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Shan L, Zheng W, Xu S, Zhu Z, Pei Y, Bao X, Yuan Y. Effect of household pipe materials on formation and chlorine resistance of the early-stage biofilm: various interspecific interactions exhibited by the same microbial biofilm in different pipe materials. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:295. [PMID: 38856934 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Microbial community biofilm exists in the household drinking water system and would pose threat to water quality. This paper explored biofilm formation and chlorination resistance of ten dual-species biofilms in three typical household pipes (stainless steel (SS), polypropylene random (PPR), and copper), and investigated the role of interspecific interaction. Biofilm biomass was lowest in copper pipes and highest in PPR pipes. A synergistic or neutralistic relationship between bacteria was evident in most biofilms formed in SS pipes, whereas four groups displayed a competitive relationship in biofilms formed in copper pipe. Chlorine resistance of biofilms was better in SS pipes and worse in copper pipes. It may be helped by interspecific relationships, but was more dependent on bacteria and resistance mechanisms such as more stable extracellular polymeric substance. The corrosion sites may also protect bacteria from chlorination. The findings provide useful insights for microbial control strategies in household drinking water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Wanjun Zheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Siyang Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
- Department of Transportation of Jiangxi Province, Comprehensive Transportation Development Research Center of Jiangxi Provincial, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zebing Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Yunyan Pei
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Xiajun Bao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Yixing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
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2
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Svet L, Parijs I, Isphording S, Lories B, Marchal K, Steenackers HP. Competitive interactions facilitate resistance development against antimicrobials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0115523. [PMID: 37819078 PMCID: PMC10617502 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01155-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While the evolution of antimicrobial resistance is well studied in free-living bacteria, information on resistance development in dense and diverse biofilm communities is largely lacking. Therefore, we explored how the social interactions in a duo-species biofilm composed of the brewery isolates Pseudomonas rhodesiae and Raoultella terrigena influence the adaptation to the broad-spectrum antimicrobial sulfathiazole. Previously, we showed that the competition between these brewery isolates enhances the antimicrobial tolerance of P. rhodesiae. Here, we found that this enhanced tolerance in duo-species biofilms is associated with a strongly increased antimicrobial resistance development in P. rhodesiae. Whereas P. rhodesiae was not able to evolve resistance against sulfathiazole in monospecies conditions, it rapidly evolved resistance in the majority of the duo-species communities. Although the initial presence of R. terrigena was thus required for P. rhodesiae to acquire resistance, the resistance mechanisms did not depend on the presence of R. terrigena. Whole genome sequencing of resistant P. rhodesiae clones showed no clear mutational hot spots. This indicates that the acquired resistance phenotype depends on complex interactions between low-frequency mutations in the genetic background of the strains. We hypothesize that the increased tolerance in duo-species conditions promotes resistance by enhancing the selection of partially resistant mutants and opening up novel evolutionary trajectories that enable such genetic interactions. This hypothesis is reinforced by experimentally excluding potential effects of increased initial population size, enhanced mutation rate, and horizontal gene transfer. Altogether, our observations suggest that the community mode of life and the social interactions therein strongly affect the accessible evolutionary pathways toward antimicrobial resistance.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial resistance is one of the most studied bacterial properties due to its enormous clinical and industrial relevance; however, most research focuses on resistance development of a single species in isolation. In the present study, we showed that resistance evolution of brewery isolates can differ greatly between single- and mixed-species conditions. Specifically, we observed that the development of antimicrobial resistance in certain species can be significantly enhanced in co-culture as compared to the single-species conditions. Overall, the current study emphasizes the need of considering the within bacterial interactions in microbial communities when evaluating antimicrobial treatments and resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Svet
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Parijs
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Isphording
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Data Integration and Biological Networks, UGent, Technologiepark 15, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bram Lories
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Data Integration and Biological Networks, UGent, Technologiepark 15, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hans P. Steenackers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Chauhan R, Azmi W, Goel G. "Multidimensional correlation analysis of temperature and contact time on eradication of biofilms of Cronobacter sakazakii on abiotic surfaces by combination of hypochlorite and malic acid". J Appl Microbiol 2022; 134:lxac072. [PMID: 36626728 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM In the present study, malic acid in combination with sodium hypochlorite is evaluated for eradication of biofilms formed by Cronobacter sakazakii strains individually and in a cocktail on different abiotic surfaces. METHOD AND RESULTS The biofilm formation by five strains of C. sakazakii and their cocktail culture on different substrates was studied in Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) and reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula (PIF). Further, the effect of temperature (4, 27, 37 and 50°C) and contact time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min) on antibiofilm potential of test solution (0.0625 mol l-1 malic acid and 0.00004 mol l-1 sodium hypochlorite) against biofilm formed by C. sakazakii cocktail culture was investigated on these surfaces. The effect was evaluated in terms of viable cell count and biofilm texture using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the maximum biofilm reduction was observed for stainless steel at 4°C after 60 min of contact whereas at 25, 37 and 50°C, maximum biofilm reduction was observed for polycarbonate. For glass and polyurethane, maximum log reductions were observed at 50°C. The SEM images revealed cell surface deformation and disruption in biofilms after treatment with the test solution. CONCLUSIONS The antibiofilm potential was observed to be greatly affected by contact time and temperature. These results indicated that the combination of malic acid NaOCl can effectively kill and remove C. sakazakii biofilms from food contact surfaces and enteral feeding tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, 171005, India
| | - Wamik Azmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, 171005, India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central, University of Haryana, Mahendergarh- 123029, India
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4
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Kahli H, Béven L, Grauby-Heywang C, Debez N, Gammoudi I, Moroté F, Sbartai H, Cohen-Bouhacina T. Impact of Growth Conditions on Pseudomonas fluorescens Morphology Characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179579. [PMID: 36076985 PMCID: PMC9455637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is dedicated to the characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of Pseudomonas fluorescens, bacteria having high potential in biotechnology. They were first studied first in optimal conditions in terms of culture medium and temperature. AFM revealed a more-or-less elongated morphology with typical dimensions in the micrometer range, and an organization of the outer membrane characterized by the presence of long and randomly distributed ripples, which are likely related to the organization of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The outer membrane also presents invaginations, some of them showing a reorganization of ripples, which could be the first sign of a bacterial stress response. In a second step, bacteria grown under unfavorable conditions were characterized. The choice of the medium appeared to be more critical in the case of the second generation of cells, the less adapted medium inducing not only changes in the membrane organization but also larger damages in bacteria. An increased growth temperature affected both the usual “swollen” morphology and the organization of the outer membrane. Here also, LPS likely contribute to membrane remodelling, which makes them potential markers to track cell state changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Kahli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
- Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba 23000, Algeria
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (T.C.-B.)
