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Li X, Yang Z, Liu J. Optimizing Systems for Robust Heterologous Production of Biosurfactants Rhamnolipid and Lyso-Ornithine Lipid in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Molecules 2024; 29:3288. [PMID: 39064867 PMCID: PMC11279095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that are capable of mixing water and oil. Biosurfactants are eco-friendly, low-toxicity, and stable to a variety of environmental factors. Optimizing conditions for microorganisms to produce biosurfactants can lead to improved production suitable for scaling up. In this study, we compared heterologous expression levels of the luminescence system luxCDABE operon controlled by regulatable promoters araC-PBAD and its strong version araC-PBAD-SD in Escherichia coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and P. putida KT2440. Real-time monitoring of luminescence levels in the three strains indicated that luxCDABE controlled by araC-PBAD-SD promoter with 0.2% arabinose supplementation in P. putida produced the highest level of luminescence. By using the araC-PBAD-SD promoter-controlled rhlAB expression in P. putida, we were able to produce mono-rhamnolipid at a level of 1.5 g L-1 when 0.02% arabinose was supplemented. With the same system to express olsB, lyso-ornithine lipid was produced at a level of 10 mg L-1 when 0.2% arabinose was supplemented. To our knowledge, this is the first report about optimizing conditions for lyso-ornithine lipid production at a level up to 10 mg L-1. Taken together, our results demonstrate that regulatable araC-PBAD-SD promoter in P. putida KT2440 is a useful system for heterologous production of biosurfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianhua Liu
- Systems Biology, School for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (X.L.); (Z.Y.)
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2
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Vasilopoulos G, Heflik L, Czolkoss S, Heinrichs F, Kleetz J, Yesilyurt C, Tischler D, Westhoff P, Exterkate M, Aktas M, Narberhaus F. Characterization of multiple lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris. FEBS J 2024; 291:705-721. [PMID: 37943159 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is the precursor of most phospholipids like phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. In bacteria, its biosynthesis begins with the acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is further acylated to PA by the PlsC enzyme. Some bacteria, like the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris, use a similar pathway to acylate lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylcholine (PC). Previous studies assigned two acyltransferases to PC formation. Here, we set out to study their activity and found a second much more prominent function of these enzymes in LPA to PA conversion. This PlsC-like activity was supported by the functional complementation of a temperature-sensitive plsC-deficient Escherichia coli strain. Biocomputational analysis revealed two further PlsC homologs in X. campestris. The cellular levels of the four PlsC-like proteins varied with respect to growth phase and growth temperature. To address the question whether these enzymes have redundant or specific functions, we purified two recombinant, detergent-solubilized enzymes in their active form, which enabled the first direct biochemical comparison of PlsC isoenzymes from the same organism. Overlapping but not identical acyl acceptor and acyl donor preferences suggest redundant and specialized functions of the X. campestris PlsC enzymes. The altered fatty acid composition in plsC mutant strains further supports the functional differentiation of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Vasilopoulos
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Heflik
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Czolkoss
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Heinrichs
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Kleetz
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Cansel Yesilyurt
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Philipp Westhoff
- Metabolomics and Metabolism Laboratory, Cluster of Excellence for Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marten Exterkate
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Membrane Biogenesis and Lipidomics, Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meriyem Aktas
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Franz Narberhaus
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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3
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Alakavuklar MA, Fiebig A, Crosson S. The Brucella Cell Envelope. Annu Rev Microbiol 2023; 77:233-253. [PMID: 37104660 PMCID: PMC10787603 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-013159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The cell envelope is a multilayered structure that insulates the interior of bacterial cells from an often chaotic outside world. Common features define the envelope across the bacterial kingdom, but the molecular mechanisms by which cells build and regulate this critical barrier are diverse and reflect the evolutionary histories of bacterial lineages. Intracellular pathogens of the genus Brucella exhibit marked differences in cell envelope structure, regulation, and biogenesis when compared to more commonly studied gram-negative bacteria and therefore provide an excellent comparative model for study of the gram-negative envelope. We review distinct features of the Brucella envelope, highlighting a conserved regulatory system that links cell cycle progression to envelope biogenesis and cell division. We further discuss recently discovered structural features of the Brucella envelope that ensure envelope integrity and that facilitate cell survival in the face of host immune stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melene A Alakavuklar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA;
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4
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López-Lara IM, Geiger O. Membrane lipid composition defines membrane protein spectrum. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:323-325. [PMID: 36813608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In addition to glycerophospholipids, bacterial membranes often include amino acid-containing acyloxyacyl lipids. The functional implications of these aminolipids are largely unknown. However, a recent study by Stirrup et al. expands our understanding and shows that they are major determinants for membrane properties and the relative abundance of distinct membrane proteins in bacterial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M López-Lara
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Otto Geiger
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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5
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Growth Substrate and Prophage Induction Collectively Influence Metabolite and Lipid Profiles in a Marine Bacterium. mSystems 2022; 7:e0058522. [PMID: 35972149 PMCID: PMC9600351 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00585-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial growth substrates influence a variety of biological functions, including the biosynthesis and regulation of lipid intermediates. The extent of this rewiring is not well understood nor has it been considered in the context of virally infected cells. Here, we used a one-host-two-temperate phage model system to probe the combined influence of growth substrate and phage infection on host carbon and lipid metabolism. Using untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics, we reported the detection of a suite of metabolites and lipid classes for two Sulfitobacter lysogens provided with three growth substrates of differing complexity and nutrient composition (yeast extract/tryptone [complex], glutamate and acetate). The growth medium led to dramatic differences in the detectable intracellular metabolites, with only 15% of 175 measured metabolites showing overlap across the three growth substrates. Between-strain differences were most evident in the cultures grown on acetate, followed by glutamate then complex medium. Lipid distribution profiles were also distinct between cultures grown on different substrates as well as between the two lysogens grown in the same medium. Five phospholipids, three aminolipid, and one class of unknown lipid-like features were identified. Most (≥94%) of these 75 lipids were quantifiable in all samples. Metabolite and lipid profiles were strongly determined by growth medium composition and modestly by strain type. Because fluctuations in availability and form of carbon substrates and nutrients, as well as virus pressure, are common features of natural systems, the influence of these intersecting factors will undoubtedly be imprinted in the metabolome and lipidome of resident bacteria. IMPORTANCE Community-level metabolomics approaches are increasingly used to characterize natural microbial populations. These approaches typically depend upon temporal snapshots from which the status and function of communities are often inferred. Such inferences are typically drawn from lab-based studies of select model organisms raised under limited growth conditions. To better interpret community-level data, the extent to which ecologically relevant bacteria demonstrate metabolic flexibility requires elucidation. Herein, we used an environmentally relevant model heterotrophic marine bacterium to assess the relationship between growth determinants and metabolome. We also aimed to assess the contribution of phage activity to the host metabolome. Striking differences in primary metabolite and lipid profiles appeared to be driven primarily by growth regime and, secondarily, by phage type. These findings demonstrated the malleable nature of metabolomes and lipidomes and lay the foundation for future studies that relate cellular composition with function in complex environmental microbial communities.
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Torres M, Jiquel A, Jeanne E, Naquin D, Dessaux Y, Faure D. Agrobacterium tumefaciens fitness genes involved in the colonization of plant tumors and roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:905-918. [PMID: 34655498 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens colonizes the galls (plant tumors) it causes, and the roots of host and nonhost plants. Transposon-sequencing (Tn-Seq) was used to discover A.tumefaciens genes involved in reproductive success (fitness genes) on Solanum lycopersicum and Populus trichocarpa tumors and S.lycopersicum and Zea mays roots. The identified fitness genes represent 3-8% of A. tumefaciens genes and contribute to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, synthesis and repair of DNA, RNA and proteins and envelope-associated functions. Competition assays between 12 knockout mutants and wild-type confirmed the involvement of 10 genes (trpB, hisH, metH, cobN, ntrB, trxA, nrdJ, kamA, exoQ, wbbL) in A.tumefaciens fitness under both tumor and root conditions. The remaining two genes (fecA, noxA) were important in tumors only. None of these mutants was nonpathogenic, but four (hisH, trpB, exoQ, ntrB) exhibited impaired virulence. Finally, we used this knowledge to search for chemical and biocontrol treatments that target some of the identified fitness pathways and report reduced tumorigenesis and impaired establishment of A.tumefaciens on tomato roots using tannic acid or Pseudomonas protegens, which affect iron assimilation. This work revealed A.tumefaciens pathways that contribute to its competitive survival in plants and highlights a strategy to identify plant protection approaches against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torres
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Audren Jiquel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Etienne Jeanne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Delphine Naquin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Yves Dessaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Denis Faure
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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7
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Kristoffersen V, Jenssen M, Jawad HR, Isaksson J, Hansen EH, Rämä T, Hansen KØ, Andersen JH. Two Novel Lyso-Ornithine Lipids Isolated from an Arctic Marine Lacinutrix sp. Bacterium. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175295. [PMID: 34500726 PMCID: PMC8434205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lacinutrix genus was discovered in 2005 and includes 12 Gram-negative bacterial species. To the best of our knowledge, the secondary metabolite production potential of this genus has not been explored before, and examination of Lacinutrix species may reveal novel chemistry. As part of a screening project of Arctic marine bacteria, the Lacinutrix sp. strain M09B143 was cultivated, extracted, fractionated and tested for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. One fraction had antibacterial activity and was subjected to mass spectrometry analysis, which revealed two compounds with elemental composition that did not match any known compounds in databases. This resulted in the identification and isolation of two novel isobranched lyso-ornithine lipids, whose structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Lyso-ornithine lipids consist of a 3-hydroxy fatty acid linked to the alpha amino group of an ornithine amino acid through an amide bond. The fatty acid chains were determined to be iso-C15:0 (1) and iso-C16:0 (2). Compound 1 was active against the Gram-positive S. agalactiae, while 2 showed cytotoxic activity against A2058 human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venke Kristoffersen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.J.); (H.R.J.); (E.H.H.); (T.R.); (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marte Jenssen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.J.); (H.R.J.); (E.H.H.); (T.R.); (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Heba Raid Jawad
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.J.); (H.R.J.); (E.H.H.); (T.R.); (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Espen H. Hansen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.J.); (H.R.J.); (E.H.H.); (T.R.); (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Teppo Rämä
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.J.); (H.R.J.); (E.H.H.); (T.R.); (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Kine Ø. Hansen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.J.); (H.R.J.); (E.H.H.); (T.R.); (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jeanette Hammer Andersen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.J.); (H.R.J.); (E.H.H.); (T.R.); (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.)
