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Preliminary study for the application of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of Leishmania infected dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7489. [PMID: 35523983 PMCID: PMC9076911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a rapid qualitative and quantitative technique that allows the simultaneous determination of several components in biological fluids. This methodology concerns an alternative technique to distinguish between non-healthy and healthy subjects. Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis of world interest, the most important agent is L. infantum. Dogs are the principal reservoirs affected by a broad spectrum of clinical features. During a clinical exam, blood samples were collected in tubes without anticoagulants, from twenty two dogs. One aliquot was used for serological test for Leishmaniasis, one aliquot was subjected to the Raman spectroscopic analysis. Animals were divided into two groups of equal subjects, Leishmania group (LG) constituted by infected dogs, and control group (CG) constituted by healthy dogs. The acquired spectra were different in the region 1200-1370 cm-1, in which it is possible to distinguish the amide III vibration (~ 1300 cm-1). In LG, an evident shift to the shortwave region is observed in spectral frequencies of the band centered at ~ 1250 cm-1. Our results distinguished between LD group and CG. Further studies are necessary to exclude the effect of metabolic modification due to disease on the recorded spectra changes and to consolidate the achievability of Raman spectroscopy as rapid and less expensive diagnosis of Leishmaniasis.
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2
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Kumar A, Pandey SC, Samant M. DNA-based microarray studies in visceral leishmaniasis: identification of biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and drug target for treatment. Acta Trop 2020; 208:105512. [PMID: 32389452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the major infectious diseases affecting the poorest regions of the world. Current therapy is not very much satisfactory. The alarming rise of drug resistance and the unavailability of an effective vaccine against VL urges research towards identifying new targets or biomarkers for its effective treatment. New technology developments offer some fresh hope in its diagnosis, treatment, and control. DNA microarray approach is now broadly used in parasitology research to facilitate the thoughtful of mechanisms of disease and identification of drug targets and biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic development. An electronic search on "VL" and "Microarray" was conducted in Medline and Scopus and papers published in the English mentioning use of DNA microarray on VL were selected and read to write this paper review. Functional analysis and interpretation of microarray results remain very challenging due to the inherent nature of experimental workflows, access, cost, and complexity of data obtained. We have explained and emphasized the use of curate knowledge of microarray in the case of VL for the identification of therapeutic target and biomarker and their selection/implementation in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), INDIA
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora (Uttarakhand), INDIA; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University Nainital, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Nainital (Uttarakhand), INDIA
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora (Uttarakhand), INDIA.
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Chaabouni A, Boubaker Elandoulsi R, Mhadhbi M, Gharbi M, Sassi A. Comparative analysis of the Leishmania infantum-specific antibody repertoires and the autoantibody repertoires between asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Lacombe S, Bangratz M, Brizard JP, Petitdidier E, Pagniez J, Sérémé D, Lemesre JL, Brugidou C. Optimized transitory ectopic expression of promastigote surface antigen protein in Nicotiana benthamiana, a potential anti-leishmaniasis vaccine candidate. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:116-123. [PMID: 28803053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plants have been shown to be an efficient alternative expression system for high-value pharmaceuticals such as vaccines. However, constitutive expression of recombinant protein remains uncertain on their level of production and biological activity. To overcome these problems, transitory expression systems have been developed. Here, a series of experiments were performed to determine the most effective conditions to enhance vaccine antigen transient accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using the promastigote surface antigen (PSA) from the parasitic protozoan Leishmania infantum. This protein has been previously identified as the major antigen of a licensed canine anti-leishmaniasis vaccine. The classical prokaryote Escherichia coli biosystem failed in accumulating PSA. Consequently, the standard plant system based on N. benthamiana has been optimized for the production of putatively active PSA. First, the RNA silencing defense mechanism set up by the plant against PSA ectopic expression was abolished by using three viral suppressors acting at different steps of the RNA silencing pathway. Then, we demonstrated that the signal peptide at the N-terminal side of the PSA is required for its accumulation. The PSA ER signaling and retention with the PSA signal peptide and the KDEL motif, respectively were optimized to significantly increase its accumulation. Finally, we demonstrate that the production of recombinant PSA in N. benthamiana leaves allows the conservation of its immunogenic property. These approaches demonstrate that based on these optimizations, plant based systems can be used to effectively produce the biological active PSA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lacombe
