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Murphey CP, Shulgach JA, Amin PR, Douglas NK, Bielanin JP, Sampson JT, Horn CC, Yates BJ. Physiological changes associated with copper sulfate-induced nausea and retching in felines. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1077207. [PMID: 36744037 PMCID: PMC9892644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1077207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea is a common disease symptom, yet there is no consensus regarding its physiological markers. In contrast, the process of vomiting is well documented as sequential muscular contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles and esophageal shortening. Nausea, like other self-reported perceptions, is difficult to distinguish in preclinical models, but based on human experience emesis is usually preceded by nausea. Here we focused on measuring gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory changes prior to emesis to provide additional insights into markers for nausea. Felines were instrumented to chronically record heart rate, respiration, and electromyographic (EMG) activity from the stomach and duodenum before and after intragastric delivery of saline or copper sulfate (CuSO4, from 83 to 322 mg). CuSO4 is a prototypical emetic test agent that triggers vomiting primarily by action on GI vagal afferent fibers when administered intragastrically. CuSO4 infusion elicited a significant increase in heart rate, decrease in respiratory rate, and a disruption of gastric and intestinal EMG activity several minutes prior to emesis. The change in EMG activity was most consistent in the duodenum. Administration of the same volume of saline did not induce these effects. Increasing the dose of CuSO4 did not alter the physiologic changes induced by the treatment. It is postulated that the intestinal EMG activity was related to the retrograde movement of chyme from the intestine to the stomach demonstrated to occur prior to emesis by other investigators. These findings suggest that monitoring of intestinal EMG activity, perhaps in combination with heart rate, may provide the best indicator of the onset of nausea following treatments and in disease conditions, including GI disease, associated with emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P. Murphey
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Shulgach
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pooja R. Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nerone K. Douglas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John P. Bielanin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jacob T. Sampson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Bill J. Yates,
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Zhao Q, Ning BF, Zhou JY, Wang J, Yao YJ, Peng ZY, Yuan ZL, Chen JD, Xie WF. Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation Ameliorates Motion Sickness Induced by Rotary Chair in Healthy Subjects: A Prospective Randomized Crossover Study. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:1421-1430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mittelstaedt JM. Individual predictors of the susceptibility for motion-related sickness: A systematic review. J Vestib Res 2020; 30:165-193. [DOI: 10.3233/ves-200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Snodgrass P, Sandoval H, Calhoun VD, Ramos-Duran L, Song G, Sun Y, Alvarado B, Bashashati M, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW. Central Nervous System Mechanisms of Nausea in Gastroparesis: An fMRI-Based Case-Control Study. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:551-556. [PMID: 31494751 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nausea is a major complaint of gastroparesis (GP), and the pathophysiology of this condition is poorly understood. Therefore, this study utilized fMRI to investigate the possible central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms of nausea in 10 GP patients versus 8 healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Nausea severity was assessed on a 0-10 scale and presented as mean ± SD. Nausea was increased from baseline utilizing up to 30 min of visual stimulation (VS). Functional network connectivity was measured with fMRI at baseline and after 30 min of VS. fMRI data were preprocessed using statistical parametric mapping software. Thirty-four independent components were identified as meaningful resting-state networks (RSNs) by group independent component analysis. The Functional Network Connectivity (FNC) among 5 RSNs considered important in CNS nausea mechanisms was calculated as the Pearson's pairwise correlation. RESULTS Baseline nausea score in GP patients was 2.7 ± 2.0 and increased to 7.0 ± 1.5 after stimulation (P < 0.01). In HCs nausea scores did not increase from baseline after stimulus (0.3 ± 0.5). When comparing GP patients to HCs after VS, a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in bilateral insula network connectivity compared to the right insula network was detected. No significant differences in connectivity were noted among the other RSNs. Additionally, the average gray matter volume was non-significantly reduced in the insula in GP patients compared to HC. CONCLUSIONS The insula connectivity network is impaired in nauseated GP patients. This phenomenon could explain the susceptibility of GP patients to nausea or may have resulted from a state of chronic nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Snodgrass
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Hugo Sandoval
- Department of Radiology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, 55 Park Pl, 18th Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSC01 1100, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Luis Ramos-Duran
- Department of Radiology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Gengqing Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Ave., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Ave., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Ben Alvarado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Ave., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Mohammad Bashashati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Ave., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Irene Sarosiek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Ave., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Ave., El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
