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Espinoza J, Medina C, Aniñir W, Escobar-Bahamondes P, Ungerfeld E, Urzúa A, Quiroz A. Insecticidal, Repellent and Antifeedant Activity of Essential Oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Nied. Leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin Heartwood against Horn Flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). Molecules 2021; 26:6936. [PMID: 34834029 PMCID: PMC8621377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite of cattle and is the major global pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent on broad-spectrum pesticides, which has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are needed. Essential oils have been studied as an alternative due to their wide spectrum of biological activities against insects. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal, repellent and antifeedant activity of the essential oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum heartwood against horn flies in laboratory conditions. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Accordingly, α-pinene (36.50%) and limonene (20.50%) were the principal components of the B. cruckchanksii essential oil, and δ-cadinol (24.16%), cubenol (22.64%), 15-copaenol (15.46%) and δ-cadinene (10.81%) were the most abundant compounds in the P. uviferum essential oil. Mortality of flies and feeding behavior were evaluated by non-choice tests, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Both essential oils were toxic to horn flies, with LC50 values for B. cruckchanksii essential oil of 3.58 µL L-1 air at 4 h, and for P. uviferum essential oil of 9.41 µL L-1 air and 1.02 µL L-1 air at 1 and 4 h, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer using only 10 µg of each oil, and these significantly reduced the horn fly feeding at all doses evaluated. Although further laboratory and field studies related to the insectistatic and insecticide properties of these essential oils against H. irritans are necessary, B. cruckshanksii leaves and P. uviferum heartwood essential oils are promising candidates for horn fly management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Cristian Medina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Washington Aniñir
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Paul Escobar-Bahamondes
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Vilcún, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Región de La Araucanía, Temuco 7500502, Chile; (P.E.-B.); (E.U.)
| | - Emilio Ungerfeld
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Vilcún, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Región de La Araucanía, Temuco 7500502, Chile; (P.E.-B.); (E.U.)
| | - Alejandro Urzúa
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Erram D, Vincent Black T, Burkett-Cadena N. Host Bloodmeal Source Has No Significant Effect on the Fecundity and Subsequent Larval Development Traits of the Progeny in Culicoides furens Poey (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2439-2445. [PMID: 33999171 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides Latreille species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are insects of significant medical and veterinary importance worldwide because their bites can cause major annoyance, allergic reactions, and/or pathogen transmission to vertebrates, including humans. In this study, we examined the effect of host bloodmeal source on the fecundity and subsequent larval development traits of the progeny of Culicoides furens Poey, a nuisance species in coastal Florida. Field-collected females were fed on two different classes of hosts: birds (chicken) or mammals (human). Fecundity outcomes of the females and larval developmental traits of the progeny were recorded and compared between the two groups. The percentage of females that developed eggs, percentage of gravid females that deposited eggs, number of eggs produced per female, number of eggs deposited per female, egg hatch rates, larval survival rates, time to pupation, pupal sex-ratios, and adult eclosion rates were not significantly different between the two groups. Our results demonstrate that the host bloodmeal source has no significant effect on the fecundity and subsequent larval developmental life-history traits of the progeny in C. furens. Previous studies reported C. furens to be a generalist feeder that shows no host preference for birds or mammals. Collectively, these findings suggest that C. furens is well adapted, not just behaviorally, but also physiologically to efficiently utilize blood meals from avian and mammalian hosts, a quality that offers a major evolutionary advantage to the success of this midge species as a generalist feeder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Erram
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, UF/IFAS, Vero Beach, FL, USA
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Antifeedant Effects and Repellent Activity of Loline Alkaloids from Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue against Horn Flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040817. [PMID: 33557353 PMCID: PMC7915221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematobia irritans is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of cattle and is the global major pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent upon broad-spectrum pesticides, which lately has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are necessary. Endophyte-infected grasses have been studied as an alternative due to their capability to biosynthesize alkaloids associated with anti-insect activities. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the antifeedant and repellent activity of lolines obtained from endophyte-infected tall fescue against H. irritans adults in laboratory conditions. The alkaloid extract (ALKE) was obtained by acid–base extraction. N-formyl loline (NFL) and N-acetyl loline (NAL) were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (pTLC) and column chromatography (CC), and the loline was prepared by acid hydrolysis of a NFL/NAL mixture. Loline identification was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Feeding behavior was evaluated by a non-choice test, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Accordingly, all samples showed antifeedant activities. NFL was the most antifeedant compound at 0.5 µg/µL and 1.0 µg/µL, and it was statistically equal to NAL but different to loline; however, NAL was not statistically different to loline. NFL and NAL at 0.25 µg/µL were more active than loline. All samples except loline exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer. Thus, the little or non-adverse effects for cattle and beneficial activities of those lolines make them suitable candidates for horn fly management.
