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Wang F, Liang S, Wang G, Wang Q, Xu Z, Li B, Fu C, Fan Y, Hu T, Alariqi M, Hussain A, Cao J, Li J, Zhang X, Jin S. Comprehensive analysis of MAPK gene family in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and functional characterization of GhMPK31 in regulating defense response to insect infestation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:102. [PMID: 38499710 PMCID: PMC10948490 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The transcriptomic, phenotypic and metabolomic analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing GhMPK31 in upland cotton revealed the regulation of H2O2 burst and the synthesis of defensive metabolites by GhMPK31. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a crucial class of protein kinases, which play an essential role in various biological processes in plants. Upland cotton (G. hirsutum) is the most widely cultivated cotton species with high economic value. To gain a better understanding of the role of the MAPK gene family, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the MAPK gene family in cotton. In this study, a total of 55 GhMPK genes were identified from the whole genome of G. hirsutum. Through an investigation of the expression patterns under diverse stress conditions, we discovered that the majority of GhMPK family members demonstrated robust responses to abiotic stress, pathogen stress and pest stress. Furthermore, the overexpression of GhMPK31 in cotton leaves led to a hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death phenotype and impaired the defense capability of cotton against herbivorous insects. Transcriptome and metabolomics data analysis showed that overexpression of GhMPK31 enhanced the expression of H2O2-related genes and reduced the accumulation of defensive related metabolites. The direct evidence of GhMPK31 interacting with GhRBOHB (H2O2-generating protein) were found by Y2H, BiFC, and LCI. Therefore, we propose that the increase of H2O2 content caused by overexpression of GhMPK31 resulted in HR-like cell death in cotton leaves while reducing the accumulation of defensive metabolites, ultimately leading to a decrease in the defense ability of cotton against herbivorous insects. This study provides valuable insights into the function of MAPK genes in plant resistance to herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiu Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sijia Liang
- Academy of Industry Innovation and Development, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, Henan, China
| | - Guanying Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongping Xu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunyang Fu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yibo Fan
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tianyu Hu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muna Alariqi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinglin Cao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Li
- The Southern Xinjiang Research Institute of Shihezi University, TuMu ShuKe, Xinjiang, 843900, China.
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Takasato S, Bando T, Ohnishi K, Tsuzuki M, Hikichi Y, Kiba A. Phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C3 negatively regulates the hypersensitive response via complex signaling with MAP kinase, phytohormones, and reactive oxygen species in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4721-4735. [PMID: 37191942 PMCID: PMC10433933 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid signaling plays important roles in plant immune responses. Here, we focused on two phospholipase C3 (PLC3) orthologs in the Nicotiana benthamiana genome, NbPLC3-1 and NbPLC3-2. We generated NbPLC3-1 and NbPLC3-2-double-silenced plants (NbPLC3s-silenced plants). In NbPLC3s-silenced plants challenged with Ralstonia solanacearum 8107, induction of hypersensitive response (HR)-related cell death and bacterial population reduction was accelerated, and the expression level of Nbhin1, a HR marker gene, was enhanced. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling drastically increased, reactive oxygen species production was accelerated, and NbMEK2-induced HR-related cell death was also enhanced. Accelerated HR-related cell death was also observed by bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas cichorii, P. syringae, bacterial AvrA, oomycete INF1, and TMGMV-CP with L1 in NbPLC3s-silenced plants. Although HR-related cell death was accelerated, the bacterial population was not reduced in double NbPLC3s and NbCoi1-suppressed plants nor in NbPLC3s-silenced NahG plants. HR-related cell death acceleration and bacterial population reduction resulting from NbPLC3s-silencing were compromised by the concomitant suppression of either NbPLC3s and NbrbohB (respiratory oxidase homolog B) or NbPLC3s and NbMEK2 (mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 2). Thus, NbPLC3s may negatively regulate both HR-related cell death and disease resistance through MAP kinase- and reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling. Disease resistance was also regulated by NbPLC3s through jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Takasato
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Bando
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant–Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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Borges-Martins ANC, Ferreira-Neto JRC, da Silva MD, Morais DADL, Pandolfi V, Silva RLDO, de Melo ALTM, da Costa AF, Benko-Iseppon AM. Unlocking Cowpea's Defense Responses: Conserved Transcriptional Signatures in the Battle against CABMV and CPSMV Viruses. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1747. [PMID: 37629606 PMCID: PMC10455494 DOI: 10.3390/life13081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) and Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) threaten cowpea commercial production. This study aimed to analyze Conserved Transcriptional Signatures (CTS) in cowpea's genotypes that are resistant to these viruses. CTS covered up- (UR) or down-regulated (DR) cowpea transcripts in response to CABMV and CPSMV mechanical inoculations. The conservation of cowpea's UR defense response was primarily observed with the one hpi treatments, with decreased CTS representatives as time elapsed. This suggests that cowpea utilizes generic mechanisms during its early interaction with the studied viruses, and subsequently employs more specialized strategies for each viral agent. The potential action of the CTS-UR emphasizes the importance of redox balance, ethylene and jasmonic acid pathways. Additionally, the CTS-UR provides evidence for the involvement of R genes, PR proteins, and PRRs receptors-extensively investigated in combating bacterial and fungal pathogens-in the defense against viral inoculation. AP2-ERF, WRKY, and MYB transcription factors, as well as PIP aquaporins and MAPK cascades, also emerged as significant molecular players. The presented work represents the first study investigating conserved mechanisms in the cowpea defense response to viral inoculations, highlighting relevant processes for initial defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisa Nazaré Costa Borges-Martins
- Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal do Maranhão, Buriticupu 65393-000, Brazil;
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (M.D.d.S.); (V.P.); (A.L.T.M.d.M.)
