (49.7% and 37.2% in isolates from the slaughterhouse and retail market, respectively) with many multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in both sources. MLST analysis showed that eight sequence type (ST) patterns were shared, and ST40 occupied an absolute superiority among isolates from both sources. PFGE permitted the resolution of XbaI macrorestriction fragments of the selected 31 Salmonella Derby and 19 Salmonella Typhimurium into 30 and 10 distinct pulsotypes, displaying the high similarity between the isolates from the two sources. Our findings indicated that Salmonella isolates from a slaughterhouse and its downstream retail markets were phenotypically and genetically homologous. Additionally, Salmonella may propagate along the slaughter line and pork production chain from the slaughterhouse to retail markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiang Cai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jing Tao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiao Fei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Huijuan Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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10
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Huang KH, Hsu BM, Chou MY, Tsai HL, Kao PM, Wang HJ, Hsiao HY, Su MJ, Huang YL. Application of molecular biological techniques to analyze Salmonella seasonal distribution in stream water. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 352:87-96. [PMID: 24417320 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of waterborne diseases. Salmonella can survive for a long time in aquatic environments, and its persistence in the environment is of great concern to public health. Nonetheless, the presence and diversity of Salmonella in the aquatic environments in most areas remain relatively unknown. In this study, we examined three analytical processes for an optimum Salmonella detection method, and the optimized method was used to evaluate seasonal variations of Salmonella in aquatic environments. In addition, Salmonella strains were isolated by selective culture medium to identify the serotypes by biochemical testing and serological assay, and to identify the genotypes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis based on the genetic patterns. A total of 136 water samples were collected in the study area in 9 months. Forty-one (30.1%) samples were found to contain Salmonella-specific invA gene, and most (24/41) of the detections occurred in summer. The serovars of Salmonella enterica were identified, including Bareilly, Isangi, Newport, Paratyphi B var. Java, Potsdam and Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hao Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Fu LL, Li JR. Microbial Source Tracking: A Tool for Identifying Sources of Microbial Contamination in the Food Chain. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:699-707. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.605231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kerouanton A, Rose V, Weill FX, Granier SA, Denis M. Genetic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles ofSalmonella entericaSerotype Derby Isolated from Pigs, Pork, and Humans in France. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:977-84. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annaëlle Kerouanton
- Anses, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
- European University of Brittany, France
| | - Valérie Rose
- Anses, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
- European University of Brittany, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Salmonella, Paris, France
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Paris-Est University, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacterial Characterization and Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Martine Denis
- Anses, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
- European University of Brittany, France
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13
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Arguello H, Alvarez-Ordoñez A, Carvajal A, Rubio P, Prieto M. Role of slaughtering in Salmonella spreading and control in pork production. J Food Prot 2013; 76:899-911. [PMID: 23643137 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. Pork products are among the main sources of Salmonella infection in humans, and several countries have established Salmonella surveillance and control programs. The role of slaughtering in carcass contamination has been indicated by studies focused on the slaughterhouse environment. In this review, we examine and discuss the information available regarding the influence that farm status, pig transport, and lairage have on the carriage of Salmonella by pigs entering the slaughter line. The evolution of carcass contamination throughout the slaughtering process, the main sources of contamination in the dirty and clean zones of the slaughter line, and previously reported prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and factors affecting this prevalence also are discussed. The importance of implementing interventions at the slaughter level is discussed briefly. Consistent with the information available, pigs from infected farms and newly acquired or recrudescent infections in pigs at the subsequent stages of transport and lairage are important sources of Salmonella at the slaughtering plant. The continuous introduction of Salmonella into the slaughterhouse and the potential for resident flora constitute a risk for carcass contamination. At the slaughterhouse, some dressing activities can reduce carcass contamination, but others are critical control points that jeopardize carcass hygiene. This information indicates the importance of considering slaughter and previous stages in the pork production chain for controlling Salmonella in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Arguello
- Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal Health, University of León, León, Spain.
