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Baik I, Kim NH, Kim SH, Shin C. Association of blood pressure measurements in sitting, supine, and standing positions with the 10-year risk of mortality in Korean adults. Epidemiol Health 2023; 45:e2023055. [PMID: 37309114 PMCID: PMC10482565 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2023055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This prospective cohort study investigated the association between blood pressure (BP) as measured in different body postures and all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality risk. METHODS This population-based investigation included 8,901 Korean adults in 2001 and 2002. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured sequentially in the sitting, supine, and standing positions and classified into 4 categories: 1) normal, SBP <120 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg; 2) high normal/prehypertension, SBP 120-129 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg/SBP 130-139 mmHg or DBP 80-89 mmHg; 3) grade 1 hypertension (HTN), with SBP 140-159 mmHg or DBP 90-99 mmHg; and 4) grade 2 HTN, SBP ≥160 mmHg or DBP ≥100 mmHg. The date and cause of individual deaths were confirmed in the death record data compiled until 2013. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS Significant associations were found between the BP categories and all-cause mortality, but only when BPs were measured in the supine position. The multivariate hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.36 (1.06-1.75) and 1.59 (1.06-2.39) for grade 1 and grade 2 HTN, respectively, compared with the normal category. The associations between the BP categories and CV mortality were significant regardless of body posture among participants ≥65 years, whereas they were significant for supine BP measurements only in those <65 years. CONCLUSIONS BP measured in the supine position predicted all-cause mortality and CV mortality better than BP measured in other postures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Baik
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University College of Sciences and Technologies, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
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Zuhair Sameen A, Jaafar R, Zahedi E, Kok Beng G. Cuff-less and continuous blood pressure measurement based on pulse transit time from carotid and toe photoplethysmograms. J Med Eng Technol 2022; 46:567-589. [PMID: 35801952 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2022.2077998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is a vital health parameter that varies throughout the day. As a single reading of high BP may not indicate hypertension, continuous monitoring of BP is usually recommended by medical doctors to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. In the last few decades, researchers have investigated cuff-less and continuous BP measurements based on pulse transit time (PTT). The main purpose of this research is to develop an autoregressive (ARX) system identification (SI)-based PTT calculation model using two PPG signals acquired from carotid and toe. The signals were recorded from 65 subjects with an age range between 20 and 60 years. The results of the study have been validated in two stages. The first validation comprised the estimated BP from PTT using SI compared to the measured BP using the cuff-based method for all subjects. The results of the estimated BP using the proposed method compared to the measured BP obtained using the standard BP cuff measurement method are highly correlated to both systolic blood pressure (R2 = 0.8132) and diastolic blood pressure (R2 = 0.8357). The second validation consisted of comparing PTT values using system identification to the results of the PTT derived from the ECG-PPG method. The results showed that both methods are highly correlated (R2 = 0.7808), and there is no significant difference between them (p < 0.05) with a slightly better PTT estimation related to DBP in the proposed method. Our results have proven that the PTT obtained from the carotid PPG and toe PPG using the system identification approach yielded SBP and DBP estimations that are consistent with the values of the conventional BP cuff method. The newly proposed method has the advantage of being cuff-less and able to provide continuous BP measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aws Zuhair Sameen
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering Techniques, College of Medical Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rosmina Jaafar
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Gan Kok Beng
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
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Karanasios S, Koutri C, Moutzouri M, Xergia SA, Sakellari V, Gioftsos G. The Effect of Body Position and the Reliability of Upper Limb Arterial Occlusion Pressure Using a Handheld Doppler Ultrasound for Blood Flow Restriction Training. Sports Health 2021; 14:717-724. [PMID: 34515589 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211043877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise calculation of arterial occlusive pressure is essential to accurately prescribe individualized pressures during blood flow restriction training. Arterial occlusion pressure in the lower limb varies significantly between different body positions while similar reports for the upper limb are lacking. HYPOTHESIS Body position has a significant effect in upper limb arterial occlusive pressure. Using cuffs with manual pump and a handheld Doppler ultrasound can be a reliable method to determine upper limb arterial blood flow restriction. STUDY DESIGN A randomized repeated measures design. