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Qi Y, Yang X, Jia S, Shen B, Zhao J, Wan Y, Zhong H. A Soft Evaporation and Ionization Technique for Mass Spectrometric Analysis and Bio-Imaging of Metal Ions in Plants Based on Metal-Iodide Cluster Ionization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15597-15606. [PMID: 34762390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protonation/deprotonation is the well-recognized mass spectrometric mechanism in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization of organic molecules but not for metal ions with different oxidation states. We describe herein a soft evaporation and ionization technique for metal ions based on iodination/de-iodination in metal-iodide cluster ionization (MICI). It is not only able to determine identities and oxidation states of metal ions but also reveal spatial distributions and isotope ratios in response to physiological or environmental changes. A long chain alcohol 1-tetradecanol with no functional groups that can absorb laser irradiation was used to cover and prevent samples from direct laser ablation. Upon the irradiation of the third harmonic Nd3+:YAG (355 nm, 3 ns), iohexol containing three covalently bonded iodine atoms instantly generates negative iodide ions that can quantitatively form clusters with at least 14 essential metal ions present in plants. The detection limits vary with different metal ions down to low fmol. MICI eliminates the atomization process that obscures metal charges in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Because only metal ions can be iodinated with iohexol, interferences from the abundant organic molecules of plants that are confronted by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) are also greatly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qi
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Baojie Shen
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Wan
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Zhong
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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Kim M, Ingale SL, Hosseindoust A, Choi Y, Kim K, Chae B. Synergistic effect of exogenous multi-enzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1365-1374. [PMID: 33561925 PMCID: PMC8255893 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of exogenous multienzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. METHODS A 2×2 factorial design was used in this study. Four dietary treatments consisted of i) basal diets (corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets without multi-enzyme and phytase), ii) basal diets with phytase (0.05%), iii) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme (0.05%), and iv) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme including phytase (0.05%). A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308 - one day old) were weighed and allotted to thirty-two cages (15 birds per cage), and chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. RESULTS The body weight gain and feed conversion rate were improved by supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase during the finisher period (p<0.05). The birds fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase had a significantly greater digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus compared with birds fed non-supplemented diets (p<0.05). The chickens fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a higher concentration of Ca and P in the serum (p<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium were not affected in the ileum and cecum of chickens fed enzyme-supplemented diets. The dietary supplemental exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a significant improvement in villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio, compared to basal diets or dietary supplemental phytase (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The supplementation of the exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase synergistically improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and villus height of the small intestine of broiler chickens fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJu Kim
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - YoHan Choi
- Swine Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - KwangYeol Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - ByungJo Chae
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Yukihiro Y, Zaima N. Application of Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Visualizing Food Components. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050575. [PMID: 32375379 PMCID: PMC7278736 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming food is essential for survival, maintaining health, and triggering positive emotions like pleasure. One of the factors that drive us toward such behavior is the presence of various compounds in foods. There are many methods to analyze these molecules in foods; however, it is difficult to analyze the spatial distribution of these compounds using conventional techniques, such as mass spectrometry combined with high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a two-dimensional ionization technology that enables detection of compounds in tissue sections without extraction, purification, separation, or labeling. There are many methods for ionization of analytes, including secondary ion mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and desorption electrospray ionization. Such MSI technologies can provide spatial information on the location of a specific analyte in food. The number of studies utilizing MSI technologies in food science has been increasing in the past decade. This review provides an overview of some of the recent applications of MSI in food science and related fields. In the future, MSI will become one of the most promising technologies for visualizing the distribution of food components and for identifying food-related factors by their molecular weights to improve quality, quality assurance, food safety, nutritional analysis, and to locate administered food factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimura Yukihiro