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14
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Arguello H, Carvajal A, Naharro G, Arcos M, Rodicio MR, Martin MC, Rubio P. Sero- and genotyping of Salmonella in slaughter pigs, from farm to cutting plant, with a focus on the slaughter process. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 161:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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O'Connor AM, Wang B, Denagamage T, McKean J. Process Mapping the Prevalence of Salmonella Contamination on Pork Carcass from Slaughter to Chilling: A Systematic Review Approach. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:386-95. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Thomas Denagamage
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - James McKean
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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16
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Prevalence and serovars of Salmonella enterica on pig carcasses, slaughtered pigs and the environment of four Spanish slaughterhouses. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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The role of transport, lairage and slaughter processes in the dissemination of Salmonella spp. in pigs in Ireland. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Vieira-Pinto M, Tenreiro R, Aranha J, Martins C. Relationship between tonsils and mandibular lymph nodes concerning Salmonella sp. infection. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Hauser E, Hebner F, Tietze E, Helmuth R, Junker E, Prager R, Schroeter A, Rabsch W, Fruth A, Malorny B. Diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby isolated from pig, pork and humans in Germany. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Kich JD, Coldebella A, Morés N, Nogueira MG, Cardoso M, Fratamico PM, Call JE, Fedorka-Cray P, Luchansky JB. Prevalence, distribution, and molecular characterization of Salmonella recovered from swine finishing herds and a slaughter facility in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Hsu BM, Huang KH, Huang SW, Tseng KC, Su MJ, Lin WC, Ji DD, Shih FC, Chen JL, Kao PM. Evaluation of different analysis and identification methods for Salmonella detection in surface drinking water sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4435-4441. [PMID: 21782212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The standard method for detecting Salmonella generally analyzes food or fecal samples. Salmonella often occur in relatively low concentrations in environmental waters. Therefore, some form of concentration and proliferation may be needed. This study compares three Salmonella analysis methods and develops a new Salmonella detection procedure for use in environmental water samples. The new procedure for Salmonella detection include water concentration, nutrient broth enrichment, selection of Salmonella containing broth by PCR, isolation of Salmonella strains by selective culture plates, detection of possible Salmonella isolate by PCR, and biochemical testing. Serological assay and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) can be used to identify Salmonella serotype and genotype, respectively. This study analyzed 116 raw water samples taken from 18 water plants and belonging to 5 watersheds. Of these 116, 10 water samples (8.6%) taken from 7 water plants and belonging to 4 watersheds were positive for a Salmonella-specific polymerase chain reaction targeting the invA gene. Guided by serological assay results, this study identified 7 cultured Salmonella isolates as Salmonella enterica serovar: Alnaby, Enteritidis, Houten, Montevideo, Newport, Paratyphi B var. Java, and Victoria. These seven Salmonella serovars were identified in clinical cases for the same geographical areas, but only one of them was 100% homologous with clinical cases in the PFGE pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
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22
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Duggan SJ, Mannion C, Prendergast DM, Leonard N, Fanning S, Gonzales-Barron U, Egan J, Butler F, Duffy G. Tracking the Salmonella status of pigs and pork from lairage through the slaughter process in the Republic of Ireland. J Food Prot 2010; 73:2148-60. [PMID: 21219731 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is the predominant serotype isolated from humans in Europe. Pork and pork products are recognized vehicles of Salmonella and are responsible for outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Pigs can become infected with Salmonella on the breeding or fattening farm and during transport, lairage, and slaughter. The aim of this study was to investigate selected points of Salmonella contamination from the time pigs entered the lairage to the time the carcass was processed in the boning hall and to determine the importance of different sources of Salmonella along the Irish pork production chain. A second objective was to evaluate whether the serological status or category of a herd influenced the levels of bacteriological contamination detected on individual carcasses and pork cuts during