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Forty-two healthy participants (age mean ± SD = 28.1 ± 7.7 years) completed measurements in supine, seated, and standing position by 3 blinded raters. A cuff with a manual pump and a handheld acoustic ultrasound were used. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction was used to analyze differences between body positions. A within-subject coefficient of variation and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) test were used to calculate reproducibility and reliability, respectively. RESULTS A significantly higher upper limb arterial occlusive pressure was found in seated compared with supine position (P < 0.031) and in supine compared with standing position (P < 0.031) in all raters. An ICC of 0.894 (95% CI = 0.824-0.939, P < 0.001) was found in supine, 0.973 (95% CI = 0.955-0.985, P < 0.001) in seated, and 0.984 (95% CI = 0.973-0.991, P < 0.001) in standing position. ICC for test-retest reliability was found 0.90 (95% CI = 0.814-0.946, P < 0.001), 0.873 (95% CI = 0.762-0.93, P < 0.001), and 0.858 (95% CI = 0.737-0.923, P < 0.001) in the supine, seated, and standing position, respectively. CONCLUSION Upper limb arterial occlusive pressure was significantly dependent on body position. The method showed excellent interrater reliability and repeatability between different days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prescription of individualized pressures during blood flow restriction training requires measurement of upper limb arterial occlusive pressure in the appropriate position. The use of occlusion cuffs with a manual pump and a handheld Doppler ultrasound showed excellent reliability; however, the increased measurement error compared with the differences in arterial occlusive pressure between certain positions should be carefully considered for the clinical application of the method. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATIONS TAXONOMY (SORT) B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Karanasios
- Physiotherapy Department, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece.,Laboratory of Advanced Physiotherapy (LAdPhys), Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece
| | | | - Maria Moutzouri
- Physiotherapy Department, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece.,Laboratory of Advanced Physiotherapy (LAdPhys), Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece
| | - Sofia A Xergia
- Physiotherapy Department, University of Patras, Aigio, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Sakellari
- Physiotherapy Department, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece.,Laboratory of Advanced Physiotherapy (LAdPhys), Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece
| | - George Gioftsos
- Physiotherapy Department, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece.,Laboratory of Advanced Physiotherapy (LAdPhys), Physiotherapy Department, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, Aigaleo, Greece
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Effects of arm elevation on radial artery pressure: a new method to distinguish hypovolemic shock and septic shock from hypotension. Blood Press Monit 2018; 23:127-133. [PMID: 29570479 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this prospective observational study, we investigated the variability in radial artery invasive blood pressure associated with arm elevation in patients with different hemodynamic types. PATIENTS AND METHODS We carried out a prospective observational study using data from 73 general anesthesia hepatobiliary postoperative adult patients admitted to an ICU over a 1-year period. A standard procedure was used for the arm elevation test. The value of invasive radial arterial pressure was recorded at baseline, and 30 and 60 s after the arm had been raised from 0° to 90°. We compared the blood pressure before versus after arm elevation, and between hemodynamically stable, hypovolemic shock, and septic shock patient groups. RESULTS In all 73 patients, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) decreased, diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) increased, and pulse pressure (PP) decreased at 30 and 60 s after arm elevation (P<0.01), but the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was unchanged (P>0.05). On comparing 30 and 60 s, there was no significant difference in SAP, DAP, PP, or MAP (P>0.05). In 40 hemodynamically stable patients, SAP and PP decreased, and DAP and MAP increased significantly at 30 and 60 s after arm elevation compared with baseline (P<0.01). In 16 hypovolemic patients, SAP, DAP, and MAP increased significantly compared with baseline at 30 and 60 s (P<0.01), but PP was unchanged (P>0.05). In 17 patients with septic shock, SAP, PP, and MAP decreased significantly versus baseline at 30 and 60 s (P<0.01), but DAP was unchanged (P>0.05). Comparison of the absolute value of pressure change of septic shock patients at 30 s after raising the arm showed that SAP, DAP, and MAP changes were significantly lower compared with those in hypovolemic shock and hemodynamically stable patients (P<0.01). The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve for predicting septic shock was 0.930 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.867-0.992, P< 0.001] for change value at 30 s after arm elevation of SAP. The best cut-off point for the SAP change value was -5 mmHg or less, with a sensitivity of 94.12%, a specificity of 80.36%, a positive likelihood ratio of 4.79 (95% CI: 2.8-8.2), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.073 (95% CI: 0.01-0.5). CONCLUSION Our study shows that hypovolemic shock and septic shock patients have significantly different radial artery invasive blood pressure changes in an arm elevation test, which could be applied as a new method to distinguish hypovolemic shock and septic shock from hypotension.