| | - Laure Béven
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Nesrine Debez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
- Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba 23000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Pollution of Ecosystems, University Chadli Bendjedid, El Tarf 36000, Algeria
| | | | - Fabien Moroté
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Hana Sbartai
- Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba 23000, Algeria
| | - Touria Cohen-Bouhacina
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (T.C.-B.)
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5
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Lindsay D, Killington A, Fouhy K, Loh M, Malakar P. The CDC biofilm bioreactor is a suitable method to grow biofilms, and test their sanitiser susceptibilities, in the dairy context. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Quintieri L, Caputo L, Brasca M, Fanelli F. Recent Advances in the Mechanisms and Regulation of QS in Dairy Spoilage by Pseudomonas spp. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123088. [PMID: 34945641 PMCID: PMC8701193 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food spoilage is a serious issue dramatically impacting the worldwide need to counteract food insecurity. Despite the very expensive application of low temperatures, the proper conservation of fresh dairy products is continuously threatened at different stages of production and commercialization by psychrotrophic populations mainly belonging to the Pseudomonas genus. These bacteria cause discolouration, loss of structure, and off-flavours, with fatal implications on the quality and shelf-life of products. While the effects of pseudomonad decay have been widely reported, the mechanisms responsible for the activation and regulation of spoilage pathways are still poorly explored. Recently, molecule signals and regulators involved in quorum sensing (QS), such as homoserine lactones, the luxR/luxI system, hdtS, and psoR, have been detected in spoiled products and bacterial spoiler species; this evidence suggests the role of bacterial cross talk in dairy spoilage and paves the way towards the search for novel preservation strategies based on QS inhibition. The aim of this review was to investigate the advancements achieved by the application of omic approaches in deciphering the molecular mechanisms controlled by QS systems in pseudomonads, by focusing on the regulators and metabolic pathways responsible for spoilage of fresh dairy products. In addition, due the ability of pseudomonads to quickly spread in the environment as biofilm communities, which may also include pathogenic and multidrug-resistant (MDR) species, the risk derived from the gaps in clearly defined and regulated sanitization actions is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (F.F.)
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7
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Wang R, Zhou Y, Kalchayanand N, Harhay DM, Wheeler TL. Consecutive Treatments with a Multicomponent Sanitizer Inactivate Biofilms Formed by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica and Remove Biofilm Matrix. J Food Prot 2021; 84:408-417. [PMID: 33108462 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica, can develop biofilms on contact surfaces at meat processing plants. Owing to the high tolerance of the biofilm cells associated with the three-dimensional biofilm structure and the well-expressed bacterial extracellular polymeric substances, it is a real challenge to completely inactivate and remove mature biofilms, as well as further prevent biofilm reoccurrence and pathogen survival. In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of consecutive treatments (10 to 120 min per treatment) by repeatedly applying a multicomponent sanitizer, based on a functional mechanism by synergistic combination of hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonia compounds, against biofilms formed by E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica strains. Biofilms on stainless steel surfaces were treated with 2.5, 5, or 10% (recommended working concentration) of the sanitizer applied as a foam or liquid solution. Our results showed that the multicomponent sanitizer significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the amount of viable biofilm cells at all concentrations, as enumerable bacteria were only detected after low-concentration treatments (2.5 or 5%) with short exposure periods (10 or 20 min per treatment). Treatments with high concentrations (5 or 10%) of the sanitizer, multiple consecutive treatments (2 or 3 treatments), and sufficient exposure time (>60 min per treatment) effectively controlled pathogen survival postsanitization. Examination with a scanning electron microscope showed that treatment with the sanitizer at 5% strength significantly dissolved the connecting extracellular polysaccharide matrix and removed the majority of the biofilm matrix. No intact biofilm structure was detected after the 10% sanitizer treatment; instead, scattered individual bacteria with visibly altered cell morphology were observed. The treated bacteria exhibited indented and distorted shapes with shortened cell length and increased surface roughness, indicating severe cell injury and death. Our observations indicated that consecutive treatments with the multicomponent sanitizer was effective in inactivating E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica biofilms and preventing pathogen reoccurrence. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P. O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-3275 [R.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-4645 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7203-8951 [D.M.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.])
| | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-1868 [Y.Z.])
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P. O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-3275 [R.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-4645 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7203-8951 [D.M.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.])
| | - Dayna M Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P. O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-3275 [R.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-4645 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7203-8951 [D.M.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.])
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P. O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933 (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-3275 [R.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-4645 [N.K.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7203-8951 [D.M.H.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.])