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Mullens BA, Soto D, Gerry AC, Fowler FE, Diniz AN. Effects of Fatty Acid and Geraniol Repellent-Oil Mixtures Applied to Cattle on Blood Feeding and Reproductive Parameters in Field Populations of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:408-416. [PMID: 29186519 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
California pastured cattle were treated with 250 ml of a 15% mixture of fatty acids (C8-C9-C10) or 125 ml of 2% geraniol in a mineral oil carrier to assess impacts on horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) over two summers. Horn flies were netted from cattle every 3-4 d for 2 wk before treatment, 2 wk during treatment (four treatments, with flies collected before each treatment), and 2 wk after treatments ceased. Blood meal weights were estimated by hemoglobin assay of excised abdomens. Other females were dissected to determine the number of active ovarioles and the stage of primary follicle development. Depending on year and herd, pretreatment males contained an average of 0.6-1.0 mg of blood, while females contained 1.7-2.7 mg. Pretreatment egg development (least developed oocytes were stage 1 and fully developed eggs were stage 5) averaged 3.7-4.3, and number of active ovarioles averaged 18.1 to 19.6/female. During treatment periods, significant reductions in blood weight were noted for females, but usually not for males, and females also often exhibited reduced mean oocyte stage and number of active ovarioles. Peaks in proportions of young nulliparous females (oocyte stages 1 or 2) were seen during some repellent application periods. This suggested older females had been killed or driven off from the local population by the treatments, and flies on cattle included more young flies that likely were recent arrivals. The repellent-oil mixture thus impacted blood feeding, reproductive fitness, and probably age structure in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane Soto
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Fallon E Fowler
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Alesha N Diniz
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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Breijo M, Pastro L, Rocha S, Ures X, Alonzo P, Santos M, Bolatto C, Fernández C, Meikle A. A Natural Cattle Immune Response Against Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Salivary Antigens May Regulate Parasite Blood Intake. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1951-1956. [PMID: 27329632 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that is responsible for sizeable economic losses in livestock. The salivary gland products facilitate blood intake. Taking advantage of the identification of novel H. irritans salivary antigens (Hematobin, HTB and Irritans 5, IT5), we investigated the parasite loads, H. irritans blood intake, and antibody response of naturally infected bovines during the fly season. Fly loads and fly hemoglobin content fluctuated during the trial. Each time horn fly loads exceeded 200 flies per cattle, a reduction in horn fly blood intake was observed three weeks later. All of the cattle elicited an antibody response against HTB and IT5 that declined once the fly season was over. Cattle anti-IT5 titers were positively correlated with parasite loads and negatively correlated with fly blood intake. These results suggest that the natural changes in the H. irritans blood intake observed in this study were associated with a natural host response against horn fly salivary antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Breijo
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; ; )
| | - L Pastro
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - S Rocha
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; ; )
| | - X Ures
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; ; )
| | - P Alonzo
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; ; )
| | - M Santos
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay (; ; ; ; )
| | - C Bolatto
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Olafson PU, Brown TR, Lohmeyer KH, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ, Loneragan GH, Edrington TS. Assessing Transmission of Salmonella to Bovine Peripheral Lymph Nodes upon Horn Fly Feeding. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1135-42. [PMID: 27357032 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biting arthropods are implicated in the transdermal transmission of Salmonella to bovine peripheral lymph nodes, and such contamination can contribute to increased Salmonella prevalence in processed beef. Since horn flies can acquire Salmonella and then excrete the bacteria in their feces, on-animal fly infestations were conducted in this study to assess whether horn flies have a role in this bacterial transmission. Three Salmonella serotypes were used to assess fly acquisition from and excretion onto cattle. The results indicated that flies can acquire Salmonella from the hide, as assessed by recovery from homogenates of surfacesterilized flies, and that Salmonella persists for at least 5 days in the fly. Fly fecal excreta serves as a bacterial contaminant on the hide, and the overall mean probable estimate of the quantity shed was ≈10(5) most probable number per fly cage area. In 5 days, no transmission of the bacteria to bovine peripheral lymph nodes was evident, prompting an assessment of the effects of prolonged horn fly feeding on transmission. Three groups of animals were infested with flies that had consumed a blood meal containing Salmonella Senftenberg. After 5 days, the study was either terminated or the flies were removed and the cages replenished with unfed flies either once or twice over the course of an 11- or 19-day fly exposure period, respectively. A microlancet-inoculated positive-control animal was included in each group for comparison. The impact of prolonged horn fly feeding was evident, as 8% of lymph nodes cultured were positive from the 5-day exposure, whereas 50 and 42% were positive from 11- and 19-day exposures, respectively. Higher concentrations of Salmonella were recovered from fly-infested animals than from the microlancet-inoculated control, likely a result of repeated inoculations over time by flies versus a single introduction. The data described provide new insights into the transmission dynamics of Salmonella in cattle populations, highlighting a role for biting flies as an important reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Untalan Olafson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, Texas 78028, USA.
