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Díez JJ, Iglesias P. Malignant neoplasms in people with hypothyroidism in Spain: A population-based analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275568. [PMID: 36197930 PMCID: PMC9534429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to determine the association between hypothyroidism and overall and site-specific cancer in Spanish population. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed using the population-based database BDCAP (Base de Datos Clínicos de Atención Primaria, primary care clinical database) to analyze the relative risk of cancer in Spanish population with hypothyroidism. RESULTS In a total of 2,414,165 patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism in BDCAP in 2019, the relative risk (OR) of cancer, compared to the non-hypothyroid population, was 1.73 (1.72-1.74) (P<0.0001). The higher risk was observed in both men (OR 2.15 [2.13-2.17]; P<0.0001) and women (OR 1.67 [1.636-1.68]; P<0.0001). However, hypothyroid persons aged 65 years or older had a reduced risk of cancer (OR 0.98 [0.97-0.98]; P<0.0001). In addition, hypothyroid patients aged 65 or over showed a decreased risk of cancers of the bladder, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and prostate. Socioeconomic characteristics such as income level, municipality size, country of birth and employment situation had limited influence on the association between hypothyroidism and cancer. However, hypothyroid patients receiving replacement therapy exhibited higher cancer risk compared with patients without treatment (OR 1.30 [1.28-1.31]; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Spanish hypothyroid patients of both genders have a risk of overall cancer higher than that found in non-hypothyroid population. However, people over 65 years have a reduced risk of various malignancies. This peculiarity of hypothyroidism should be considered by the health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Díez
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Iglesias
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Zsarnovszky A, Kiss D, Jocsak G, Nemeth G, Toth I, Horvath TL. Thyroid hormone- and estrogen receptor interactions with natural ligands and endocrine disruptors in the cerebellum. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:23-36. [PMID: 28987779 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the effects of phytoestrogens on brain function is widely unknown, they are often regarded as "natural" and thus as harmless. However, the effects of phytoestrogens or environmental pollutants on brain function is underestimated. Estrogen (17beta-estradiol, E2) and thyroid hormones (THs) play pivotal roles in brain development. In the mature brain, these hormones regulate metabolism on cellular and organismal levels. Thus, E2 and THs do not only regulate the energy metabolism of the entire organism, but simultaneously also regulate important homeostatic parameters of neurons and glia in the CNS. It is, therefore, obvious that the mechanisms through which these hormones exert their effects are pleiotropic and include both intra- and intercellular actions. These hormonal mechanisms are versatile, and the experimental investigation of simultaneous hormone-induced mechanisms is technically challenging. In addition, the normal physiological settings of metabolic parameters depend on a plethora of interactions of the steroid hormones. In this review, we discuss conceptual and experimental aspects of the gonadal and thyroid hormones as they relate to in vitro models of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Zsarnovszky
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - David Kiss
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jocsak
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Gabor Nemeth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, School of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Toth
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Departments of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary.
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3
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Pennacchio GE, Neira FJ, Soaje M, Jahn GA, Valdez SR. Effect of hyperthyroidism on circulating prolactin and hypothalamic expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, prolactin signaling cascade members and estrogen and progesterone receptors during late pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 442:40-50. [PMID: 27919641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism (HyperT) compromises pregnancy and lactation, hindering suckling-induced PRL release. We studied the effect of HyperT on hypothalamic mRNA (RT-qPCR) and protein (Western blot) expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), PRL receptor (PRLR) and signaling pathway members, estrogen-α (ERα) and progesterone (PR) receptors on late pregnancy (days G19, 20 and 21) and early lactation (L2) in rats. HyperT advanced pre-partum PRL release, reduced circulating PRL on L2 and increased TH mRNA (G21 and L2), p-TH, PRLR mRNA, STAT5 protein (G19 and L2), PRLR protein (G21) and CIS protein (G19). PRs mRNAs and protein decreased on G19 but afterwards PRA mRNA (G20), PRB mRNA (G21) and PRA mRNA and protein (L2) increased. ERα protein increased on G19 and decreased on G20. Thus, the altered hypothalamic PRLR, STAT5, PR and ERα expression in hyperthyroid rats may induce elevated TH expression and activation, that consequently, elevate dopaminergic tone during lactation, blunting suckling-induced PRL release and litter growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela E Pennacchio
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Flavia J Neira
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marta Soaje
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Susana R Valdez
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
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4