slaughter and dressing operations. All samples were tested for the presence and numbers of Salmonella. Enterobacteriaceae numbers were also determined. Serotype, phage type, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were utilized to determine similarity among Salmonella isolates. Lairage was a major source of cross-contamination with Salmonella as were the hands of evisceration operatives, conveyor belts, and equipment in the boning hall. Cross-contamination within the slaughter plant environment accounted for up to 69 % of Salmonella carcass contamination. In general, herd category reflected the bacteriological status of carcasses and pork cuts. Major findings were a strong association (P < 0.01) between Enterobacteriaceae counts and Salmonella occurrence on prechill carcasses and a significant association (P < 0.05) between Enterobacteriaceae counts and Salmonella occurrence on pork cut samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Duggan
- Department of Food Safety, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Republic of Ireland
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23
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Marouani-Gadri N, Chassaing D, Carpentier B. Comparative evaluation of biofilm formation and tolerance to a chemical shock of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains. J Food Prot 2009; 72:157-64. [PMID: 19205478 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seven Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains, three pathogenic (including epidemic EDL933 and Sakai) and four nonpathogenic (including mutants of EDL933 and Sakai), were compared to find a model strain to avoid the use of European third-class biological agents in biofilm studies. Comparison was performed on attached populations reached at the end of growth in eight environmental conditions defined as the combinations of three two-level factors: (i) culture medium composed of meat exudate and glucose-supplemented minimal salts medium (MSM), (ii) growth temperatures of 15 and 25 degrees C, and (iii) materials of stainless steel and polyurethane. The influence of each of these four factors (strain, medium, temperature, and material) often depended on the level of at least one of the others. Exudate produced attached populations that were larger than or similar to those obtained with MSM, except for EDL933 mutant at 15 degrees C. When exudate led to larger populations than did MSM, the highest differences of up to 1.8 log CFU/cm2 were observed with the nonepidemic strains grown at 25 degrees C. Populations of these strains were not significantly different in any of the conditions studied, but they were different from the epidemic strains in some conditions. No nonpathogenic mutant was representative of its parental strain. Furthermore, the Sakai mutant biofilm was significantly more reduced than its parental strain was after chemical shock. It is therefore not possible to find a surrogate of either EDL933 or Sakai, and it is advisable that main results be validated on a pathogenic strain whenever nonpathogenic strains are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Marouani-Gadri
- Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches sur la qualité des aliments et sur les procédés agroalimentaires, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
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24
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Molecular characterization of the diversity of Clostridium chauvoei isolates collected from two bovine slaughterhouses: analysis of cross-contamination. Anaerobe 2008; 14:190-9. [PMID: 18407530 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei is the etiologic agent of blackleg, a high mortality rate disease affecting mainly cattle and sheep. Carcasses of animals affected by the disease are the chief source of soil infection and considered as an ever-present threat to livestock health. A study was undertaken to examine the cross-contamination of C. chauvoei in two different bovine slaughterhouses using restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and protein analysis. Samples from various sites of two different bovine slaughterhouses were screened and 34 isolates were identified by conventional techniques and 16S rRNA gene (rrs) sequencing. C. chauvoei were isolated from carcass, soil, and sewage from slaughterhouses examined. The isolates were differentiated using REA and whole-cell and excretory protein pattern analysis combined with numerical analysis and cluster formation. The alpha and beta toxins produced by the strains were characterized. Our preliminary results suggest that REA combined with numerical analysis provides additional criteria and characteristic banding patterns for the study of the cross-contamination and characterization of C. chauvoei. The effects of temperature, oxygen tension, and enzymes on C. chauvoei hemolysin activity were also discussed. These microorganisms may be a potential contaminant of carcasses and widespread in soil of abattoir environments. The information of area-specific distribution of C. chauvoei strains and its toxin characteristics may give an efficient program in protecting cattle and other ruminants.