| | - José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (M.D.d.S.); (V.P.); (A.L.T.M.d.M.)
| | - Manassés Daniel da Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (M.D.d.S.); (V.P.); (A.L.T.M.d.M.)
| | | | - Valesca Pandolfi
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (M.D.d.S.); (V.P.); (A.L.T.M.d.M.)
| | | | - Ana Luiza Trajano Mangueira de Melo
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (M.D.d.S.); (V.P.); (A.L.T.M.d.M.)
| | | | - Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (M.D.d.S.); (V.P.); (A.L.T.M.d.M.)
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Jin Y, Zhang W, Cong S, Zhuang QG, Gu YL, Ma YN, Filiatrault MJ, Li JZ, Wei HL. Pseudomonas syringae Type III Secretion Protein HrpP Manipulates Plant Immunity To Promote Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0514822. [PMID: 37067445 PMCID: PMC10269811 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae deploys a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into plant cells to facilitate infection, for which many effectors have been characterized for their interactions. However, few T3SS Hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) proteins from the T3SS secretion apparatus have been studied for their direct interactions with plants. Here, we show that the P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 T3SS protein HrpP induces host cell death, suppresses pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), and restores the effector translocation ability of the hrpP mutant. The hrpP-transgenic Arabidopsis lines exhibited decreased PTI responses to flg22 and elf18 and enhanced disease susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Transcriptome analysis reveals that HrpP sensing activates salicylic acid (SA) signaling while suppressing jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, which correlates with increased SA accumulation and decreased JA biosynthesis. Both yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays show that HrpP interacts with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MKK2) on the plant membrane and in the nucleus. The HrpP truncation HrpP1-119, rather than HrpP1-101, retains the ability to interact with MKK2 and suppress PTI in plants. In contrast, HrpP1-101 continues to cause cell death and electrolyte leakage. MKK2 silencing compromises SA signaling but has no effect on cell death caused by HrpP. Overall, our work highlights that the P. syringae T3SS protein HrpP facilitates effector translocation and manipulates plant immunity to facilitate bacterial infection. IMPORTANCE The T3SS is required for the virulence of many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals. This study focuses on the sensing and function of the T3SS protein HrpP during plant interactions. Our findings show that HrpP and its N-terminal truncation HrpP1-119 can interact with MKK2, promote effector translocation, and manipulate plant immunity to facilitate bacterial infection, highlighting the P. syringae T3SS component involved in the fine-tuning of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Shen Cong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Guo Zhuang
- China-New Zealand Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Kiwifruit, Kiwifruit Breeding and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Lin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Nan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Melanie J. Filiatrault
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jun-Zhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Lei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Watanabe M, Ohnishi K, Hikichi Y, Kiba A. Suppressed expression of ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) genes compromised the hypersensitive response cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:77-81. [PMID: 38213926 PMCID: PMC10777138 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) regulates essential processes associated with plant growth, development, and cell death by modulating metabolic activities and translation in response to environmental signals. The ATP-competitive TOR inhibitor AZD8055 suppressed the hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana infected with the incompatible Ralstonia solanacearum. The induced expression of the HR marker gene hin1 was also inhibited by the AZD8055 treatment. To further clarify the mechanisms underlying TOR-regulated HR cell death, we focused on TOR-related ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) in N. benthamiana (NbEBP1). We found four EBP1 orthologs in the N. benthamiana genome. The expression levels of all four EBP1 orthologs in N. benthamiana were up-regulated by the R. solanacearum infection. The silencing of the four NbEBP1 orthologs suppressed the induction of HR cell death, hin1 expression, and the production of reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that the TOR signaling pathway helps regulate HR cell death along with reactive oxygen species-related signaling in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Watanabe
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant–Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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Ogata T, Tsukahara Y, Ito T, Iimura M, Yamazaki K, Sasaki N, Matsushita Y. Cell death signalling is competitively but coordinately regulated by repressor-type and activator-type ethylene response factors in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:897-909. [PMID: 35301790 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene response factors (ERFs) comprise one of the largest transcription factor families in many plant species. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ERF3 (NtERF3) and other ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif-containing ERFs are known to function as transcriptional repressors. NtERF3 and several repressor-type ERFs induce cell death in tobacco leaves and are also associated with a defence response against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). We investigated whether transcriptional activator-type NtERFs function together with NtERF3 in the defence response against TMV infection by performing transient ectopic expression, together with gene expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and promoter analyses. Transient overexpression of NtERF2 and NtERF4 induced cell death in tobacco leaves, albeit later than that induced by NtERF3. Fusion of the EAR motif to the C-terminal end of NtERF2 and NtERF4 abolished their cell death-inducing ability. The expression of NtERF2 and NtERF4 was upregulated at the early phase of N gene-triggered hypersensitive response (HR) against TMV infection. The cell death phenotype induced by overexpression of wild-type NtERF2 and NtERF4 was suppressed by co-expression of an EAR motif-deficient form of NtERF3. Furthermore, ChIP and promoter analyses suggested that NtERF2, NtERF3 and NtERF4 positively or negatively regulate the expression of NtERF3 by binding to its promoter region. Overall, our results revealed the cell death-inducing abilities of genes encoding activator-type NtERFs, including NtERF2 and NtERF4, suggesting that the HR-cell death signalling via the repressor-type NtERF3 is competitively but coordinately regulated by these NtERFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogata