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8
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Deng LZ, Mujumdar AS, Pan Z, Vidyarthi SK, Xu J, Zielinska M, Xiao HW. Emerging chemical and physical disinfection technologies of fruits and vegetables: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2481-2508. [PMID: 31389257 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1649633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With a growing demand for safe, nutritious, and fresh-like produce, a number of disinfection technologies have been developed. This review comprehensively examines the working principles and applications of several emerging disinfection technologies. The chemical treatments, including chlorine dioxide, ozone, electrolyzed water, essential oils, high-pressure carbon dioxide, and organic acids, have been improved as alternatives to traditional disinfection methods to meet current safety standards. Non-thermal physical treatments, such as UV-light, pulsed light, ionizing radiation, high hydrostatic pressure, cold plasma, and high-intensity ultrasound, have shown significant advantages in improving microbial safety and maintaining the desirable quality of produce. However, using these disinfection technologies alone may not meet the requirement of food safety and high product quality. Several hurdle technologies have been developed, which achieved synergistic effects to maximize lethality against microorganisms and minimize deterioration of produce quality. The review also identifies further research opportunities for the cost-effective commercialization of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen Deng
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment & Facilities, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Arun S Mujumdar
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhongli Pan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jinwen Xu
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena Zielinska
- Department of Systems Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hong-Wei Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment & Facilities, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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9
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Yuan L, Hansen MF, Røder HL, Wang N, Burmølle M, He G. Mixed-species biofilms in the food industry: Current knowledge and novel control strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2277-2293. [PMID: 31257907 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1632790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of microorganisms to food contact surfaces and the subsequent formation of biofilms may cause equipment damage, food spoilage and even diseases. Mixed-species biofilms are ubiquitous in the food industry and they generally exhibit higher resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobials compared to single-species biofilms. The physiology and metabolic activity of microorganisms in mixed-species biofilms are however rather complicated to study, and despite targeted research efforts, the potential role of mixed-species biofilms in food industry is still rather unexplored. In this review, we summarize recent studies in the context of bacterial social interactions in mixed-species biofilms, resistance to disinfectants, detection methods, and potential novel strategies to control the formation of mixed-species biofilms for enhanced food safety and food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Frederik Hansen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Lyng Røder
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ni Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guoqing He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Dixon M, Flint S, Palmer J, Love R, Biggs P, Beuger A. Analysis of culturable and non-culturable bacteria and their potential to form biofilms in a primary treated dairy wastewater system. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:2185-2192. [PMID: 28681658 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1352034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation in a dairy waste irrigation system can reduce treatment capacity and increase maintenance and cleaning. An extreme biofilm observed in a primary treated dairy wastewater system blocked the irrigation line requiring manual cleaning. Both next-generation genomic sequencing and the culturable fraction showed the presence of predominantly Gram-negative bacteria. Isolates identified from current samples and stored samples from the extreme biofilm included Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Enterobacter, one Gram-positive spore former (Bacillus cereus) and one unique isolate from the biofilm, a member of the Raoultella genus. Raoultella spp was only cultured from the extreme biofilm; however, next-generation sequencing analysis of a wastewater sample showed this bacterium to be present in the wastewater system. The dominance of Gram negative may be due to the wastewater from the washing equipment used to handle raw milk. Six bacteria from the fresh samples were found to be strong biofilm formers along with the Raoultella spp from the extreme biofilm. Tests using multiple isolates showed Raoultella spp to be important in biofilm formation. This is the first report of the microbial composition of a dairy wastewater biofilm giving insight into the population and growth of microorganisms in the sections of a dairy wastewater irrigation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dixon
- a Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- a Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Jon Palmer
- a Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Richard Love
- a Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Patrick Biggs
- b Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Fundamental Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Abraham Beuger
- c Environmental Technical Group , Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd. , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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11
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Gomes IB, Lemos M, Mathieu L, Simões M, Simões LC. The action of chemical and mechanical stresses on single and dual species biofilm removal of drinking water bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:987-993. [PMID: 29728008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is a global public health concern as they can harbor pathogenic microorganisms. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most commonly used disinfectant for microbial growth control in DWDS. However, its effect on biofilm removal is still unclear. This work aims to evaluate the effects of the combination of chemical (NaOCl) and mechanical stresses on the removal of single and dual species biofilms of two bacteria isolated from DWDS and considered opportunistic, Acinectobacter calcoaceticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. A rotating cylinder reactor was successfully used for the first time in drinking water biofilm studies with polyvinyl chloride as substratum. The single and dual species biofilms presented different characteristics in terms of metabolic activity, mass, density, thickness and content of proteins and polysaccharides. Their complete removal was not achieved even when a high NaOCl concentrations and an increasing series of shear stresses (from 2 to 23Pa) were applied. In general, NaOCl pre-treatment did not improve the impact of mechanical stress on biofilm removal. Dual species biofilms were colonized mostly by S. maltophilia and were more susceptible to chemical and mechanical stresses than these single species. The most efficient treatment (93% biofilm removal) was the combination of NaOCl at 175mg·l-1 with mechanical stress against dual species biofilms. Of concern was the high tolerance of S. maltophilia to chemical and mechanical stresses in both single and dual species biofilms. The overall results demonstrate the inefficacy of NaOCl on biofilm removal even when combined with high shear stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Lemos
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Mathieu
- EPHE, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Microbiology for the Environment, UMR 7564 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - L C Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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12
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Parijs I, Steenackers HP. Competitive inter-species interactions underlie the increased antimicrobial tolerance in multispecies brewery biofilms. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2061-2075. [PMID: 29858577 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity often enhances the tolerance of microbial communities against antimicrobial treatment. However the sociobiology underlying this antimicrobial tolerance remains largely unexplored. Here we analyze how inter-species interactions can increase antimicrobial tolerance. We apply our approach to 17 industrially relevant multispecies biofilm models, based on species isolated from 58 contaminating biofilms in three breweries. Sulfathiazole was used as antimicrobial agent because it showed the highest activity out of 22 biofilm inhibitors tested. Our analysis reveals that competitive interactions dominate among species within brewery biofilms. We show that antimicrobial treatment can reduce the level of competition and therefore cause a subset of species to bloom. The result is a 1.2-42.7-fold lower percentage inhibition of these species and increased overall tolerance. In addition, we show that the presence of Raoultella can also directly enhance the inherent tolerance of Pseudomonas to antimicrobial treatment, either because the species protect each other or because they induce specific tolerance phenotypes as a response to competitors. Overall, our study emphasizes that the dominance of competitive interactions is central to the enhanced antimicrobial tolerance of the multispecies biofilms, and that the activity of antimicrobials against multispecies biofilms cannot be predicted based on their effect against monocultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Parijs