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25
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Talon R, Lebert I, Lebert A, Leroy S, Garriga M, Aymerich T, Drosinos EH, Zanardi E, Ianieri A, Fraqueza MJ, Patarata L, Lauková A. Traditional dry fermented sausages produced in small-scale processing units in Mediterranean countries and Slovakia. 1: Microbial ecosystems of processing environments. Meat Sci 2007; 77:570-9. [PMID: 22061943 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial ecosystems were surveyed in 314 environmental samples from 54 Southern and Eastern European small-scale processing units (PUs) manufacturing traditional dry fermented sausages. The residual microflora contaminating the surfaces and the equipment were analysed after cleaning and disinfection procedures. All the PU environments were colonised at various levels by spoilage and technological microflora with excessive contamination levels in some of the PUs. Sporadic contamination by pathogenic microflora was recorded. Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 4.8% and 6.7% of the samples, respectively, and Staphylococcus aureus was enumerated in 6.1% of the samples. Several critical points were identified, such as the machines for S. aureus and the tables and the knives for L. monocytogenes; this knowledge is crucial for the improvement of hygiene control systems in small and traditional meat processing industries. The variability of the residual contamination emphasized the different cleaning, disinfecting and manufacturing practices routinely followed by these small-scale processing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Talon
- INRA, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand Theix, Unité de Recherche Microbiologie, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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26
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Microbial ecosystems of traditional fermented meat products: The importance of indigenous starters. Meat Sci 2007; 77:55-62. [PMID: 22061396 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the diversity of microbiota, both in the environment and in traditional fermented European sausages. The environments of processing units were colonised at variable levels by resident spoilage and technological microbiota, with sporadic contamination by pathogenic microbiota. Several critical points were identified such as the machines, the tables and the knives - knowledge crucial for the improvement of cleaning and disinfecting practices. Traditionally fermented sausages generally did not present a sanitary risk. The great diversity of lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci was linked to manufacturing practices. Development of indigenous starters is very promising because it enables sausages to be produced with both high sanitary and sensory qualities. Our increasing knowledge of the genomes of technological bacteria will allow a better understanding of their physiology in sausages.
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27
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Michael GB, Cardoso M, Rabsch W, Schwarz S. Phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of porcine Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Derby isolates. Vet Microbiol 2006; 118:312-8. [PMID: 16971066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-two Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Derby isolates from slaughter pigs and meat products isolated in Southern Brazil were analyzed for their genomic relationships and for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Twenty-four S. Derby isolates were indistinguishable by their subtracted restriction fingerprinting (SRF) pattern, XbaI- and BlnI-macrorestriction patterns, phage type, plasmid profile, and resistance pattern. In contrast to the BlnI-macrorestriction patterns, the XbaI-macrorestriction patterns were in good agreement with the results of SRF analysis and phage typing. Among the four phage types detected, PT10 and PT21 were the most common. The combination of all typing methods revealed a great diversity among the S. Derby isolates. All strains carried plasmids and the 60 resistant isolates showed at least tetracycline resistance. The resistance genes found were sul1 and/or sul2 (sulfonamide resistance), aadA2 (streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance), tet(A) (tetracycline resistance), tet(B) (tetracycline/minocycline resistance), bla(TEM) (ampicillin resistance), and dfrA14 (trimethoprim resistance). A correlation of the geno- and phenotypic characteristics with the origin of the isolates revealed a substantial temporal variation in the occurrence of specific S. Derby isolates in different independent pig production lines in Southern Brazil. The large number of resistant isolates underlined the potential risk that S. Derby isolates can pose to human health when they enter the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovana Brenner Michael
- Institut für Tierzucht, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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28
