1
|
Anirban A, Masouleh AK, Henry RJ, O'Hare TJ. Sequence variations associated with novel purple-pericarp super-sweetcorn compared to its purple-pericarp maize and white super-sweetcorn parents. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1395-1405. [PMID: 37679604 PMCID: PMC10657292 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel purple-pericarp super-sweetcorn line, 'Tim1' (A1A1.sh2sh2) was derived from the purple-pericarp maize 'Costa Rica' (A1Sh2.A1Sh2) and white shrunken2 (sh2) super-sweetcorn 'Tims-white' (a1sh2.a1sh2), however, information regarding anthocyanin biosynthesis genes controlling purple colour and sweetness gene is lacking. Specific sequence differences in the CDS (coding DNA sequence) and promoter regions of the anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes, anthocyanin1 (A1), purple aleurone1 (Pr1) and regulatory genes, purple plant1 (Pl1), plant colour1 (B1), coloured1 (R1), and the sweetcorn structural gene, shrunken2 (sh2) were investigated using the publicly available annotated yellow starchy maize, B73 (NAM5.0) as a reference genome. In the CDS region, the A1, Pl1 and R1 gene sequence differences of 'Tim1' and 'Costa Rica' were similar, as they control purple-pericarp pigmentation. However, the B1 gene showed similarity between the 'Tim1' and 'Tims-white' lines, which may indicate that it does not have a role in controlling pericarp colour, unlike the report of a previous study. In the case of the Pr1 gene, in contrast to 'Costa Rica', 6- and 8-bp dinucleotide (TA) repeats were observed in the promoter region of the 'Tims-white' and 'Tim1' lines, respectively, indicating the defective functionality (redder colour in 'Tim1' rather than purple in 'Costa Rica') of the recessive pr1 allele. In sweetcorn, the structural gene (sh2), sequence showed similarity between purple-sweet 'Tim1' and its white-sweet parent 'Tims-white', as both display a shrunken phenotype in their mature kernels. These findings revealed that the developed purple-sweet line is different to the reference yellow-nonsweet line in both the anthocyanin biosynthesis and sweetcorn genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Anirban
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Robert J Henry
- Centre for Crop Science, QAAFI, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tim J O'Hare
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Y, Yu Y, Xuan Y, Kari A, Yang C, Wang C, Zhang C, Gu W, Wang H, Hu Y, Sun P, Guan Y, Si W, Bai B, Zhang X, Xu Y, Prasanna BM, Shi B, Zheng H. Integrative transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the mechanisms of light-induced pigmentation in purple waxy maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1203284. [PMID: 37649997 PMCID: PMC10465178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1203284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Waxy maize, mainly consumed at the immature stage, is a staple and vegetable food in Asia. The pigmentation in the kernel of purple waxy maize enhances its nutritional and market values. Light, a critical environmental factor, affects anthocyanin biosynthesis and results in pigmentation in different parts of plants, including in the kernel. SWL502 is a light-sensitive waxy maize inbred line with purple kernel color, but the regulatory mechanism of pigmentation in the kernel resulting in purple color is still unknown. Methods In this study, cyanidin, peonidin, and pelargonidin were identified as the main anthocyanin components in SWL502, evaluated by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method. Investigation of pigment accumulation in the kernel of SWL502 was performed at 12, 17, and 22 days after pollination (DAP) under both dark and light treatment conditions via transcriptome and metabolome analyses. Results Dark treatment affected genes and metabolites associated with metabolic pathways of amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, and galactose, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and terpenoid backbone, and ABC transporters. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, such as 4CL2, CHS, F3H, and UGT, was reduced under dark treatment. Dynamic changes were identified in genes and metabolites by time-series analysis. The genes and metabolites involved in photosynthesis and purine metabolism were altered in light treatment, and the expression of genes and metabolites associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway, and plant hormone signal transduction pathway were induced by dark treatment. Light treatment increased the expression level of major transcription factors such as LRL1, myc7, bHLH125, PIF1, BH093, PIL5, MYBS1, and BH074 in purple waxy maize kernels, while dark treatment greatly promoted the expression level of transcription factors RVE6, MYB4, MY1R1, and MYB145. Discussion This study is the first report to investigate the effects of light on waxy maize kernel pigmentation and the underlying mechanism at both transcriptome and metabolome levels, and the results from this study are valuable for future research to better understand the effects of light on the regulation of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfang Xuan
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayiguli Kari
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Yang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxiong Hu
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingdong Sun
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshuai Si
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuecai Zhang
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Yunbi Xu
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Biao Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjian Zheng