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Clark CE, Thomas D, Warren FC, Llewellyn DJ, Ferrucci L, Campbell JL. Detecting Risk Of Postural hypotension (DROP): derivation and validation of a prediction score for primary care. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020740. [PMID: 29678986 PMCID: PMC5914723 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Falls are a common problem in older people. Postural hypotension contributes to falls but is often asymptomatic. In the absence of symptoms, postural hypotension is only infrequently checked for in clinical practice. We undertook this study to derive, validate and explore the prospective associations of a prediction tool to identify people likely to have unrecognised postural hypotension. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional and prospective multivariable cohort analysis. PARTICIPANTS 1317 participants of the Invecchiare in Chianti study, a population-based cohort representative of the older Italian population. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Predictive value of score to suggest presence of postural hypotension. METHODS Subjects were randomised 1:1 to derivation or validation cohorts. Within the derivation cohort, univariable associations for candidate predictors of postural hypotension were tested. Variables with p<0.1 entered multivariable linear regression models. Factors retaining multivariable significance were incorporated into unweighted and weighted Detecting Risk Of Postural hypotension (DROP) scores. These scores were tested in the validation cohort against prediction of postural hypotension, cognitive decline and mortality over 9 years of follow-up. RESULTS Postural hypotension was present in 203 (15.4%) of participants. Factors predicting postural hypotension were: digoxin use, Parkinson's disease, hypertension, stroke or cardiovascular disease and an interarm systolic blood pressure difference. Area under the curve was consistent at 0.65 for all models, with significant ORs of 1.8 to 2.4 per unit increase in score for predicting postural hypotension. For a DROP score ≥1, five cases need to be tested to identify one with postural hypotension.Increasing DROP scores predicted mortality (OR 1.8 to 2.8 per unit rise) and increasing rates of decline of Mini Mental State Examination score (analysis of variance p<0.001) over 9 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The DROP score provides a simple method to identify people likely to have postural hypotension and increased risks to health who require further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Elles Clark
- Primary Care Research Group, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Primary Care Research Group, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Fiona C Warren
- Primary Care Research Group, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - David J Llewellyn
- Mental Health Research Group, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John L Campbell
- Primary Care Research Group, Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Grasser EK, Miles-Chan JL, Charrière N, Loonam CR, Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Energy Drinks and Their Impact on the Cardiovascular System: Potential Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:950-60. [PMID: 27633110 PMCID: PMC5015039 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the popularity of energy drinks is steadily increasing. Scientific interest in their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems in humans is also expanding and with it comes a growing number of case reports of adverse events associated with energy drinks. The vast majority of studies carried out in the general population report effects on blood pressure and heart rate. However, inconsistencies in the current literature render it difficult to draw firm conclusions with regard to the effects of energy drinks on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular variables. These inconsistencies are due, in part, to differences in methodologies, volume of drink ingested, and duration of postconsumption measurements, as well as subject variables during the test. Recent well-controlled, randomized crossover studies that used continuous beat-to-beat measurements provide evidence that cardiovascular responses to the ingestion of energy drinks are best explained by the actions of caffeine and sugar, with little influence from other ingredients. However, a role for other active constituents, such as taurine and glucuronolactone, cannot be ruled out. This article reviews the potentially adverse hemodynamic effects of energy drinks, particularly on blood pressure and heart rate, and discusses the mechanisms by which their active ingredients may interact to adversely affect the cardiovascular system. Research areas and gaps in the literature are discussed with particular reference to the use of energy drinks among high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Konrad Grasser
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Nathalie Charrière
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cathríona R Loonam
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Krzesiński P, Stańczyk A, Gielerak G, Piotrowicz K, Banak M, Wójcik A. The diagnostic value of supine blood pressure in hypertension. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:310-8. [PMID: 27186174 PMCID: PMC4848361 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Correct blood pressure (BP) measurement is crucial in the diagnosis of arterial hypertension (AH), and controversy exists whether supine BP should be treated as equal to sitting BP. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation of supine BP to sitting BP and ambulatory BP with regard to identification of diagnostic cut-offs for hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 280 patients with AH (mean age: 44.3 ±10.6 years). The following measurements of BP were performed and analyzed: 1) sitting office blood pressure measurement (OSBP and ODBP); 2) supine BP (supSBP and supDBP), measured automatically (5 times with a 2-minute interval) during evaluation by the Niccomo device (Medis, Germany); 3) 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring. RESULTS The mean supSBP and supDBP were found to be lower than OSBP and ODBP (130.9 ±14.2 vs. 136.6 ±15.5 mm Hg and 84.8 ±9.4 vs. 87.8 ±10.2 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.000001). The correlations between ABP and supBP/OBP were moderate and strong (correlation coefficients in range 0.55-0.76). The ROC analysis revealed that mean supBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg was more precise than OBP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg in diagnosing hypertension (AUC: 0.820 vs. 0.550; sensitivity 80.7% vs. 57.4%; specificity 83.2% vs. 52.7%; p < 0.0001) and the additive value derived mostly from its higher predictive power of identifying patients with increased night-time BP. CONCLUSIONS In young and middle-aged hypertensive patients the blood pressure during a 10-minute supine rest was lower than in the sitting position. The supine blood pressure ≥ 130/80 mm Hg was found to be a specific and sensitive threshold for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzesiński