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Namvar A, Warriner K. Application of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction to trace the fate of generic Escherichia coli within a high capacity pork slaughter line. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 108:155-63. [PMID: 16386814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of enteric contaminants (generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella) associated with pork carcasses and contact surfaces within a high capacity (6,000 carcasses per day) pork slaughter line was evaluated. Sponge samples were taken periodically from the holding area floor and carcasses at different points in the line throughout an 8.75 h production period. E. coli levels within the holding area were high (ca. 6 log cfu 100 cm(-2)) during the initial phase of processing and did not significantly increase throughout the activity period. In the course of dehairing carcasses, the levels of E. coli were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by scalding but increased during the scraping process. A combination of polishing and triple singeing reduced E. coli populations and the bacterium was only recovered sporadically on eviscerated carcasses. The E. coli populations associated with the slaughter line had a low diversity considering the large number of carcasses processed. In Visit I, the 665 E. coli isolates typed using ERIC-PCR could be grouped into 41 genotypes. In Visit II, 141 genotypes were identified among the 855 E. coli isolates tested. This would suggest that contamination on incoming pigs was of only minor significance compared to that present within the slaughterhouse environment. The holding area was shown to act as a reservoir for endemic E. coli genotypes that could be systematically transferred throughout the dressing line on carcasses. Indeed, the majority of genotypes could be re-isolated throughout the 8.75-h processing period. E. coli isolated from carcasses within the evisceration area could be traced to up-stream operations. The holding area and scraper operation were found to be the most important sites of cross-contamination. Fourteen genotypes recovered (primarily within the holding area) on Visit I were re-isolated on Visit II. Despite the presence of endemic E. coli populations, Salmonella was recovered from only two sites (holding area floor and a carcass within the cooler) on a single occasion. The two Salmonella recovered were genetically distinct (similarity index=22%) suggesting that they originated from different sources and were not part of an endemic population. The study has further illustrated the utility of molecular typing of generic E. coli isolates to establish the dynamics of enteric contamination within pork slaughter lines. However, the extent to which the distribution of E. coli can be extrapolated to that of Salmonella remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Namvar
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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29
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Vieira-Pinto M, Temudo P, Martins C. Occurrence of Salmonella in the Ileum, Ileocolic Lymph Nodes, Tonsils, Mandibular Lymph Nodes and Carcasses of Pigs Slaughtered for Consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:476-81. [PMID: 16364024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the occurrence of Salmonella in pork carcasses and in some risk tissues (ileum, ileocolic and mandibular lymph nodes and tonsils), that can be involved in Salmonella contamination during slaughter. Salmonella was identified in 27 (26.7%) pigs and in 13 (12.9%) carcasses. From these positive carcasses, 69.2% presented the same serotype as that identified in the corresponding pig, which emphasize the pigs importance as a source of Salmonella during the slaughter, suggesting that measures should be taken at the level of pig production in order to reduce the slaughtering of Salmonella-positive animals. The highest value of Salmonella occurrence was reached in the ileocolic lymph nodes (18.8%) and in the ileum (13.9%), representing Salmonella potential faecal source during pork processing at the abattoir. In these samples, a high level of Salmonella was observed in the ileocolic lymph nodes in comparison with the ileum. The mandibular lymph nodes (12.9%) also presented a higher occurrence in comparison with the tonsils (9.9%). These results indicate that the lymph nodes analysis could be more sensitive in the detection of Salmonella than the closer drainage tissue. Otherwise, the presence of Salmonella in the lymph nodes indicates lymphatic spread of the organism, which reflects an increased risk of pork contamination. These results also indicate that, in order to achieve a better control of Salmonella contamination during the slaughter process, it is important to consider the improvement of the evisceration practices and the tonsils as well the extraction of mandibular lymph nodes after slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vieira-Pinto
- Departamento das Ciências Veterinárias, CECAV, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal.
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30
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Garriga M, Marcos B, Martin B, Veciana-Nogués MT, Bover-Cid S, Hugas M, Aymerich T. Starter cultures and high-pressure processing to improve the hygiene and safety of slightly fermented sausages. J Food Prot 2005; 68:2341-8. [PMID: 16300071 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of selected starter cultures and high hydrostatic pressure after ripening was evaluated to improve the safety and quality of slightly fermented sausages. Inhibition of common foodborne pathogens, spoilage bacteria, and biogenic amine content was studied. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA and plasmid profiles were used to monitor the competitiveness of the starter cultures during fermentation and ripening. Lactobacillus sakei CTC6626 and Staphylococcus xylosus CTC6013 dominated L. sakei CTC6469 and S. xylosus CTC6169 independently of the product assayed. Starter cultures were able to control the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and the biogenic amine content. A pH decrease below 5.3 at the seventh day of fermentation was crucial. Salmonella spp. counts decreased significantly during ripening independently of the use of starter culture and product. High hydrostatic pressure treatment was necessary to ensure absence of Salmonella spp. in final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Garriga