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Specialty Maize, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Genetic Improvement of Grain and Oil Crops (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peniche-Pavía HA, Guzmán TJ, Magaña-Cerino JM, Gurrola-Díaz CM, Tiessen A. Maize Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Human Health Relevance: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165166. [PMID: 36014406 PMCID: PMC9413827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maize is one of the most important crops for human and animal consumption and contains a chemical arsenal essential for survival: flavonoids. Moreover, flavonoids are well known for their beneficial effects on human health. In this review, we decided to organize the information about maize flavonoids into three sections. In the first section, we include updated information about the enzymatic pathway of maize flavonoids. We describe a total of twenty-one genes for the flavonoid pathway of maize. The first three genes participate in the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Four genes are common biosynthetic early genes for flavonoids, and fourteen are specific genes for the flavonoid subgroups, the anthocyanins, and flavone C-glycosides. The second section explains the tissue accumulation and regulation of flavonoids by environmental factors affecting the expression of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional complex. The study of transcription factors of the MBW complex is fundamental for understanding how the flavonoid profiles generate a palette of colors in the plant tissues. Finally, we also include an update of the biological activities of C3G, the major maize anthocyanin, including anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects, among others. This review intends to disclose and integrate the existing knowledge regarding maize flavonoid pigmentation and its relevance in the human health sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A. Peniche-Pavía
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Irapuato, Libramiento Norte Km. 9.6, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Tereso J. Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jesús M. Magaña-Cerino
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Gregorio Méndez Magaña 2838-A, Col. Tamulté de las Barrancas, Villahermosa 86150, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carmen M. Gurrola-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, Instituto Transdisciplinar de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, C. Sierra Mojada 950. Col. Independencia, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-10585200 (ext. 33930)
| | - Axel Tiessen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Irapuato, Libramiento Norte Km. 9.6, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomez-Cano L, Gomez-Cano F, Dillon FM, Alers-Velazquez R, Doseff AI, Grotewold E, Gray J. Discovery of modules involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of maize phenolic compounds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110364. [PMID: 31928683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are among the most diverse and widespread of specialized plant compounds and underly many important agronomic traits. Our comprehensive analysis of the maize genome unraveled new aspects of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid, monolignol, and flavonoid production in this important crop. Remarkably, just 19 genes accounted for 70 % of the overall mRNA accumulation of these genes across 95 tissues, indicating that these are the main contributors to the flux of phenolic metabolites. Eighty genes with intermediate to low expression play minor and more specialized roles. Remaining genes are likely undergoing loss of function or are expressed in limited cell types. Phylogenetic and expression analyses revealed which members of gene families governing metabolic entry and branch points exhibit duplication, subfunctionalization, or loss of function. Co-expression analysis applied to genes in sequential biosynthetic steps revealed that certain isoforms are highly co-expressed and are candidates for metabolic complexes that ensure metabolite delivery to correct cellular compartments. Co-expression of biosynthesis genes with transcription factors discovered connections that provided candidate components for regulatory modules governing this pathway. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of maize phenylpropanoid related genes, identifies major pathway contributors, and novel candidate enzymatic and regulatory modules of the metabolic network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Francisco M Dillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu C, Zhang H, Sun J, Guo Z, Zou C, Li WX, Xie C, Huang C, Xu R, Liao H, Wang J, Xu X, Wang S, Xu Y. Genome-wide association study dissects yield components associated with low-phosphorus stress tolerance in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:1699-1714. [PMID: 29754325 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus deficiency in soil is a worldwide constraint threatening maize production. Through a genome-wide association study, we identified molecular markers and associated candidate genes and molecular pathways for low-phosphorus stress tolerance. Phosphorus deficiency in soils will severely affect maize (Zea mays L.) growth and development, thus decreasing the final yield. Deciphering the genetic basis of yield-related traits can benefit our understanding of maize tolerance to low-phosphorus stress. However, considering that yield-related traits should be evaluated under field condition with large populations rather than under hydroponic condition at a single-plant level, searching for appropriate field experimental sites and target traits for low-phosphorus stress tolerance is still very challenging. In this study, a genome-wide association analysis using two natural populations was performed to detect candidate genes in response to low-phosphorus stress at two experimental sites representative of different climate and soil types. In total, 259 candidate genes were identified and these candidate genes are mainly involved in four major pathways: transcriptional regulation, reactive oxygen scavenging, hormone regulation, and remodeling of cell wall. Among these candidate genes, 98 showed differential expression by transcriptome data. Based on a haplotype analysis of grain number under phosphorus deficiency condition, the positive haplotypes with favorable alleles across five loci increased grain number by 42% than those without favorable alleles. For further verifying the feasibility of genomic selection for improving maize low-phosphorus tolerance, we also validated the predictive ability of five genomic selection methods and suggested that moderate-density SNPs were sufficient to make accurate predictions for low-phosphorus tolerance traits. All these results will facilitate elucidating genetic basis of maize tolerance to low-phosphorus stress and improving marker-assisted selection efficiency in breeding process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianhao Sun
