1
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Mitsakos V. Colorimetric ortho-aminobenzaldehyde assay developed for the high-throughput chemical screening of inhibitors against dihydrodipicolinate synthase from pathogenic bacteria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14304. [PMID: 36967940 PMCID: PMC10036502 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In search of a new class of antibacterial agents, compounds that target the essential bacterial enzyme, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), are of interest to drug discovery efforts. DHDPS catalyzes the first committed step in the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway to the biosynthesis of lysine in bacteria and plants. The ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (o-ABA) assay is typically used as a qualitative tool for identifying fractions containing DHDPS during purification. This report is about the development of a high-throughput o-ABA assay format for the quantification of DHDPS enzyme activity using multi-well plates. The colorimetric assay is suitable for determining enzymatic parameters (K M and Vmax) and identifying inhibitors of DHDPS in a high-throughput screen.
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2
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Yang Q, Zhao D, Zhang C, Sreenivasulu N, Sun SSM, Liu Q. Lysine biofortification of crops to promote sustained human health in the 21st century. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1258-1267. [PMID: 34723338 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop biofortification is pivotal in preventing malnutrition, with lysine considered the main limiting essential amino acid (EAA) required to maintain human health. Lysine deficiency is predominant in developing countries where cereal crops are the staple food, highlighting the need for efforts aimed at enriching the staple diet through lysine biofortification. Successful modification of aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) feedback inhibition has been used to enrich lysine in transgenic rice plants without yield penalty, while increases in the lysine content of quality protein maize have been achieved via marker-assisted selection. Here, we reviewed the lysine metabolic pathway and proposed the use of metabolic engineering targets as the preferred option for fortification of lysine in crops. Use of gene editing technologies to translate the findings and engineer lysine catabolism is thus a pioneering step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuangquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Samuel Sai-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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3
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Huang A, Coutu C, Harrington M, Rozwadowski K, Hegedus DD. Engineering a feedback inhibition-insensitive plant dihydrodipicolinate synthase to increase lysine content in Camelina sativa seeds. Transgenic Res 2021; 31:131-148. [PMID: 34802109 PMCID: PMC8821502 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Camelina sativa (camelina) is emerging as an alternative oilseed crop due to its short growing cycle, low input requirements, adaptability to less favorable growing environments and a seed oil profile suitable for biofuel and industrial applications. Camelina meal and oil are also registered for use in animal and fish feeds; however, like meals derived from most cereals and oilseeds, it is deficient in certain essential amino acids, such as lysine. In higher plants, the reaction catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of lysine and is subject to regulation by lysine through feedback inhibition. Here, we report enhancement of lysine content in C. sativa seed via expression of a feedback inhibition-insensitive form of DHDPS from Corynebacterium glutamicums (CgDHDPS). Two genes encoding C. sativa DHDPS were identified and the endogenous enzyme is partially insensitive to lysine inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to examine the impact of alterations, alone and in combination, present in lysine-desensitized DHDPS isoforms from Arabidopsis thaliana DHDPS (W53R), Nicotiana tabacum (N80I) and Zea mays (E84K) on C. sativa DHDPS lysine sensitivity. When introduced alone, each of the alterations decreased sensitivity to lysine; however, enzyme specific activity was also affected. There was evidence of molecular or structural interplay between residues within the C. sativa DHDPS allosteric site as coupling of the W53R mutation with the N80V mutation decreased lysine sensitivity of the latter, but not to the level with the W53R mutation alone. Furthermore, the activity and lysine sensitivity of the triple mutant (W53R/N80V/E84T) was similar to the W53R mutation alone or the C. glutamicum DHDPS. The most active and most lysine-insensitive C. sativa DHDPS variant (W53R) was not inhibited by free lysine up to 1 mM, comparable to the C. glutamicums enzyme. Seed lysine content increased 13.6 -22.6% in CgDHDPS transgenic lines and 7.6–13.2% in the mCsDHDPS lines. The high lysine-accumulating lines from this work may be used to produce superior quality animal feed with improved essential amino acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Huang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Myrtle Harrington
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Kevin Rozwadowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada. .,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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4