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries, Meat Technology Centre, Granja Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Spain
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31
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Valdezate S, Vidal A, Herrera-León S, Pozo J, Rubio P, Usera MA, Carvajal A, Echeita MA. Salmonella Derby clonal spread from pork. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:694-8. [PMID: 15890121 PMCID: PMC3320352 DOI: 10.3201/eid1105.041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of the Derby serotype of Salmonella enterica in Spain was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Out of 24 identified PFGE profiles, a major clone was detected in 19% of strains from humans, 52% from food, and 62% from swine. This clone (clone 1) was isolated from pork products, suggesting swine as its source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Valdezate
- Servicio de Bacteriologia C.N.M, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Botteldoorn N, Herman L, Rijpens N, Heyndrickx M. Phenotypic and molecular typing of Salmonella strains reveals different contamination sources in two commercial pig slaughterhouses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5305-14. [PMID: 15345414 PMCID: PMC520922 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5305-5314.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to define the origin of Salmonella contamination on swine carcasses and the distribution of Salmonella serotypes in two commercial slaughterhouses during normal activity. Salmonellae were isolated from carcasses, from colons and mesenteric lymph nodes of individual pigs, and from the slaughterhouse environment. All strains were serotyped; Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serotype Derby isolates were additionally typed beyond the serotype level by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antibiotic resistance profiling (ARP); and a subset of 31 serotype Typhimurium strains were additionally phage typed. PFGE and ARP had the same discriminative possibility. Phage typing in combination with PFGE could give extra information for some strains. In one slaughterhouse, 21% of the carcasses were contaminated, reflecting a correlation with the delivery of infected pigs. Carcass contamination did not result only from infection of the corresponding pig; only 25% of the positive carcasses were contaminated with the same serotype or genotype found in the corresponding feces or mesenteric lymph nodes. In the other slaughterhouse, 70% of the carcasses were contaminated, and only in 4% was the same genotype or serotype detected as in the feces of the corresponding pigs. The other positive carcasses in both slaughterhouses were contaminated by genotypes present in the feces or lymph nodes of pigs slaughtered earlier that day or from dispersed sources in the environment. In slaughterhouses, complex contamination cycles may be present, resulting in the isolation of many different genotypes circulating in the environment due to the supply of positive animals and in the contamination of carcasses, probably through aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Botteldoorn
- Center for Agricultural Research--Ghent, Department for Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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33
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Aslam M, Greer GG, Nattress FM, Gill CO, McMullen LM. Genotypic analysis of Escherichia coli recovered from product and equipment at a beef-packing plant. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:78-86. [PMID: 15186444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify sources of Escherichia coli on beef by characterizing strains of the organism on animals, equipment and product at beef-packing plant. METHODS AND RESULTS Generic E. coli were recovered from hides, carcasses, beef trimmings, conveyers and ground beef during the summer of 2001 (750 isolates) and winter of 2002 (500 isolates). The isolates were characterized by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The numbers of E. coli recovered from dressed carcasses were less than the numbers recovered from hides. The numbers recovered from chilled carcasses were too few for meaningful analysis of the strains present on them but the numbers recovered from trimmings and ground beef were larger. The RAPD patterns showed that the majority of isolates from hides, carcasses, beef trimmings, conveyers and ground beef were of similar RAPD types, but a few unique RAPD types were recovered from only one of those sources. The E. coli populations present on the hides of incoming animals and in the beef-processing environment were highly diverse. Randomly selected E. coli isolates from each of the five sources were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Most genotypes of E. coli defined by PFGE corresponded to the E. coli types defined by RAPD. CONCLUSIONS The hides of the incoming animals appeared to be only one of the sources of the E. coli on trimmings and in ground beef, as additional sources were apparently present in equipment used for carcass breaking. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study indicates that hazardous microbiological contamination of meat may occur after the dressing of carcasses at commercial beef-packing plants, which suggests that attention should be given to the control of the contamination of meat during carcass breaking as well as during the dressing of carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aslam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.