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Martine Bangratz
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean-Paul Brizard
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- IRD, CIRAD, Interaction Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites-Environnement Dans Les Maladies Tropicales Négligées Dues Aux Trypanosomatidés (INTERTRYP), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Julie Pagniez
- IRD, CIRAD, Interaction Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites-Environnement Dans Les Maladies Tropicales Négligées Dues Aux Trypanosomatidés (INTERTRYP), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Drissa Sérémé
- INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- IRD, CIRAD, Interaction Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites-Environnement Dans Les Maladies Tropicales Négligées Dues Aux Trypanosomatidés (INTERTRYP), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Christophe Brugidou
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; INERA/LMI Patho-Bios, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
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5
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Toro Acevedo CA, Valente BM, Burle-Caldas GA, Galvão-Filho B, Santiago HDC, Esteves Arantes RM, Junqueira C, Gazzinelli RT, Roffê E, Teixeira SMR. Down Modulation of Host Immune Response by Amino Acid Repeats Present in a Trypanosoma cruzi Ribosomal Antigen. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2188. [PMID: 29176965 PMCID: PMC5686100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several antigens from Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD), contain amino acid repeats identified as targets of the host immune response. Ribosomal proteins containing an Ala, Lys, Pro-rich repeat domain are among the T. cruzi antigens that are strongly recognized by antibodies from CD patients. Here we investigated the role of amino acid repeats present in the T. cruzi ribosomal protein L7a, by immunizing mice with recombinant versions of the full-length protein (TcRpL7a), as well as with truncated versions containing only the repetitive (TcRpL7aRep) or the non-repetitive domains (TcRpL7aΔRep). Mice immunized with full-length TcRpL7a produced high levels of IgG antibodies against the complete protein as well as against the repeat domain, whereas mice immunized with TcRpL7aΔRep or TcRpL7aRep produced very low levels or did not produce IgG antibodies against this antigen. Also in contrast to mice immunized with the full-length TcRpL7a, which produced high levels of IFN-γ, only low levels of IFN-γ or no IFN-γ were detected in cultures of splenocytes derived from mice immunized with truncated versions of the protein. After challenging with trypomastigotes, mice immunized with the TcRpL7a were partially protected against the infection whereas immunization with TcRpL7aΔRep did not alter parasitemia levels compared to controls. Strikingly, mice immunized with TcRpL7aRep displayed an exacerbated parasitemia compared to the other groups and 100% mortality after infection. Analyses of antibody production in mice that were immunized with TcRpL7aRep prior to infection showed a reduced humoral response to parasite antigens as well as against an heterologous antigen. In vitro proliferation assays with mice splenocytes incubated with different mitogens in the presence of TcRpL7aRep resulted in a drastic inhibition of B-cell proliferation and antibody production. Taken together, these results indicate that the repeat domain of TcRpL7a acts as an immunosuppressive factor that down regulates the host B-cell response against parasite antigens favoring parasite multiplication in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Toro Acevedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruna M. Valente
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A. Burle-Caldas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Galvão-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helton da C. Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rosa M. Esteves Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ester Roffê
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Santuza M. R. Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Chamakh-Ayari R, Bras-Gonçalves R, Bahi-Jaber N, Petitdidier E, Markikou-Ouni W, Aoun K, Moreno J, Carrillo E, Salotra P, Kaushal H, Negi NS, Arevalo J, Falconi-Agapito F, Privat A, Cruz M, Pagniez J, Papierok GM, Rhouma FBH, Torres P, Lemesre JL, Chenik M, Meddeb-Garnaoui A. In vitro evaluation of a soluble Leishmania promastigote surface antigen as a potential vaccine candidate against human leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92708. [PMID: 24786587 PMCID: PMC4008367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PSA (Promastigote Surface Antigen) belongs to a family of membrane-bound and secreted proteins present in several Leishmania (L.) species. PSA is recognized by human Th1 cells and provides a high degree of protection in vaccinated mice. We evaluated humoral and cellular immune responses induced by a L. amazonensis PSA protein (LaPSA-38S) produced in a L. tarentolae expression system. This was done in individuals cured of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major (CCLm) or L. braziliensis (CCLb) or visceral leishmaniasis due to L. donovani (CVLd) and in healthy individuals. Healthy individuals were subdivided into immune (HHR-Lm and HHR-Li: Healthy High Responders living in an endemic area for L. major or L. infantum infection) or non immune/naive individuals (HLR: Healthy Low Responders), depending on whether they produce high or low levels of IFN-γ in response to Leishmania soluble antigen. Low levels of total IgG antibodies to LaPSA-38S