- Department of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe City 651-2180, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 204-3327 Nakamachi, Nara City 631-8505, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University,204-3327 Nakamachi, Nara City 631-8505, Japan
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Nano- and micro-mechanical properties of wheat grain by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nano-indentation (IIT) and their relationship with the mechanical properties evaluated by uniaxial compression test. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nutrient and energy balance, and amino acid digestibility in weaned piglets fed wheat bran and an exogenous enzyme combination. Animal 2019; 14:499-507. [PMID: 31597587 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive system of the weaned piglets can be affected by the type of ingredients present in the diet, and a high fibre content in diets can limit the use of other nutrients and energy. The study was conducted to determine the effects of multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat bran (WB) in weaned piglets. Multicarbohydrase preparation had 700 U α-galactosidase, 2200 U galactomannanase, 3000 U xylanase and 22 000 U β-glucanase per kilogram of diet, and Phy had 500 phytase units - FTU/kg of diet. Twenty-five weaned piglets (6.1 ± 0.63 kg) at 21 days old were fed five diets in a completely randomised experimental design with a 2 × 2 + 1 (0 and 200 mg/kg MC; 0 and 50 mg/kg Phy; and basal diet - BD) factorial arrangement used to determine treatment effects. An additional group of piglets was fed a corn-basal diet during apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fed a 5% casein-corn starch basal diet during apparent and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid evaluations. Piglets were individually caged until 38 days old, when Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter. Test diets were made by mixing the basal diets and WB 7 : 3 (w/w), with or without MC, Phy or the combination. There was an interaction trend (P = 0.07) between MC and Phy in the balance of ash, digestible energy (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME). Effects of MC (P < 0.01) on DM, N retention, DE and ME, as well as an effect of Phy (P < 0.05) on ash, DE and ME and a trend in protein digestibility (P = 0.07) also was observed. The enzyme combination showed effect (P < 0.05) on SID of Lys, Pro and Ser; as a trend (P < 0.07) on His, Thr and Val. Isolated, MC also suggested improving (P < 0.07) on SID of His, Lys, Ala (P < 0.05), while Phy improved (P < 0.06) SID of Leu, Lys, Met (P < 0.01), Thr, Val, Ala (P < 0.01), Pro and Ser (P < 0.05). The MC carbohydrate complex was characterised as a viable alternative to increase the apparent nutrients digestibility and SID of amino acids when WB was used in the diet of young pigs and, when combined with Phy, suggested an additive effect on the apparent use of energy.
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Tosi P, He J, Lovegrove A, Gonzáles-Thuillier I, Penson S, Shewry PR. Gradients in compositions in the starchy endosperm of wheat have implications for milling and processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 82:1-7. [PMID: 30532347 PMCID: PMC6267945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is the major food grain consumed in temperate countries. Most wheat is consumed after milling to produce white flour, which corresponds to the endosperm storage tissue of the grain. Because the starchy endosperm accounts for about 80% of the grain dry weight, the miller aims to achieve flour yields approaching this value. SCOPE AND APPROACH Bioimaging can be combined with biochemical analysis of fractions produced by sequential pearling of whole grains to determine the distributions of components within the endosperm tissue. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS This reveals that endosperm is not homogeneous, but exhibits gradients in composition from the outer to the inner part. These include gradients in both amount and composition. For example, the content of gluten proteins decreases but the proportion of glutenin polymers increases from the outside to the centre of the tissue. However, the content of starch increases with changes in the granule size distribution, the proportions of amylose and amylopectin, and their thermal properties. Hence these parts of the endosperm differ in the functional properties for food processing. Gradients also exist in minor components which may affect health and processing, such as dietary fibre and lipids. The gradients in grain composition are reflected in differences in the compositions of the mill streams which are combined to give white flour (which may number over 20). These differences could therefore be exploited by millers and food processors to develop flours with compositions and properties for specific end uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tosi
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Early Gate, RG6 6AR, Reading, UK
| | - Jibin He
- School of Science, Engineering and Design, Teesside University, TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Alison Lovegrove
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | | | - Peter R. Shewry