| | - Tyson R Brown
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Kimberly H Lohmeyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, Texas 78028, USA
| | - Roger B Harvey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Thomas S Edrington
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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Léger E, Liu X, Masseglia S, Noël V, Vourc'h G, Bonnet S, McCoy KD. Reliability of molecular host-identification methods for ticks: an experimental in vitro study with Ixodes ricinus. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:433. [PMID: 26296344 PMCID: PMC4546307 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable information on host use by arthropod vectors is required to study pathogen transmission ecology and to predict disease risk. Direct observation of host use is often difficult or impossible and indirect methods are therefore necessary. However, the reliability of currently available methods to identify the last host of blood-feeding arthropods has not been evaluated, and may be particularly problematic for ticks because host blood has been digested at capture. Biases in host detection may lead to erroneous conclusions on both vector ecology and pathogen circulation. METHODS Here, we experimentally tested for biases in host detection using the generalist three-host tick Ixodes ricinus as a model system. We fed ticks using an artificial feeding system and amplified blood meal traces post-moult (i.e., in the succeeding unfed life stage) via both a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and a reverse line blotting method. We then experimentally tested for three types of biases in host detection: 1) time post-moult, 2) tick life stage and 3) host type (non-nucleated mammal blood versus nucleated avian blood), and compared these biases between the two molecular methods. RESULTS Our results show that all three factors can influence host detection in ticks but not necessarily in the expected way. Although host detection rates decreased with time post-moult, mammal blood tended to be more readily detected than bird blood. Tick life stage was also an important factor; detection was higher in nymphs than in adults and, in some cases, remnants from both larval and nymphal blood meals could be detected in the adult stage. These biases were similar for the two detection techniques. CONCLUSIONS We show that different factors associated with questing ticks may influence our ability to correctly infer previous host use and that these factors may bias inferences from field-based studies. As these biases may be common to other vector-borne disease systems, their implications for our understanding of vector ecology and disease transmission require more explicit consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Léger
- MIVEGEC (UMR UM2-UM1-CNRS 5290, UR IRD 224), Centre IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| | - Xiangye Liu
- USC INRA Bartonella-tiques, UMR BIPAR ENVA-ANSES, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France. .,Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xu Zhou Medical College, 221004, Xu Zhou, P.R. China.
| | - Sébastien Masseglia
- Unité Epidémiologie Animale (UR INRA 346), Centre de recherche INRA de Clermont-Ferrand / Theix, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
| | - Valérie Noël
- MIVEGEC (UMR UM2-UM1-CNRS 5290, UR IRD 224), Centre IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| | - Gwenaël Vourc'h
- Unité Epidémiologie Animale (UR INRA 346), Centre de recherche INRA de Clermont-Ferrand / Theix, 63122, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
| | - Sarah Bonnet
- USC INRA Bartonella-tiques, UMR BIPAR ENVA-ANSES, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Karen D McCoy
- MIVEGEC (UMR UM2-UM1-CNRS 5290, UR IRD 224), Centre IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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Denning SS, Washburn SP, Watson DW. Development of a novel walk-through fly trap for the control of horn flies and other pests on pastured dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4624-31. [PMID: 24792800 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A prototype walk-through fly vacuum system, designed to remove horn flies Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from cattle, was developed and tested for efficacy. The study was conducted during 4 fly seasons over 17 consecutive weeks each year within the months of May through September at 1 dairy research herd in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Additional data on horn flies, as well as face flies (Musca autumnalis) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), were collected during 1 yr from 7 commercial pasture-based and organic dairy farms in the piedmont region of North Carolina. The number of flies observed on animals in the pasture was compared with the number of flies collected in the trap. Studies were initiated after horn fly densities had met or exceeded a threshold of 200 flies per animal. The vacuum trap removed between 1.3 and 2.5 million flies annually from the research station cattle. Most fly removal occurred during the first few weeks of operation and maintained densities below threshold thereafter. Cattle using the fly trap at the research farm had only about 28% the number of horn flies as untreated cattle, and reductions ranged from 67.5 to 74.5% across the 4-yr study. In addition to large numbers of horn flies, traps placed on commercial dairies during 1 yr collected stable flies, face flies, and house flies, all species with differing behavior and larger in size than horn flies. The estimated cost of running the trap is $72 per season at commercial rates of $0.12 per hour and an expected 4h of daily operation during the time of milking. Use of a vacuum system as described herein has potential as a cost-effective method in reducing populations of parasitic flies in pasture-based dairy production systems without the use of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Denning
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621
| | - S P Washburn
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621
| | - D W Watson
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621.