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Stańczyk
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gielerak
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowicz
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Banak
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wójcik
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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Cohen G, Zalomonson S, Press Y. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in the unselected ambulatory population of persons aged 65 years old and above. Blood Press 2015; 24:298-305. [PMID: 26174776 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2015.1066998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic recommendation for orthostatic hypotension (OH) is to measure blood pressure during the first 3 min after getting up from a lying position. There are no clear definitions as to the amount of time that the patient should lie down before this, and the number of measurements to be taken in lying and standing positions. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal time to measure blood pressure when lying and standing. METHODS This was a prospective study of 99 patients aged 65 years and above in an urban primary care clinic. Blood pressure was measured at 1 min intervals over 10 min in the lying position and 7 min standing. RESULTS OH was found in 37 patients (37.4%). Of these, 56.8% were identified in the 1st minute, 67.6% after 2 min and 83.8% after 3 min of standing. In all cases, participants with OH were asymptomatic. In the lying position, blood pressure stabilized after 7 min, but when the 7th minute was used as a reference for OH many cases were lost. CONCLUSION To optimize the identification of OH, blood pressure should be measured at 1 min intervals over the first 3 min after standing up. The amount of time that patients should lie down before blood pressure is measured standing up still has to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cohen
- Division of Community Health, Department of Family Medicine, Siaal Research Center for Family Practice and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
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Lee JF, Harrison ML, Christmas KM, Kim K, Hurr C, Brothers RM. Elevated resting heart rate and reduced orthostatic tolerance in obese humans. Clin Auton Res 2013; 24:39-46. [PMID: 24292891 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-013-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is linked with numerous physiological impairments; however, its impact on orthostatic tolerance (OT) remains unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that OT is reduced in obese individuals, and that reduced heart rate (HR) reserve and impaired cerebral autoregulation contribute to impaired OT. METHODS Eleven obese (8 females) and 22 non-obese (10 females) individuals were exposed to incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) to presyncope while HR, arterial blood pressure, and cerebral perfusion (middle cerebral artery blood velocity; MCA V mean) were measured. OT was quantified with a cumulative stress index (CSI). RESULTS OT was reduced in obese subjects, and there was an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and OT (R = -0.47). HR was higher at rest and during each level of LBNP completed by all subjects. Similar peak HR (HRpeak) during LBNP between obese and non-obese subjects resulted in obese having a higher %peak HR at rest and at each stage of LBNP compared. Relationships existed for BMI and resting %HRpeak (R = 0.45) and resting %HRpeak and CSI (R = -0.52). Despite lower CSI in obese, MCA V mean and indices of cerebral autoregulation were similar between groups at all time points. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that OT is reduced in obese and a higher resting HR, but not impaired regulation of cerebral perfusion, may contribute to this reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Lee
- Environmental and Autonomic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station: D-3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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11
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Effect of supine versus sitting position on noninvasive assessment of aortic pressure waveform: a randomized cross-over study. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 28:236-41. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Ersoy S, Pinar R, Ersoy IH. Changes in blood pressure in the sitting and standing positions in hypertensive patients. Int J Nurs Pract 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-172x.2011.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Although the mercury sphygmomanometer is widely regarded as the gold standard for office blood pressure measurement, the ban on use of mercury devices continues to diminish their role in office and hospital settings. To date, mercury devices have largely been phased out in United States hospitals. This situation has led to the proliferation of nonmercury devices and has changed (probably forever) the preferable modality of blood pressure measurement in clinic and hospital settings. In this article, the basic techniques of blood pressure measurement and the technical issues associated with measurements in clinical practice are discussed. The devices currently available for hospital and clinic measurements and their important sources of error are presented. Practical advice is given on how the different devices and measurement techniques should be used. Blood pressure measurements in different circumstances and in special populations such as infants, children, pregnant women, elderly persons, and obese subjects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbenga Ogedegbe
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10010, USA.