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Decreased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and hyperactivity in a type 3 deiodinase-deficient mouse showing brain thyrotoxicosis and peripheral hypothyroidism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:46-56. [PMID: 27580013 PMCID: PMC5159228 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypo- and hyperthyroid states, as well as functional abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis have been associated with psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression. However, the nature of this relationship is poorly understood since it is difficult to ascertain the thyroid status of the brain in humans. Data from animal models indicate that the brain exhibits efficient homeostatic mechanisms that maintain local levels of the active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3) within a narrow range. To better understand the consequences of peripheral and central thyroid status for mood-related behaviors, we used a mouse model of type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) deficiency (Dio3 -/- mouse). This enzyme inactivates thyroid hormone and is highly expressed in the adult central nervous system. Adult Dio3 -/- mice exhibit elevated levels of T3-dependent gene expression in the brain, despite peripheral hypothyroidism as indicated by low circulating levels of thyroxine and T3. Dio3 -/- mice of both sexes exhibit hyperactivity and significantly decreased anxiety-like behavior, as measured by longer time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and in the light area of the light/dark box. During the tail suspension, they stayed immobile for a significantly shorter time than their wild-type littermates, suggesting decreased depression-like behavior. These results indicate that increased thyroid hormone in the brain, not necessarily in peripheral tissues, correlates with hyperactivity and with decreases in anxiety and depression-like behaviors. Our results also underscore the importance of DIO3 as a determinant of behavior by locally regulating the brain levels of thyroid hormone.
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5
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Campo Verde Arboccó F, Sasso CV, Nasif DL, Hapon MB, Jahn GA. Effect of hypothyroidism on the expression of nuclear receptors and their co-regulators in mammary gland during lactation in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:26-35. [PMID: 26027918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate mammary function. Hypothyroidism (HypoT) has deleterious effects on lactation, litter growth and survival. We analyzed the effect of chronic 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced HypoT in the expression of nuclear receptors, co-regulators and oxytocin receptor (OTR) on lactation (L) days 2, 7 and 14. TH receptors (TRs) were increased on L7 at mRNA and protein levels, except TRα protein, that fell on L14. HypoT decreased TRα2 mRNA on L7 and TRα1 protein on L2, while TRβ1 protein increased on L14. HypoT increased estrogen receptor β (ERβ) mRNA on L7 but decreased its protein levels on L14. Progesterone receptor A (PRA) mRNA decreased from L2 to L14 while PRB increased, and at protein levels PRA levels showed a nadir on L7, while PRB peaked. HypoT decreased PRA mRNA and protein and increased PRB mRNA at L14. Nuclear receptor co-activator (NCOA) 1 and RXRα mRNA showed an opposite pattern to the TRs, while NCOA2 increased at L14; HypoT blocked the variations in NCOA1 and NCOA2. HypoT increased NCOR1 on L2 and decreased OTR at L2 and circulating estradiol and NCOR2 at L14. In controls the most notable changes occurred on L7, suggesting it is a key inflection point in mammary metabolism. The low levels of TRα1, NCOA1 and OTR, and increased NCOR1 produced by HypoT on L2 may hinder the mammary ability to achieve normal milk synthesis and ejection, leading to defective lactation. Later on, altered ER and PR expression may impair further mammary function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Hypothyroidism/chemically induced
- Hypothyroidism/metabolism
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2/metabolism
- Propylthiouracil
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Oxytocin/genetics
- Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Corina V Sasso
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Daniela L Nasif
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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6
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Scalise T, Győrffy A, Tóth I, Kiss D, Somogyi V, Goszleth G, Bartha T, Frenyó L, Zsarnovszky A. Ligand-induced changes in Oestrogen and thyroid hormone receptor expression in the developing rat cerebellum: A comparative quantitative PCR and Western blot study. Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:263-84. [PMID: 22609997 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen (E2) and thyroid hormones (THs) are key regulators of cerebellar development. Recent reports implicate a complex mechanism through which E2 and THs influence the expression levels of each other's receptors (ERs and TRs) to precisely mediate developmental signals and modulate signal strength. We examined the modulating effects of E2 and THs on the expression levels of their receptor mRNAs and proteins in cultured cerebellar cells obtained from 7-day-old rat pups. Cerebellar granule cell cultures were treated with either E2, THs or a combination of these hormones, and resulting receptor expression levels were determined by quantitative PCR and Western blot techniques. The results were compared to non-treated controls and to samples obtained from 14-day-old in situ cerebella. Additionally, we determined the glial effects on the regulation of ER-TR expression levels. The results show that (i) ER and TR expression depends on the combined presence of E2 and THs; (ii) glial cells mediate the hormonal regulation of neuronal ER-TR expression and (iii) loss of tissue integrity results in characteristic changes in ER-TR expression levels. These observations suggest that both E2 and THs, in adequate amounts, are required for the precise orchestration of cerebellar development and that alterations in the ratio of E2/THs may influence signalling mechanisms involved in neurodevelopment. Comparison of data from in vitro and in situ samples revealed a shift in receptor expression levels after loss of tissue integrity, suggesting that such adjusting/regenerative mechanisms may function after cerebellar tissue injury as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Scalise