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Gallardo C, Dadalt JC, Trindade Neto MA. Nitrogen retention, energy, and amino acid digestibility of wheat bran, without or with multicarbohydrase and phytase supplementation, fed to broiler chickens. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2371-2379. [PMID: 29746701 PMCID: PMC6095285 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the effects of multicarbohydrase (MC) preparation (700 U α-galactosidase, 2,200 U galactomannanase, 3,000 U xylanase, and 22,000 U β-glucanase per kg of diet) and phytase (Phy, 500 FTU per kg of diet) supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat bran (WB) in broiler chicks. Trial 1 determined retention of nutrients and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen (AMEn). One reference diet (RD) protein-free (85% corn based) was fortified to determine the WB nutrient retention coefficient. Trial 2 determined standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, when pancreas and liver were weighed. An additional group of bird was fed with an RD with 5% casein-corn starch diet, fortified with vitamins and minerals to quantify the endogenous fraction and determine SID of AA. For each trial, the test diets were made by mixing RD and WB 7:3 (wt/wt) and fed without or with MC or Phy or combination. Male broilers (Cobb 500), 245 d old, were allocated to five treatments to give seven replicates (seven birds/cage). The birds were fed a commercial diet from day 0 to10 followed by Trial 1 diets from day 11 to 18 and finally Trial 2 diets from day 19 to 21. Excreta samples were collected on days 15-18 and all birds were slaughtered on day 21 for ileal digesta. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between MC and Phy on retention of DM, N, P, and AMEn. An interaction (P < 0.05) was also observed on SID of Arg, His, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Val, Asp, Cys, Glu, and Ser. Responses of MC plus Phy supplementation were higher (P < 0.05) on overall SID of AA by 6.05% (75.18 to 94.26%), compared with responses for MC (2.35%; 72.04 to 88.97) or Phy (3.46%; 73.27 to 92.13). Liver and pancreas weights were affected (P < 0.05) by the single MC supplementation. The MC and Phy combination may be an effective strategy to improve AA utilization of WB in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Gallardo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Sao Paulo 13635-015, Brazil
| | - Julio Cezar Dadalt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Sao Paulo 13635-015, Brazil
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Aoki D, Asai R, Tomioka R, Matsushita Y, Asakura H, Tabuchi M, Fukushima K. Translocation of 133Cs administered to Cryptomeria japonica wood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:88-95. [PMID: 28135617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the in planta behaviour of caesium (Cs), the stable isotope 133Cs was administered into 3-year-old Cryptomeria japonica seedlings by the application of 133CsCl aqueous solution to the bark surface. The administered 133Cs was quantified by ICP-MS measurements, which showed transportation of 133Cs in an ascending direction in the stem. Distribution of 133Cs was visualized using freeze-fixed C. japonica woody stem samples and cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry/scanning electron microscopy (cryo-TOF-SIMS/SEM) analysis. Cryo-TOF-SIMS/SEM visualization suggested that 133Cs was rapidly transported radially by ray parenchyma cells followed by axial transportation by pith and axial parenchyma cells. Adsorption experiments using powdered C. japonica wood samples and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis suggested that 133Cs was in the hydrated state following its deposition into tracheid cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Asai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rie Tomioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asakura
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan; Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masao Tabuchi
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Moore KL, Tosi P, Palmer R, Hawkesford MJ, Grovenor CRM, Shewry PR. The dynamics of protein body formation in developing wheat grain. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1876-82. [PMID: 26898533 PMCID: PMC4988504 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a major source of protein in the diets of humans and livestock but we know little about the mechanisms that determine the patterns of protein synthesis in the developing endosperm. We have used a combination of enrichment with (15) N glutamine and NanoSIMS imaging to establish that the substrate required for protein synthesis is transported radially from its point of entrance in the endosperm cavity across the starchy endosperm tissues, before becoming concentrated in the cells immediately below the aleurone layer. This transport occurs continuously during grain development but may be slower in the later stages. Although older starchy endosperm cells tend to contain larger protein deposits formed by the fusion of small protein bodies, small highly enriched protein bodies may also be present in the same cells. This shows a continuous process of protein body initiation, in both older and younger starchy endosperm cells and in all regions of the tissue. Immunolabeling with specific antibodies shows that the patterns of enrichment are not related to the contents of gluten proteins in the protein bodies. In addition to providing new information on the dynamics of protein deposition, the study demonstrates the wider utility of NanoSIMS and isotope labelling for studying complex developmental processes in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paola Tosi
- School of Agriculture Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading, UK