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Schell K, Morse K, Waterhouse JK. Forearm and Upper-Arm Oscillometric Blood Pressure Comparison in Acutely III Adults. West J Nurs Res 2010; 32:322-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0193945909351887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
When patients’ upper arms are not accessible and/or when cuffs do not fit large upper arms, the forearm site is often used for blood pressure (BP) measurement. The purpose of this study is to compare forearm and upper-arm BPs in 70 acutely ill adults, admitted to a community hospital’s 14-bed ICU. Using Philips© oscillometric monitors, three repeated measures of forearm and upper-arm BPs are obtained with head of bed flat and with head of bed elevated at 30°. Arms are resting on the bed. Paired t tests show statistically significant differences in systolic BPs, diastolic BPs, and mean arterial pressures in the supine and head-elevated positions. Bland—Altman analyses indicate that forearm and upper-arm oscillometric BPs are not interchangeable in acutely ill adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Morse
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Gosse P, Dauphinot V, Roche F, Pichot V, Celle S, Barthelemy JC. Prevalence of Clinical and Ambulatory Hypertension in a Population of 65-Year-Olds: The PROOF Study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2010; 12:160-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rauen CA, Chulay M, Bridges E, Vollman KM, Arbour R. Seven Evidence-Based Practice Habits: Putting Some Sacred Cows Out to Pasture. Crit Care Nurse 2008. [DOI: 10.4037/ccn2008.28.2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Rauen
- Carol A. Rauen is an independent critical care clinical nurse specialist in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Marianne Chulay
- Marianne Chulay is a consultant in clinical research and critical care nursing in Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elizabeth Bridges
- Elizabeth Bridges is an assistant professor at the University of Washington School of Nursing in Seattle and a clinical nurse researcher at the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle
| | - Kathleen M. Vollman
- Kathleen M. Vollman is a clinical nurse specialist, educator, and consultant at Advancing Nursing LLC in Northville, Michigan
| | - Richard Arbour
- Richard Arbour is a critical care clinical nurse specialist at Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Petrofsky J, Lee S, Cuneo-Libarona M, Apodaca P. The effect of rosiglitazone on orthostatic tolerance during heat exposure in individuals with type II diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9:377-86. [PMID: 17705694 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2006.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Twenty-two subjects with type II diabetes and 30 control subjects participated in a 1-year study to examine the effect of rosiglitazone on heart rate variability at rest and the blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow changes during a change in body position from horizontal to the 45 degrees head up position. To assess nerve damage, latency was measured for sensory nerves in the foot. RESULTS The results of the experiments showed that subjects with diabetes had an approximate 50% impairment in sural, medial, and lateral plantar nerve latency. After 1 year of administration of rosiglitazone, there was improvement by about 50% in sural, medial, and lateral nerve plantar latency. The changes in blood flow in the subject with diabetes was less than half that of control subjects, during tilting from the horizontal to the vertical position. Heart rate variability was less during tilt, and the blood pressure change was significantly greater in subjects with diabetes than control subjects (P < 0.01). After administration of rosiglitazone for 1 year, the changes in blood flow, blood pressure, and heart rate, while improving by about half, were not equal to those of age matched controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of the experiments indicate that the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone cannot reverse all of the damage associated with diabetes to the autonomic nervous system, but much can be reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold Petrofsky
- Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.