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Water-saving Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cheng Zou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wen-Xue Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuanxiao Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Changling Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruineng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanhong Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunbi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Texcoco, CP 56130, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang BH, Chen YW, Huang CL, Gao J, Liao PC. Imbalanced positive selection maintains the functional divergence of duplicated DIHYDROKAEMPFEROL 4-REDUCTASE genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39031. [PMID: 27966614 PMCID: PMC5155217 DOI: 10.1038/srep39031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication could be beneficial by functional division but might increase the risk of genetic load. The dynamics of duplicated paralogs number could involve recombination, positive selection, and functional divergence. Duplication of DIHYDROFLAVONOL 4-REDUCTASE (DFR) has been reported in several organisms and may have been retained by escape from adaptive conflict (EAC). In this study, we screened the angiosperm DFR gene focusing on a diversified genus Scutellaria to investigate how these duplicated genes are retained. We deduced that gene duplication involved multiple independent events in angiosperms, but the duplication of DFR was before the divergence of Scutellaria. Asymmetric positive selective pressures resulted in different evolutionary rates between the duplicates. Different numbers of regulatory elements, differential codon usages, radical amino acid changes, and differential gene expressions provide evidences of functional divergence between the two DFR duplicates in Scutellaria, implying adaptive subfunctionalization between duplicates. The discovery of pseudogenes accompanying a reduced replacement rate in one DFR paralogous gene suggested possibly leading to “loss of function” due to dosage imbalance after the transient adaptive subfunctionalization in the early stage of duplication. Notwithstanding, episodic gene duplication and functional divergence may be relevant to the diversification of ecological function of DFR gene in Scutellaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hong Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lung Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Jian Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pei-Chun Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng X, Bashandy H, Ainasoja M, Kontturi J, Pietiäinen M, Laitinen RAE, Albert VA, Valkonen JPT, Elomaa P, Teeri TH. Functional diversification of duplicated chalcone synthase genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis of Gerbera hybrida. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1469-1483. [PMID: 24266452 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
• Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the key enzyme in the first committed step of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the stepwise condensation of 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to naringenin chalcone. In plants, CHS is often encoded by a small family of genes that are temporally and spatially regulated. Our earlier studies have shown that GCHS4 is highly activated by ectopic expression of an MYB-type regulator GMYB10 in gerbera (Gerbera hybrida). • The tissue- and development-specific expression patterns of three gerbera CHS genes were examined. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to knock down GCHS1 and GCHS4 separately in gerbera inflorescences. • Our data show that GCHS4 is the only CHS encoding gene that is expressed in the cyanidin-pigmented vegetative tissues of gerbera cv Terraregina. GCHS3 expression is pronounced in the pappus bristles of the flowers. Expression of both GCHS1 and GCHS4 is high in the epidermal cells of gerbera petals, but only GCHS1 is contributing to flavonoid biosynthesis. • Gerbera contains a family of three CHS encoding genes showing different spatial and temporal regulation. GCHS4 expression in gerbera petals is regulated post-transcriptionally, at the level of either translation elongation or protein stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Deng
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hany Bashandy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, Cairo University, 13 Gamaa St., Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Miia Ainasoja
