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Kim HJ, Kim KE, Kim YJ, Kang H, Shin JW, Kim S, Lee SH, Jung SW, Lee TK. Marine Bacterioplankton Community Dynamics and Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in Seawater around Jeju Island, South Korea, via Metabarcoding. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13561. [PMID: 37686367 PMCID: PMC10487856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding marine bacterioplankton composition and distribution is necessary for improving predictions of ecosystem responses to environmental change. Here, we used 16S rRNA metabarcoding to investigate marine bacterioplankton diversity and identify potential pathogenic bacteria in seawater samples collected in March, May, September, and December 2013 from two sites near Jeju Island, South Korea. We identified 1343 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and observed that community diversity varied between months. Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria were the most abundant classes, and in all months, the predominant genera were Candidatus Pelagibacter, Leisingera, and Citromicrobium. The highest number of OTUs was observed in September, and Vibrio (7.80%), Pseudoalteromonas (6.53%), and Citromicrobium (6.16%) showed higher relative abundances or were detected only in this month. Water temperature and salinity significantly affected bacterial distribution, and these conditions, characteristic of September, were adverse for Aestuariibacter but favored Citromicrobium. Potentially pathogenic bacteria, among which Vibrio (28 OTUs) and Pseudoalteromonas (six OTUs) were the most abundant in September, were detected in 49 OTUs, and their abundances were significantly correlated with water temperature, increasing rapidly in September, the warmest month. These findings suggest that monthly temperature and salinity variations affect marine bacterioplankton diversity and potential pathogen abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.E.K.); (Y.J.K.); (J.W.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Oceanography and Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kang Eun Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.E.K.); (Y.J.K.); (J.W.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.E.K.); (Y.J.K.); (J.W.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangoo Kang
- Vessel Operation & Observation Team, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Woo Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.E.K.); (Y.J.K.); (J.W.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.E.K.); (Y.J.K.); (J.W.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Oceanography and Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Won Jung
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.E.K.); (Y.J.K.); (J.W.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
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Monzón-Atienza L, Bravo J, Fernández-Montero Á, Charlie-Silva I, Montero D, Ramos-Vivas J, Galindo-Villegas J, Acosta F. Dietary supplementation of Bacillus velezensis improves Vibrio anguillarum clearance in European sea bass by activating essential innate immune mechanisms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:244-253. [PMID: 35421573 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus spp. supplementation as probiotics in cultured fish diets has a long history of safe and effective use. Specifically, B. velezensis show great promise in fine-tuning the European sea bass disease resistance against the pathogenicity caused by several members of the Vibrio family. However, the immunomodulatory mechanisms behind this response remain poorly understood. Here, to examine the inherent immune variations in sea bass, two equal groups were fed for 30 days with a steady diet, with one treatment supplemented with B. velezensis. The serum bactericidal capacity against live cells of Vibrio anguillarum strain 507 and the nitric oxide and lysozyme lytic activities were assayed. At the cellular level, the phagocytic response of peripheral blood leukocytes against inactivated Candida albicans was determined. Moreover, head-kidney (HK) total leukocytes were isolated from previously in vivo treated fish with LPS of V. anguillarum strain 507. Mechanistically, the expression of some essential proinflammatory genes (interleukin-1 (il1b), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfa), and cyclooxygenase 2 (cox2) and the sea bass specific antimicrobial peptide (AMP) dicentracin (dic) expressions were assessed. Surprisingly, the probiotic supplementation significantly increased all humoral lytic and cellular activities assayed in the treated sea bass. In addition, time-dependent differences were observed between the control and probiotic treated groups for all the HK genes markers subjected to the sublethal LPS dose. Although the il1b was the fastest responding gene to a significant level at 48 h post-injection (hpi), all the other genes followed 72 h in the probiotic supplemented group. Finally, an in vivo bacteria challenge against live V. anguillarum was conducted. The probiotic fed fish observed a significantly higher survival. Overall, our results provide clear vertical evidence on the beneficial immune effects of B. velezensis and unveil some fundamental immune mechanisms behind its application as a probiotic agent in intensively cultured European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Monzón-Atienza