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Soares da Costa TP, Hall CJ, Panjikar S, Wyllie JA, Christoff RM, Bayat S, Hulett MD, Abbott BM, Gendall AR, Perugini MA. Towards novel herbicide modes of action by inhibiting lysine biosynthesis in plants. eLife 2021; 10:69444. [PMID: 34313586 PMCID: PMC8341977 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to our current herbicides, posing a significant threat to agricultural production. Therefore, new herbicides with novel modes of action are urgently needed. In this study, we exploited a novel herbicide target, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in lysine biosynthesis. The first class of plant DHDPS inhibitors with micromolar potency against Arabidopsis thaliana DHDPS was identified using a high-throughput chemical screen. We determined that this class of inhibitors binds to a novel and unexplored pocket within DHDPS, which is highly conserved across plant species. The inhibitors also attenuated the germination and growth of A. thaliana seedlings and confirmed their pre-emergence herbicidal activity in soil-grown plants. These results provide proof-of-concept that lysine biosynthesis represents a promising target for the development of herbicides with a novel mode of action to tackle the global rise of herbicide-resistant weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Cody J Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica A Wyllie
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Christoff
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Saadi Bayat
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Belinda M Abbott
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Anthony R Gendall
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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5
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Kishor PBK, Suravajhala R, Rajasheker G, Marka N, Shridhar KK, Dhulala D, Scinthia KP, Divya K, Doma M, Edupuganti S, Suravajhala P, Polavarapu R. Lysine, Lysine-Rich, Serine, and Serine-Rich Proteins: Link Between Metabolism, Development, and Abiotic Stress Tolerance and the Role of ncRNAs in Their Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:546213. [PMID: 33343588 PMCID: PMC7744598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.546213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysine (Lys) is indispensable nutritionally, and its levels in plants are modulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control during plant ontogeny. Animal glutamate receptor homologs have been detected in plants, which may participate in several plant processes through the Lys catabolic products. Interestingly, a connection between Lys and serotonin metabolism has been established recently in rice. 2-Aminoadipate, a catabolic product of Lys appears to play a critical role between serotonin accumulation and the color of rice endosperm/grain. It has also been shown that expression of some lysine-methylated proteins and genes encoding lysine-methyltransferases (KMTs) are regulated by cadmium even as it is known that Lys biosynthesis and its degradation are modulated by novel mechanisms. Three complex pathways co-exist in plants for serine (Ser) biosynthesis, and the relative preponderance of each pathway in relation to plant development or abiotic stress tolerance are being unfolded slowly. But the phosphorylated pathway of L-Ser biosynthesis (PPSB) appears to play critical roles and is essential in plant metabolism and development. Ser, which participates indirectly in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and plays a pivotal role in plant metabolism and signaling. Also, L-Ser has been implicated in plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. A large body of information implicates Lys-rich and serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins in a very wide array of abiotic stresses. Interestingly, a link exists between Lys-rich K-segment and stress tolerance levels. It is of interest to note that abiotic stresses largely influence the expression patterns of SR proteins and also the alternative splicing (AS) patterns. We have checked if any lncRNAs form a cohort of differentially expressed genes from the publicly available PPSB, sequence read archives of NCBI GenBank. Finally, we discuss the link between Lys and Ser synthesis, catabolism, Lys-proteins, and SR proteins during plant development and their myriad roles in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
- *Correspondence: P. B. Kavi Kishor,
| | | | | | - Nagaraju Marka
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition-ICMR, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Divya Dhulala
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Kummari Divya
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhavi Doma
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur, India
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6
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Soares da Costa TP, Abbott BM, Gendall AR, Panjikar S, Perugini MA. Molecular evolution of an oligomeric biocatalyst functioning in lysine biosynthesis. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:153-162. [PMID: 29204887 PMCID: PMC5899710 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is critical to the production of lysine through the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway. Elucidation of the function, regulation and structure of this key class I aldolase has been the focus of considerable study in recent years, given that the dapA gene encoding DHDPS has been found to be essential to bacteria and plants. Allosteric inhibition by lysine is observed for DHDPS from plants and some bacterial species, the latter requiring a histidine or glutamate at position 56 (Escherichia coli numbering) over a basic amino acid. Structurally, two DHDPS monomers form the active site, which binds pyruvate and (S)-aspartate β-semialdehyde, with most dimers further dimerising to form a tetrameric arrangement around a solvent-filled centre cavity. The architecture and behaviour of these dimer-of-dimers is explored in detail, including biophysical studies utilising analytical ultracentrifugation, small-angle X-ray scattering and macromolecular crystallography that show bacterial DHDPS tetramers adopt a head-to-head quaternary structure, compared to the back-to-back arrangement observed for plant DHDPS enzymes. Finally, the potential role of pyruvate in providing substrate-mediated stabilisation of DHDPS is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Belinda M Abbott