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Hernández VM, Arteaga A, Dunn MF. Diversity, properties and functions of bacterial arginases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6308370. [PMID: 34160574 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metalloenzyme arginase hydrolyzes L-arginine to produce L-ornithine and urea. In bacteria, arginase has important functions in basic nitrogen metabolism and redistribution, production of the key metabolic precursor L-ornithine, stress resistance and pathogenesis. We describe the regulation and specific functions of the arginase pathway as well as summarize key characteristics of related arginine catabolic pathways. The use of arginase-derived ornithine as a precursor molecule is reviewed. We discuss the biochemical and transcriptional regulation of arginine metabolism, including arginase, with the latter topic focusing on the RocR and AhrC transcriptional regulators in the model organism Bacillus subtilis. Finally, we consider similarities and contrasts in the structure and catalytic mechanism of the arginases from Bacillus caldovelox and Helicobacter pylori. The overall aim of this review is to provide a panorama of the diversity of physiological functions, regulation, and biochemical features of arginases in a variety of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Hernández
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Arteaga
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Michael F Dunn
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
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A novel class of sulfur-containing aminolipids widespread in marine roseobacters. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2440-2453. [PMID: 33750904 PMCID: PMC8319176 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine roseobacter group bacteria are numerically abundant and ecologically important players in ocean ecosystems. These bacteria are capable of modifying their membrane lipid composition in response to environmental change. Remarkably, a variety of lipids are produced in these bacteria, including phosphorus-containing glycerophospholipids and several amino acid-containing aminolipids such as ornithine lipids and glutamine lipids. Here, we present the identification and characterization of a novel sulfur-containing aminolipid (SAL) in roseobacters. Using high resolution accurate mass spectrometry, a SAL was found in the lipid extract of Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 and Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395. Using comparative genomics, transposon mutagenesis and targeted gene knockout, we identified a gene encoding a putative lyso-lipid acyltransferase, designated salA, which is essential for the biosynthesis of this SAL. Multiple sequence analysis and structural modeling suggest that SalA is a novel member of the lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) family, the prototype of which is the PlsC acyltransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of the phospholipid phosphatidic acid. SAL appears to play a key role in biofilm formation in roseobacters. salA is widely distributed in Tara Oceans metagenomes and actively expressed in Tara Oceans metatranscriptomes. Our results raise the importance of sulfur-containing membrane aminolipids in marine bacteria.
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Lejeune C, Abreu S, Chaminade P, Dulermo T, David M, Werten S, Virolle MJ. Impact of Phosphate Availability on Membrane Lipid Content of the Model Strains, Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:623919. [PMID: 33692768 PMCID: PMC7937720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.623919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this issue we demonstrated that the phospholipid content of Streptomyces lividans varies greatly with Pi availability being was much lower in Pi limitation than in Pi proficiency whereas that of Streptomyces coelicolor varied little with Pi availability. In contrast the content in phosphate free ornithine lipids was enhanced in both strains in condition of phosphate limitation. Ornithine lipids biosynthesis starts with the N-acylation of ornithine to form lyso-ornithine that is then O-acylated to yield ornithine lipid. The operon sco1222-23 was proposed to be involved in the conversion of specific amino acids into ornithine in condition of phosphate limitation whereas the sco0921-20 operon encoding N- and O-acyltransferase, respectively, was shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of these lipids. The expression of these two operons was shown to be under the positive control of the two components system PhoR/PhoP and thus induced in phosphate limitation. The expression of phoR/phoP being weak in S. coelicolor, the poor expression of these operons resulted into a fivefold lower ornithine lipids content in this strain compared to S. lividans. In the deletion mutant of the sco0921-20 operon of S. lividans, lyso-ornithine and ornithine lipids were barely detectable and TAG content was enhanced. The complementation of this mutant by the sco0921-20 operon or by sco0920 alone restored ornithine lipids and TAG content to wild type level and was correlated with a twofold increase in the cardiolipin content. This suggested that SCO0920 bears, besides its broad O-acyltransferase activity, an N-acyltransferase activity and this was confirmed by the detection of lyso-ornithine in this strain. In contrast, the complementation of the mutant by sco0921 alone had no impact on ornithine lipids, TAG nor cardiolipin content but was correlated with a high lyso-ornithine content. This confirmed that SCO0921 is a strict N-acyltransferase. However, interestingly, the over-expression of the sco0921-20 operon or of sco0921 alone in S. coelicolor, led to an almost total disappearance of phosphatidylinositol that was correlated with an enhanced DAG and TAG content. This suggested that SCO0921 also acts as a phospholipase C, degrading phosphatidylinositol to indirectly supply of phosphate in condition of phosphate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lejeune
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sonia Abreu
- Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Thierry Dulermo
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Lesaffre International, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Michelle David
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sebastiaan Werten
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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11
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Trimethylornithine Membrane Lipids: Discovered in Planctomycetes and Identified in Diverse Environments. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010049. [PMID: 33445571 PMCID: PMC7828035 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) are the building blocks of all cell membranes. There is a wide range of phosphorus-free IPL structures, including amino acid containing IPLs, that can be taxonomically specific. Trimethylornithine membrane lipids (TMOs) were discovered in northern wetland Planctomycete species that were isolated and described in the last decade. The trimethylated terminal nitrogen moiety of the ornithine amino acid in the TMO structure gives the lipid a charged polar head group, similar to certain phospholipids. Since their discovery, TMOs have been identified in various other recently described northern latitude Planctomycete species, and in diverse environments including tundra soil, a boreal eutrophic lake, meso-oligotrophic lakes, and hot springs. The majority of environments or enrichment cultures in which TMOs have been observed include predominately heterotrophic microbial communities involved in the degradation of recalcitrant material and/or low oxygen methanogenic conditions at primarily northern latitudes. Other ecosystems occupied with microbial communities that possess similar metabolic pathways, such as tropical peatlands or coastal salt marshes, may include TMO producing Planctomycetes as well, further allowing these lipids to potentially be used to understand microbial community responses to environmental change in a wide range of systems. The occurrence of TMOs in hot springs indicates that these unique lipids could have broad environmental distribution with different specialized functions. Opportunities also exist to investigate the application of TMOs in microbiome studies, including forensic necrobiomes. Further environmental and microbiome lipidomics research involving TMOs will help reveal the evolution, functions, and applications of these unique membrane lipids.