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Jurowski K, Buszewski B, Piekoszewski W. Bioanalytics in Quantitive (Bio)imaging/Mapping of Metallic Elements in Biological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 45:334-47. [PMID: 25996031 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.941455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe selected analytical techniques and their applications in the quantitative mapping/(bio)imaging of metals in biological samples. This work presents the advantages and disadvantages as well as the appropriate methods of scope for research. Distribution of metals in biological samples is currently one of the most important issues in physiology, toxicology, pharmacology, and other disciplines where functional information about the distribution of metals is essential. This issue is a subject of research in (bio)imaging/mapping studies, which use a variety of analytical techniques for the identification and determination of metallic elements. Increased interest in analytical techniques enabling the (bio)imaging of metals in a variety of biological material has been observed more recently. Measuring the distribution of trace metals in tissues after a drug dose or ingestion of poison-containing metals allows for the studying of pathomechanisms and the pathophysiology of various diseases and disorders related to the management of metals in human and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Kraków , Poland
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Dong Y, Li B, Malitsky S, Rogachev I, Aharoni A, Kaftan F, Svatoš A, Franceschi P. Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Plant Tissues: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:60. [PMID: 26904042 PMCID: PMC4748743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a mass spectrometry based molecular ion imaging technique. It provides the means for ascertaining the spatial distribution of a large variety of analytes directly on tissue sample surfaces without any labeling or staining agents. These advantages make it an attractive molecular histology tool in medical, pharmaceutical, and biological research. Likewise, MSI has started gaining popularity in plant sciences; yet, information regarding sample preparation methods for plant tissues is still limited. Sample preparation is a crucial step that is directly associated with the quality and authenticity of the imaging results, it therefore demands in-depth studies based on the characteristics of plant samples. In this review, a sample preparation pipeline is discussed in detail and illustrated through selected practical examples. In particular, special concerns regarding sample preparation for plant imaging are critically evaluated. Finally, the applications of MSI techniques in plants are reviewed according to different classes of plant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Dong
- Biostatistics and Data Management, Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Edmund MachS. Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Filip Kaftan
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Biostatistics and Data Management, Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Edmund MachS. Michele all'Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Franceschi
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Li B, Dunham SJ, Dong Y, Yoon S, Zeng M, Sweedler JV. Analytical capabilities of mass spectrometry imaging and its potential applications in food science. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Singh SP, Vogel-Mikuš K, Vavpetič P, Jeromel L, Pelicon P, Kumar J, Tuli R. Spatial X-ray fluorescence micro-imaging of minerals in grain tissues of wheat and related genotypes. PLANTA 2014; 240:277-289. [PMID: 24817589 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wheat and its related genotypes show distinct distribution patterns for mineral nutrients in maternal and filial tissues in grains. X-ray-based imaging techniques are very informative to identify genotypes with contrasting tissue-specific localization of different elements. This can help in the selection of suitable genotypes for nutritional improvement of food grain crops. Understanding mineral localization in cereal grains is important for their nutritional improvement. Spatial distribution of mineral nutrients (Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) was investigated between and within the maternal and filial tissues in grains of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Cv. WH291 and WL711), a landrace (T. aestivum L. IITR26) and a related wild species Aegilops kotschyi, using micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (µ-PIXE) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF). Aleurone and scutellum were major storage tissues for macro (P, K, Ca and Mg) as well as micro (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) nutrients. Distinct elemental distribution patterns were observed in each of the four genotypes. A. kotschyi, the wild relative of wheat and the landrace, T. aestivum L. IITR26, accumulated more Zn and Fe in scutellum and aleurone than the cultivated wheat varieties, WH291 and WL711. The landrace IITR26, accumulated far more S in grains, Mn in scutellum, aleurone and embryo region, Ca and Cu in aleurone and scutellum, and Mg, K and P in scutellum than the other genotypes. Unlike wheat, lower Mn and higher Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations were noticed in the pigment strand of A. kotschyi. Multivariate statistical analysis, performed on mineral distribution in major grain tissues (aleurone, scutellum, endosperm and embryo region) resolved the four genotypes into distinct clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir P Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, Mohali, 160071, India,