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Tsukahara
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ito
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Iimura
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research (GIR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsushita
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
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9
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Dangol S, Nguyen NK, Singh R, Chen Y, Wang J, Lee HG, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 Signaling Is Required for Ferroptotic Cell Death in Rice- Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710794. [PMID: 34408766 PMCID: PMC8365360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is required for plant cell death responses to invading microbial pathogens. Iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptotic cell death occurs in rice (Oryza sativa) during an incompatible rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction. Here, we show that rice MAP kinase (OsMEK2 and OsMPK1) signaling cascades are involved in iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death responses of rice to M. oryzae infection using OsMEK2 knock-out mutant and OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 overexpression rice plants. The OsMPK1:GFP and OsWRKY90:GFP transcription factor were localized to the nuclei, suggesting that OsMPK1 in the cytoplasm moves into the nuclei to interact with the WRKY90. M. oryzae infection in ΔOsmek2 knock-out plants did not trigger iron and ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and also downregulated OsMPK1, OsWRKY90, OsRbohB, and OsPR-1b expression. However, 35S:OsMEK2 overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent cell death in rice. The downstream MAP kinase (OsMPK1) overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent ferroptotic cell death response to virulent M. oryzae infection. The small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 suppressed iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death in 35S:OsMPK1 overexpression plants. However, the small-molecule inducer erastin triggered iron- and lipid ROS-dependent, but OsMEK2-independent, ferroptotic cell death during M. oryzae infection. Disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was lipid ROS-dependent, but iron-independent in the ΔOsmek2 knock-out mutant during the late M. oryzae infection stage. These combined results suggest that OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 expression positively regulates iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death, and blast disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was ROS-dependent but iron-independent in rice-M. oryzae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raksha Singh
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung KooK Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Mei Y, Wang Y, Hu T, He Z, Zhou X. The C4 protein encoded by Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus interferes with mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade-related defense responses through inhibiting the dissociation of the ERECTA/BKI1 complex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:747-762. [PMID: 33829507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in host defense against pathogens and are often activated by upstream plasma membrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs). ERECTA (ER) is an LRR-RLK that regulates plant developmental processes through activating MAPK cascades. Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) C4 protein interacts with BKI1, stabilizes it at the plasma membrane and impairs ER autophosphorylation through suppressing the dissociation of the BKI1/ER complex, and then inhibits the activation of downstream MAPK cascades, which ultimately creates a favorable environment for TLCYnV infection. This study provides a novel viral strategy to impair MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zifu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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11
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Binagwa PH, Traore SM, Egnin M, Bernard GC, Ritte I, Mortley D, Kamfwa K, He G, Bonsi C. Genome-Wide Identification of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Front Genet 2021; 12:673069. [PMID: 34239540 PMCID: PMC8258261 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.673069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been utilized to detect genetic variations related to several agronomic traits and disease resistance in common bean. However, its application in the powdery mildew (PM) disease to identify candidate genes and their location in the common bean genome has not been fully addressed. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping with a BeadChip containing 5398 SNPs was used to detect genetic variations related to PM disease resistance in a panel of 211 genotypes grown under two field conditions for two consecutive years. Significant SNPs identified on chromosomes Pv04 and Pv10 were repeatable, ensuring the phenotypic data’s reliability and the causal relationship. A cluster of resistance genes was revealed on the Pv04 of the common bean genome, coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR, CNL), and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat type (TIR-NBS-LRR, TNL)-like resistance genes were identified. Furthermore, two resistance genes, Phavu_010G1320001g and Phavu_010G136800g, were also identified on Pv10. Further sequence analysis showed that these genes were homologs to the disease-resistance protein (RLM1A-like) and the putative disease-resistance protein (At4g11170.1) in Arabidopsis. Significant SNPs related to two LRR receptor-like kinases (RLK) were only identified on Pv11 in 2018. Many genes encoding the auxin-responsive protein, TIFY10A protein, growth-regulating factor five-like, ubiquitin-like protein, and cell wall RBR3-like protein related to PM disease resistance were identified nearby significant SNPs. These results suggested that the resistance to PM pathogen involves a network of many genes constitutively co-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papias H Binagwa