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Andrea Győrffy
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - István Tóth
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Dávid Kiss
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Virág Somogyi
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gréta Goszleth
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tibor Bartha
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - László Frenyó
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Zsarnovszky
- 1 Szent István University Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
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7
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Palmeira CCDA, Ashmawi HA, Posso IDP. Sex and pain perception and analgesia. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2012; 61:814-28. [PMID: 22063383 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(11)70091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is an important factor in painful experience modulation. Large volume of evidence shows that experience is different for males and females, as well as the answer to some classes of analgesics. Laboratory experiments suggest that women have a lower pain threshold than men related to pain from noxious stimuli such as heat, cold, pressure and electrical stimulation. Pain is a dynamic phenomenon under the influence of various mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory control. The differences in pain perception related to sex may be associated with hyperalgesia in women, but also to the hypoactivity of the inhibitory system of pain in females. The purpose of this review besides showing some relationship for gonadal hormones, central nervous system and pain is to provide reference points for the discussion of one of the most intriguing aspects of the pathophysiology of pain: the differences in the presence of painful stimuli related to gender.
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8
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Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine R. Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:405-96. [PMID: 20716669 PMCID: PMC2964903 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2612] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a transmembrane ion permeation pathway, and gating elements that couple agonist-induced conformational changes to the opening or closing of the permeation pore. Glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and are localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells. These receptors regulate a broad spectrum of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. Glutamate receptors are postulated to play important roles in numerous neurological diseases and have attracted intense scrutiny. The description of glutamate receptor structure, including its transmembrane elements, reveals a complex assembly of multiple semiautonomous extracellular domains linked to a pore-forming element with striking resemblance to an inverted potassium channel. In this review we discuss International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology glutamate receptor nomenclature, structure, assembly, accessory subunits, interacting proteins, gene expression and translation, post-translational modifications, agonist and antagonist pharmacology, allosteric modulation, mechanisms of gating and permeation, roles in normal physiological function, as well as the potential therapeutic use of pharmacological agents acting at glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322-3090, USA.
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9
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Ikeda K, Fukushima T, Ogura H, Tsukui T, Mishina M, Muramatsu M, Inoue S. Estrogen regulates the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit epsilon 4 (Grin2d), that is essential for the normal sexual behavior in female mice. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:806-10. [PMID: 20067795 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen plays important roles in the reproductive behavior of animals. In the present study, we found that the Grin2d gene of mouse possessed half-sites of the estrogen-responsive element (ERE) in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the reduced Grin2d mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of the ovariectomized mice was restored by estrogen administration. Downregulation of Grin2d mRNA expression was also detected in the hypothalamus of estrogen receptor alpha-knockout female mice. Moreover, estrogen-induced lordosis response was decreased in Grin2d-knockout mice. These results suggest that estrogen regulates lordosis behavior through the regulation of Grin2d expression in the hypothalamus of female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
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10
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Bottenus D, Leatzow D, Ivory C. Effects of increased voltage on resolution in preparative isoelectric focusing of myoglobin varia. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3325-31. [PMID: 16944464 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
IEF is a powerful technique which separates proteins and other amphoteric solutes in a pH gradient according to their pI's. The current work evaluates the effect on resolution of increasing electric fields in a novel preparative, vortex-stabilized electrophoresis device. In shallow gradients spanning one pH unit, the variants of myoglobin were separated at applied voltages from 10 to 15 kV. Digital imaging of these separations indicated a 20% reduction in bandwidth and a 60% increase in resolution as the electric field strength is varied across this range. These results were confirmed by IEF-PAGE and ion-exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Bottenus
- Chemical Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-2710, USA.