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Song G, Sun Y, Bashashati M, Quezada A, Sigaroodi S, Sarosiek I, Chen JDZ, McCallum RW. Efficacy of needleless transcutaneous electroacupuncture in synchronization with breathing for symptomatic idiopathic gastroparesis: A blinded and controlled acute treatment trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13361. [PMID: 29745434 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Needleless transcutaneous electroacupuncture (TEA) improves nausea and myoelectrical activity in diabetic gastroparesis (GP). Synchronized TEA (STEA), which combines synchronized breathing with TEA, is more potent than TEA in enhancing vagal activity in healthy subjects. AIMS To investigate whether STEA improves symptoms, electrogastrogram (EGG) and vagal activity in idiopathic gastroparesis (IGP). METHODS Eighteen IGP subjects underwent 2 randomized visits (sham at non-acupoints or real STEA at acupoints) consisted of a 30-minute baseline, an Ensure challenge to provoke nausea, followed by 60-minute treatment with sham or real STEA, and 15-minute observation period. Severity of nausea, EGG, and vagal activity (based on electrocardiogram and serum Pancreatic Polypeptide, PP) were recorded. RESULTS In sham or STEA, the nausea scores of 2.7 ± 0.5 and 1.9 ± 0.5 at fasting baseline, respectively, increased to 5.9 ± 0.4 and 5.8 ± 0.3 during Ensure test (P < .05, vs baseline), subsequently reduced to 3.4 ± 0.6 with sham or 3.6 ± 0.6 with STEA, respectively (P < .05, vs Ensure period). Experiments with sham and STEA started with similar % of normal waves on EGG (66.4 ± 3.9 and 61.8 ± 3.0, respectively); decreased to 63. 5 ± 4.1 and 58.2 ± 2.8 during the Ensure test. After STEA, there was ~24% increase in % of normal waves, significantly different from the sham (6.0%) (P < .01). In sham or STEA, vagal activity was identical at baseline and after the Ensure. STEA induced a 3-fold increase in vagal activity compared with sham (P < .01). Ensure increased serum PP levels, and both treatments decreased the PP CONCLUSIONS: In IGP, STEA is not superior to Sham in decreasing nausea, but is more effective in improving gastric dysrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Song
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Y Sun
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - M Bashashati
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - A Quezada
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - S Sigaroodi
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - I Sarosiek
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - J D Z Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center of Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R W McCallum
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
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Sarosiek I, Song G, Sun Y, Sandoval H, Sands S, Chen J, McCallum RW. Central and Peripheral Effects of Transcutaneous Acupuncture Treatment for Nausea in Patients with Diabetic Gastroparesis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:245-253. [PMID: 28163260 PMCID: PMC5383119 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Nausea, an unpleasant symptom of diabetic gastroparesis (DMGP), has been reported to be alleviated by needleless transcutaneous electrical acupuncture (TEA). Our study was designed to utilize electroencephalography (EEG) and electrogastrography (EGG) recordings to investigate the central and peripheral responses of TEA in the treatment of nausea in DMGP patients. Methods Eleven DMGP subjects underwent simultaneous EEG and EGG testing while grading the severity of nausea following 30-minute intervals of: (1) baseline, (2) visual stimulation (VS) to provoke more nausea, (3) active VS together with TEA, and (4) TEA alone, and a final 15-minute recording without any intervention. Results The nausea score was increased to 5.9 ± 1.5 with VS (P < 0.05, vs 3.5 ± 1.0 at baseline), then reduced to 3.5 ± 1.2 with VS plus TEA, and to 2.5 ± 1.3 with TEA alone, while it continued at a score of 2.9 ± 1.0 post TEA (all significant, P < 0.05, vs VS without TEA). The mean percentage of normal gastric slow waves was decreased to 60.0 ± 5.7% with VS (P < 0.05, vs 66.6 ± 4.5% at baseline), then improved to 69.2 ± 4.8% with VS plus TEA, and maintained at 70 ± 3.6% with TEA alone. During initial VS, EEG signals showed right inferior frontal activity as the prominent finding, but during VS with TEA, left inferior frontal activity predominated. Conclusions In DMGP, TEA improves gastric dysrhythmia and ameliorates nausea. TEA treatment of nausea provoked by VS resulted in a change of dominance from right to left inferior frontal lobe activity. These data provide new understandings of peripheral and central mechanisms for nausea, and potential future directions for DMGP treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sarosiek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Gengqing Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Hugo Sandoval
- Center of Excellence of Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Sands
- Center of Excellence of Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jiande Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Center of Neurogastroenterology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
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Zhou W, Wang J, Pan L, Qi R, Liu P, Liu J, Cai Y. Sex and Age Differences in Motion Sickness in Rats: The Correlation with Blood Hormone Responses and Neuronal Activation in the Vestibular and Autonomic Nuclei. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:29. [PMID: 28261089 PMCID: PMC5309225 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated sex and age differences in motion sickness, but the underlying physiological basis is still in controversy. In the present study, we tried to investigate the potential correlates of endocrine and/or neuronal activity with sex and age differences in rats with motion sickness. LiCl-induced nausea symptom was evaluated by conditioned gaping. Motion sickness was assessed by measurement of autonomic responses (i.e., conditioned gaping and defecation responses), motor impairments (i.e., hypoactivity and balance disturbance) after Ferris wheel-like rotation, and blood hormone levels and central Fos protein expression was also observed. We found that rotation-induced conditioned gaping, defecation responses and motor disorders were significantly attenuated in middle-aged animals (13- and 14-month-age) compared with adolescents (1- and 2-month-age) and