were detected in sera from the studied groups. Interestingly, LaPSA-38S induced specific and significant levels of IFN-γ, granzyme B and IL-10 in CCLm, HHR-Lm and HHR-Li groups, with HHR-Li group producing TNF-α in more. No significant cytokine response was observed in individuals immune to L. braziliensis or L. donovani infection. Phenotypic analysis showed a significant increase in CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ after LaPSA-38S stimulation, in CCLm. A high positive correlation was observed between the percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and the released IFN-γ. We showed that the LaPSA-38S protein was able to induce a mixed Th1 and Th2/Treg cytokine response in individuals with immunity to L. major or L. infantum infection indicating that it may be exploited as a vaccine candidate. We also showed, to our knowledge for the first time, the capacity of Leishmania PSA protein to induce granzyme B production in humans with immunity to L. major and L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Chamakh-Ayari
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD «INTERTRYP», Montpellier, France
| | - Narges Bahi-Jaber
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11-IPT-02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- UPSP EGEAL Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Beauvais, France
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD «INTERTRYP», Montpellier, France
| | - Wafa Markikou-Ouni
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Poonam Salotra
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Narender Singh Negi
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Jorge Arevalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Francesca Falconi-Agapito
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Angela Privat
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Julie Pagniez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD «INTERTRYP», Montpellier, France
| | | | - Faten Bel Haj Rhouma
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11-IPT-02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Pilar Torres
- Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD «INTERTRYP», Montpellier, France
| | - Mehdi Chenik
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
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Singh B, Sundar S. Leishmaniasis: vaccine candidates and perspectives. Vaccine 2012; 30:3834-42. [PMID: 22475861 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite and a causative agent of the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis. High cost, resistance and toxic side effects of traditional drugs entail identification and development of therapeutic alternatives. The sound understanding of parasite biology is key for identifying novel drug targets, that can induce the cell mediated immunity (mainly CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-gamma mediated responses) polarized towards a Th1 response. These aspects are important in designing a new vaccine along with the consideration of the candidates with respect to their ability to raise memory response in order to improve the vaccine performance. This review is an effort to identify molecules according to their homology with the host and their ability to be used as potent vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, UP, India
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8
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Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural Leishmania infantum infection. Vet J 2011; 190:e43-e47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Temporal IgG subclasses response in dogs following vaccination against Leishmania with Leishmune®. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:153-9. [PMID: 21530083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a widespread zoonotic disease with mandatory euthanasia of infected dogs determined by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Development of vaccines against CVL may provide a prophylactic barrier, but transitory peak of antibody response detected by standard diagnostic techniques in vaccinated dogs may be interpreted as natural infection. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to sequentially evaluate total and IgG subclasses response between naturally Leishmania-infected and dogs vaccinated with Leishmune(®). A total of 172 mongrel dogs were divided in four groups: Group 1 (G1) with 45 clinically healthy dogs, Group 2 (G2) and Group 3 (G3) with 45 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania sp. each, symptomatic and asymptomatic respectively, and G4 (G4) with 37 healthy dogs submitted to a complete protocol of a commercially available vaccine against CVL, monitored and evaluated in 5 different chronological moments (M0-M4) up to 180 days after M0. Total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 were unable to differentiate between infected (G2 and G3) and vaccinated (G4) dogs, demonstrating that polyclonal commercial antibodies do not distinguish these groups apart. Total and IgG subclasses antibodies were not detected until 21 days of the second vaccination dose; however, seroconversion was observed on 21 days and sustained positivity up to 6 months after the vaccination start. A peak of antibodies response was observed on 90 days (M3), when results for total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 where highly significant when compared to M0 (P<0.0001). Neither total IgG nor IgG1 effectively differentiated between infected (G2 and G3) and vaccinated (G4) dogs. In conclusion, despite dogs may test serologically negative immediately after vaccination against CVL with Leishmune(®), subsequent seroconversion, antibody peak and positivity up to six months may lead vaccinated dogs to be mistakenly identified as naturally infected dogs during this period.