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12
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Córdoba-Castro LA, Salgado-Morales R, Torres M, Martínez-Aguilar L, Lozano L, Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Guan Z, Dantán-González E, Serrano M, Sohlenkamp C. Ornithine Lipids in Burkholderia spp. Pathogenicity. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:610932. [PMID: 33469548 PMCID: PMC7814305 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.610932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia sensu lato is composed of a diverse and metabolically versatile group of bacterial species. One characteristic thought to be unique for the genus Burkholderia is the presence of two forms each (with and without 2-hydroxylation) of the membrane lipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ornithine lipids (OLs). Here, we show that only Burkholderia sensu stricto strains constitutively form OLs, whereas all other analyzed strains belonging to the Burkholderia sensu lato group constitutively form the two forms of PE, but no OLs. We selected two model bacteria to study the function of OL in Burkholderia sensu lato: (1) Burkholderia cenocepacia wild-type which constitutively forms OLs and its mutant deficient in the formation of OLs and (2) Robbsia andropogonis (formerly Burkholderia andropogonis) which does not form OL constitutively, and a derived strain constitutively forming OLs. Both were characterized under free-living conditions and during pathogenic interactions with their respective hosts. The absence of OLs in B. cenocepacia slightly affected bacterial growth under specific abiotic stress conditions such as high temperature and low pH. B. cenocepacia lacking OLs caused lower mortality in Galleria mellonella larvae while R. andropogonis constitutively forming OLs triggers an increased formation of reactive oxygen species immediately after infection of maize leaves, suggesting that OLs can have an important role during the activation of the innate immune response of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz América Córdoba-Castro
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Salgado-Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Lozano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Edgar Dantán-González
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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13
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Nilsson JF, Castellani LG, Draghi WO, Pérez-Giménez J, Torres Tejerizo GA, Pistorio M. Proteomic Analysis of Rhizobium favelukesii LPU83 in Response to Acid Stress. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3615-3629. [PMID: 31432679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acid soils constitute a severe problem for leguminous crops mainly through a disturbance in rhizobium-legume interactions. Rhizobium favelukesii-an acid-tolerant rhizobium able to nodulate alfalfa-is highly competitive for nodule occupation under acid conditions but inefficient for biologic nitrogen fixation. In this work, we obtained a general description of the acid-stress response of R. favelukesii LPU83 by means of proteomics by comparing the total proteome profiles in the presence or absence of acid stress by nanoflow ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Thus, a total of 336 proteins were identified with a significant differential expression, 136 of which species were significantly overexpressed and 200 underexpressed in acidity. An in silico functional characterization with those respective proteins revealed a complex and pleiotropic response by these rhizobia involving components of oxidative phosphorylation, glutamate metabolism, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, among other pathways. Furthermore, a lower permeability was evidenced in the acid-stressed cells along with several overexpressed proteins related to γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism, such as the gene product of livK, which gene was mutated. This mutant exhibited an acid-sensitive phenotype in agreement with the proteomics results. We conclude that both the γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism and a modified cellular envelope could be relevant to acid tolerance in R. favelukesii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet F Nilsson
- 1IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnologı́a y Biologı́a Molecular), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Calles 49 y 115 , (1900) La Plata , Argentina
| | - Lucas G Castellani
- 1IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnologı́a y Biologı́a Molecular), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Calles 49 y 115 , (1900) La Plata , Argentina
| | - Walter O Draghi
- 1IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnologı́a y Biologı́a Molecular), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Calles 49 y 115 , (1900) La Plata , Argentina
| | - Julieta Pérez-Giménez
- 1IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnologı́a y Biologı́a Molecular), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Calles 49 y 115 , (1900) La Plata , Argentina
| | - Gonzalo A Torres Tejerizo
- 1IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnologı́a y Biologı́a Molecular), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Calles 49 y 115 , (1900) La Plata , Argentina
| | - Mariano Pistorio
- 1IBBM (Instituto de Biotecnologı́a y Biologı́a Molecular), CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Calles 49 y 115 , (1900) La Plata , Argentina
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14
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Lynch A, Tammireddy SR, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Clarke DJ. The Glycine Lipids of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Are Important for Fitness during Growth In Vivo and In Vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02157-18. [PMID: 30367006 PMCID: PMC6498176 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02157-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylated amino acids function as important components of the cellular membrane in some bacteria. Biosynthesis is initiated by the N-acylation of the amino acid, and this is followed by subsequent O-acylation of the acylated molecule, resulting in the production of the mature diacylated amino acid lipid. In this study, we use both genetics and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to characterize the biosynthesis and function of a diacylated glycine lipid (GL) species produced in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron We, and others, have previously reported the identification of a gene, named glsB in this study, that encodes an N-acyltransferase activity responsible for the production of a monoacylated glycine called N-acyl-3-hydroxy-palmitoyl glycine (or commendamide). In all of the Bacteroidales genomes sequenced so far, the glsB gene is located immediately downstream from a gene, named glsA, that is also predicted to encode a protein with acyltransferase activity. We use LC-MS to show that the coexpression of glsB and glsA results in the production of GL in Escherichia coli We constructed a deletion mutant of the glsB gene in B. thetaiotaomicron, and we confirm that glsB is required for the production of GL in B. thetaiotaomicron Moreover, we show that glsB is important for the ability of B. thetaiotaomicron to adapt to stress and colonize the mammalian gut. Therefore, this report describes the genetic requirements for the biosynthesis of GL, a diacylated amino acid species that contributes to fitness in the human gut bacterium B. thetaiotaomicronIMPORTANCE The gut microbiome has an important role in both health and disease of the host. The mammalian gut microbiome is often dominated by bacteria from the Bacteroidales, an order that includes Bacteroides and Prevotella In this study, we have identified an acylated amino acid, called glycine lipid, produced by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a beneficial bacterium originally isolated from the human gut. In addition to identifying the genes required for the production of glycine lipids, we show that glycine lipids have an important role during the adaptation of B. thetaiotaomicron to a number of environmental stresses, including exposure to either bile or air. We also show that glycine lipids are important for the normal colonization of the murine gut by B. thetaiotaomicron This work identifies glycine lipids as an important fitness determinant in B. thetaiotaomicron and therefore increases our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning colonization of the mammalian gut by beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alli Lynch
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seshu R Tammireddy
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Novel metagenome-derived ornithine lipids identified by functional screening for biosurfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4429-4441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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diCenzo GC, Zamani M, Checcucci A, Fondi M, Griffitts JS, Finan TM, Mengoni A. Multidisciplinary approaches for studying rhizobium–legume symbioses. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:1-33. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The rhizobium–legume symbiosis is a major source of fixed nitrogen (ammonia) in the biosphere. The potential for this process to increase agricultural yield while reducing the reliance on nitrogen-based fertilizers has generated interest in understanding and manipulating this process. For decades, rhizobium research has benefited from the use of leading techniques from a very broad set of fields, including population genetics, molecular genetics, genomics, and systems biology. In this review, we summarize many of the research strategies that have been employed in the study of rhizobia and the unique knowledge gained from these diverse tools, with a focus on genome- and systems-level approaches. We then describe ongoing synthetic biology approaches aimed at improving existing symbioses or engineering completely new symbiotic interactions. The review concludes with our perspective of the future directions and challenges of the field, with an emphasis on how the application of a multidisciplinary approach and the development of new methods will be necessary to ensure successful biotechnological manipulation of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. diCenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
| | - Maryam Zamani
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alice Checcucci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
| | - Marco Fondi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
| | - Joel S. Griffitts
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Turlough M. Finan
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy
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17
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Smith AF, Rihtman B, Stirrup R, Silvano E, Mausz MA, Scanlan DJ, Chen Y. Elucidation of glutamine lipid biosynthesis in marine bacteria reveals its importance under phosphorus deplete growth in Rhodobacteraceae. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:39-49. [PMID: 30108306 PMCID: PMC6298996 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms employ multiple strategies to cope with transient and persistent nutrient limitation, one of which, for alleviating phosphorus (P) stress, is to substitute membrane glycerophospholipids with non-P containing surrogate lipids. Such a membrane lipid remodelling strategy enables the most abundant marine phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria to adapt successfully to nutrient scarcity in marine surface waters. An important group of non-P lipids, the aminolipids which lack a diacylglycerol backbone, are poorly studied in marine microbes. Here, using a combination of genetic, lipidomics and metagenomics approaches, we reveal for the first time the genes (glsB, olsA) required for the formation of the glutamine-containing aminolipid. Construction of a knockout mutant in either glsB or olsA in the model marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 completely abolished glutamine lipid production. Moreover, both mutants showed a considerable growth cost under P-deplete conditions and the olsA mutant, that is unable to produce the glutamine and ornithine aminolipids, ceased to grow under P-deplete conditions. Analysis of sequenced microbial genomes show that glsB is primarily confined to the Rhodobacteraceae family, which includes the ecologically important marine Roseobacter clade that are key players in the marine sulphur and nitrogen cycles. Analysis of the genes involved in glutamine lipid biosynthesis in the Tara ocean metagenome dataset revealed the global occurrence of glsB in marine surface waters and a positive correlation between glsB abundance and N* (a measure of the deviation from the canonical Redfield ratio), suggesting glutamine lipid plays an important role in the adaptation of marine Rhodobacteraceae to P limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair F Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Branko Rihtman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rachel Stirrup