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Anthony R Gendall
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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7
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Optimization of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method with methyl chloroformate derivatization for quantification of amino acids in plant tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1017-1018:241-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Metz P, Nap J. A transgene-centred approach to the biosafety of transgenic plants: overview of selection and reporter genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Downton MT, Czabotar PE, Dobson RCJ, Gerrard JA, Wagner J, Perugini MA. Structural, kinetic and computational investigation of Vitis vinifera DHDPS reveals new insight into the mechanism of lysine-mediated allosteric inhibition. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:431-446. [PMID: 23354837 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine is one of the most limiting amino acids in plants and its biosynthesis is carefully regulated through inhibition of the first committed step in the pathway catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS). This is mediated via a feedback mechanism involving the binding of lysine to the allosteric cleft of DHDPS. However, the precise allosteric mechanism is yet to be defined. We present a thorough enzyme kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of lysine inhibition of DHDPS from the common grapevine, Vitis vinifera (Vv). Our studies demonstrate that lysine binding is both tight (relative to bacterial DHDPS orthologs) and cooperative. The crystal structure of the enzyme bound to lysine (2.4 Å) identifies the allosteric binding site and clearly shows a conformational change of several residues within the allosteric and active sites. Molecular dynamics simulations comparing the lysine-bound (PDB ID 4HNN) and lysine free (PDB ID 3TUU) structures show that Tyr132, a key catalytic site residue, undergoes significant rotational motion upon lysine binding. This suggests proton relay through the catalytic triad is attenuated in the presence of lysine. Our study reveals for the first time the structural mechanism for allosteric inhibition of DHDPS from the common grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
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10
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Erzeel E, Van Bochaute P, Thu TT, Angenon G. Medicago truncatula dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) enzymes display novel regulatory properties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:401-415. [PMID: 23329373 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine biosynthesis in plants is tightly regulated by feedback inhibition of the end product on the first enzyme of the lysine-specific branch, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS). Three complete DHDPS coding sequences and one partial sequence were obtained in Medicago truncatula via inverse PCR. Analysis of the MtDHDPS sequences indicated the presence of isozymes (MtDHDPS2 and MtDHDPS3) with multiple amino acid substitutions on positions previously shown to be involved in feedback inhibition and of residues important for catalytic activity, possibly affecting the enzymatic properties of these isoforms. Sequences similar to MtDHDPS2 and 3 are present in Lotus japonicus and Glycine max, suggesting the existence of a specific conserved class of DHDPS genes within the Fabaceae family. The MtDHDPS genes were found by quantitative RT-PCR analysis to be expressed in an organ-specific manner in M. truncatula. All four MtDHDPS enzymes were expressed separately in Escherichia coli, revealing a strongly reduced sensitivity of the MtDHDPS2 protein to lysine feedback inhibition and a severely reduced activity of the MtDHDPS3 protein. Remarkably, MtDHDPS3 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana produced transgenic plants with a significantly increased threonine level, suggesting a dominant DHDPS inhibiting role of this isoform. This is supported by co-expression experiments in E. coli which indicate that AtDHDPS and MtDHDPS3 interact and may form hetero-oligomers with strongly reduced enzymatic activity. In conclusion, analysis of DHDPS in M. truncatula revealed the presence of unique isozymes displaying novel regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Erzeel
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Galili G, Amir R. Fortifying plants with the essential amino acids lysine and methionine to improve nutritional quality. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:211-22. [PMID: 23279001 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans, as well as farm animals, cannot synthesize a number of essential amino acids, which are critical for their survival. Hence, these organisms must obtain these essential amino acids from their diets. Cereal and legume crops, which represent the major food and feed sources for humans and livestock worldwide, possess limiting levels of some of these essential amino acids, particularly Lys and Met. Extensive efforts were made to fortify crop plants with these essential amino acids using traditional breeding and mutagenesis. However, aside from some results obtained with maize, none of these approaches was successful. Therefore, additional efforts using genetic engineering approaches concentrated on increasing the synthesis and reducing the catabolism of these essential amino acids and also on the expression of recombinant proteins enriched in them. In the present review, we discuss the basic biological aspects associated with the synthesis and accumulation of these amino acids in plants and also describe recent developments associated with the fortification of crop plants with essential amino acids by genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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12