young-adults (4- and/or 5-month-age). LiCl-induced conditioned gapings were also decreased with age, but was less pronounced than rotation-induced ones. Females showed greater responses in defecation and spontaneous locomotor activity during adolescents and/or young-adult period. Blood adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone significantly increased in 4-month-old males after rotation compared with static controls. No significant effect of rotation was observed in norepinephrine, epinephrine, β-endorphin and arginine-vasopressin levels. The middle-aged animals (13-month-age) also had higher number of rotation-induced Fos-labeled neurons in the spinal vestibular nucleus, the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), the central and medial nucleus of amygdala (CeA and MeA) compared with adolescents (1-month-age) and young-adults (4-month-age) and in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) compared with adolescents (1-month-age). Sex difference in rotation-induced Fos-labeling was observed in the PBN, the NTS, the locus ceruleus and the paraventricular hypothalamus nucleus at 4 and/or 13 months of age. These results suggested that the sex and age differences in motion sickness may not correlate with stress hormone responses and habituation. The age-dependent decline in motion sickness susceptibility might be mainly attributed to the neuronal activity changes in vestibulo-autonomic pathways contributing to homeostasis regulation during motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Junqin Wang
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Leilei Pan
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Ruirui Qi
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Jiluo Liu
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Yiling Cai
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
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Balaban CD, Yates BJ. What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views. Auton Neurosci 2016; 202:5-17. [PMID: 27450627 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The connotation of "nausea" has changed across several millennia. The medical term 'nausea' is derived from the classical Greek terms ναυτια and ναυσια, which designated the signs and symptoms of seasickness. In classical texts, nausea referred to a wide range of perceptions and actions, including lethargy and disengagement, headache (migraine), and anorexia, with an awareness that vomiting was imminent only when the condition was severe. However, some recent articles have limited the definition to the sensations that immediately precede emesis. Defining nausea is complicated by the fact that it has many triggers, and can build-up slowly or rapidly, such that the prodromal signs and symptoms can vary. In particular, disengagement responses referred to as the "sopite syndrome" are typically present only when emetic stimuli are moderately provocative, and do not quickly culminate in vomiting or withdrawing from the triggering event. This review considers how the definition of "nausea" has evolved over time, and summarizes the physiological changes that occur prior to vomiting that may be indicative of nausea. Also described are differences in the perception of nausea, as well as the accompanying physiological responses, that occur with varying stimuli. This information is synthesized to provide an operational definition of nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey D Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Lu Z, Percie Du Sert N, Chan SW, Yeung CK, Lin G, Yew DTW, Andrews PLR, Rudd JA. Differential hypoglycaemic, anorectic, autonomic and emetic effects of the glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist, exendin-4, in the conscious telemetered ferret. J Transl Med 2014; 12:327. [PMID: 25491123 PMCID: PMC4272567 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rodents are incapable of emesis and consequently the emetic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists in studies designed to assess a potential blood glucose lowering action of the compound was missed. Therefore, we investigated if the ferret, a carnivore with demonstrated translation capability in emesis research, would identify the emetic potential of the GLP-1R agonist, exendin-4, and any associated effects on gastric motor function, appetite and cardiovascular homeostasis. Methods The biological activity of the GLP-1R ligands was investigated in vivo using a glucose tolerance test in pentobarbitone-anesthetised ferrets and in vitro using organ bath studies. Radiotelemetry was used to investigate the effect of exendin-4 on gastric myoelectric activity (GMA) and cardiovascular function in conscious ferrets; behaviour was also simultaneously assessed. Western blot was used to characterize GLP-1R distribution in the gastrointestinal and brain tissues. Results In anesthetised ferrets, exendin-4 (30 nmol/kg, s.c.) reduced experimentally elevated blood glucose levels by 36.3%, whereas the GLP-1R antagonist, exendin (9–39) (300 nmol/kg, s.c.) antagonised the effect and increased AUC0–120 by 31.0% when injected alone (P < 0.05). In animals with radiotelemetry devices, exendin-4 (100 nmol/kg, s.c.) induced emesis in 1/9 ferrets, but inhibited food intake and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) in all animals (P < 0.05). In the animals not exhibiting emesis, there was no effect on GMA, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, or core body temperature. In the ferret exhibiting emesis, there was a shift in the GMA towards bradygastria with a decrease in power, and a concomitant decrease in HRV. Western blot revealed GLP-1R throughout the gastrointestinal tract but exendin-4 (up to 300 nM) and exendin (9–39), failed to contract or relax isolated ferret gut tissues. GLP-1R were found in all major brain regions and the levels were comparable those in the vagus nerve. Conclusions Peripherally administered exendin-4 reduced blood glucose and inhibited feeding with a low emetic potential similar to that in humans (11% vs 12.8%). A disrupted GMA only occurred in the animal exhibiting emesis raising the possibility that disruption of the GMA may influence the probability of emesis occurring in response to treatment with GLP-1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | | | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Chi-Kong Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - David T W Yew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK.