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kontturi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roosa A E Laitinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yoshida K, Iwasaka R, Shimada N, Ayabe SI, Aoki T, Sakuta M. Transcriptional control of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase multigene family in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2010; 123:801-5. [PMID: 20339894 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the genome of the model legume Lotus japonicus, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), which is the first committed enzyme of the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) pathways, is encoded as a tandemly arrayed five-gene family. Expression analysis revealed that both organ specificity and stress responsiveness differ among the DFRs. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression of DFRs, we investigated the transcriptional control of each member of the DFR multigene family. Ectopic expression of a combination of the transcription factors MYB, bHLH, and WDR showed that only the DFR2 promoter was activated, indicating that each member of the DFR gene family is regulated independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chung CL, Jamann T, Longfellow J, Nelson R. Characterization and fine-mapping of a resistance locus for northern leaf blight in maize bin 8.06. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:205-27. [PMID: 20217383 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As part of a larger effort to capture diverse alleles at a set of loci associated with disease resistance in maize, DK888, a hybrid known to possess resistance to multiple diseases, was used as a donor in constructing near-isogenic lines (NILs). A NIL pair contrasting for resistance to northern leaf blight (NLB), caused by Setosphaeria turcica, was identified and associated with bin 8.06. This region of the maize genome had been associated in previous studies with both qualitative and quantitative resistance to NLB. In addition, bins 8.05-8.06 had been associated with quantitative resistance to several other diseases, as well as resistance gene analogs and defense response gene homologs. To test the hypothesis that the DK888 allele at bin 8.06 (designated qNLB8.06 ( DK888 )) conditions the broad-spectrum quantitative resistance characteristic of the donor, the NILs were evaluated with a range of maize pathogens and different races of S. turcica. The results revealed that qNLB8.06 (DK888) confers race-specific resistance exclusively to NLB. Allelism analysis suggested that qNLB8.06 (DK888) is identical, allelic, or closely linked and functionally related to Ht2. The resistance conditioned by qNLB8.06 was incompletely dominant and varied in effectiveness depending upon allele and/or genetic background. High-resolution breakpoint analysis, using approximately 2,800 individuals in F(9)/F(10) heterogeneous inbred families and 98 F(10)/F(11) fixed lines carrying various recombinant events, delimited qNLB8.06 ( DK888 ) to a region of approximately 0.46 Mb, spanning 143.92-144.38 Mb on the B73 physical map. Three compelling candidate genes were identified in this region. Isolation of the gene(s) will contribute to better understanding of this complex locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo B, Butrón A, Scully BT. Maize silk antibiotic polyphenol compounds and molecular genetic improvement of resistance to corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) in sh2 sweet corn. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4081/pb.2010.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavor of sh2 super-sweet corn is preferred by consumers. Unfortunately, sh2 sweet corn has little genetic variation for insect resistance. In this paper we review the functions of two loci, p1 and a1. The P1 allele has a major role in sh2 sweet corn resistance to corn earworm, an allele that was lost in historical selection because of its pleiotropic effect on undesirable cob color and silk browning. The P1 allele has significant effects on biosyntheses of silk antibiotic compounds, maysin, apimaysin, methoxymaysin, and chlorogenic acid. The effect of a1 shows gene action for lowered maysin and significant epistatic action with p1. The dominant functional allele A1 causes anthocyanin pigments in aleurone, plant, and pericarp tissues; the recessive a1 allele causes absence of pigment in these tissues. If silk browning and cob color are critical factors for maysin production but lack the customer’s preference, then separating red cob and browning silk, which are controlled by the P1 allele, may be difficult if not impossible. One high silk maysin sh2 sweet corn germplasm, shrunken Zapalote Chico, has been released. There is some field corn germplasm with p1-wwr alleles, but the amount of antibiotic flavones and their potential as a donor need further investigation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shimada N, Sasaki R, Sato S, Kaneko T, Tabata S, Aoki T, Ayabe SI. A comprehensive analysis of six dihydroflavonol 4-reductases encoded by a gene cluster of the Lotus japonicus genome. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2573-85. [PMID: 16087700 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is the first committed enzyme of the anthocyanin and condensed tannin pathways. Several DFR cDNAs have been cloned, and different specificities of DFR isozymes in the substrate hydroxylation patterns have been reported, but only fragmentary knowledge of DFR gene organization is available. Reported here is a comprehensive analysis of DFRs of a model legume, Lotus japonicus. A total of five DFR genes were found to form a cluster within a 38 kb region in the L. japonicus genome, whereas six cDNAs, including two splicing variants resulting from a transversion at a splicing acceptor site, were cloned. All the genes were expressed, with different organ specificities, in the mature plant. Three of the DFR proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed catalytic activity, and their substrate preferences agreed with the variation of a specific active site residue (Asp or Asn) reported to control the specificity. The hydroxylation patterns of anthocyanidins and condensed tannin units in the stems did not reflect the substrate specificity of the expressed isozymes, implying complex regulation mechanisms in the biosynthesis. The two splicing variants and one DFR with Ser at the specificity-controlling position failed to show the activity, but a revertant protein replacing the unusual splicing restored the activity. The phylogenetic tree, constructed with known DFR sequences, showed evolutionary divergence of some of the DFR genes prior to the plant speciation. This work affords the basis for genetic and biochemical studies on the diversity of DFR and the flavonoid products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimoto Shimada