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11
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Mejía-Guerra MK, Lareo LR. In SilicoIdentification of Regulatory Elements of GRIN1 Genes. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2005; 9:106-15. [PMID: 15805781 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2005.9.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ionotropic receptor of glutamate activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (iGluR-NMDA) is a multiheteromeric complex constituted by at least three different types of subunits, encoded by seven different genes. The subunits of iGluR-NMDA have a complex system of regulation of their gene expression. Their expression is specific for each type of neural cell, as well as for the age of the organism. Moreover, there are reports that iGluR-NMDA expression is species-specific. Even though this macromolecular complex is very important in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system, knowledge to date about the regulatory elements controlling expression is scarce. We present the results of an in silico prediction of potential regulatory elements, some of which coincide with the few known experimentally. We also present the important differences regarding the presence and the localization of the regulatory elements among human, rat, and mouse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Katherine Mejía-Guerra
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Computational and Structural Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Craft RM, Mogil JS, Aloisi AM. Sex differences in pain and analgesia: the role of gonadal hormones. Eur J Pain 2004; 8:397-411. [PMID: 15324772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is now strong evidence for sex differences in pain and analgesia. These differences imply that gonadal steroid hormones such as estradiol and testosterone modulate sensitivity to pain and analgesia. The goal of this review is to present an overview of gonadal steroid modulation of pain and analgesia in animals and humans, and to describe mechanisms by which males' and females' biology may differentially predispose them to pain and to analgesic effects of drugs and stress. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that sex differences in pain and analgesia may be both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Current research suggests that sex-specific management of clinical pain will be a reality in the not-so-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
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13
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Kaufer D, Ogle WO, Pincus ZS, Clark KL, Nicholas AC, Dinkel KM, Dumas TC, Ferguson D, Lee AL, Winters MA, Sapolsky RM. Restructuring the neuronal stress response with anti-glucocorticoid gene delivery. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:947-53. [PMID: 15300253 DOI: 10.1038/nn1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, the adrenal steroids released during stress, compromise the ability of neurons to survive neurological injury. In contrast, estrogen protects neurons against such injuries. We designed three genetic interventions to manipulate the actions of glucocorticoids, which reduced their deleterious effects in both in vitro and in vivo rat models. The most effective of these interventions created a chimeric receptor combining the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor and the DNA-binding domain of the estrogen receptor. Expression of this chimeric receptor reduced hippocampal lesion size after neurological damage by 63% and reversed the outcome of the stress response by rendering glucocorticoids protective rather than destructive. Our findings elucidate three principal steps in the neuronal stress-response pathway, all of which are amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2/genetics
- 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Cell Count/methods
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/genetics
- Culture Techniques
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Glucocorticoids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/physiology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Indoles
- Kainic Acid/toxicity
- Male
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/physiology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/metabolism
- Transgenes
- Translocation, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaufer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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14
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Mong JA, Pfaff DW. Hormonal and genetic influences underlying arousal as it drives sex and aggression in animal and human brains. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24 Suppl 1:S83-8; discussion S91-2. [PMID: 12829115 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen treatment induces transcription and increases excitability and reproductive behavior. Estrogens provide the structural basis for increased synaptic activity and greater behavior-facilitating output. Administration of progesterone amplifies the effect of estrogens on mating behavior. The role of GnRH is to synchronize reproductive behavior with the ovulatory surge of LH. A causal connection can be charted from one individual gene to human social behavior, but only via six causal links. Glia, meninges and neurons may participate, under the influence of sex hormones, in the direction of sex behavior. Neural and genetic mechanisms for motivation may lead to biological understanding of functions that apply to the most primitive aspects of human mental functioning. With respect to aggression, besides testosterone and its metabolites, serotonergic projections to the forebrain play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Mong
- The Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 275, New York, NY 10021, USA
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