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Zhao FJ, Moore KL, Lombi E, Zhu YG. Imaging element distribution and speciation in plant cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:183-92. [PMID: 24394523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To maintain cellular homeostasis, concentrations, chemical speciation, and localization of mineral nutrients and toxic trace elements need to be regulated. Imaging the cellular and subcellular localization of elements and measuring their in situ chemical speciation are challenging tasks that can be undertaken using synchrotron-based techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectrometry, and mass spectrometry-based techniques, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We review the advantages and limitations of these techniques, and discuss examples of their applications, which have revealed highly heterogeneous distribution patterns of elements in different cell types, often varying in chemical speciation. Combining these techniques with molecular genetic approaches can unravel functions of genes involved in element homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Jie Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia SA-5095, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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15
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Lu H, Adedokun S, Preynat A, Legrand-Defretin V, Geraert PA, Adeola O, Ajuwon KM. Impact of exogenous carbohydrases and phytase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lu, H., Adedokun, S. A., Preynat, A., Legrand-Defretin, V., Geraert, P. A., Adeola, O. and Ajuwon, K. M. 2013. Impact of exogenous carbohydrases and phytase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 243–249. The effect of supplementing corn–soybean-based diets with Rovabio®Max AP, an exogenous enzyme mix with carbohydrase (xylanase and β-glucanase) and phytase activities to broiler chickens was evaluated. Male Ross 708 broilers were assigned to four diets: positive control (PC), negative control (NC), deficient in metabolizable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (nPP), relative to the PC, by 100 kcal kg−1, 5 g kg−1, 1.1 g kg−1and 1.6 g kg−1, respectively, in the starter and grower diets; and NC+Rovabio®at 0.05 or 0.075 g kg−1diet. Starter diets were fed from day 0 to day 21 and grower diets from day 22 to day 42. Body weight (BW) and body weight gain on days 22 and 42 were increased (P<0.05) by enzyme supplementation. Enzyme addition increased (P<0.05) feed intake from day 22 to day 42 and overall (day 0 to day 42). Gain to feed ratio (G:F) was significantly increased (P<0.05) with enzyme supplementation during both starter and grower phases. Enzyme addition increased (P<0.05) serum phosphorus (P) concentration on day 21. On day 42 enzyme supplementation increased (P<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of P, dry matter (DM), energy, and N. Addition of a combination of carbohydrases (xylanase and β-glucanase) and phytase to corn–soybean-based diets deficient in ME, CP, Ca and P resulted in a significant increase in growth performance and utilization of P, DM, energy and N in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - S.A. Adedokun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A. Preynat
- Adisseo France SAS, Antony Parc II, 10 place du Général de Gaulle, 92160 Antony (France)
| | - V. Legrand-Defretin
- Adisseo France SAS, Antony Parc II, 10 place du Général de Gaulle, 92160 Antony (France)
| | - P. A. Geraert
- Adisseo France SAS, Antony Parc II, 10 place du Général de Gaulle, 92160 Antony (France)
| | - O. Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - K. M. Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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16
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Lillioja S, Neal AL, Tapsell L, Jacobs DR. Whole grains, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension: links to the aleurone preferred over indigestible fiber. Biofactors 2013; 39:242-58. [PMID: 23355358 PMCID: PMC3640698 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Higher whole grain cereal intakes are associated with substantially lower risks of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. These reduced risks have been established in large prospective studies that now include millions of person-years of follow-up. We analyze the results of 11 major prospective studies to provide recommendations about whole grain consumption. The following review establishes the amount of whole grains that should ideally be consumed based on prospective evidence; defines the nature of whole grains; identifies that the whole grain evidence is robust and not due to confounding; and provides a detailed assessment of several potential mechanisms for the effect of whole grains on health. We draw the following conclusions. Firstly, to maintain health, 40 grams or more of whole grains should be consumed daily. This is about a bowl of whole grain breakfast cereal daily, but 80% of the population does not achieve this. Secondly, aleurone in bran is a critical grain component generally overlooked in favor of indigestible fiber. Live aleurone cells constitute 50% of millers' bran. They store minerals, protein, and the antioxidant ferulic acid, and are clearly more than just indigestible fiber. Finally, we suggest potential roles for magnesium, zinc, and ferulic acid in the development of chronic disease. If the results of prospective studies were applied to the life-style practices of modern societies there exists the potential for enormous personal health and public financial benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lillioja
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia.