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans P Steenackers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 - box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Fink R, Oder M, Stražar E, Filip S. Efficacy of cleaning methods for the removal of Bacillus cereus biofilm from polyurethane conveyor belts in bakeries. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Praeger U, Herppich WB, Hassenberg K. Aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment of horticultural produce: Effects on microbial safety and produce quality–A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:318-333. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1169157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Praeger
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department Horticultural Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Werner B. Herppich
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department Horticultural Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karin Hassenberg
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department Horticultural Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Lin H, Zhu X, Wang Y, Yu X. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on typical biofilms formed in drinking water distribution systems. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:218-227. [PMID: 28362303 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human health and biological safety problems resulting from urban drinking water pipe network biofilms pollution have attracted wide concern. Despite the inclusion of residual chlorine in drinking water distribution systems supplies, the bacterium is a recalcitrant human pathogen capable of forming biofilms on pipe walls and causing health risks. Typical drinking water bacterial biofilms and their response to different concentrations of chlorination was monitored. The results showed that the four bacteria all formed single biofilms susceptible to sodium hypochlorite. After 30 min disinfection, biomass and cultivability decreased with increasing concentration of disinfectant but then increased in high disinfectant doses. PMA-qPCR results indicated that it resulted in little cellular damage. Flow cytometry analysis showed that with increasing doses of disinfectant, the numbers of clusters increased and the sizes of clusters decreased. Under high disinfectant treatment, EPS was depleted by disinfectant and about 0.5-1 mg/L of residual chlorine seemed to be appropriate for drinking water treatment. This research provides an insight into the EPS protection to biofilms. Resistance of biofilms against high levels of chlorine has implications for the delivery of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Lin
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen 361021, China E-mail:
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Xiamen No. 2 Hospital, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Xiamen No. 2 Hospital, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen 361021, China E-mail:
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16
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Wafula WN, Matofari WJ, Nduko MJ, Lamuka P. Effectiveness of the sanitation regimes used by dairy actors to control microbial contamination of plastic jerry cans’ surfaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Majed R, Faille C, Kallassy M, Gohar M. Bacillus cereus Biofilms-Same, Only Different. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1054. [PMID: 27458448 PMCID: PMC4935679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus displays a high diversity of lifestyles and ecological niches and include beneficial as well as pathogenic strains. These strains are widespread in the environment, are found on inert as well as on living surfaces and contaminate persistently the production lines of the food industry. Biofilms are suspected to play a key role in this ubiquitous distribution and in this persistency. Indeed, B. cereus produces a variety of biofilms which differ in their architecture and mechanism of formation, possibly reflecting an adaptation to various environments. Depending on the strain, B. cereus has the ability to grow as immersed or floating biofilms, and to secrete within the biofilm a vast array of metabolites, surfactants, bacteriocins, enzymes, and toxins, all compounds susceptible to act on the biofilm itself and/or on its environment. Within the biofilm, B. cereus exists in different physiological states and is able to generate highly resistant and adhesive spores, which themselves will increase the resistance of the bacterium to antimicrobials or to cleaning procedures. Current researches show that, despite similarities with the regulation processes and effector molecules involved in the initiation and maturation of the extensively studied Bacillus subtilis biofilm, important differences exists between the two species. The present review summarizes the up to date knowledge on biofilms produced by B. cereus and by two closely related pathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. Economic issues caused by B. cereus biofilms and management strategies implemented to control these biofilms are included in this review, which also discuss the ecological and functional roles of biofilms in the lifecycle of these bacterial species and explore future developments in this important research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Majed
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France; Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Alimentaire, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Christine Faille
- UMR UMET: Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lille Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mireille Kallassy
- Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Alimentaire, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Université Saint-Joseph Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel Gohar
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France; Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Alimentaire, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Université Saint-JosephBeirut, Lebanon
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18
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Buzoleva LS, Tsvetkova NB, Bogatyrenko EA. Biofilm formation by different serological variants of Listeria monocytogenes in association with Bacillus pumilus. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Malheiro J, Araújo P, Machado I, Lemos M, Mergulhão F, Melo L, Simões M. The Effects of Selected Brominated and Chlorinated Chemicals onPseudomonas fluorescensPlanktonic Cells and Flow-Generated Biofilms. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Malheiro
- LEPABE; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - P. Araújo
- LEPABE; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - I. Machado
- LEPABE; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - M. Lemos
- LEPABE; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology; New Museums Site; Cambridge UK
| | - F. Mergulhão
- LEPABE; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - L. Melo
- LEPABE; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - M. Simões
- LEPABE; Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal
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Sanchez-Vizuete P, Orgaz B, Aymerich S, Le Coq D, Briandet R. Pathogens protection against the action of disinfectants in multispecies biofilms. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:705. [PMID: 26236291 PMCID: PMC4500986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms constitute the prevalent way of life for microorganisms in both natural and man-made environments. Biofilm-dwelling cells display greater tolerance to antimicrobial agents than those that are free-living, and the mechanisms by which this occurs have been investigated extensively using single-strain axenic models. However, there is growing evidence that interspecies interactions may profoundly alter the response of the community to such toxic exposure. In this paper, we propose an overview of the studies dealing with multispecies biofilms resistance to biocides, with particular reference to the protection of pathogenic species by resident surface flora when subjected to disinfectants treatments. The mechanisms involved in such protection include interspecies signaling, interference between biocides molecules and public goods in the matrix, or the physiology and genetic plasticity associated with a structural spatial arrangement. After describing these different mechanisms, we will discuss the experimental methods available for their analysis in the context of complex multispecies biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sanchez-Vizuete
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Belen Orgaz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Stéphane Aymerich
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Dominique Le Coq