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jimena Bravo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Ramos-Vivas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Félix Acosta
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Feng J, Cai Z, Chen Y, Zhu H, Chang X, Wang X, Liu Z, Zhang J, Nie G. Effects of an exopolysaccharide from Lactococcus lactis Z-2 on innate immune response, antioxidant activity, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Cyprinus carpio L. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:324-333. [PMID: 31981775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Lactococcus have been found to have an important role in the probiotic activity of this bacterium; however, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities have not been fully explored in aquaculture. In the present study, we investigated EPS-2 from Lactococcus lactis Z-2, isolated from healthy common carp, for its immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Cyprinus carpio L. We found that the molecular weight of EPS-2 was 18.65 KDa. The monosaccharide composition of this polymer was rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose at a molar percentage of 13.3%, 14.1%, 18.5%, 27.4%, and 26.7%, respectively. EPS-2 treatment could modulate the immune responses in vitro and in vivo. In vitro tests showed that EPS-2 could significantly enhance the proliferation and phagocytosis activities (P < 0.05) as well as induce the production of nitic oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) (P < 0.05) in head kidney cells. When the fish were gavaged with three different concentrations of EPS-2 (250, 500, 1000 μg/mL) for 7 days and infected with A. hydrophila, different expression patterns of the NO, cytokines, lysozyme (LZM), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the serum and of antioxidants (T-AOC, SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px and MDA) in hepatopancreas were observed. Before infection with A. hydrophila, EPS-2 supplementation significantly up-regulated the NO production, protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), LZM and AKP activities, and levels of antioxidant molecules compared to those in the negative (G1) group (P < 0.05), whereas levels of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines and LZM and AKP activities were significantly lower than those in the positive (G2) group after infection (P < 0.05). However, whether infected or not, the expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) were significantly increased in the EPS-2 treatment groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that EPS-2 has immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects on common carp, both in vitro and/or in vivo, and can be applied as a common carp feed supplement to enhance fish immunity and disease resistance against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchang Feng
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, PR China.
| | - Zhongliang Cai
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Haoyong Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, PR China
| | - Xulu Chang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
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Xiaolong G, Caihuan K, Mo Z, Xian L, Fucun W, Ying L. Effects of the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the growth, immunity, and disease resistance of Haliotis discus hannai. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:617-627. [PMID: 31465875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a diet containing the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the survival and growth of Haliotis discus hannai were evaluated by measuring growth and hematological parameters and the expression levels of nonspecific immune genes. In addition, the abalone's response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection was assessed. H. discus hannai (shell length: 29.35 ± 1.81 mm, body weight: 4.28 ± 0.23 g) were exposed to an 8-week culture experiment in indoor aquariums and a 2-week V. parahaemolyticus artificial infection experiment. In each experiment, the control group (C) was fed daily with the basal feed; the experimental groups were fed daily with the experimental feed, prepared by spraying B. amyloliquefaciens onto the basal feed at final concentrations of 103 (group A1), 105 (A2), and 107 (A3) cfu/g. The survival rate, body weight specific growth rate, and food conversion efficiency in A2 and A3 were significantly higher than those in A1 and C (P < 0.05). The total number of blood lymphocytes, the O2- and NO levels produced from respiratory burst, the activities of acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and the expression levels of catalase and thiol peroxidase in A2 were not significantly different from those in A3, but these factors were significantly higher in A2 compared to A1 and C (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity and expression levels of glutathione S-transferase in A1, A2 and A3 were significantly higher than those in C (P < 0.05). At day 9 after infection with V. parahaemolyticus, all abalone in C were dead; at the end of the experiment, the cumulative mortality of abalone in A2 was significantly lower than that in any other group (P < 0.05). Thus, the experimental feed containing 105 cfu/g B. amyloliquefaciens not only facilitated the food intake and growth of abalone, but also effectively enhanced their non-specific immunity and resistance to V. parahaemolyticus infection. In this regard, B. amyloliquefaciens may be a useful probiotic strain for abalone aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Xiaolong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ke Caihuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhang Mo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Xian