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Rao SS, Mamadou L, McConnell M, Polisetty R, Kwanyuen P, Hildebrand D. Non-antibiotic selection systems for soybean somatic embryos: the lysine analog aminoethyl-cysteine as a selection agent. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:94. [PMID: 19922622 PMCID: PMC2787498 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soybean somatic embryo transformation, the standard selection agent currently used is hygromycin. It may be preferable to avoid use of antibiotic resistance genes in foods. The objective of these experiments was to develop a selection system for producing transgenic soybean somatic embryos without the use of antibiotics such as hygromycin. RESULTS When tested against different alternate selection agents our studies show that 0.16 microg/mL glufosinate, 40 mg/L isopropylamine-glyphosate, 0.5 mg/mL (S-(2 aminoethyl)-L-cysteine) (AEC) and the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors Exceed and Synchrony both at 150 microg/mL inhibited soybean somatic embryo growth. Even at the concentration of 2 mg/mL, lysine+threonine (LT) were poor selection agents. The use of AEC may be preferable since it is a natural compound. Unlike the plant enzyme, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) from E. coli is not feed-back inhibited by physiological concentrations of lysine. The dapA gene which codes for E. coli DHPS was expressed in soybean somatic embryos under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Following introduction of the construct into embryogenic tissue of soybean, transgenic events were recovered by incubating the tissue in liquid medium containing AEC at a concentration of 5 mM. Only transgenic soybeans were able to grow at this concentration of AEC; no escapes were observed. CONCLUSION Genetically engineered soybeans expressing a lysine insensitive DHPS gene can be selected with the non-antibiotic selection agent AEC. We also report here the inhibitory effects of glufosinate, (isopropylamine-glyphosate) (Roundup), AEC and the ALS inhibitors Exceed and Synchrony against different tissues of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryadevara S Rao
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Lewamy Mamadou
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Matt McConnell
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | | | | | - David Hildebrand
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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13
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Wolterink-van Loo S, Levisson M, Cabrières MC, Franssen MCR, van der Oost J. Characterization of a thermostable dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Extremophiles 2008; 12:461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-008-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Beauregard M, Hefford MA. Enhancement of essential amino acid contents in crops by genetic engineering and protein design. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:561-74. [PMID: 17309730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance and urgency of providing humans and animals with quality proteins are reflected in the growing scientific and industrial interest in augmenting the nutritive value of the world's protein sources. Such nutritive value is determined by the protein content in 'essential amino acids', those that cannot be synthesized de novo and that must be supplied from the diet. It is the object of this review to discuss recent advances in the genetic modification of crops that aim to provide enhanced quantities of essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Beauregard
- Plant Biology Group, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada, G9A 5H7.
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15
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Dobson RCJ, Gerrard JA, Pearce FG. Dihydrodipicolinate synthase is not inhibited by its substrate, (S)-aspartate beta-semialdehyde. Biochem J 2004; 377:757-62. [PMID: 14580236 PMCID: PMC1223910 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Revised: 10/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DHDPS (dihydrodipicolinate synthase; EC 4.2.1.52) is the enzyme that catalyses the first unique step of lysine biosynthesis in plants and micro-organisms. As such, it has attracted much attention as a target for herbicide and anti-microbial action. DHDPS has two substrates: pyruvate and ( S )-aspartate beta-semialdehyde [( S )-ASA]. There are various literature reports that suggest that high levels of ( S )-ASA inhibit the enzyme [Karsten (1997) Biochemistry 36, 1730-1739; Stahly (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 191, 439-451], whereas others have not observed this phenomenon. We have resolved this long-running literature debate and shown unequivocally that this difference in reported behaviour can be attributed to differences in the preparation of ( S )-ASA used by each researcher. DHDPS is not inhibited by its substrate; rather, the inhibition is due to an, as yet, unidentified inhibitor in preparations of the substrate generated by ozonolysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ( R )-ASA is neither an inhibitor nor a substrate of DHDPS from Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwick C J Dobson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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van der Meer IM, Bovy AG, Bosch D. Plant-based raw material: improved food quality for better nutrition via plant genomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2001; 12:488-92. [PMID: 11604326 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants form the basis of the human food chain. Characteristics of plants are therefore crucial to the quantity and quality of human food. In this review, it is discussed how technological developments in the area of plant genomics and plant genetics help to mobilise the potential of plants to improve the quality of life of the rapidly growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M van der Meer