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17
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Neal AL, Geraki K, Borg S, Quinn P, Mosselmans JF, Brinch-Pedersen H, Shewry PR. Iron and zinc complexation in wild-type and ferritin-expressing wheat grain: implications for mineral transport into developing grain. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:557-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Moore KL, Zhao FJ, Gritsch CS, Tosi P, Hawkesford MJ, McGrath SP, Shewry PR, Grovenor CR. Localisation of iron in wheat grain using high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry. J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Wu B, Becker JS. Imaging techniques for elements and element species in plant science. Metallomics 2012; 4:403-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Regvar M, Eichert D, Kaulich B, Gianoncelli A, Pongrac P, Vogel-Mikuš K, Kreft I. New insights into globoids of protein storage vacuoles in wheat aleurone using synchrotron soft X-ray microscopy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3929-39. [PMID: 21447756 PMCID: PMC3134349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mature developed seeds are physiologically and biochemically committed to store nutrients, principally as starch, protein, oils, and minerals. The composition and distribution of elements inside the aleurone cell layer reflect their biogenesis, structural characteristics, and physiological functions. It is therefore of primary importance to understand the mechanisms underlying metal ion accumulation, distribution, storage, and bioavailability in aleurone subcellular organelles for seed fortification purposes. Synchrotron radiation soft X-ray full-field imaging mode (FFIM) and low-energy X-ray fluorescence (LEXRF) spectromicroscopy were applied to characterize major structural features and the subcellular distribution of physiologically important elements (Zn, Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, and P). These direct imaging methods reveal the accumulation patterns between the apoplast and symplast, and highlight the importance of globoids with phytic acid mineral salts and walls as preferential storage structures. C, N, and O chemical topographies are directly linked to the structural backbone of plant substructures. Zn, Fe, Na, Mg, Al, and P were linked to globoid structures within protein storage vacuoles with variable levels of co-localization. Si distribution was atypical, being contained in the aleurone apoplast and symplast, supporting a physiological role for Si in addition to its structural function. These results reveal that the immobilization of metals within the observed endomembrane structures presents a structural and functional barrier and affects bioavailability. The combination of high spatial and chemical X-ray microscopy techniques highlights how in situ analysis can yield new insights into the complexity of the wheat aleurone layer, whose precise biochemical composition, morphology, and structural characteristics are still not unequivocally resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjana Regvar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diane Eichert
- Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Burkhard Kaulich
- Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Paula Pongrac
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Kreft
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Kaspar S, Peukert M, Svatos A, Matros A, Mock HP. MALDI-imaging mass spectrometry - An emerging technique in plant biology. Proteomics 2011; 11:1840-50. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Wang YX, Specht A, Horst WJ. Stable isotope labelling and zinc distribution in grains studied by laser ablation ICP-MS in an ear culture system reveals zinc transport barriers during grain filling in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:428-37. [PMID: 20946419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency has been recognized as a potential risk for human health in many developing regions where staple food with low micronutrient density represents a major proportion of the diet. The success of strategies to increase Zn content in the edible part of crops requires better understanding of Zn transport to, and distribution within, the grains. The transfer of Zn from the growth medium to wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains in an ear culture system was investigated by using the stable Zn isotope (70) Zn, and the spatial distribution of Zn within the grains was studied by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Zinc was readily transported in the stem up to the rachis. More Zn accumulated in the stem when higher amounts of Zn were supplied to the medium. Once Zn was transported into the grain, Zn accumulated particularly in the crease vascular tissue. The gradient of (70) Zn concentration between crease vascular tissue, aleurone layer and endosperm demonstrates that Zn is distributed within grain through the crease phloem. These results suggest that two barriers of Zn transport into wheat grains may exist: between the stem tissue rachis and the grain, and the maternal and filial tissues in the grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui Road, 225009 Yangzhou, China
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23