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- CNRS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
| | - Romain Briandet
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
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21
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Jalilsood T, Baradaran A, Song AAL, Foo HL, Mustafa S, Saad WZ, Yusoff K, Rahim RA. Inhibition of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria by a novel biofilm-forming Lactobacillus isolate: a potential host for the expression of heterologous proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:96. [PMID: 26150120 PMCID: PMC4491867 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial biofilms are a preferred mode of growth for many types of microorganisms in their natural environments. The ability of pathogens to integrate within a biofilm is pivotal to their survival. The possibility of biofilm formation in Lactobacillus communities is also important in various industrial and medical settings. Lactobacilli can eliminate the colonization of different pathogenic microorganisms. Alternatively, new opportunities are now arising with the rapidly expanding potential of lactic acid bacteria biofilms as bio-control agents against food-borne pathogens. RESULTS A new isolate Lactobacillus plantarum PA21 could form a strong biofilm in pure culture and in combination with several pathogenic and food-spoilage bacteria such as Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Exposure to Lb. plantarum PA21 significantly reduced the number of P. fluorescens, A. hydrophila and B. cereus cells in the biofilm over 2-, 4- and 6-day time periods. However, despite the reduction in S. enterica cells, this pathogen showed greater resistance in the presence of PA21 developed biofilm, either in the planktonic or biofilm phase. Lb. plantarum PA21 was also found to be able to constitutively express GFP when transformed with the expression vector pMG36e which harbors the gfp gene as a reporter demonstrating that the newly isolated strain can be used as host for genetic engineering. CONCLUSION In this study, we evaluate the ability of a new Lactobacillus isolate to form strong biofilm, which would provide the inhibitory effect against several spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. This new isolate has the potential to serve as a safe and effective cell factory for recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Jalilsood
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ali Baradaran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hooi Ling Foo
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shuhaimi Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Zuhainis Saad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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22
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Checinska A, Paszczynski A, Burbank M. Bacillusand Other Spore-Forming Genera: Variations in Responses and Mechanisms for Survival. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015; 6:351-69. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Checinska
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1052 and Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6376; ,
- Present address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109;
| | - Andrzej Paszczynski
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1052 and Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6376; ,
| | - Malcolm Burbank
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1052 and Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6376; ,
- Present address: BioCement Technologies Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101
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23
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24
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Lemos M, Gomes I, Mergulhão F, Melo L, Simões M. The effects of surface type on the removal of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens single and dual species biofilms. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Faille C, Bénézech T, Midelet-Bourdin G, Lequette Y, Clarisse M, Ronse G, Ronse A, Slomianny C. Sporulation of Bacillus spp. within biofilms: A potential source of contamination in food processing environments. Food Microbiol 2014; 40:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Araújo PA, Mergulhão F, Melo L, Simões M. The ability of an antimicrobial agent to penetrate a biofilm is not correlated with its killing or removal efficiency. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:675-683. [PMID: 24773258 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.904294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The penetration ability of 12 antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics and biocides, was determined against biofilms of B. cereus and P. fluorescens using a colony biofilm assay. The surfactants benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and streptomycin were of interest due to their distinct activities. Erythromycin and CTAB were retarded by the presence of biofilms, whereas ciprofloxacin and BAC were not. The removal and killing efficacies of these four agents was additionally evaluated against biofilms formed in microtiter plates. The most efficient biocide was CTAB for both bacterial biofilms. Ciprofloxacin was the best antibiotic although none of the selected antimicrobial agents led to total biofilm removal and/or killing. Comparative analysis of the results obtained with colony biofilms and microtiter plate biofilms show that although extracellular polymeric substances and the biofilm structure are considered a determining factor in biofilm resistance, the ability of an antimicrobial agent to penetrate a biofilm is not correlated with its killing or removal efficiency. Also, the results reinforce the role of an appropriate antimicrobial selection as a key step in the design of disinfection processes for biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Araújo
- a LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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27
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Teh KH, Lindsay D, Palmer J, Andrewes P, Bremer P, Flint S. Proteolysis in ultra-heat-treated skim milk after exposure to multispecies biofilms under conditions modelling a milk tanker. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koon Hoong Teh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North New Zealand
- Fonterra Research Centre; Private Bag 11029 Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Denise Lindsay
- Fonterra Research Centre; Private Bag 11029 Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Jon Palmer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Paul Andrewes
- Fonterra Research Centre; Private Bag 11029 Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Phil Bremer
- Department of Food Science; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North New Zealand
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28
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Burgess SA, Lindsay D, Flint SH. Biofilms of thermophilic bacilli isolated from dairy processing plants and efficacy of sanitizers. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1147:367-377. [PMID: 24664846 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0467-9_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In many environments, bacteria can attach to a surface and grow into multicellular structures, otherwise known as biofilms. Many systems for studying these biofilms in the laboratory are available. To study biofilms of the thermophilic bacilli in milk powder-manufacturing plants, standard laboratory biofilm techniques need to be adapted. The focus of this chapter is on techniques that can be used for growing and analyzing biofilms of thermophilic bacilli that are isolated from dairy processing plants. These techniques include laboratory methods as well as how to set up a pilot-scale experiment. The laboratory methods consist of a microtiter plate assay, which is used for strain selection, and the CDC reactor, which is used for testing sanitizers and antimicrobial surfaces. In dairy processing, if a new sanitizer or antimicrobial surface appears to be promising, it is useful to carry out pilot-scale experiments before introducing it to a manufacturing plant. We describe how to set up a pilot-scale experiment for testing the efficacy of sanitizers against the thermophilic bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Burgess
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University and Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand,
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29
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Elhariry H, Abuzaid AA, Khiralla GM, Gherbawy Y. Antibiofilm formation and anti-adhesive (to HEp-2 cells) effects of rosemary water extract against some food-related pathogens. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Elhariry
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Taif University; PO Box 888 Taif Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ain Shams University; PO Box 68-Hadayek Shoubra Cairo 11241 Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Abuzaid
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Taif University; PO Box 888 Taif Saudi Arabia
- Agriculture Research Center; Food Technology Research Institute; 9 Cairo University St. Giza Egypt
| | - Ghada M. Khiralla
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR); 6-7, AboHazem Street, Pyramids, PO Box 29 Giza Egypt
| | - Youssuf Gherbawy