- Plant Research International BV, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Motoyama H, Yano H, Terasaki Y, Anazawa H. Overproduction of L-Lysine from methanol by Methylobacillus glycogenes derivatives carrying a plasmid with a mutated dapA gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:3064-70. [PMID: 11425723 PMCID: PMC92982 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.7.3064-3070.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dapA gene, encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DDPS) partially desensitized to inhibition by L-lysine, was cloned from an L-threonine- and L-lysine-coproducing mutant of the obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus glycogenes DHL122 by complementation of the nutritional requirement of an Escherichia coli dapA mutant. Introduction of the dapA gene into DHL122 and AL119, which is the parent of DHL122 and an L-threonine producing mutant, elevated the specific activity of DDPS 20-fold and L-lysine production 2- to 3-fold with concomitant reduction of L-threonine in test tube cultures. AL119 containing the dapA gene produced 8 g of L-lysine per liter in a 5-liter jar fermentor from methanol as a substrate. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the dapA gene shows that it encodes a peptide with an M(r) of 30,664 and that the encoded amino acid sequence is extensively homologous to those of other organisms. In order to study the mutation that occurred in DHL122, the dapA genes of the wild type and AL119 were cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the dapA genes revealed that the amino acid at residue 88 was F in DHL122 whereas it was L in the wild type and AL119, suggesting that this amino acid alteration that occurred in DHL122 caused the partial desensitization of DDPS to the inhibition by L-lysine. The similarity in the amino acid sequences of DDPS in M. glycogenes and other organisms suggests that the mutation of the dapA gene in DHL122 is located in the region concerned with interaction of the allosteric effector, L-lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Motoyama
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd., Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan.
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18
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Wang X, Stumpf DK, Larkins BA. Aspartate kinase 2. A candidate gene of a quantitative trait locus influencing free amino acid content in maize endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1778-87. [PMID: 11299358 PMCID: PMC88834 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.4.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2000] [Revised: 01/04/2001] [Accepted: 01/25/2001] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays) Oh545o2 inbred accumulates an exceptionally high level of free amino acids, especially lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine, and iso-leucine. In a cross between Oh545o2 and Oh51Ao2, we identified several quantitative trait loci linked with this phenotype. One of these is on the long arm of chromosome 2 and is linked with loci encoding aspartate (Asp) kinase 2 and Asp kinase (AK)-homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH) 2. To investigate whether these enzymes can contribute to the high levels of Asp family amino acids, we measured their specific activity and feedback inhibition properties, as well as activities of several other key enzymes involved in Lys metabolism. We did not find a significant difference in total activity of dihydrodipicolinate synthase, HSDH, and Lys ketoglutarate reductase between these inbreds, and the feedback inhibition properties of HSDH and dihyrodipicolinate synthase by Lys and/or Thr were similar. The most significant difference we found between Oh545o2 and Oh51Ao2 is feedback inhibition of AK by Lys but not Thr. AK activity in Oh545o2 is less sensitive to Lys inhibition than that in Oh51Ao2, with a Lys I50 twice that of Oh51Ao2. AK activity in Oh545o2 endosperm is also higher than in Oh51Ao2 at 15 d after pollination, but not 20 d after pollination. The results indicate that the Lys-sensitive Asp kinase 2, rather than the Thr-sensitive AK-HSDH2, is the best candidate gene for the quantitative trait locus affecting free amino acid content in Oh545o2.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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19
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Yan N, Doelling JH, Falbel TG, Durski AM, Vierstra RD. The ubiquitin-specific protease family from Arabidopsis. AtUBP1 and 2 are required for the resistance to the amino acid analog canavanine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:1828-43. [PMID: 11115897 PMCID: PMC59878 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.4.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2000] [Accepted: 09/26/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific proteases (UBPs) are a family of unique hydrolases that specifically remove polypeptides covalently linked via peptide or isopeptide bonds to the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin. UBPs help regulate the ubiquitin/26S proteolytic pathway by generating free ubiquitin monomers from their initial translational products, recycling ubiquitins during the breakdown of ubiquitin-protein conjugates, and/or by removing ubiquitin from specific targets and thus presumably preventing target degradation. Here, we describe a family of 27 UBP genes from Arabidopsis that contain both the conserved cysteine (Cys) and histidine boxes essential for catalysis. They can be clustered into 14 subfamilies based on sequence similarity, genomic organization, and alignments with their closest relatives from other organisms, with seven subfamilies having two or more members. Recombinant AtUBP2 functions as a bona fide UBP: It can release polypeptides attached to ubiquitins via either alpha- or epsilon-amino linkages by an activity that requires the predicted active-site Cys within the Cys box. From the analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants, we demonstrate that the AtUBP1 and 2 subfamily helps confer resistance to the arginine analog canavanine. This phenotype suggests that the AtUBP1 and 2 enzymes are needed for abnormal protein turnover in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program and the Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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20