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Eleonora Silvano
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michaela A Mausz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David J Scanlan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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18
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Hölzl G, Sohlenkamp C, Vences-Guzmán MA, Gisch N. Headgroup hydroxylation by OlsE occurs at the C4 position of ornithine lipid and is widespread in proteobacteria and bacteroidetes. Chem Phys Lipids 2018. [PMID: 29524395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid-containing acyloxyacyl lipids are composed of a 3-hydroxy fatty acid amide-bound to the α-amino group of an amino acid. A second fatty acid is ester-linked to the 3-hydroxy group of the first fatty acid. Most commonly, ornithine is the headgroup of these lipids, but glycine, serineglycine, glutamine and lysine have also been described in bacteria. Ornithine lipids (OL) can be synthesized by about 50% of the sequenced bacterial species, and several covalent modifications of its basic structure have been described. The OL hydroxylase OlsE is widespread in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species and is responsible for introducing a hydroxyl group at a hence unknown position within the ornithine headgroup causing the formation of the OL named S2. Using NMR on purified OL S2, we show that the OlsE-mediated hydroxylation takes place at the C-4 position of the ornithine headgroup. Furthermore, we identify a hydroxylase in the genome of Pseudopedobacter saltans, distantly related to OlsE from α-proteobacteria, able to hydroxylate the headgroup of both ornithine lipids and lysine lipids. A homology search with the amino acid sequence of this hydroxylase allows us to predict that OL headgroup hydroxylation is not restricted to a few α-proteobacteria, but is apparently also common in many genera belonging to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroidetes (CFB) group of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Angel Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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19
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Barbosa LC, Goulart CL, Avellar MM, Bisch PM, von Kruger WMA. Accumulation of ornithine lipids in Vibrio cholerae under phosphate deprivation is dependent on VC0489 (OlsF) and PhoBR system. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:395-399. [PMID: 29458678 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine lipids (OLs) are phosphorus-free lipids found in many bacteria grown under phosphate deprivation, a condition that activates the PhoBR system and leads to phosphate uptake and metabolism. Two OL synthesis pathways have already been described. One depends on OlsB and OlsA acyltransferases to add, respectively, the first and second acyl chains to an ornithine molecule. The other pathway is carried out by OlsF, a bifunctional enzyme responsible for both acylation steps. Although Vibrio cholerae lacks olsBA genes, an olsF homologue (vc0489) was identified in its genome. In this work we demonstrated that V. cholerae produces OLs and expresses vc0489 in response to phosphate depletion, in a PhoBR-dependent manner. In Escherichia coli, under similar condition, vc0489 expression leads to OL accumulation. These results indicate a strong connection between OL synthesis and VC0489 from V. cholerae and, for the first time, a direct regulation of an olsF homologue by the PhoBR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia C Barbosa
- Laboratório de Física Biológica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina L Goulart
- Laboratório de Física Biológica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Avellar
- Laboratório de Física Biológica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Bisch
- Laboratório de Física Biológica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanda M A von Kruger
- Laboratório de Física Biológica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Conde-Álvarez R, Palacios-Chaves L, Gil-Ramírez Y, Salvador-Bescós M, Bárcena-Varela M, Aragón-Aranda B, Martínez-Gómez E, Zúñiga-Ripa A, de Miguel MJ, Bartholomew TL, Hanniffy S, Grilló MJ, Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Bengoechea JA, Arce-Gorvel V, Gorvel JP, Moriyón I, Iriarte M. Identification of lptA, lpxE, and lpxO, Three Genes Involved in the Remodeling of Brucella Cell Envelope. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2657. [PMID: 29375522 PMCID: PMC5767591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brucellae are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause a worldwide extended zoonosis. One of the pathogenicity mechanisms of these bacteria is their ability to avoid rapid recognition by innate immunity because of a reduction of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), free-lipids, and other envelope molecules. We investigated the Brucella homologs of lptA, lpxE, and lpxO, three genes that in some pathogens encode enzymes that mask the LPS PAMP by upsetting the core-lipid A charge/hydrophobic balance. Brucella lptA, which encodes a putative ethanolamine transferase, carries a frame-shift in B. abortus but not in other Brucella spp. and phylogenetic neighbors like the opportunistic pathogen Ochrobactrum anthropi. Consistent with the genomic evidence, a B. melitensis lptA mutant lacked lipid A-linked ethanolamine and displayed increased sensitivity to polymyxin B (a surrogate of innate immunity bactericidal peptides), while B. abortus carrying B. melitensis lptA displayed increased resistance. Brucella lpxE encodes a putative phosphatase acting on lipid A or on a free-lipid that is highly conserved in all brucellae and O. anthropi. Although we found no evidence of lipid A dephosphorylation, a B. abortus lpxE mutant showed increased polymyxin B sensitivity, suggesting the existence of a hitherto unidentified free-lipid involved in bactericidal peptide resistance. Gene lpxO putatively encoding an acyl hydroxylase carries a frame-shift in all brucellae except B. microti and is intact in O. anthropi. Free-lipid analysis revealed that lpxO corresponded to olsC, the gene coding for the ornithine lipid (OL) acyl hydroxylase active in O. anthropi and B. microti, while B. abortus carrying the olsC of O. anthropi and B. microti synthesized hydroxylated OLs. Interestingly, mutants in lptA, lpxE, or olsC were not attenuated in dendritic cells or mice. This lack of an obvious effect on virulence together with the presence of the intact homolog genes in O. anthropi and B. microti but not in other brucellae suggests that LptA, LpxE, or OL β-hydroxylase do not significantly alter the PAMP properties of Brucella LPS and free-lipids and are therefore not positively selected during the adaptation to intracellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Palacios-Chaves
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gil-Ramírez
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Salvador-Bescós
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina Bárcena-Varela
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Aragón-Aranda
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estrella Martínez-Gómez
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J de Miguel
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón - Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Toby Leigh Bartholomew
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Hanniffy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France
| | - María-Jesús Grilló
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Pública de Navarra - Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - José A Bengoechea
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Vilma Arce-Gorvel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN) e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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21
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The Bacteroidales produce an N-acylated derivative of glycine with both cholesterol-solubilising and hemolytic activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13270. [PMID: 29038461 PMCID: PMC5643525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the gut microbiota to the metabolism of cholesterol is not well understood. In this study, we identify 21 fosmid clones from a human gut microbiome metagenomic library that, when expressed in Escherichia coli, produce halos on LB agar supplemented with 0.01% (w/v) cholesterol (LBC agar). Analysis of 14 of these clones revealed that they all share a fragment of DNA with homology to the genome of Bacteroides vulgatus. The gene responsible for halo production on LBC agar, named choA, was identified as an N-acyltransferase known to produce an acylated glycine molecule called commendamide. In this study we show that commendamide is capable of producing a halo on LBC agar suggesting that this molecule is solubilizing the cholesterol micelles in LBC agar. We also show that commendamide is responsible for the previously described hemolytic activity associated with the choA orthologue in Bacteroides fragilis. A functional analysis of ChoA identified 2 amino acids that are important for commendamide biosynthesis and we present phylogenetic and functional data showing that orthologues of choA are found only in the order Bacteroidales. Therefore, the production of commendamide may be an adaptation to the environments colonized by the Bacteroidales, including the mammalian gut.
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22
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Sandoval-Calderón M, Guan Z, Sohlenkamp C. Knowns and unknowns of membrane lipid synthesis in streptomycetes. Biochimie 2017; 141:21-29. [PMID: 28522365 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces are among the most prolific producers of antibiotics. Research on cellular membrane biosynthesis and turnover is lagging behind in Streptomyces compared to related organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While natural products discovery in Streptomyces is evidently a priority in order to discover new antibiotics to combat the increase in antibiotic resistant pathogens, a better understanding of this cellular compartment should provide insights into the interplay between core and secondary metabolism. However, some of the pathways for membrane lipid biosynthesis are still incomplete. In addition, while it has become clear that remodelling of the membrane is necessary for coping with environmental stress and for morphological differentiation, the detailed mechanisms of these adaptations remain elusive. Here, we aim to provide a summary of what is known about the polar lipid composition in Streptomyces, the biosynthetic pathways of polar lipids, and to highlight current gaps in understanding function, dynamics and biosynthesis of these essential molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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23
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diCenzo GC, Checcucci A, Bazzicalupo M, Mengoni A, Viti C, Dziewit L, Finan TM, Galardini M, Fondi M. Metabolic modelling reveals the specialization of secondary replicons for niche adaptation in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12219. [PMID: 27447951 PMCID: PMC4961836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of about 10% of bacterial species is divided among two or more large chromosome-sized replicons. The contribution of each replicon to the microbial life cycle (for example, environmental adaptations and/or niche switching) remains unclear. Here we report a genome-scale metabolic model of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti that is integrated with carbon utilization data for 1,500 genes with 192 carbon substrates. Growth of S. meliloti is modelled in three ecological niches (bulk soil, rhizosphere and nodule) with a focus on the role of each of its three replicons. We observe clear metabolic differences during growth in the tested ecological niches and an overall reprogramming following niche switching. In silico examination of the inferred fitness of gene deletion mutants suggests that secondary replicons evolved to fulfil a specialized function, particularly host-associated niche adaptation. Thus, genes on secondary replicons might potentially be manipulated to promote or suppress host interactions for biotechnological purposes. The genome of some bacteria consists of two or more chromosomes or replicons. Here, diCenzo et al. integrate genome-scale metabolic modelling and growth data from a collection of mutants of the plant symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti to estimate the fitness contribution of each replicon in three environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C diCenzo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 1A1
| | - Alice Checcucci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Bazzicalupo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Carlo Viti