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Kumar A, Sen A, Das P. Microarray based gene expression: a novel approach for identification and development of potential drug and effective vaccine against visceral Leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5138/ijaps.2010.0976.1055.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Teixeira Neto RG, Giunchetti RC, Carneiro CM, Vitor RWDA, Coura-Vital W, Quaresma PF, Ker HG, de Melo LA, Gontijo CMF, Reis AB. Relationship of Leishmania-specific IgG levels and IgG avidity with parasite density and clinical signs in canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:248-57. [PMID: 20188477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical status and tissue parasite burden of the skin and spleen of 40 dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi (syn. Leishmania infantum), together with 5 uninfected control dogs, were assessed. On the basis of the clinical evaluation, infected dogs were classified as asymptomatic (AD) or symptomatic (SD). Infected animals were also grouped according to their parasite load as exhibiting low (LP), medium (MP) and high (HP) parasitism. The results indicated a high parasite load in the skin samples of SD animals in relation to the AD group. The serum immunoglobin isotype profiles of the studied animals revealed increased levels of IgG(1) in the AD and LP dogs, whereas high levels of IgG(2) were correlated with SD and HP dogs. The avidity index (AI) of IgG(total) in the SD group was high in comparison of that of the AD group. Moreover, animals with a larger parasite burden either in the spleen or skin showed higher AI values than animals with lower parasitism. Based on these findings, it is suggested that CVL commences with an asymptomatic clinical form with low parasitism, high production of IgG(1) and low affinity of IgG(total) molecules, and evolves into a symptomatic clinical form with higher parasitism intensity, higher IgG(2) levels, and high affinity of IgG(total).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gonçalves Teixeira Neto
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Oliveira TMFS, Mineo TWP, Bason M, Day MJ, Machado RZ. IgG subclass profile of serum antibodies to Leishmania chagasi in naturally infected and vaccinated dogs. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:16-22. [PMID: 19345019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by Leishmania chagasi and transmitted by sandflies. In Brazil, canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) is an emerging disease in urban areas and dogs are the main reservoir host. The aim of the present study was to analyze IgG seroconversion of dogs to L. chagasi and to determine whether there was dominance of any particular IgG subclasses in this immune response. Antibody detection was performed by ELISA with 120 sera from confirmed seropositive dogs (obtained from epidemiological surveys), 24 samples from naturally infected dogs with clinical signs of the disease, and 40 sera from animals immunized with a commercially available vaccine. Ninety percent of seropositive survey population samples had detectable levels of anti-Leishmania total IgG by ELISA, compared with 70% of samples from symptomatic animals and only 13% of samples from the immunized dogs. The serological response in each group displayed a distinct bias in IgG subclass usage as detected by application of a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for canine IgG1-IgG4. The survey population, which comprised predominantly asymptomatic dogs, had a dominant IgG1 response, while symptomatic dogs had a mixed pattern of IgG subclass usage. In contrast, sera from vaccinated animals had high titres of IgG2 Leishmania antibody. These distinctive IgG subclass profiles may be related to the infection status of the dogs. Moreover, detection of antigen-specific IgG subclasses may provide a valuable diagnostic tool for predicting the clinical outcome of visceral leishmaniasis, as well as differentiating infected dogs from vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trícia M F S Oliveira
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathology, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14.884-900, Brazil
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Soto M, Ramírez L, Pineda MA, González VM, Entringer PF, de Oliveira CI, Nascimento IP, Souza AP, Corvo L, Alonso C, Bonay P, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Iborra S. Searching Genes Encoding Leishmania Antigens for Diagnosis and Protection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3814/2009/173039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Maia C, Campino L. Methods for diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis and immune response to infection. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:274-87. [PMID: 18789583 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi, in Latin America), which is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies, is endemic and affects millions of dogs in Europe, Asia, North Africa and South America. It is an emergent disease in North America. Early detection and treatment of infected animals may be critical in controlling the spread of the disease and is an essential part of human zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis control. The laboratory diagnosis of CanL still poses a challenge, despite progress made in the development of several direct and indirect methods. An effective diagnosis test, apart of being able to confirm a clinical suspicion in a single patient as well as to detect infection in asymptomatic dogs, should have high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility; it must be simple, easy to perform, non-expensive, feasible in regional laboratories or adaptable for field conditions. Ideally, it should detect all Leishmania-infected dogs, preferentially using non-invasive collection of biological samples. In this paper we review the advantages and shortcomings of the available procedures for CanL diagnosis in the different phases, e.g. pre-patent and patent period of the infection and methods to determine the related immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maia
- Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Iniesta L, Gállego M, Portús M. Idiotype expression of IgG1 and IgG2 in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:189-97. [PMID: 17631971 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we analyzed, by Western blot analysis, the idiotype expression of IgG1 and IgG2 in 109 canine sera corresponding to 50 dogs from endemic areas of leishmaniosis in order to detect markers related to Leishmania infantum infection and clinical condition (asymptomatic or symptomatic). Twenty-four dogs from an area free of leishmaniosis were used as controls. IgG1 and IgG2 responses in symptomatic and asymptomatic L. infantum infections differed mainly in subclass production (ELISA values), with higher IgG2 production occurring particularly in symptomatic dogs. Nevertheless, we observed little difference in the idiotype expression of these IgG subclasses, which, in general, recognized the same antigenic fractions. While early L. infantum infection was characterized by recognition of polypeptide fractions of low molecular weight, mainly fractions of 14, 16 and 18 kDa by IgG1 and 14 and 16 kDa by IgG2, symptomatology was associated with recognition by both IgG subclasses of a 24 kDa fraction and other antigens belonging to the AG24 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iniesta
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda, Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Day MJ. Immunoglobulin G subclass distribution in canine leishmaniosis: A review and analysis of pitfalls in interpretation. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147:2-8. [PMID: 17467176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania may have different outcomes in genetically distinct individuals and the course of infection is determined by the nature of the host innate and adaptive immune response. Thus in experimentally infected mice, and in naturally infected dogs or humans, the protective (self-healing or asymptomatic) phenotype is associated with the induction of Th1-regulated cell-mediated immunity. By contrast, a Th2-regulated humoral immune response is associated with severe symptomatic disease. In the murine model system there is strong correlation between clinicopathological phenotype and the nature of the antigen-specific humoral immune response. Symptomatic infection and Th2-regulation is associated with elevation in antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE, whereas asymptomatic infection with Th1-regulation is linked with IgG2a production. IgG subclass restriction is less clear in human disease with only some clinical forms being correlated to a specific serological profile. Although numerous studies have questioned whether infected dogs develop skewed IgG subclass usage, the results of these have been conflicting-suggesting bias towards IgG1 or IgG2 or neither subclass in different investigations. This confusion could relate to the specificity of the commercially available polyclonal antisera used to detect the canine IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. More meaningful results might be obtained by the use of the panel of monoclonal antibodies with well-validated specificity for all four canine IgG subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
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Rafati S, Hassani N, Taslimi Y, Movassagh H, Rochette A, Papadopoulou B. Amastin peptide-binding antibodies as biomarkers of active human visceral leishmaniasis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 13:1104-10. [PMID: 17028214 PMCID: PMC1595312 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00188-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amastin surface proteins belong to a large family of developmentally regulated proteins comprising up to 45 members that have recently been discovered in the genus Leishmania and are highly similar to the amastin proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. All members of the amastin gene family contain a highly conserved 11-amino-acid (aa) signature at the N terminus, which is unique to the amastin proteins and to the Trypanosomatidae family. Recent studies have demonstrated that this region is highly protective in a mouse model. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential of the 50-aa N-terminal domain of amastin proteins harboring the conserved 11-aa amastin signature peptide as a relevant immune biomarker of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We report here the amastin-binding total immunoglobulins (IgG) and/or IgG subclasses in the sera of patients at different stages of CL (n=90) and VL (n=41). In CL cases, there is no significant difference in seroreactivities between active, recovered, and nonhealed cases. However, the amastin peptide-reactive antibodies were present at high titers in 19 of 20 sera collected from patients with active VL compared to sera from patients recovered from VL and asymptomatic cases of VL. These data suggest that the amastin signature peptide could represent a relevant biomarker for the serodiagnosis of VL and, most importantly, that it could permit differentiation among the different stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Rafati
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran.