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Olafson PU. Molecular characterization and immunolocalization of the olfactory co-receptor Orco from two blood-feeding muscid flies, the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans, L.) and the horn fly (Haematobia irritans irritans, L.). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:131-142. [PMID: 23278866 PMCID: PMC3594380 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biting flies are economically important blood-feeding pests of medical and veterinary significance. Chemosensory-based biting fly behaviours, such as host/nutrient source localization and ovipositional site selection, are intriguing targets for the development of supplemental control strategies. In an effort to expand our understanding of biting fly chemosensory pathways, transcripts encoding the highly conserved insect odorant co-receptor (Orco) were isolated from two representative biting fly species, the stable fly (Scal\Orco) and the horn fly (Hirr\Orco). Orco forms a complex with an odour-specific odorant receptor to form an odour-gated ion channel. The biting fly transcripts were predicted to encode proteins with 87-94% amino acid similarity to published insect Orco sequences and were detected in various immature stages as well as in adult structures associated with olfaction, i.e. the antennae and maxillary palps, and gustation, i.e. the proboscis. Further, the relevant proteins were immunolocalized to specific antennal sensilla using anti-serum raised against a peptide sequence conserved between the two fly species. Results from the present study provide a basis for functional evaluation of repellent/attractant effects on as yet uncharacterized stable fly and horn fly conventional odorant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P U Olafson
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA.
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Evaluation of transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) between persistently infected and naive cattle by the horn fly (Haematobia irritans). Vet Res Commun 2010; 35:123-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cupp MS, Cupp EW, Zhang D, Yue X, Todd L, Panangala V, Navarre C, Whitley E. Salivary gland thrombostasin isoforms differentially regulate blood uptake of horn flies fed on New Zealand White rabbits. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:351-357. [PMID: 19351087 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thrombostasin (TS) is a previously characterized anticlotting protein with multiple isoforms found in the saliva of horn flies. In this report, the effect of TS isoforms on blood feeding was assessed using individual flies that carried corresponding ts allelles. Laboratory studies of horn fly blood feeding were conducted using colony-reared flies fed on New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. After timed 20-min feeding periods, each fly was characterized for gender, blood volume uptake, and ts genotype. The results showed that mean blood volumes obtained by individual flies were not related to fly gender but were correlated to the ts genotype(s) carried by each fly. A fly having one or both ts alleles coding for the TS9 isoform took less blood than those possessing one or both ts alleles coding for the TS10 isoform. These results confirm the significant role that TS plays in horn fly feeding and highlight the differential impact of TS protein isoforms that vary by as few as three amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Cupp
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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Oyarzún MP, Quiroz A, Birkett MA. Insecticide resistance in the horn fly: alternative control strategies. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 22:188-202. [PMID: 18816268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) is one of the most widespread and economically important pests of cattle. Although insecticides have been used for fly control, success has been limited because of the development of insecticide resistance in all countries where the horn fly is found. This problem, along with public pressure for insecticide-free food and the prohibitive cost of developing new classes of compounds, has driven the investigation of alternative control methods that minimize or avoid the use of insecticides. This review provides details of the economic impact of horn flies, existing insecticides used for horn fly control and resistance mechanisms. Current research on new methods of horn fly control based on resistant cattle selection, semiochemicals, biological control and vaccines is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Oyarzún
- Laboratorio Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Pruett JH, Steelman CD, Miller JA, Pound JM, George JE. Distribution of horn flies on individual cows as a percentage of the total horn fly population. Vet Parasitol 2003; 116:251-8. [PMID: 14559168 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-three mixed-breed herd cows were phenotyped for their ability to serve as a suitable host for Haematobia irritans, the horn fly. Based upon consistent observations within the lower quartile or upper quartile of individual fly counts, four cows were phenotyped as low carriers and five cows were phenotyped as high carriers of horn flies. The cows designated as low carriers consistently carried levels of flies below the economic threshold. However, during a period of fly population explosion, low carriers harbored flies well above the economic threshold. Although the number of flies counted on these low carrying cattle increased as the population increased, the relative percentage of the population that they carried changed very little. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this observation, and future studies are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Pruett
- Knipling-Bushland, US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA.
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