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, 50144 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Turlough M Finan
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 1A1
| | - Marco Galardini
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Marco Fondi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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24
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Draghi WO, Del Papa MF, Hellweg C, Watt SA, Watt TF, Barsch A, Lozano MJ, Lagares A, Salas ME, López JL, Albicoro FJ, Nilsson JF, Torres Tejerizo GA, Luna MF, Pistorio M, Boiardi JL, Pühler A, Weidner S, Niehaus K, Lagares A. A consolidated analysis of the physiologic and molecular responses induced under acid stress in the legume-symbiont model-soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29278. [PMID: 27404346 PMCID: PMC4941405 DOI: 10.1038/srep29278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses in general and extracellular acidity in particular disturb and limit nitrogen-fixing symbioses between rhizobia and their host legumes. Except for valuable molecular-biological studies on different rhizobia, no consolidated models have been formulated to describe the central physiologic changes that occur in acid-stressed bacteria. We present here an integrated analysis entailing the main cultural, metabolic, and molecular responses of the model bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti growing under controlled acid stress in a chemostat. A stepwise extracellular acidification of the culture medium had indicated that S. meliloti stopped growing at ca. pH 6.0–6.1. Under such stress the rhizobia increased the O2 consumption per cell by more than 5-fold. This phenotype, together with an increase in the transcripts for several membrane cytochromes, entails a higher aerobic-respiration rate in the acid-stressed rhizobia. Multivariate analysis of global metabolome data served to unequivocally correlate specific-metabolite profiles with the extracellular pH, showing that at low pH the pentose-phosphate pathway exhibited increases in several transcripts, enzymes, and metabolites. Further analyses should be focused on the time course of the observed changes, its associated intracellular signaling, and on the comparison with the changes that operate during the sub lethal acid-adaptive response (ATR) in rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Draghi
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - M F Del Papa
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Hellweg
- CeBiTec - Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - S A Watt
- CeBiTec - Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - T F Watt
- CeBiTec - Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - A Barsch
- CeBiTec - Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - M J Lozano
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Lagares
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Microbiología e Interacciones Biológicas en el Suelo, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Salas
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - J L López
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - F J Albicoro
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - J F Nilsson
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - G A Torres Tejerizo
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - M F Luna
- CINDEFI - Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, CONICET - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Pistorio
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - J L Boiardi
- CINDEFI - Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, CONICET - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Pühler
- CeBiTec - Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - S Weidner
- CeBiTec - Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - K Niehaus
- CeBiTec - Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - A Lagares
- IBBM - Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET - Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calles 47 y 115, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
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Moore EK, Hopmans EC, Rijpstra WIC, Villanueva L, Damsté JSS. Elucidation and identification of amino acid containing membrane lipids using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:739-750. [PMID: 27281845 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Intact polar lipids (IPLs) are the building blocks of cell membranes, and amino acid containing IPLs have been observed to be involved in response to changing environmental conditions in various species of bacteria. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) has become the primary method for analysis of IPLs. Many glycerol-free amino acid containing membrane lipids (AA-IPLs), which are structurally different than abundant aminophospholipids, have not been characterized using HPLC/MS. This results in many lipids remaining unrecognized in IPL analysis of microbial cultures and environmental samples, hampering the study of their occurrence and functionality. METHODS We analyzed the amino acid containing IPLs of a number of bacteria (i.e. Gluconobacter cerinus, Cyclobacterium marinus, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and Pedobacter heparinus) in order to decipher fragmentation pathways, and explore potential novel lipid structures using HPLC/electrospray ionization ion trap MS (HPLC/ESI-IT-MS) and HPLC/high-resolution MS (HPLC/HRMS). RESULTS We report differentiation between glutamine and lysine lipids with the same nominal masses, novel MS fragmentation pathways of cytolipin, the lipopeptides cerilipin and flavolipin, head group hydroxylated ornithine lipids, and the novel identification of cerilipin with a hydroxylated fatty acid. CONCLUSIONS Non-glycerol AA lipids can be readily recognized as their fragmentation follows a clear pattern with initial dehydration or other loss from the head group, followed by fatty acid losses resulting in a diagnostic fragment ion. Higher level MSn and HRMS are valuable tools in characterizing AA lipid head group structural components.
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26
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Sandoval-Calderón M, Nguyen DD, Kapono CA, Herron P, Dorrestein PC, Sohlenkamp C. Plasticity of Streptomyces coelicolor Membrane Composition Under Different Growth Conditions and During Development. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1465. [PMID: 26733994 PMCID: PMC4686642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor is a model actinomycete that is well known for the diversity of its secondary metabolism and its complex life cycle. As a soil inhabitant, it is exposed to heterogeneous and frequently changing environmental circumstances. In the present work, we studied the effect of diverse growth conditions and phosphate depletion on its lipid profile and the relationship between membrane lipid composition and development in S. coelicolor. The lipid profile from cultures grown on solid media, which is closer to the natural habitat of this microorganism, does not resemble the previously reported lipid composition from liquid grown cultures of S. coelicolor. Wide variations were also observed across different media, growth phases, and developmental stages indicating active membrane remodeling. Ornithine lipids (OL) are phosphorus-free polar lipids that were accumulated mainly during sporulation stages, but were also major components of the membrane under phosphorus limitation. In contrast, phosphatidylethanolamine, which had been reported as one of the major polar lipids in the genus Streptomyces, is almost absent under these conditions. We identified one of the genes responsible for the synthesis of OL (SCO0921) and found that its inactivation causes the absence of OL, precocious morphological development and actinorhodin production. Our observations indicate a remarkable plasticity of the membrane composition in this bacterial species, reveal a higher metabolic complexity than expected, and suggest a relationship between cytoplasmic membrane components and the differentiation programs in S. coelicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Don D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Clifford A Kapono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Paul Herron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La JollaCA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La JollaCA, USA
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, Mexico
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27
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Fichtel K, Logemann J, Fichtel J, Rullkötter J, Cypionka H, Engelen B. Temperature and pressure adaptation of a sulfate reducer from the deep subsurface. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1078. [PMID: 26500624 PMCID: PMC4594026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial life in deep marine subsurface faces increasing temperatures and hydrostatic pressure with depth. In this study, we have examined growth characteristics and temperature-related adaptation of the Desulfovibrio indonesiensis strain P23 to the in situ pressure of 30 MPa. The strain originates from the deep subsurface of the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (IODP Site U1301). The organism was isolated at 20°C and atmospheric pressure from ~61°C-warm sediments approximately 5 m above the sediment-basement interface. In comparison to standard laboratory conditions (20°C and 0.1 MPa), faster growth was recorded when incubated at in situ pressure and high temperature (45°C), while cell filamentation was induced by further compression. The maximum growth temperature shifted from 48°C at atmospheric pressure to 50°C under high-pressure conditions. Complementary cellular lipid analyses revealed a two-step response of membrane viscosity to increasing temperature with an exchange of unsaturated by saturated fatty acids and subsequent change from branched to unbranched alkyl moieties. While temperature had a stronger effect on the degree of fatty acid saturation and restructuring of main phospholipids, pressure mainly affected branching and length of side chains. The simultaneous decrease of temperature and pressure to ambient laboratory conditions allowed the cultivation of our moderately thermophilic strain. This may in turn be one key to a successful isolation of microorganisms from the deep subsurface adapted to high temperature and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Fichtel
- Paleomicrobiology Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, OldenburgGermany
| | - Jörn Logemann
- Organic Geochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, OldenburgGermany
| | - Jörg Fichtel
- Organic Geochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, OldenburgGermany
| | - Jürgen Rullkötter
- Organic Geochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, OldenburgGermany
| | - Heribert Cypionka
- Paleomicrobiology Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, OldenburgGermany
| | - Bert Engelen
- Paleomicrobiology Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, OldenburgGermany
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28
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Moore EK, Villanueva L, Hopmans EC, Rijpstra WIC, Mets A, Dedysh SN, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Abundant Trimethylornithine Lipids and Specific Gene Sequences Are Indicative of Planctomycete Importance at the Oxic/Anoxic Interface in Sphagnum-Dominated Northern Wetlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6333-44. [PMID: 26150465 PMCID: PMC4542221 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00324-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern wetlands make up a substantial terrestrial carbon sink and are often dominated by decay-resistant Sphagnum mosses. Recent studies have shown that planctomycetes appear to be involved in degradation of Sphagnum-derived debris. Novel trimethylornithine (TMO) lipids have recently been characterized as abundant lipids in various Sphagnum wetland planctomycete isolates, but their occurrence in the environment has not yet been confirmed. We applied a combined intact polar lipid (IPL) and molecular analysis of peat cores collected from two northern wetlands (Saxnäs Mosse [Sweden] and Obukhovskoye [Russia]) in order to investigate the preferred niche and abundance of TMO-producing planctomycetes. TMOs were present throughout the profiles of Sphagnum bogs, but their concentration peaked at the oxic/anoxic interface, which coincided with a maximum abundance of planctomycete-specific 16S rRNA gene sequences. The sequences detected at the oxic/anoxic interface were affiliated with the Isosphaera group, while sequences present in the anoxic peat layers were related to an uncultured planctomycete group. Pyrosequencing-based analysis identified Planctomycetes as the major bacterial group at the oxic/anoxic interface at the Obukhovskoye peat (54% of total 16S rRNA gene sequence reads), followed by Acidobacteria (19% reads), while in the Saxnäs Mosse peat, Acidobacteria were dominant (46%), and Planctomycetes contributed to 6% of the total reads. The detection of abundant TMO lipids in planctomycetes isolated from peat bogs and the lack of TMO production by cultures of acidobacteria suggest that planctomycetes are the producers of TMOs in peat bogs. The higher accumulation of TMOs at the oxic/anoxic interface and the change in the planctomycete community with depth suggest that these IPLs could be synthesized as a response to changing redox conditions at the oxic/anoxic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli K Moore