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Smart KE, Smith JAC, Kilburn MR, Martin BGH, Hawes C, Grovenor CRM. High-resolution elemental localization in vacuolate plant cells by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:870-9. [PMID: 20561256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By combining the capabilities of advanced sample preparation methodologies with the latest generation of secondary ion mass spectrometry instrumentation, we show that chemical information on the distribution of even dilute species in biological samples can be obtained with spatial resolutions of better than 100 nm. Here, we show the distribution of nickel and other elements in leaf tissue of the nickel hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum lesbiacum prepared by high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Smart
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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24
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Martelli MR, Brygo F, Sadoudi A, Delaporte P, Barron C. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometrics: a novel potential method to analyze wheat grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7126-7134. [PMID: 20499936 DOI: 10.1021/jf100665u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been widely used to evaluate the elemental composition (e.g., minerals or metal accumulation) on vegetal tissues. The main objective of this work was to differentiate wheat outer tissues during the grain ablation using LIBS and univariate/multivariate analysis. A high resolution spectrometer and a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, 5 ns) was first used in order to easily identify atomic wheat emission lines. Then a pulsed excimer laser ArF (193 nm, 15 ns) and a compact fiber optic spectrometer was used to acquire LIBS spectral data from each pulse. Univariate and multivariate analyses (MW2D, PLS-DA) were carried out to provide more in depth information from the LIBS experiment. The number of pulses needed to ablate wheat tissues was successfully predicted by the supervised pattern recognition procedure. LIBS used in conjunction with multivariate analysis could be an interesting technique for rapid structural analysis of vegetal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena R Martelli
- INRA, UMR 1208 Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, INRA-CIRAD-UMII-Supagro, Montpellier, France
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25
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Moore KL, Schröder M, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, McGrath SP, Hawkesford MJ, Shewry PR, Grovenor CRM. NanoSIMS analysis of arsenic and selenium in cereal grain. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:434-445. [PMID: 19895416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
*Cereals are an important source of selenium (Se) to humans and many people have inadequate intakes of this essential trace element. Conversely, arsenic (As) is toxic and may accumulate in rice grain at levels that pose a health risk. Knowledge of the localization of selenium and arsenic within the cereal grain will aid understanding of their deposition patterns and the impact of processes such as milling. *High-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) was used to determine the localization of Se in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and As in rice (Oryza sativa). Combined synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (S-XRF) and NanoSIMS analysis utilized the strengths of both techniques. *Selenium was concentrated in the protein surrounding the starch granules in the starchy endosperm cells and more homogeneously distributed in the aleurone cells but with Se-rich hotspots. Arsenic was concentrated in the subaleurone endosperm cells in association with the protein matrix rather than in the aleurone cells. NanoSIMS indicated that the high intensity of As identified in the S-XRF image was localized in micron-sized hotspots near the ovular vascular trace and nucellar projection. *This is the first study showing subcellular localization in grain samples containing parts per million concentrations of Se and As. There is good quantitative agreement between NanoSIMS and S-XRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
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26
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Martelli M, Barron C, Delaporte P, Viennois G, Rouau X, Sadoudi A. Pulsed laser ablation: A new approach to reveal wheat outer layer properties. J Cereal Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Cha S, Zhang H, Ilarslan HI, Wurtele ES, Brachova L, Nikolau BJ, Yeung ES. Direct profiling and imaging of plant metabolites in intact tissues by using colloidal graphite-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:348-60. [PMID: 18397372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Laser desorption/ionization (LDI)-based imaging mass spectrometry (MS) has been applied to several biological systems to obtain information about both the identities of the major chemical species and their localization. Colloidal graphite-assisted LDI (GALDI) MS imaging was introduced for the imaging of small molecules such as phospholipids, cerebrosides, oligosaccharides, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites with high spatial homogeneity due to finely dispersed particles. Mass profiles and images of Arabidopsis thaliana have been recorded directly from various plant surfaces and cross sections. The main targeted metabolites were flavonoids and cuticular waxes, both of which are important in many aspects of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. The mass spectral profiles revealed tissue-specific accumulation of flavonoids in flowers and petals. In addition, many other location-specific ions were observed. The location and the degree of light-induced accumulation of flavonoids in stem sections were successfully probed by GALDI MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Cha