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shimada S, Takahashi K, Sato Y, Sakuta M. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase cDNA from non-anthocyanin-producing species in the Caryophyllales. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:1290-8. [PMID: 15509852 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two types of red pigment, anthocyanins and betacyanins, never occur together in the same plant. Although anthocyanins are widely distributed in higher plants as flower and fruit pigments, betacyanins have replaced anthocyanins in the Caryophyllales. We isolated cDNAs encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), which is the first enzyme committed to anthocyanin biosynthesis in the flavonoid pathway, from Spinacia oleracea and Phytolacca americana, plants that belong to the Caryophyllales. The deduced amino acid sequence of Spinacia DFR and Phytolacca DFR revealed a high degree of homology with DFRs of anthocyanin-producing plants. The DFR of carnation, an exception in the Caryophyllales that synthesizes anthocyanin, showed the highest level of identity. In the phylogenetic tree, Spinacia DFR and Phytolacca DFR clustered with the DFRs of anthocyanin-synthesizing dicots. Recombinant Spinacia and Phytolacca DFRs expressed in Escherichia coli convert dihydroflavonol to leucoanthocyanidin. The expression and function of DFR in spinach and pokeweed are discussed in relation to the molecular evolution of red pigment biosynthesis in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Shimada
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, 112-8610 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hirner AA, Veit S, Seitz HU. Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in UV-A-irradiated cell cultures of carrot and in organs of intact carrot plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 161:315-322. [PMID: 11448762 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(01)00408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two cell lines of Daucus carota are known to differ with respect to anthocyanin accumulation. cDNA clones encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanidin biosynthesis, namely phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 2.3.1.74), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H; EC 1.14.11.9), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR; EC 1.1.1.219) and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX; EC 1.14.11.-), were isolated from libraries derived from cell cultures. Northern blot analysis of anthocyanin-accumulating (DCb) and non-accumulating (DCs) cell cultures of carrot showed that the anthocyanin pathway in these anthocyanin-free DCs cells is blocked. The expression of CHS1, DFR1 and LDOX is not detectable. However, F3H and DFR2 behave differently. In the European wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp. carota) the structural genes coding for the enzymes responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis are strongly expressed in organs which accumulate anthocyanins. Only the dark-purple coloured petals of the central flowers of the inflorescence and to a certain extent the white flowers and the leaves but not the stems and the roots transcribe these genes. To study the effect of anthocyanins as UV-screens the expression of a protein indispensable for cell proliferation like alpha-tubulin (TUB) was monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A. Hirner
- Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guo BZ, Zhang ZJ, Li RG, Widstrom NW, Snook ME, Lynch RE, Plaisted D. Restriction fragment length polymorphism markers associated with silk maysin, antibiosis to corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, in a dent and sweet corn cross. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 94:564-571. [PMID: 11332855 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maysin, a C-glycosylflavone in maize silk, has insecticidal activity against corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae. Sweet corn, Zea mays L., is a vulnerable crop to ear-feeding insects and requires pesticide protection from ear damage. This study was conducted to identify maize chromosome regions associated with silk maysin concentration and eventually to transfer and develop high silk maysin sweet corn lines with marker-assisted selection (MAS). Using an F2 population derived from SC102 (high maysin dent corn) and B31857 (low maysin sh2 sweet corn), we detected two major quantitative trait loci (QTL). It was estimated that 25.6% of the silk maysin variance was associated with segregation in the genomic region of npi286 (flanking to p1) on chromosome 1S. We also demonstrated that a1 on chromosome 3L had major contribution to silk maysin (accounted for 15.7% of the variance). Locus a1 has a recessive gene action for high maysin with the presence of functional p1 allele. Markers umc66a (near c2) and umc105a on chromosome 9S also were detected in this analysis with minor contribution. A multiple-locus model, which included npi286, a1, csu3 (Bin 1.05), umc245 (Bin 7.05), agrr21 (Bin 8.09), umc105a, and the epistatic interactions npi286 x a1, a1 x agrr21, csu3 x umc245, and umc105a x umc245, accounted for 76.3% of the total silk maysin variance. Tester crosses showed that at the a1 locus, SC102 has functional A1 alleles and B31857 has homozygous recessive a1 alleles. Individuals of (SC102 x B31857) x B31857 were examined with MAS and plants with p1 allele from SC102 and homozygous a1 alleles from B31857 had consistent high silk maysin. Marker-assisted selection seems to be a suitable method to transfer silk maysin to sweet corn lines to reduce pesticide application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Z Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|