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Villanueva
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen C Hopmans
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - W Irene C Rijpstra
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Anchelique Mets
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana N Dedysh
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Moore EK, Hopmans EC, Rijpstra WIC, Sánchez-Andrea I, Villanueva L, Wienk H, Schoutsen F, Stams AJM, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Lysine and novel hydroxylysine lipids in soil bacteria: amino acid membrane lipid response to temperature and pH in Pseudopedobacter saltans. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:637. [PMID: 26175720 PMCID: PMC4484230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial decomposition of organic matter is an essential process in the global carbon cycle. The soil bacteria Pseudopedobacter saltans and Flavobacterium johnsoniae are both able to degrade complex organic molecules, but it is not fully known how their membrane structures are adapted to their environmental niche. The membrane lipids of these species were extracted and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/ion trap/mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/IT/MS) and high resolution accurate mass/mass spectrometry (HRAM/MS). Abundant unknown intact polar lipids (IPLs) from P. saltans were isolated and further characterized using amino acid analysis and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Ornithine IPLs (OLs) with variable (hydroxy) fatty acid composition were observed in both bacterial species. Lysine-containing IPLs (LLs) were also detected in both species and were characterized here for the first time using HPLC-MS. Novel LLs containing hydroxy fatty acids and novel hydroxylysine lipids with variable (hydroxy) fatty acid composition were identified in P. saltans. The confirmation of OL and LL formation in F. johnsoniae and P. saltans and the presence of OlsF putative homologs in P. saltans suggest the OlsF gene coding protein is possibly involved in OL and LL biosynthesis in both species, however, potential pathways of OL and LL hydroxylation in P. saltans are still undetermined. Triplicate cultures of P. saltans were grown at three temperature/pH combinations: 30°C/pH 7, 15°C/pH 7, and 15°C/pH 9. The fractional abundance of total amino acid containing IPLs containing hydroxylated fatty acids was significantly higher at higher temperature, and the fractional abundance of lysine-containing IPLs was significantly higher at lower temperature and higher pH. These results suggest that these amino acid-containing IPLs, including the novel hydroxylysine lipids, could be involved in temperature and pH stress response of soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli K. Moore
- Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchTexel, Netherlands
| | - Ellen C. Hopmans
- Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchTexel, Netherlands
| | - W. Irene C. Rijpstra
- Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchTexel, Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Villanueva
- Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchTexel, Netherlands
| | - Hans Wienk
- NMR Spectroscopy Research Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Alfons J. M. Stams
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchTexel, Netherlands
- Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
Phytoplankton inhabiting oligotrophic ocean gyres actively reduce their phosphorus demand by replacing polar membrane phospholipids with those lacking phosphorus. Although the synthesis of nonphosphorus lipids is well documented in some heterotrophic bacterial lineages, phosphorus-free lipid synthesis in oligotrophic marine chemoheterotrophs has not been directly demonstrated, implying they are disadvantaged in phosphate-deplete ecosystems, relative to phytoplankton. Here, we show the SAR11 clade chemoheterotroph Pelagibacter sp. str. HTCC7211 renovates membrane lipids when phosphate starved by replacing a portion of its phospholipids with monoglucosyl- and glucuronosyl-diacylglycerols and by synthesizing new ornithine lipids. Lipid profiles of cells grown with excess phosphate consisted entirely of phospholipids. Conversely, up to 40% of the total lipids were converted to nonphosphorus lipids when cells were starved for phosphate, or when growing on methylphosphonate. Cells sequentially limited by phosphate and methylphosphonate transformed >75% of their lipids to phosphorus-free analogs. During phosphate starvation, a four-gene cluster was significantly up-regulated that likely encodes the enzymes responsible for lipid renovation. These genes were found in Pelagibacterales strains isolated from a phosphate-deficient ocean gyre, but not in other strains from coastal environments, suggesting alternate lipid synthesis is a specific adaptation to phosphate scarcity. Similar gene clusters are found in the genomes of other marine α-proteobacteria, implying lipid renovation is a common strategy used by heterotrophic cells to reduce their requirement for phosphorus in oligotrophic habitats.
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31
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Escobedo-Hinojosa WI, Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Schubotz F, Sandoval-Calderón M, Summons RE, López-Lara IM, Geiger O, Sohlenkamp C. OlsG (Sinac_1600) Is an Ornithine Lipid N-Methyltransferase from the Planctomycete Singulisphaera acidiphila. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15102-11. [PMID: 25925947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithine lipids (OLs) are phosphorus-free membrane lipids widespread in bacteria but absent from archaea and eukaryotes. In addition to the unmodified OLs, a variety of OL derivatives hydroxylated in different structural positions has been reported. Recently, methylated derivatives of OLs were described in several planctomycetes isolated from a peat bog in Northern Russia, although the gene/enzyme responsible for the N-methylation of OL remained obscure. Here we identify and characterize the OL N-methyltransferase OlsG (Sinac_1600) from the planctomycete Singulisphaera acidiphila. When OlsG is co-expressed with the OL synthase OlsF in Escherichia coli, methylated OL derivatives are formed. An in vitro characterization shows that OlsG is responsible for the 3-fold methylation of the terminal δ-nitrogen of OL. Methylation is dependent on the presence of the detergent Triton X-100 and the methyldonor S-adenosylmethionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Itzel Escobedo-Hinojosa
- From the Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62210, Mexico and
| | - Miguel Ángel Vences-Guzmán
- From the Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62210, Mexico and
| | - Florence Schubotz
- the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02144
| | - Mario Sandoval-Calderón
- From the Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62210, Mexico and
| | - Roger E Summons
- the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02144
| | - Isabel María López-Lara
- From the Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62210, Mexico and
| | - Otto Geiger
- From the Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62210, Mexico and
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- From the Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62210, Mexico and
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Sohlenkamp C, Geiger O. Bacterial membrane lipids: diversity in structures and pathways. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:133-59. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Guan Z, Escobedo-Hinojosa WI, Bermúdez-Barrientos JR, Geiger O, Sohlenkamp C. Discovery of a bifunctional acyltransferase responsible for ornithine lipid synthesis in Serratia proteamaculans. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1487-96. [PMID: 25040623 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine lipids (OLs) are phosphorus-free membrane lipids that can be formed by many bacteria but that are absent from archaea and eukaryotes. A function for OLs in stress conditions and in host-bacteria interactions has been shown in some bacteria. Some bacterial species have been described that can form OLs, but lack the known genes (olsBA) involved in its biosynthesis, which implied the existence of a second pathway. Here we describe the bifunctional protein OlsF from Serratia proteamaculans involved in OL formation. Expression of OlsF and its homologue from Flavobacterium johnsoniae in Escherichia coli causes OL formation. Deletion of OlsF in S. proteamaculans caused the absence of OL formation. Homologues of OlsF are widely distributed among γ-, δ- and ε-Proteobacteria and in the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroidetes group of bacteria, including several well-studied pathogens for which the presence of OLs has not been suspected, such as for example Vibrio cholerae and Klebsiella pneumonia. Using genomic data, we predict that about 50% of bacterial species can form OLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
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Aktas M, Danne L, Möller P, Narberhaus F. Membrane lipids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens: biosynthetic pathways and importance for pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:109. [PMID: 24723930 PMCID: PMC3972451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular processes critically depend on the membrane composition. In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis and physiological roles of membrane lipids in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The major components of A. tumefaciens membranes are the phospholipids (PLs), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cardiolipin, and ornithine lipids (OLs). Under phosphate-limited conditions, the membrane composition shifts to phosphate-free lipids like glycolipids, OLs and a betaine lipid. Remarkably, PC and OLs have opposing effects on virulence of A. tumefaciens. OL-lacking A. tumefaciens mutants form tumors on the host plant earlier than the wild type suggesting a reduced host defense response in the absence of OLs. In contrast, A. tumefaciens is compromised in tumor formation in the absence of PC. In general, PC is a rare component of bacterial membranes but amount to ~22% of all PLs in A. tumefaciens. PC biosynthesis occurs via two pathways. The phospholipid N-methyltransferase PmtA methylates PE via the intermediates monomethyl-PE and dimethyl-PE to PC. In the second pathway, the membrane-integral enzyme PC synthase (Pcs) condenses choline with CDP-diacylglycerol to PC. Apart from the virulence defect, PC-deficient A. tumefaciens pmtA and pcs double mutants show reduced motility, enhanced biofilm formation and increased sensitivity towards detergent and thermal stress. In summary, there is cumulative evidence that the membrane lipid composition of A. tumefaciens is critical for agrobacterial physiology and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franz Narberhaus
- *Correspondence: Franz Narberhaus, Microbial Biology, Department for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, NDEF 06/783, 44780 Bochum, Germany e-mail:
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Abstract
Rhizobia are bacteria in the α-proteobacterial genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Azorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium that reduce (fix) atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with a compatible host plant. In free-living and/or symbiotically associated rhizobia, amino acids may, in addition to their incorporation into proteins, serve as carbon, nitrogen or sulfur sources, signals of cellular nitrogen status and precursors of important metabolites. Depending on the rhizobia-host plant combination, microsymbiont amino acid metabolism (biosynthesis, transport and/or degradation) is often crucial to the establishment and maintenance of an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis and is intimately interconnected with the metabolism of the plant. This review summarizes past findings and current research directions in rhizobial amino acid metabolism and evaluates the genetic, biochemical and genome expression studies from which these are derived. Specific sections deal with the regulation of rhizobial amino acid metabolism, amino acid transport, and finally the symbiotic roles of individual amino acids in different plant-rhizobia combinations.