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Lackner JR, Dizio P. Space motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 2006; 175:377-99. [PMID: 17021896 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Motion sickness remains a persistent problem in spaceflight. The present review summarizes available knowledge concerning the incidence and onset of space motion sickness and aspects of the physiology of motion sickness. Proposed etiological factors in the elicitation of space motion sickness are evaluated including fluid shifts, head movements, visual orientation illusions, Coriolis cross-coupling stimulation, and otolith asymmetries. Current modes of treating space motion sickness are described. Theoretical models and proposed ground-based paradigms for understanding and studying space motion sickness are critically analyzed. Prediction tests and questionnaires for assessing susceptibility to space motion sickness and their limitations are discussed. We conclude that space motion sickness does represent a form of motion sickness and that it does not represent a unique diagnostic entity. Motion sickness arises when movements are made during exposure to unusual force backgrounds both higher and lower in magnitude than 1 g earth gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lackner
- Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.
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Li X, Jiang ZL, Wang GH, Fan JW. Plasma vasopressin, an etiologic factor of motion sickness in rat and human? Neuroendocrinology 2005; 81:351-9. [PMID: 16230861 DOI: 10.1159/000088991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is considered as an etiologic hormone in motion sickness. However, the possible role of plasma AVP in motion sickness is still controversial. A number of studies have found a gender difference in susceptibility to motion sickness in humans and experimental animals, with female subjects being more susceptible. However, the existence of a gender difference in the AVP response to motion sickness is not known. This study was designed to verify the assumption that plasma vasopressin plays a role in motion sickness. Changes in plasma vasopressin were observed after motion sickness-inducing rotatory stimuli in both sexes in human subjects and rats receiving or not anti-motion-sickness treatments. Plasma vasopressin levels in motion sickness rats exhibited a decrease after rotation in female, but not in male rats. The vasopressin content of the pituitary increased in both sexes. Plasma vasopressin in rats of both sexes tended to increase after a 15-day adaptive training of rotation, but pituitary vasopressin content was not affected under this condition. In contrast, in human subjects, plasma vasopressin levels increased after rotation in all males, but not in females. When anti-motion-sickness drugs (domperidone 10 mg + flunarizine 5 mg) were administered, plasma vasopressin levels were elevated in both females and males. It is concluded that plasma vasopressin increases after motion sickness-induced stimulation provided subjects have become trained to motion sickness. These results do not support an etiologic role of plasma vasopressin in the genesis of motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Quxiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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Tokumaru O, Mizumoto C, Takada Y, Tatsuno J, Ashida H. Vector analysis of electrogastrography during motion sickness. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48:498-507. [PMID: 12757161 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022580431102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the dominant frequency at 3 cpm of electrogastrography (EGG) is reported to shift to a higher frequency during motion sickness (MS), it is unclear whether the normal slow wave (NSW) disappears or not. The authors investigated changes in NSW using vector analysis of EGG. Fourteen subjects were exposed to a Coriolis stimulation to evoke MS. EGG was recorded from two sets of bipolar leads, placed perpendicular to each other representing x and y axes. Trajectories for each frequency were drawn on the x-y plane. The amplitude and phase difference at NSW were compared before, during, and after the stimulus for each subject. In those with a change in phase difference, changes in NSW and tachygastria were negatively correlated (P = -0.048), whereas in those without a change, they were not correlated. This indicated two different kinds of tachygastria due to MS: tachygastria with and without a change in NSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tokumaru
- Japan Air Self-Defense Force Aeromedical Laboratory, Tachikawa AFB, Tokyo, Japan
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Wingate D, Hongo M, Kellow J, Lindberg G, Smout A. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility: towards a new classification. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17 Suppl:S1-14. [PMID: 12000590 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s1.7.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Wingate
- Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, UK.
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