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Taif University; PO Box 888 Taif Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; South Valley University; 83523 Qena Egypt
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30
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Giaouris E, Chorianopoulos N, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ. Co-culture with Listeria monocytogenes within a dual-species biofilm community strongly increases resistance of Pseudomonas putida to benzalkonium chloride. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77276. [PMID: 24130873 PMCID: PMC3795059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a phenomenon occurring almost wherever microorganisms and surfaces exist in close proximity. This study aimed to evaluate the possible influence of bacterial interactions on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas putida to develop a dual-species biofilm community on stainless steel (SS), as well as on the subsequent resistance of their sessile cells to benzalkonium chloride (BC) used in inadequate (sub-lethal) concentration (50 ppm). The possible progressive adaptability of mixed-culture biofilms to BC was also investigated. To accomplish these, 3 strains per species were left to develop mixed-culture biofilms on SS coupons, incubated in daily renewable growth medium for a total period of 10 days, under either mono- or dual-species conditions. Each day, biofilm cells were exposed to disinfection treatment. Results revealed that the simultaneous presence of L. monocytogenes strongly increased the resistance of P. putida biofilm cells to BC, while culture conditions (mono-/dual-species) did not seem to significantly influence the resistance of L. monocytogenes biofilm cells. BC mainly killed L. monocytogenes cells when this was applied against the dual-species sessile community during the whole incubation period, despite the fact that from the 2nd day this community was mainly composed (>90%) of P. putida cells. No obvious adaptation to BC was observed in either L. monocytogenes or P. putida biofilm cells. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that the different strains behaved differently with regard to biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. Such knowledge on the physiological behavior of mixed-culture biofilms could provide the information necessary to control their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos island, Greece
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization “Demeter”, Aghia Paraskeui, Greece
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos island, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Athens, Greece
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31
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Anand S, Singh D. Resistance of the constitutive microflora of biofilms formed on whey reverse-osmosis membranes to individual cleaning steps of a typical clean-in-place protocol. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6213-22. [PMID: 23958024 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment evaluates the effectiveness of individual steps of a clean-in-place protocol against the biofilm constitutive microflora isolated from the biofilms developed on whey reverse-osmosis membranes, aged 2 to 14 mo, under industrial processing conditions. The isolates used for the in vitro resistance studies included species of Bacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Aeromonas, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Escherichia. The 6 cleaning steps (alkali, surfactant, acid, enzyme, a second surfactant, and sanitizer treatment) revealed resistance of isolates in both planktonic and biofilm-embedded cell states. The most effective step was the acid treatment, which resulted in 4.54 to 7.90 and 2.09 to 5.02 log reductions of the planktonic and biofilm-embedded cells, respectively. Although the sanitizer step causing a reduction of 4.91 to 8.33 log in the case of planktonic cells, it was less effective against the biofilm-embedded cells, resulting in a reduction of 0.59 to 1.64 log. Bacillus spp. showed the highest resistance in both planktonic, as well as embedded cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Anand
- Midwest Dairy Foods Research Center, Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57006.
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Hébraud M, Chorianopoulos N, Langsrud S, Møretrø T, Habimana O, Desvaux M, Renier S, Nychas GJ. Attachment and biofilm formation by foodborne bacteria in meat processing environments: causes, implications, role of bacterial interactions and control by alternative novel methods. Meat Sci 2013; 97:298-309. [PMID: 23747091 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of potential spoilage and pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation represent serious challenges to the meat industry, since these may lead to cross-contamination of the products, resulting in lowered-shelf life and transmission of diseases. In meat processing environments, microorganisms are sometimes associated to surfaces in complex multispecies communities, while bacterial interactions have been shown to play a key role in cell attachment and detachment from biofilms, as well as in the resistance of biofilm community members against antimicrobial treatments. Disinfection of food contact surfaces in such environments is a challenging task, aggravated by the great antimicrobial resistance of biofilm associated bacteria. In recent years, several alternative novel methods, such as essential oils and bacteriophages, have been successfully tested as an alternative means for the disinfection of microbial-contaminated food contact surfaces. In this review, all these aspects of biofilm formation in meat processing environments are discussed from a microbial meat-quality and safety perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos 81400, Greece.
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima Mat AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Michel Hébraud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Aghia Paraskeui15310, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Sandra Renier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
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Lipolysis within single culture and co-culture biofilms of dairy origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ribeiro M, Monteiro FJ, Ferraz MP. Infection of orthopedic implants with emphasis on bacterial adhesion process and techniques used in studying bacterial-material interactions. BIOMATTER 2012; 2:176-94. [PMID: 23507884 PMCID: PMC3568104 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus comprises up to two-thirds of all pathogens in orthopedic implant infections and they are the principal causative agents of two major types of infection affecting bone: septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, which involve the inflammatory destruction of joint and bone. Bacterial adhesion is the first and most important step in implant infection. It is a complex process influenced by environmental factors, bacterial properties, material surface properties and by the presence of serum or tissue proteins. Properties of the substrate, such as chemical composition of the material, surface charge, hydrophobicity, surface roughness and the presence of specific proteins at the surface, are all thought to be important in the initial cell attachment process. The biofilm mode of growth of infecting bacteria on an implant surface protects the organisms from the host immune system and antibiotic therapy. The research for novel therapeutic strategies is incited by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This work will provide an overview of the mechanisms and factors involved in bacterial adhesion, the techniques that are currently being used studying bacterial-material interactions as well as provide insight into future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ribeiro
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Shen C, Luo Y, Nou X, Bauchan G, Zhou B, Wang Q, Millner P. Enhanced inactivation of Salmonella and Pseudomonas biofilms on stainless steel by use of T-128, a fresh-produce washing aid, in chlorinated wash solutions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6789-98. [PMID: 22752180 PMCID: PMC3457470 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01094-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the washing aid T-128 (generally recognized as safe [GRAS] formulation, composed mainly of phosphoric acid and propylene glycol) on inactivation of Salmonella and Pseudomonas populations in biofilms on stainless steel was evaluated under conditions of increasing organic matter loads in chlorinated wash solutions dominated by hypochlorous acid. Biofilms were formed statically on stainless steel coupons suspended in 2% lettuce extract after inoculation with Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson or Newport or with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Coupons with biofilms were washed in chlorine solutions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20 mg/liter at pH 6.5, 5.0 and 2.9), with or without T-128, and with increasing loads of organic matter (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0% lettuce extract). Cell populations on coupons were dispersed using intermittent, pulsed ultrasonication and vortexing and enumerated by colony counts on XLT-4 or Pseudomonas agars. Cell responses to fluorescent viability staining of biofilm treatment washing solutions were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results showed that 0.1% T-128 (without chlorine) reduced P. fluorescens biofilm populations by 2.5 log(10) units but did not reduce Salmonella populations. For both Salmonella and Pseudomonas, the sanitizing effect of free chlorine (1.0 to 5.0 mg/liter) was enhanced (P < 0.05) when it was combined with T-128. Application of T-128 decreased the free chlorine depletion rate caused by increasing organic matter in wash waters and significantly (P < 0.05) augmented inactivation of bacteria in biofilms compared to treatments without T-128. Image analysis of surfaces stained with SYTO and propidium iodide corroborate the cultural assay results showing that T-128 can aid in reducing pathogen viability in biofilms and thus can aid in sanitizing stainless steel contact surfaces during processing of fresh-cut produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangliang Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Yaguang Luo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiangwu Nou