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wu Fucun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Liu Ying
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Gao X, Zhang M, Li X, Han Y, Wu F, Liu Y. The effects of feeding Lactobacillus pentosus on growth, immunity, and disease resistance in Haliotis discus hannai Ino. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:42-51. [PMID: 29626669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of probiotic-added food on the survival and growth of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino), the expression levels of nonspecific immune genes and the anti-Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection were examined. During an 8-week culturing experiment in an indoor aquarium and a 2-week V. parahaemolyticus artificial infection experiment, the control group was fed with untreated food once a day, while the experimental groups (L1, L2 and L3) were fed with Lactobacillus pentosus added food. The concentration of probiotics in the experimental food was 103 cfu/g (L1), 105 cfu/g (L2) and 107 cfu/g (L3), respectively. The results showed that the survival rate, shell length-specific growth rate, and the food conversion rate (FCR) of abalones in L1 and L2 were significantly higher than the control group. The food intake of abalones in L3 was significantly lower than that in L1, L2 and the control group, but there was no significant difference in FCR identified between L1, L2 and L3. In the L. pentosus-added groups, the total number of blood lymphocytes, lysozyme activity, acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, and expression levels of Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx) were significantly higher than the control group, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly lower than the control group. The phagocytic activity of blood lymphocytes, catalase activity and the expression levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of abalones in the control group were significantly lower than that in L1 and L2, but there was no significant difference when compared with L3. The levels of O2-, NO produced by respiratory burst of blood lymphocytes and the expression levels of catalase (CAT) in L1 and L2 were significantly higher than both L3 and the control group. Seven days after infection with V. parahaemolyticus, all abalones in the control group were dead. After 14 days the cumulative mortality rate of abalones in the L. pentosus-added groups was significantly lower than that in the control group. Therefore, the 103 cfu/g and 105 cfu/g L. pentosus-added food not only promoted food intake and growth of abalones, but also improved their non-specific immunity and reduced V. parahaemolyticus infection, indicating that this strain is a good potential candidate for probiotic added food in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yin Han
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fucun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Gao X, Zhang M, Li X, Han Y, Wu F, Liu Y. Effects of a probiotic (Bacillus licheniformis) on the growth, immunity, and disease resistance of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:143-152. [PMID: 29462749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of a probiotic (Bacillus lincheniformis) on the survival and growth of Haliotis discus hannai Ino, the expression levels of nonspecific immune genes and the resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection were assessed. Abalones (shell length: 27.64 ± 1.59 mm, body weight: 4.17 ± 0.32 g) were selected for use in an 8-week culture experiment and a 2-week V. parahaemolyticus artificial infection experiment. In both experiments, the control group (C) was fed with a basal feed and the experimental groups were fed with experimental food prepared by spraying the probiotic on the basal feed at different concentrations: 103 (B1), 105 (B2), and 107 (B3) cfu/mL. The survival rate, total number of blood lymphocytes, activity of acid phosphatase, and expression level of heat shock protein 70 were significantly higher in B1, B2, and B3 than in C (P < 0.05). The specific growth rate of shell length, food intake, food conversion rate, phagocytic activity of blood lymphocytes, activities of myeloperoxidase and catalase (CAT), and expression levels of CAT and thioredoxin peroxidase of abalones in B2 were significantly higher than those in B1 and C (P < 0.05). Although the level of O2- produced by the respiratory burst of blood lymphocytes in B2 was not significantly different from those in B1 and B3, they were significantly higher than that in C (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the nitric oxide levels produced by the respiratory burst of blood lymphocytes, and the expression levels of Mn-SOD in B1 and B3 were significantly higher than those in C but significantly lower than those in B2 (P < 0.05). Fourteen days after infection with V. parahaemolyticus, the cumulative mortality of abalones in B2 was significantly lower than those in B1 and C (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the food containing 105 cfu/mL Bacillus licheniformis promoted food intake and growth of abalones and also improved their resistance to V. parahaemolyticus infection. Thus, B. licheniformis is a good potential probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Yin Han