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Novel mono-, di-, and trimethylornithine membrane lipids in northern wetland planctomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6874-84. [PMID: 23995937 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02169-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern peatlands represent a significant global carbon store and commonly originate from Sphagnum moss-dominated wetlands. These ombrotrophic ecosystems are rain fed, resulting in nutrient-poor, acidic conditions. Members of the bacterial phylum Planctomycetes are highly abundant and appear to play an important role in the decomposition of Sphagnum-derived litter in these ecosystems. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRAM/MS) analysis of lipid extracts of four isolated planctomycetes from wetlands of European north Russia revealed novel ornithine membrane lipids (OLs) that are mono-, di-, and trimethylated at the ε-nitrogen position of the ornithine head group. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the isolated trimethylornithine lipid confirmed the structural identification. Similar fatty acid distributions between mono-, di-, and trimethylornithine lipids suggest that the three lipid classes are biosynthetically linked, as in the sequential methylation of the terminal nitrogen in phosphatidylethanolamine to produce phosphatidylcholine. The mono-, di-, and trimethylornithine lipids described here represent the first report of methylation of the ornithine head groups in biological membranes. Various bacteria are known to produce OLs under phosphorus limitation or fatty-acid-hydroxylated OLs under thermal or acid stress. The sequential methylation of OLs, leading to a charged choline-like moiety in the trimethylornithine lipid head group, may be an adaptation to provide membrane stability under acidic conditions without the use of scarce phosphate in nutrient-poor ombrotrophic wetlands.
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Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Guan Z, Bermúdez-Barrientos JR, Geiger O, Sohlenkamp C. Agrobacteria lacking ornithine lipids induce more rapid tumour formation. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:895-906. [PMID: 22958119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ornithine lipids (OLs) are phosphorus-free membrane lipids that are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria. Their basic structure consists of a 3-hydroxy fatty acyl group attached in amide linkage to the α-amino group of ornithine and a second fatty acyl group ester-linked to the 3-hydroxy position of the first fatty acid. It has been shown that OLs can be hydroxylated within the amide-linked fatty acyl moiety, the secondary fatty acyl moiety or within the ornithine moiety. These modifications have been related to increased stress tolerance and symbiotic proficiency in different organisms such as Rhizobium tropici or Burkholderia cenocepacia. Analysing the membrane lipid composition of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens we noticed that it forms two different OLs. In the present work we studied if OLs play a role in stress tolerance and pathogenicity in A. tumefaciens. Mutants deficient in the OLs biosynthesis genes olsB or olsE were constructed and characterized. They either completely lack OLs (ΔolsB) or only form the unmodified OL (ΔolsE). Here we present a characterization of both OL mutants under stress conditions and in a plant transformation assay using potato tuber discs. Surprisingly, the lack of agrobacterial OLs promotes earlier tumour formation on the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
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Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Geiger O, Sohlenkamp C. Ornithine lipids and their structural modifications: from A to E and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 335:1-10. [PMID: 22724388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithine lipids (OLs) are phosphorus-free membrane lipids that are widespread in eubacteria, but absent from archaea and eukaryotes. They contain a 3-hydroxy fatty acyl group attached in amide linkage to the α-amino group of the amino acid ornithine. A second fatty acyl group is ester-linked to the 3-hydroxy position of the first fatty acid. About 25% of the bacterial species whose genomes have been sequenced are predicted to have the capacity to form OLs. Distinct OL hydroxylations have been described in the ester-linked fatty acid, the amide-linked fatty acid, and the ornithine moiety. These modifications often seem to form part of a bacterial stress response to changing environmental conditions, allowing the bacteria to adjust membrane properties by simply modifying already existing membrane lipids without the need to synthesize new lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Estrada-de los Santos P, Martínez-Aguilar L, López-Lara IM, Caballero-Mellado J. Cupriavidus alkaliphilus sp. nov., a new species associated with agricultural plants that grow in alkaline soils. Syst Appl Microbiol 2012; 35:310-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chan LK, Newton RJ, Sharma S, Smith CB, Rayapati P, Limardo AJ, Meile C, Moran MA. Transcriptional changes underlying elemental stoichiometry shifts in a marine heterotrophic bacterium. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 22783226 PMCID: PMC3390766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria drive the biogeochemical processing of oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a 750-Tg C reservoir that is a critical component of the global C cycle. Catabolism of DOC is thought to be regulated by the biomass composition of heterotrophic bacteria, as cells maintain a C:N:P ratio of ∼50:10:1 during DOC processing. Yet a complicating factor in stoichiometry-based analyses is that bacteria can change the C:N:P ratio of their biomass in response to resource composition. We investigated the physiological mechanisms of resource-driven shifts in biomass stoichiometry in continuous cultures of the marine heterotrophic bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi (a member of the Roseobacter clade) under four element limitation regimes (C, N, P, and S). Microarray analysis indicated that the bacterium scavenged for alternate sources of the scarce element when cells were C-, N-, or P-limited; reworked the ratios of biomolecules when C- and P- limited; and exerted tighter control over import/export and cytoplasmic pools when N-limited. Under S limitation, a scenario not existing naturally for surface ocean microbes, stress responses dominated transcriptional changes. Resource-driven changes in C:N ratios of up to 2.5-fold and in C:P ratios of up to sixfold were measured in R. pomeroyi biomass. These changes were best explained if the C and P content of the cells was flexible in the face of shifting resources but N content was not, achieved through the net balance of different transcriptional strategies. The cellular-level metabolic trade-offs that govern biomass stoichiometry in R. pomeroyi may have implications for global carbon cycling if extendable to other heterotrophic bacteria. Strong homeostatic responses to N limitation by marine bacteria would intensify competition with autotrophs. Modification of cellular inventories in C- and P-limited heterotrophs would vary the elemental ratio of particulate organic matter sequestered in the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong-Keat Chan
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Ryan J. Newton
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shalabh Sharma
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Christa B. Smith
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Christof Meile
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Moran
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
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González-Silva N, López-Lara IM, Reyes-Lamothe R, Taylor AM, Sumpton D, Thomas-Oates J, Geiger O. The dioxygenase-encoding olsD gene from Burkholderia cenocepacia causes the hydroxylation of the amide-linked fatty acyl moiety of ornithine-containing membrane lipids. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6396-408. [PMID: 21707055 DOI: 10.1021/bi200706v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an important opportunistic pathogen, and one of the most striking features of the Burkholderia genus is the collection of polar lipids present in its membrane, including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ornithine-containing lipids (OLs), as well as the 2-hydroxylated derivatives of PE and OLs (2-OH-PE and 2-OH-OLs, respectively), which differ from the standard versions by virtue of the presence of a hydroxyl group at C2 (2-OH) of an esterified fatty acyl residue. Similarly, a lipid A-esterified myristoyl group from Salmonella typhimurium can have a 2-hydroxy modification that is due to the LpxO enzyme. We thus postulated that 2-hydroxylation of 2-OH-OLs might be catalyzed by a novel dioxygenase homologue of LpxO. In B. cenocepacia, we have now identified two open reading frames (BCAM1214 and BCAM2401) homologous to LpxO from S. typhimurium. The introduction of bcam2401 (designated olsD) into Sinorhizobium meliloti leads to the formation of one new lipid and in B. cenocepacia of two new lipids. Surprisingly, the lipid modifications on OLs due to OlsD occur on the amide-linked fatty acyl chain. This is the first report of a hydroxyl modification of OLs on the amide-linked fatty acyl moiety. Formation of hydroxylated OLs occurs only when the biosynthesis pathway for nonmodified standard OLs is intact. The hydroxyl modification of OLs on the amide-linked fatty acyl moiety occurs only under acid stress conditions. An assay has been developed for the OlsD dioxygenase, and an initial characterization of the enzyme is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napoleón González-Silva
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP62251, Mexico
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Lewenza S, Falsafi R, Bains M, Rohs P, Stupak J, Sprott GD, Hancock REW. The olsA gene mediates the synthesis of an ornithine lipid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions, but is not involved in antimicrobial peptide susceptibility. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 320:95-102. [PMID: 21535098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa responds to phosphate limitation by inducing the expression of phosphate transport systems, phosphatases, hemolysins and a DNase, many of which are important for virulence. Here we report that under phosphate-limiting conditions, P. aeruginosa produces a phosphate-free ornithine lipid (OL) as the primary membrane lipid. The olsBA (PA4350-PA4351) genes were highly induced under phosphate-limiting conditions. The production and structure of the OL was confirmed by MS, revealing diagnostic fragment ions and mainly C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 dialkyl chains. It was shown that olsA is required for production of these lipids and genetic complementation of the olsA∷lux mutant restored OL production. Studies in other bacteria have correlated increased resistance to antimicrobial peptides with the production of OLs. Here it was demonstrated that resistance to antimicrobial peptides increased under phosphate-limiting conditions, but OLs were not required for this increased resistance. OL production was also not required for virulence in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. The production of OLs is a strategy to reduce phosphate utilization in the membrane, but mutants unable to produce OLs have no observable phenotype with respect to growth, antibiotic resistance or virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Lewenza