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary Bauchan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Millner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Teh KH, Flint S, Palmer J, Andrewes P, Bremer P, Lindsay D. Proteolysis produced within biofilms of bacterial isolates from raw milk tankers. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kostaki M, Chorianopoulos N, Braxou E, Nychas GJ, Giaouris E. Differential biofilm formation and chemical disinfection resistance of sessile cells of Listeria monocytogenes strains under monospecies and dual-species (with Salmonella enterica) conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2586-95. [PMID: 22307304 PMCID: PMC3318796 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07099-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible influence of bacterial intra- and interspecies interactions on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica to develop mixed-culture biofilms on an abiotic substratum, as well as on the subsequent resistance of sessile cells to chemical disinfection. Initially, three strains from each species were selected and left to attach and form biofilms on stainless steel (SS) coupons incubated at 15°C for 144 h, in periodically renewable tryptone soy broth (TSB), under either monoculture or mixed-culture (mono-/dual-species) conditions. Following biofilm formation, mixed-culture sessile communities were subjected to 6-min disinfection treatments with (i) benzalkonium chloride (50 ppm), (ii) sodium hypochlorite (10 ppm), (iii) peracetic acid (10 ppm), and (iv) a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (5 ppm) and peracetic acid (5 ppm). Results revealed that both species reached similar biofilm counts (ca. 10(5) CFU cm(-2)) and that, in general, interspecies interactions did not have any significant effect either on the biofilm-forming ability (as this was assessed by agar plating enumeration of the mechanically detached biofilm bacteria) or on the antimicrobial resistance of each individual species. Interestingly, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis clearly showed that the three L. monocytogenes strains did not contribute at the same level either to the formation of mixed-culture sessile communities (mono-/dual species) or to their antimicrobial recalcitrance. Additionally, the simultaneous existence inside the biofilm structure of S. enterica cells seemed to influence the occurrence and resistance pattern of L. monocytogenes strains. In sum, this study highlights the impact of microbial interactions taking place inside a mixed-culture sessile community on both its population dynamics and disinfection resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kostaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Foundation, Aghia Paraskeui, Athens, Greece
| | - Elli Braxou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
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Marchand S, De Block J, De Jonghe V, Coorevits A, Heyndrickx M, Herman L. Biofilm Formation in Milk Production and Processing Environments; Influence on Milk Quality and Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Behnke S, Camper AK. Chlorine dioxide disinfection of single and dual species biofilms, detached biofilm and planktonic cells. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:635-647. [PMID: 22738417 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.700705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection efficacy testing is usually done with planktonic cells or more recently, biofilms. While disinfectants are much less effective against biofilms compared to planktonic cells, questions regarding the disinfection tolerance of detached biofilm clusters remain largely unanswered. Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were grown in chemostats and biofilm tubing reactors, with the tubing reactor serving as a source of detached biofilm clusters. Chlorine dioxide susceptibility was assessed for B. cepacia and P. aeruginosa in these three sample types as monocultures and binary cultures. Similar doses of chlorine dioxide inactivated samples of chemostat and tubing reactor effluent and no statistically significant difference between the log(10) reductions was found. This contrasts with chlorine, shown previously to be generally less effective against detached biofilm particles. Biofilms were more tolerant and required chlorine dioxide doses ten times higher than chemostat and tubing reactor effluent samples. A second species was advantageous in all sample types and resulted in lower log(10) reductions when compared to the single species cultures, suggesting a beneficial interaction of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Behnke
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, 59717, USA
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40
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Machado I, Lopes SP, Sousa AM, Pereira MO. Adaptive response of single and binary Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli biofilms to benzalkonium chloride. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:43-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rodrigues D, Teixeira P, Oliveira R, Azeredo J. Salmonella enterica Enteritidis biofilm formation and viability on regular and triclosan-impregnated bench cover materials. J Food Prot 2011; 74:32-7. [PMID: 21219760 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of food contact surfaces by microbes such as Salmonella is directly associated with substantial industry costs and severe foodborne disease outbreaks. Several approaches have been developed to control microbial attachment; one approach is the development of food contact materials incorporating antimicrobial compounds. In the present study, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis adhesion and biofilm formation on regular and triclosan-impregnated kitchen bench stones (silestones) were assessed, as was cellular viability within biofilms. Enumeration of adhered cells on granite, marble, stainless steel, and silestones revealed that all materials were prone to bacterial colonization (4 to 5 log CFU/cm(2)), and no significant effect of triclosan was found. Conversely, results concerning biofilm formation highlighted a possible bacteriostatic activity of triclosan; smaller amounts of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilms were formed on impregnated silestones, and significantly lower numbers of viable cells (1 × 10(5) to 1 × 10(6) CFU/cm(2)) were found in these biofilms than in those on the other materials (1 × 10(7) CFU/cm(2)). All surfaces tested failed to promote food safety, and careful utilization with appropriate sanitation of these surfaces is critical in food processing environments. Nevertheless, because of its bacteriostatic activity, triclosan incorporated into silestones confers some advantage for controlling microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Abstract
A method for evaluating cleaning effect based on Bacillus cereus spores was developed and tested in a model system designed to resemble actual farm conditions. A test rig with four removable sampling plates was mounted in a milk line. The plates were attached at the end of T-junctions protruding either 1·5 or 3-times the milk pipe diameter from the main loop to reflect different levels of cleaning difficulty. In each cleaning test, B. cereus spores were applied to the four sampling plates to simulate soil. A series of cleaning tests was conducted at 35, 45, 55 and 65°C with six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents; three liquid and three powder-based products. A commercial alkaline detergent with chlorine, a sodium hydroxide solution, a sodium hydroxider/hypochlorite solution and pure water were also tested. Triplicate tests were performed with each cleaning solution, giving a total of 120 cleaning tests. The cleaning effect was evaluated by comparing the number of spores before and after cleaning. At all temperatures, the two chlorine-based cleaning solutions gave significantly greater reductions in B. cereus spores than the chlorine-free products. All six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents generally gave similar cleaning effects, with no differences in the performance of powder-based and liquid forms. The mechanical spore reduction effect with water alone was greater (1·5-1·8 log-units) than the additional chemical effect of sodium hydroxide or chlorine-free detergents (0·5-1·2 log-units). The chlorine-based solutions had a considerably more powerful chemical effect (2-4 log-units depending on temperature). In general, an increase in cleaning solution temperature up to 55°C gave a greater reduction in spores. A further increase to 65°C did not improve cleaning effectiveness.