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Fucun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:223-42. [PMID: 23954721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. Not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. With pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is imperative to garner greater understanding of fish phagocyte antimicrobial responses and the mechanisms by which aquatic pathogens are able to overcome these teleost macrophage barriers. Insights into the regulation of macrophage immunity of bony fish species will lend to the development of more effective aquacultural prophylaxis as well as broadening our understanding of the evolution of these immune processes. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of teleost macrophage antimicrobial responses and the strategies by which intracellular fish pathogens are able to avoid being killed by phagocytes, with a focus on Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Ayub F, Strauch O, Seychelles L, Ehlers RU. Influence of cell density of Escherichia coli and the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii on life history traits of the nematode Panagrolaimus sp. strain NFS 24-5, a potential larval food for marine aquaculture. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Panagrolaimus sp. NFS 24-5 has potential for use as living food for larval shrimps and fish in marine aquaculture. The nematodes are usually produced on bacterial or yeast cells. Nematodes cannot synthesise the long chain fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which is essential for feeding marine aquaculture organisms. The eukaryotic, heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii consists of approximately 20% DHA. To culture the nematodes and simultaneously enrich them with DHA, single adult male and female individuals were cultured in hanging drops with variable cell density of C. cohnii. Life history traits, such as net reproductive rate (), population doubling time (PDT) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (), were assessed and compared with data obtained from cultures on Escherichia coli. A maximum was recorded at a cell density of 4 × 106 C. cohnii cells ml−1, corresponding to 2478.82 μg dry mass ml−1. The same was achieved with 7× lower biomass of E. coli at a cell density of 3 × 109 cells ml−1, corresponding to 335.63 μg dry mass ml−1. The results exclude the use of the dinoflagellate culture from application in mass production of the nematode for aquaculture food and limit the use to post-harvest enrichment of the nematodes with essential fatty acids. At a density of 3 × 109 E. coli cells ml−1 the PDT was lowest and the was highest, indicating that this cell density might be closest to optimum conditions for nematode reproduction. Exceeding this cell density yielded fewer offspring within a longer time period. Implications for mass production in monoxenic liquid cultures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Ayub
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauch
- e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Strasse 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Laurent Seychelles
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Strasse 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
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Poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid-liposome encapsulated ODN on innate immunity in Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio alginolyticus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:77-85. [PMID: 22551979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-liposome (L) encapsulated oligodeoxynucleotides with unmethylated deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine motifs (CpG-ODNs) on innate and adaptive immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper (Epinephelus bruneus) against Vibrio alginolyticus at weeks 1, 2, and 4 is reported. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), respiratory burst, and lysozyme activities significantly increased in E. bruneus when immunized with ODN, PLGA+ODN, L+ODN, and PLGA+L+ODN on weeks 2 and 4. The serum complement activity was significantly enhanced with L+ODN and PLGA+L+ODN on week 1 while it increased with PLGA+ODN, L+ODN, and PLGA+L+ODN on weeks 2 and 4. The antibody titre consistently was increased with PLGA or L encapsulated with ODN (PLGA+ODN, L+ODN, and PLGA+L+ODN) from weeks 1 to 4. The cumulative mortality was 20% each in PLGA+ODN administered groups and 15% each in ODN, L+ODN, and PLGA+L+ODN groups during a period of 30 days. The present study suggests that PLGA-liposome encapsulated ODN has the potential to modulate the immune system and can serve as a useful tool for further design of immunoprophylatic nano drug formulations against bacterial diseases.