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34
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Gebreyes WA, Davies PR, Turkson PK, Morrow WE, Funk JA, Altier C, Thakur S. Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes and genotypes among Salmonella enterica recovered from pigs on farms, from transport trucks, and from pigs after slaughter. J Food Prot 2004; 67:698-705. [PMID: 15083721 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.4.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns among Salmonella serotypes and to evaluate the role of transport trucks in dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella. Salmonella from groups of nursery and finishing pigs on farms, from trucks, and from pigs after slaughter were compared using serotyping, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The five farms included in the study yielded 858 isolates representing 27 Salmonella serovars. The most common resistance observed (80% of all isolates) was to tetracycline; resistance to ampicillin (42%), chloramphenicol (31%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (30%), and piperacillin (31%) also were common. We found a correlation between serovar and antimicrobial resistance. High correlation was found between Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and chloramphenicol resistance (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.7). Multidrug resistance was observed primarily in Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (94%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (93%) and was much less common in the other common serovars, including Salmonella Derby (7%) and Salmonella Heidelberg (8%). Of the 225 isolates exhibiting the most common pentaresistance pattern in this study, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ampicillin-chloramphenicol-piperacillin-tetracycline, 220 (98%) were Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and 86% of the isolates of this serovar had this pattern. Isolates from the trucks were similar, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, to those from the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes of pigs on two of the farms, suggesting the probable infection of pigs during transport. Class I integrons were also common among various serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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35
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Reij MW, Den Aantrekker ED. Recontamination as a source of pathogens in processed foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 91:1-11. [PMID: 14967555 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Accepted: 05/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Food products that have been submitted to an adequate heat-treatment during processing are free of vegetative pathogens and, depending on the treatments, of sporeformers and are generally regarded as safe. Processed products such as pâté, ice cream, infant formulae and others have nevertheless been responsible for food-borne illnesses. Thorough epidemiological investigations of several of these outbreaks have demonstrated that the presence of vegetative pathogens such as Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes in the consumed products was frequently due to post-process recontamination. The majority of studies on pathogens in foods are devoted to investigations on their presence in raw materials or on their growth and behaviour in the finished products. Reference to recontamination is, however, only made in relatively few publications and very little is published on the sources and routes of these pathogens into products after the final lethal processing step. The investigation of an outbreak, including epidemiological studies and typing of strains, is very useful to trace the origin and source of the hazard. Published data demonstrate that the presence of pathogens in the vicinity of unprotected product in processing lines represents a significant risk of recontamination. Microbiological Risk Assessment studies can be conducted as part of governmental activities determining appropriate protection levels for populations. Although recontamination has been identified as a relevant cause of food incidences, it is often not considered in such studies. This paper advocates that an effort should be made to develop our knowledge and information on recontamination further and start using it systematically in the exposure assessment part of Microbiological Risk Assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Reij
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, NL-6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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36
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FRAVALO P, HASCOËT Y, FELLIC MLE, QUEGUINER S, PETTON J, SALVAT G. CONVENIENT METHOD FOR RAPID AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SALMONELLA ENTERICA CONTAMINATION: THE MINI-MSRV MPN TECHNIQUE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2003.tb00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aslam M, Nattress F, Greer G, Yost C, Gill C, McMullen L. Origin of contamination and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli in beef cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:2794-9. [PMID: 12732550 PMCID: PMC154492 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.5.2794-2799.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2002] [Accepted: 01/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible origin of beef contamination and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli populations in beef cattle, on carcasses and ground beef, was examined by using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the fliC gene. E. coli was recovered from the feces of 10 beef cattle during pasture grazing and feedlot finishing and from hides, carcasses, and ground beef after slaughter. The 1,403 E. coli isolates (855 fecal, 320 hide, 153 carcass, and 75 ground beef) were grouped into 121 genetic subtypes by using the RAPD method. Some of the genetic subtypes in cattle feces were also recovered from hides, prechilled carcasses, chilled carcasses, and ground beef. E. coli genetic subtypes were shared among cattle at all sample times, but a number of transient types were unique to individual animals. The genetic diversity of the E. coli population changed over time within individual animals grazing on pasture and in the feedlot. Isolates from one animal (59 fecal, 30 hide, 19 carcass, and 12 ground beef) were characterized by the PCR-RFLP analysis of the fliC gene and were grouped into eight genotypes. There was good agreement between the results obtained with the RAPD and PCR-RFLP techniques. In conclusion, the E. coli contaminating meat can originate from cattle feces, and the E. coli population in beef cattle was highly diverse. Also, genetic subtypes can be shared among animals or can be unique to an animal, and they are constantly changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mueen Aslam