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Simões LC, Simões M, Vieira MJ. Influence of the diversity of bacterial isolates from drinking water on resistance of biofilms to disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6673-9. [PMID: 20693444 PMCID: PMC2950458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00872-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single- and multispecies biofilms formed by six drinking water-isolated bacterial species were used to assess their susceptibilities to sodium hypochlorite (SHC). In general, multispecies biofilms were more resistant to inactivation and removal than single biofilms. Total biofilm inactivation was achieved only for Acinetobacter calcoaceticus single-species biofilms and for those multispecies biofilms without A. calcoaceticus. Biofilms with all bacteria had the highest resistance to SHC, while those without A. calcoaceticus were the most susceptible. A. calcoaceticus formed single biofilms susceptible to SHC; however, its presence in multispecies biofilms increased their resistance to disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Chaves Simões
- IBB (Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering), Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Chadeau E, Oulahal N, Dubost L, Favergeon F, Degraeve P. Anti-Listeria innocua activity of silver functionalised textile prepared with plasma technology. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Simões M, Simões LC, Vieira MJ. Species association increases biofilm resistance to chemical and mechanical treatments. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:229-237. [PMID: 18977505 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study of biofilm ecology and interactions might help to improve our understanding of their resistance mechanisms to control strategies. Concerns that the diversity of the biofilm communities can affect disinfection efficacy have led us to examine the effect of two antimicrobial agents on two important spoilage bacteria. Studies were conducted on single and dual species biofilms of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biofilms were formed on a stainless steel rotating device, in a bioreactor, at a constant Reynolds number of agitation (Re(A)). Biofilm phenotypic characterization showed significant differences, mainly in the metabolic activity and both extracellular proteins and polysaccharides content. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and glutaraldehyde (GLUT) solutions in conjunction with increasing Re(A) were used to treat biofilms in order to assess their ability to kill and remove biofilms. B. cereus and P. fluorescens biofilms were stratified in a layered structure with each layer having differential tolerance to chemical and mechanical stresses. Dual species biofilms and P. fluorescens single biofilms had both the highest resistance to removal when pre-treated with CTAB and GLUT, respectively. B. cereus biofilms were the most affected by hydrodynamic disturbance and the most susceptible to antimicrobials. Dual biofilms were more resistant to antimicrobials than each single species biofilm, with a significant proportion of the population remaining in a viable state after exposure to CTAB or GLUT. Moreover, the species association increased the proportion of viable cells of both bacteria, comparatively to the single species scenarios, enhancing each other's survival to antimicrobials and the biofilm shear stress stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Simões
- LEPAE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Physiology and behavior of Pseudomonas fluorescens single and dual strain biofilms under diverse hydrodynamics stresses. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 128:309-16. [PMID: 18951643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Three selected Pseudomonas fluorescens strains (the type strain and two strains originally isolated from a dairy processing plant - D3-348 and D3-350) were used to form turbulent and laminar flow-generated biofilms under laboratorial conditions using flow cell reactors with stainless steel substrata. The D3-348 and D3-350 strains were also used to form dual biofilms. Biofilm phenotypic characteristics, such as respiratory activity, total and culturable cells, biomass, total and matrix proteins and polysaccharides were compared. Biofilm mechanical stability, as a major feature involved in biofilm persistence, was also assessed using a rotating device system. The results indicate that hydrodynamic conditions have a remarkable impact on biofilm phenotype. Turbulent biofilms were more active, had more mass per adhesion surface area, a higher number of total and culturable cells, a higher amount of total proteins per gram of biofilm, similar matrix proteins and identical (D3-348 and D3-350 single and dual biofilms) or smaller (type strain) total and matrix polysaccharides content than their laminar counterparts. Biofilms formed by the type strain revealed a considerable higher amount of total and culturable cells and a higher amount of total proteins (turbulent biofilms) and total and matrix polysaccharides per gram of biofilm than single and dual biofilms formed by the other strains. Mechanical stability assays disclosed that biofilms formed by both type and D3-348 strains had the highest resistance to removal when exposed to mechanical stress. Dual strain biofilms population analysis revealed an apparent co-existence, evidencing neutral interactions. The overall results provided useful information regarding a broad spectrum of P. fluorescens biofilm phenotypic parameters, which can contribute to control and model biofilm processes in food industry.
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Park EJ, Gray P, Oh SW, Kronenberg J, Kang DH. Efficacy of FIT Produce Wash and Chlorine Dioxide on Pathogen Control in Fresh Potatoes. J Food Sci 2008; 73:M278-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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