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Cho YS, Lee SY, Bang IC, Kim DS, Nam YK. Genomic organization and mRNA expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) from Hemibarbus mylodon (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:571-576. [PMID: 19616630 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The genomic structure of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) was characterized in Hemibarbus mylodon (Teleostei, Cypriniformes), an endangered freshwater fish species, and changes in Mn-SOD mRNA expression in response to various stimuli, such as challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacteria, or heavy metals, were examined. H. mylodon Mn-SOD possesses well-conserved features of vertebrate Mn-SODs, including its homologous quinquepartite gene structure (five exons interrupted by four introns) and high sequence identity with vertebrate orthologs in coding regions, including a typical eukaryotic Mn-SOD signature. The 5'-regulatory upstream region of the H. mylodon Mn-SOD gene lacked a canonical TATA sequence; however, it displayed various transcription factor binding elements that may be involved in immune and stress responses, as well as the modulation of enzymes that mediate the metabolism of metals and other xenobiotics. Bioinformatic analysis of Mn-SOD genes from fish and mammalian genome databases revealed chromosomal synteny of the Mn-SOD locus in the vertebrate lineage. Mn-SOD transcripts were ubiquitously detected in diverse tissues with variable levels of basal expression using an RT-PCR assay. Mn-SOD expression in the liver and kidney were significantly modulated by injection of LPS (1, 5, or 10 microg g(-1) body weight), Edwardsiella tarda challenge (5 x 10(3) or 5 x 10(5) cells/fish), and heavy metal exposure (Cd, Cu, or Zn at 5 microM). Results from this study suggest that Mn-SOD plays an important role in the host defence against oxidative damage caused by infection-mediated inflammation and/or toxicant related stress in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Cho
- Department of Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Redondo MJ, Bermúdez R, Palenzuela O, Ferreiro I, Riaza A, Quiroga I, Nieto JM, Alvarez-Pellitero P. Innate and adaptive immune responses of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), following experimental infection with Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxosporea: Myxozoa). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:485-500. [PMID: 16621605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune responses against Enteromyxum scophthalmi was studied in turbot (Scopthalmus maximus (L.)) experimentally exposed to the parasite by cohabitation. Haematological, histopathological, cellular and humoral factors were determined in samples taken from control (CTRL) and recipient (RCPT, naïve fish cohabited with donor infected fish) animals at 0, 20, 29, 40 and 43 days post exposure (p.e). Infection was first detected at day 20 p.e. and prevalence reached 100% at 40 days p.e, when first mortalities occurred. A significant reduction in weight and condition factor was found in RCPT, though no significant differences in haematocrit or serum protein levels were detected between CTRL and RCPT. Some immune effectors were clearly activated in RCPT: the percentage of circulating granulocytes was significantly increased, as well as the number of blood cells positive in the respiratory burst assay; leucocyte infiltration in intestine was found mainly on days 20 and 29 p.e.; total serum antiproteases and alpha-2-macroglobulin levels were higher in most of the samplings, with significant differences on the last sampling. Other effectors were clearly down regulated in RCPT: haematopoietic depletion appeared in head kidney from day 29 p.e. onwards, and the number of apoptotic cells and MMC increased in head kidney and spleen; the percentage of lymphocytes decreased progressively and significantly; a clear, but not statistically significant, drop in serum complement was registered at 40 days p.e.; also, a significant decrease occurred in serum lysozyme at 29 days p.e. No specific antibodies against the parasite were detected in any sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Torre de la Sal s/n, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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Bilodeau AL, Peterson BC, Bosworth BG. Response of toll-like receptors, lysozyme, and IGF-I in back-cross hybrid (F1 male (blue x channel) x female channel) catfish challenged with virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:29-39. [PMID: 15905103 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Responses of toll-like receptors (TLR3 and TLR5), lysozyme, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to experimental challenge with virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri were measured in back-cross hybrid (F1 male (blue x channel) x female channel) catfish. The resistance levels to E. ictaluri and host response mechanisms of back-cross hybrids are unknown. Fish were challenged with virulent E. ictaluri and sampled pre-challenge, 2 h and 2, 5, 8, 14, and 21 days post-challenge. Levels of mRNA expression of two toll-like receptors (TLR3 and TLR5) in liver, kidney, spleen, and stomach, plasma lysozyme activity, and circulating IGF-I levels were measured at each timepoint. Throughout challenge, TLR3 was expressed at higher levels than TLR5 in liver (P=0.0011) and kidney (P=0.0007) whereas TLR5 was more highly expressed than TLR3 in stomach (P=0.0032). TLR3 was upregulated in comparison to non-exposed controls in liver (P=0.0015) and stomach (P<0.0001) on day 14 and TLR5 was upregulated in liver (P=0.0175) on days 2 through 8. Plasma lysozyme activity peaked on day 5 (P<0.001) and IGF-I levels significantly decreased on days 2 through 14 (P<0.0001). TLR expression patterns suggest that both TLR3 and TLR5 may play a role in host response to bacterial challenge. Plasma lysozyme activity also increased and circulating IGF-I decreased in response to the presence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lelania Bilodeau
- USDA-ARS Catfish Genetics Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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