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18
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Verstrepen KJ, Jansen A, Lewitter F, Fink GR. Intragenic tandem repeats generate functional variability. Nat Genet 2005; 37:986-90. [PMID: 16086015 PMCID: PMC1462868 DOI: 10.1038/ng1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tandemly repeated DNA sequences are highly dynamic components of genomes. Most repeats are in intergenic regions, but some are in coding sequences or pseudogenes. In humans, expansion of intragenic triplet repeats is associated with various diseases, including Huntington chorea and fragile X syndrome. The persistence of intragenic repeats in genomes suggests that there is a compensating benefit. Here we show that in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most genes containing intragenic repeats encode cell-wall proteins. The repeats trigger frequent recombination events in the gene or between the gene and a pseudogene, causing expansion and contraction in the gene size. This size variation creates quantitative alterations in phenotypes (e.g., adhesion, flocculation or biofilm formation). We propose that variation in intragenic repeat number provides the functional diversity of cell surface antigens that, in fungi and other pathogens, allows rapid adaptation to the environment and elusion of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Verstrepen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research/M.I.T., Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Centre for Malting and Brewing Science, Dept. Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Applied Bioscience and Engineering K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium
| | - An Jansen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research/M.I.T., Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fran Lewitter
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research/M.I.T., Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gerald R. Fink
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research/M.I.T., Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- * Correspondence:
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Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi, in America) and is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Infected dogs constitute the main domestic reservoir of the parasite and play a key role in transmission to humans, in which the parasite produces visceral leishmaniasis. The increasing awareness that control of the human disease depends on effective control of canine leishmaniasis has promoted, in the last few years, research into leishmanial infection in dogs. Newly available specific reagents and molecular tools have been applied to the detailed investigation of canine leishmaniasis and important advances have been made in elucidating the epidemiology and pathology of the disease. These new findings have led to better understanding of the disease, and have also helped in the development of new diagnostic methods and control measures against the infection, such as insecticide-impregnated collars for dogs, new drugs and treatment protocols, and second generation vaccines, with the hope of not only reducing the heavy burden of the disease among dogs but also reducing the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alvar
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O, Garcez LM, Kaye PM, Shaw MA, Dye C, Day MJ. IgG subclass responses in a longitudinal study of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 91:161-8. [PMID: 12586479 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is an important disease of domestic dogs. Here, we present data on the IgG subclass antibody response to crude L. infantum antigen in a cohort of naturally infected Brazilian dogs. Specific IgG1-IgG4 responses could be detected in 98, 58, 70 and 82%, respectively of 57 dogs that were seropositive for specific IgG. Levels of all IgG subclasses were strongly inter-correlated. Levels of all IgG subclasses increased at the time of seroconversion, before reaching a plateau after several months. Levels of all IgG subclasses were higher in sick dogs than healthy dogs, and levels of all except IgG2 were higher in parasite-positive (by PCR) than parasite-negative dogs. However, levels of IgG2 relative to IgG1 were lower in sick or parasite-positive dogs compared to healthy or parasite-negative infected dogs. In contrast to previous studies, the results suggest that canine VL is associated with upregulation of specific antibody of all IgG subclasses, particularly IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Quinnell
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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