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Sarrobert C, Thibaud MC, Contard-David P, Gineste S, Bechtold N, Robaglia C, Nussaume L. Identification of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant accumulating threonine resulting from mutation in a new dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 24:357-367. [PMID: 11069709 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel Arabidopsis DHDPS gene named DHDPS2 was found through identification of a mutant by promoter trapping. The mutation promotes a reduction of growth resulting from combination of a defect in lysine biosynthesis and accumulation of a toxic level of threonine or derived products. The mutant also modifies the amino acid composition issuing from the pyruvate and aspartate pathways, affecting mainly the root compartment. These data are in accordance with the expression of DHDPS2 in the root apex as visualized by expression of the GUS reporter gene. This suggests that a large proportion of the amino acids derived from pyruvate and aspartate are synthesized in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sarrobert
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Carboné, UMR 163, CNRS-CEA, DSV.DEVM, CEA/Cadarache, F-13108 St Paul les Durance Cedex, France
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21
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Blickling S, Beisel HG, Bozic D, Knäblein J, Laber B, Huber R. Structure of dihydrodipicolinate synthase of Nicotiana sylvestris reveals novel quaternary structure. J Mol Biol 1997; 274:608-21. [PMID: 9417939 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DHDPS is the first enzyme unique to the lysine biosynthetic pathway in plants and bacteria and catalyses the formation of (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinic acid. It is feedback-regulated in plants by L-lysine. The crystal structure of Nicotiana sylvestris DHDPS with and without inhibitory lysine bound to the enzyme has been solved to a resolution of 2.8 A. The molecule is a homotetramer composed of a dimer of dimers. Comparison with the structure of Escherichia coli DHDPS showed a novel quaternary structure by a profound rearrangement of the dimers forming the tetramer. The crystal structure of the enzyme in the presence of L-lysine revealed substantial changes. These changes together with the novel quaternary structure provide a structural basis for the strong inhibition of plant DHDPS enzymes by L-lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Blickling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, Martinsried, Germany
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22
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Azevedo RA, Arruda P, Turner WL, Lea PJ. The biosynthesis and metabolism of the aspartate derived amino acids in higher plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1997; 46:395-419. [PMID: 9332022 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The essential amino acids lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine are synthesised in higher plants via a common pathway starting with aspartate. The regulation of the pathway is discussed in detail, and the properties of the key enzymes described. Recent data obtained from studies of regulation at the gene level and information derived from mutant and transgenic plants are also discussed. The herbicide target enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase involved in the synthesis of the branched chain amino acids is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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23
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Blickling S, Renner C, Laber B, Pohlenz HD, Holak TA, Huber R. Reaction mechanism of Escherichia coli dihydrodipicolinate synthase investigated by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1997; 36:24-33. [PMID: 8993314 DOI: 10.1021/bi962272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the condensation of pyruvate with L-aspartate beta-semialdehyde. It is the first enzyme unique to the diaminopimelate pathway of lysine biosynthesis. Here we present the crystal structures of five complexes of Escherichia coli DHDPS with substrates, substrate analogs, and inhibitors. These include the complexes of DHDPS with (1) pyruvate, (2) pyruvate and the L-aspartate beta-semialdehyde analog succinate beta-semialdehyde, (3) the inhibitor alpha-ketopimelic acid, (4) dipicolinic acid, and (5) the natural feedback inhibitor L-lysine. The kinetics of inhibition were determined, and the binding site of the L-lysine was identified. NMR experiments were conducted in order to elucidate the nature of the product of the reaction catalyzed by DHDPS. By this method, (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinic acid is identified as the only product. A reaction mechanism for DHDPS is proposed, and important features for inhibition are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Blickling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, Martinsried, FRG
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