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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28
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Wiley PR, Tosi P, Evrard A, Lovegrove A, Jones HD, Shewry PR. Promoter analysis and immunolocalisation show that puroindoline genes are exclusively expressed in starchy endosperm cells of wheat grain. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 64:125-36. [PMID: 17294254 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The purolindolines are small cysteine-rich proteins which are present in the grain of wheat. They have a major impact on the utilisation of the grain as they are the major determinants of grain texture, which affects both milling and baking properties. Bread and durum wheats were transformed with constructs comprising the promoter regions of the Puroindoline a (Pina) and Puroindoline b (Pinb) genes fused to the uidA (GUS) reporter gene. Nine lines showing 3:1 segregation for the transgene and comprising all transgene/species combinations were selected for detailed analysis of transgene expression during grain development. This showed that transgene expression occurred only in the starchy endosperm cells and was not observed in any other seed or vegetative tissues. The location of the puroindoline proteins in these cells was confirmed by tissue printing of developing grain, using a highly specific monoclonal antibody for detection and an antibody to the aleurone-localised 8S globulin as a control. This provides clear evidence that puroindolines are only synthesised and accumulated in the starchy endosperm cells of the wheat grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Wiley
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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29
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Joyce C, Deneau A, Peterson K, Ockenden I, Raboy V, Lott JN. The concentrations and distributions of phytic acid phosphorus and other mineral nutrients in wild-type and low phytic acid Js-12-LPA wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain parts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of P, phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6), and other mineral storage elements were studied in wild-type and low phytic acid (lpa) genotype Js-12-LPA wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryos and rest-of-grain fractions. Environmental scanning electron microscopy images revealed a decreased average size and an increased number of aleurone layer globoids in lpa grains compared with the wild type. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses of unfixed aleurone layer and scutellum cell cytoplasm revealed mainly C, O, P, K, and Mg in both grain types. The starchy endosperm contained virtually no P, K, or Mg, demonstrating no shift of mineral nutrients to that compartment. Scanning transmission electron microscopy – energy-dispersive X-ray analyses of scutellum and aleurone layer globoids in both genotypes revealed that P, K, and Mg were the main mineral nutrients in globoids with low amounts of Ca, Fe, and Zn. Traces of Mn were only in scutellum globoids. Total P was similar between genotypes for the rest-of-grain fractions, which are 97% of grain mass. The main inositol phosphate was IP6, but a small amount of IP5 was present. Both lpa grain fractions exhibited major reductions in IP6 compared with the wild type and a threefold increase in inorganic P. The concentration of K decreased in both fractions, while Ca increased 25% in the Js-12-LPA rest-of-grain compared with the wild type. The lack of large differences in mineral concentration and distribution between the wild type and Js-12-LPA indicates that there is no direct role of localization of IP6 synthesis in mineral distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Joyce
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
| | - Andrea Deneau
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
| | - Kevin Peterson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
| | - Irene Ockenden
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
| | - Victor Raboy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
| | - John N.A. Lott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
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31
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Mills E, Parker M, Wellner N, Toole G, Feeney K, Shewry P. Chemical imaging: the distribution of ions and molecules in developing and mature wheat grain. J Cereal Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Feeney K, Heard P, Zhao F, Shewry P. Determination of the Distribution of Sulphur in Wheat Starchy Endosperm Cells Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) Combined with Isotope Enhancement. J Cereal Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.2002.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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