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Guan Z, Ormeño-Orrillo E, González-Silva N, López-Lara IM, Martínez-Romero E, Geiger O, Sohlenkamp C. Hydroxylated ornithine lipids increase stress tolerance in Rhizobium tropici CIAT899. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:1496-514. [PMID: 21205018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ornithine lipids (OLs) are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria. Their basic structure consists of a 3-hydroxy fatty acyl group attached in amide linkage to the α-amino group of ornithine and a second fatty acyl group ester-linked to the 3-hydroxy position of the first fatty acid. OLs can be hydroxylated within the secondary fatty acyl moiety and this modification has been related to increased stress tolerance. Rhizobium tropici, a nodule-forming α-proteobacterium known for its stress tolerance, forms four different OLs. Studies of the function of these OLs have been hampered due to lack of knowledge about their biosynthesis. Here we describe that OL biosynthesis increases under acid stress and that OLs are enriched in the outer membrane. Using a functional expression screen, the OL hydroxylase OlsE was identified, which in combination with the OL hydroxylase OlsC is responsible for the synthesis of modified OLs in R. tropici. Unlike described OL hydroxylations, the OlsE-catalysed hydroxylation occurs within the ornithine moiety. Mutants deficient in OlsE or OlsC and double mutants deficient in OlsC/OlsE were characterized. R. tropici mutants deficient in OlsC-mediated OL hydroxylation are more susceptible to acid and temperature stress. All three mutants lacking OL hydroxylases are affected during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
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A processive glycosyltransferase involved in glycolipid synthesis during phosphate deprivation in Mesorhizobium loti. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1377-84. [PMID: 21239587 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00768-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural habitats are often characterized by a low availability of phosphate. In plants and many bacteria, phosphate deficiency causes different physiological responses, including the replacement of phosphoglycerolipids in the membranes with nonphosphorous lipids. We describe here a processive glycosyltransferase (Pgt) in Mesorhizobium loti (Rhizobiales) involved in the synthesis of di- and triglycosyldiacylglycerols (DGlycD and TGlycD) during phosphate deprivation. Cells of the corresponding Δpgt deletion mutant are deficient in DGlycD and TGlycD. Additional Pgt-independent lipids accumulate in Mesorhizobium after phosphate starvation, including diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) and ornithine lipid (OL). The accumulation of the nonphosphorous lipids during phosphate deprivation leads to the reduction of phosphoglycerolipids from 90 to 50%. Nodulation experiments of Mesorhizobium wild type and the Δpgt mutant with its host plant, Lotus japonicus, revealed that DGlycD and TGlycD are not essential for nodulation under phosphate-replete or -deficient conditions. Lipid measurements showed that the Pgt-independent lipids including OL and DGTS accumulate to higher proportions in the Δpgt mutant and therefore might functionally replace DGlycD and TGlycD during phosphate deprivation.
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Palacios-Chaves L, Conde-Álvarez R, Gil-Ramírez Y, Zúñiga-Ripa A, Barquero-Calvo E, Chacón-Díaz C, Chaves-Olarte E, Arce-Gorvel V, Gorvel JP, Moreno E, de Miguel MJ, Grilló MJ, Moriyón I, Iriarte M. Brucella abortus ornithine lipids are dispensable outer membrane components devoid of a marked pathogen-associated molecular pattern. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16030. [PMID: 21249206 PMCID: PMC3017556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brucellae are α-Proteobacteria facultative intracellular parasites that cause an important zoonosis. These bacteria escape early detection by innate immunity, an ability associated to the absence of marked pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the cell envelope lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins and flagellin. We show here that, in contrast to the outer membrane ornithine lipids (OL) of other Gram negative bacteria, Brucella abortus OL lack a marked pathogen-associated molecular pattern activity. We identified two OL genes (olsB and olsA) and by generating the corresponding mutants found that olsB deficient B. abortus did not synthesize OL or their lyso-OL precursors. Liposomes constructed with B. abortus OL did not trigger IL-6 or TNF-α release by macrophages whereas those constructed with Bordetella pertussis OL and the olsB mutant lipids as carriers were highly active. The OL deficiency in the olsB mutant did not promote proinflammatory responses or generated attenuation in mice. In addition, OL deficiency did not increase sensitivity to polymyxins, normal serum or complement consumption, or alter the permeability to antibiotics and dyes. Taken together, these observations indicate that OL have become dispensable in the extant brucellae and are consistent within the trend observed in α-Proteobacteria animal pathogens to reduce and eventually eliminate the envelope components susceptible of recognition by innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Palacios-Chaves
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Gil-Ramírez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Vilma Arce-Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, INSERM U631, CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, INSERM U631, CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - María-Jesús de Miguel
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Grilló
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Geiger O, González-Silva N, López-Lara IM, Sohlenkamp C. Amino acid-containing membrane lipids in bacteria. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A shotgun lipidomics study of a putative lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase (PlsC) in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2873-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Bühring SI, Smittenberg RH, Sachse D, Lipp JS, Golubic S, Sachs JP, Hinrichs KU, Summons RE. A hypersaline microbial mat from the Pacific Atoll Kiritimati: insights into composition and carbon fixation using biomarker analyses and a 13C-labeling approach. GEOBIOLOGY 2009; 7:308-323. [PMID: 19476506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Modern microbial mats are widely recognized as useful analogs for the study of biogeochemical processes relevant to paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Precambrian. We combined microscopic observations and investigations of biomarker composition to investigate community structure and function in the upper layers of a thick phototrophic microbial mat system from a hypersaline lake on Kiritimati (Christmas Island) in the Northern Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati. In particular, an exploratory incubation experiment with (13)C-labeled bicarbonate was conducted to pinpoint biomarkers from organisms actively fixing carbon. A high relative abundance of the cyanobacterial taxa Aphanocapsa and Aphanothece was revealed by microscopic observation, and cyanobacterial fatty acids and hydrocarbons showed (13)C-uptake in the labeling experiment. Microscopic observations also revealed purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) in the deeper layers. A cyclic C(19:0) fatty acid and farnesol were attributed to this group that was also actively fixing carbon. Background isotopic values indicate Calvin-Benson cycle-based autotrophy for cycC(19:0) and farnesol-producing PSBs. Biomarkers from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the top layer of the mat and their (13)C-uptake patterns indicated a close coupling between SRBs and cyanobacteria. Archaeol, possibly from methanogens, was detected in all layers and was especially abundant near the surface where it contained substantial amounts of (13)C-label. Intact glycosidic tetraether lipids detected in the deepest layer indicated other archaea. Large amounts of ornithine and betaine bearing intact polar lipids could be an indicator of a phosphate-limited ecosystem, where organisms that are able to substitute these for phospholipids may have a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Bühring
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Van Mooy BAS, Fredricks HF, Pedler BE, Dyhrman ST, Karl DM, Koblížek M, Lomas MW, Mincer TJ, Moore LR, Moutin T, Rappé MS, Webb EA. Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity. Nature 2009; 458:69-72. [PMID: 19182781 DOI: 10.1038/nature07659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang X, Ferguson-Miller SM, Reid GE. Characterization of ornithine and glutamine lipids extracted from cell membranes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:198-212. [PMID: 18835523 PMCID: PMC2779474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The identification and structural characterization of a series of ornithine lipids extracted from the cell membranes of wild-type Rhodobacter sphaeroides, as well as from a glycerophosphocholine-deficient strain, have been achieved by multistage tandem mass spectrometry of their protonated and deprotonated precursor ions in a linear quadrupole ion trap. Systematic examination of the multistage gas-phase fragmentation reactions of these ions, combined with the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange, has enabled the pathways responsible for sequential losses of the 3-hydroxy linked fatty acyl chain and the amide linked 3-OH fatty acyl chain from these lipids, as well as for formation of the previously reported ornithine specific positively charged "fingerprint" ion at m/z 115, to be determined. Additionally, the fragmentation pathways responsible for formation of a previously unreported ornithine lipid head group-specific product ion at m/z 131 in negative ion mode have been examined. Based on these results, and by comparison with the fragmentation behavior of model lipoamino acid standard compounds, a series of novel glutamine containing lipids have also been identified, with analogous structures but with masses 14 Da higher than those of several of the ornithine lipids observed in this study. Characteristic "fingerprint" ions indicative of these glutamine lipids were found at m/z 147, 130, and 129 in positive ion mode and at m/z 145 and 127 in negative ion mode. The results from this study establish an experimental basis for future efforts aimed at the sensitive identification, characterization, and quantitative analysis of ornithine and glutamine lipids in complex unfractionated cellular extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | | | - Gavin E. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Corresponding Author, Department of Chemistry, 229 Chemistry Building, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA, Phone: (517)-355-9715 x198. Fax: (517)-353-1793.
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