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Adiyaman A, Verhoeff R, Lenders JWM, Deinum J, Thien T. The position of the arm during blood pressure measurement in sitting position. Blood Press Monit 2007; 11:309-13. [PMID: 17106314 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbp.0000218007.57957.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determining the influence of the position of the arm on blood pressure measurement in the sitting position. METHODS Blood pressure of 128 individuals (the majority being treated hypertensive patients) visiting the outpatient clinic was measured simultaneously on both arms with arms in two different positions. First, both arms were placed at the chair support level and blood pressure was measured three times on both arms after 10 min of rest. Subsequently, while still remaining in the same sitting position, five blood pressure measurements were made simultaneously at both arms with one arm placed on the desk and one arm placed and supported at heart level (mid-sternal). The arm placed at heart level served as the reference arm. The choice of which arm was placed at desk level and which arm was placed at heart level was randomized. RESULTS Both at desk level and at chair support level, mean (+/-SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher than blood pressure at heart level by 6.1/5.7+/-4.6/3.1 and 9.3/9.4+/-5.4/3.4 mmHg, respectively. The effect of the height differences between the arm positions on the blood pressure readings was smaller than predicted (0.49 mmHg/cm systolic and 0.47 mmHg/cm diastolic). No significant correlation was found between blood pressure difference in the different arm positions (desk and heart level) and age, sex, weight or baseline blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Different arm positions below heart level have significant effects on blood pressure readings. The leading guidelines about arm position during blood pressure measurement are not in accordance with the arm position used in the Framingham study, the most frequently used study for risk estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Adiyaman
- Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Schell K, Lyons D, Bradley E, Bucher L, Seckel M, Wakai S, Carson E, Waterhouse J, Chichester M, Bartell D, Foraker T, Simpson EK. Clinical Comparison of Automatic, Noninvasive Measurements of Blood Pressure in the Forearm and Upper Arm With the Patient Supine or With the Head of the Bed Raised 45°: A Follow-Up Study. Am J Crit Care 2006. [DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2006.15.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
• Background Noninvasive measurement of blood pressure in the forearm is used when the upper arm is inaccessible and/or when available blood pressure cuffs do not fit a patient’s arm. Evidence supporting this practice is limited.
• Objective To compare noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm of medical-surgical inpatients positioned supine and with the head of the bed raised 45°.
• Methods Cuff size was selected on the basis of forearm and upper arm circumference and manufacturers’ recommendations. With a Welch Allyn Vital Signs 420 Series monitor, blood pressures were measured in the forearm and then in the upper arm of 221 supine patients with their arms resting at their sides. Patients were repositioned with the head of the bed elevated 45° and after 2 minutes, blood pressures were measured in the upper arm and then the forearm. Starting position was alternated on subsequent subjects.
• ResultsPaired t tests revealed significant differences between systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured in the upper arm and forearm with patients supine and with the head of the bed elevated 45°. The Bland-Altman procedure revealed that the distances between the mean values and the limits of agreement were from 15 to 33 mm Hg for individual subjects.
• Conclusions Noninvasive measurements of blood pressure in the forearm and upper arm cannot be interchanged in medical-surgical patients who are supine or in patients with the head of the bed elevated 45°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Schell
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Denise Lyons
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Elisabeth Bradley
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Linda Bucher
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Maureen Seckel
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Sandra Wakai
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Elizabeth Carson
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Julie Waterhouse
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Melanie Chichester
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Deborah Bartell
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - Theresa Foraker
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
| | - E. Kathleen Simpson
- University of Delaware (ks, lb, jw) and Christiana Care Health System (dl, eb, lb, ms, sw, ec, mc, db, tf, eks), Newark, Del
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Mosenkis A, Townsend RR. Sitting on the evidence: what is the proper patient position for the office measurement of blood pressure? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2005; 7:365-6. [PMID: 16088301 PMCID: PMC8109406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.04115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Mosenkis
- Department of Medicine, Hypertension Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Netea RT, Lenders JW, Smits P, Thien T. Influence of body and arm position on blood pressure readings: an overview. J Hypertens 2003; 21:237-41. [PMID: 12569245 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200302000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romana T Netea
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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