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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38
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Warriner K, Aldsworth TG, Kaur S, Dodd CER. Cross-contamination of carcasses and equipment during pork processing. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:169-77. [PMID: 12067387 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The cross-contamination events within a commercial pork processing line were examined by a combination of ERIC-PCR DNA fingerprinting of Escherichia coli and plate counts. METHODS AND RESULTS Sponge sampling of environmental surfaces and carcasses was performed over an 8-h processing period. Prior to the start of processing the scraper and dry polisher blades were found to harbour substantial Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli populations. From plate count data the key cross-contamination site for the transfer of bacteria between carcasses occurred during evisceration. However, DNA fingerprints of representative E. coli isolates identified that genotypes initially present on the scraper/dry polisher became distributed on wet polisher blades, band-saw and butcher's hands despite a singeing step being performed post dry polishing. A high proportion of E. coli on post-eviscerated carcasses could be traced to down-stream (pre-singe) environmental contact surfaces. CONCLUSIONS DNA fingerprinting has demonstrated that E. coli and potential enteric pathogens can be transferred between pork carcasses throughout the processing line. In this respect scalding and singeing cannot be relied upon to control cross-contamination of enteric bacteria between carcasses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Sole reliance on indicator organism counts to identify cross-contamination events as currently advocated is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Warriner
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics., UK
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39
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Midelet G, Carpentier B. Transfer of microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes, from various materials to beef. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4015-24. [PMID: 12147503 PMCID: PMC124046 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.8.4015-4024.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2001] [Accepted: 05/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantity of microorganisms that may be transferred to a food that comes into contact with a contaminated surface depends on the density of microorganisms on the surface and on the attachment strengths of the microorganisms on the materials. We made repeated contacts between pieces of meat and various surfaces (stainless steel and conveyor belt materials [polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane]), which were conditioned with meat exudate and then were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus sciuri, Pseudomonas putida, or Comamonas sp. Attachment strengths were assessed by the slopes of the two-phase curves obtained by plotting the logarithm of the number of microorganisms transferred against the order number of the contact. These curves were also used to estimate the microbial population on the surface by using the equation of A. Veulemans, E. Jacqmain, and D. Jacqmain (Rev. Ferment. Ind. Aliment. 25:58-65, 1970). The biofilms were characterized according to their physicochemical surface properties and structures. Their exopolysaccharide-producing capacities were assessed from biofilms grown on polystyrene. The L. monocytogenes biofilms attached more strongly to polymers than did the other strains, and attachment strength proved to be weaker on stainless steel than on the two polymers. However, in most cases, it was the population of the biofilms that had the strongest influence on the total number of CFU detached. Although attachment strengths were weaker on stainless steel, this material, carrying a smaller population of bacteria, had a weaker contaminating capacity. In most cases the equation of Veulemans et al. revealed more bacteria than did swabbing the biofilms, and it provided a better assessment of the contaminating potential of the polymeric materials studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Midelet
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches pour l'Alimentation Collective, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Edrington TS, Harvey RB, Farrington LA, Nisbet DJ. Determination of MICs of streptomycin for resistant Salmonella isolates in swine and poultry using a micro-broth dilution system. J Food Prot 2002; 65:563-6. [PMID: 11899059 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The MICs of streptomycin for Salmonella isolates from swine and poultry were determined by a micro-broth dilution technique. The Salmonella isolates were recovered from the lymph nodes and cecal contents of market-age swine and from the cecal contents of poultry at the time of slaughter and were found by disk diffusion to be resistant to 10 microg of streptomycin. MIC testing was carried out with the Sensititre susceptibility system for streptomycin, which uses a microwell concentration gradient of 16 to 800 microg/ml. Results indicated that >80% of the swine isolates had MICs of < or = 64 microg/ml, while 51% of poultry isolates exhibited MICs of > or = 128 microg/ml. The highest MICs observed in swine and poultry were 256 and 800 microg/ml, respectively. Replicate tests performed on 12 of the isolates chosen at random indicated a 100% correlation between runs. Advantages of this system include easily read results and precoated wells. Disadvantages include the cost and the inability to test concentrations of streptomycin other than those in the wells. We found this micro-broth dilution commercial test kit to provide a relatively quick and easy testing procedure for the determination of streptomycin resistance in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Edrington
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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