- Integrative Biosciences (IBS), Ph.D. Program, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Sy M Traore
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Marceline Egnin
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Gregory C Bernard
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Inocent Ritte
- Integrative Biosciences (IBS), Ph.D. Program, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Desmond Mortley
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Kelvin Kamfwa
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Guohao He
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Conrad Bonsi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
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12
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Shi G, Hao M, Tian B, Cao G, Wei F, Xie Z. A Methodological Advance of Tobacco Rattle Virus-Induced Gene Silencing for Functional Genomics in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671091. [PMID: 34149770 PMCID: PMC8212136 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As a promising high-throughput reverse genetic tool in plants, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has already begun to fulfill some of this promise in diverse aspects. However, review of the technological advancements about widely used VIGS system, tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing, needs timely updates. Hence, this article mainly reviews viral vector construction, inoculation method advances, important influential factors, and summarizes the recent applications in diverse plant species, thus providing a better understanding and advice for functional gene analysis related to crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyao Shi
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Hao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Cao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Xie
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Du X, Huang R, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Cheng J, Tian P, Wang Y, Zhai Z, Chen L, Kong X, Liu Y, Su P. Rhodopseudomonas palustris Quorum Sensing Molecule pC-HSL Induces Systemic Resistance to TMV Infection via Upregulation of NbSIPK/ NbWIPK Expressions in Nicotiana benthamiana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:500-508. [PMID: 32876530 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0177-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
G-negative bacteria produce myriad N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) that can function as quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules. AHLs are also known to regulate various plant biological activities. p-Coumaroyl-homoserine lactone (pC-HSL) is the only QS molecule produced by a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The role of pC-HSL in the interaction between R. palustris and plant has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of pC-HSL on plant immunity and found that this QS molecule can induce a systemic resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results show that pC-HSL treatment can prolong the activation of two mitogen-associated protein kinase genes (i.e., NbSIPK and NbWIPK) and increase the expression of transcription factor WRKY8 as well as immune response marker genes NbPR1 and NbPR10, leading to an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the TMV-infected plants. Our results also show that pC-HSL treatment can increase activities of two ROS-scavenging enzymes, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Knockdown of NbSIPK or NbWIPK expression in N. benthamiana plants through virus-induced gene silencing nullified or attenuated pC-HSL-induced systemic resistance, indicating that the functioning of pC-HSL relies on the activity of those two kinases. Meanwhile, pC-HSL-pretreated plants also showed a strong induction of kinase activities of NbSIPK and NbWIPK after TMV inoculation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that pC-HSL treatment increases plant resistance to TMV infection, which is helpful to uncover the outcome of interaction between R. palustris and its host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Du
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Renyan Huang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ju'e Cheng
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Peijie Tian
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yanqi Wang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhongying Zhai
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiaoting Kong
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Pin Su
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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14
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Sustained Incompatibility between MAPK Signaling and Pathogen Effectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217954. [PMID: 33114762 PMCID: PMC7672596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling components involved in developemental processes as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on the roles of MAPKs in Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI), a specific layer of plant defense responses dependent on the recognition of pathogen effector proteins. Having inspected the literature, we synthesize the current state of knowledge concerning this topic. First, we describe how pathogen effectors can manipulate MAPK signaling to promote virulence, and how in parallel plants have developed mechanisms to protect themselves against these interferences. Then, we discuss the striking finding that the recognition of pathogen effectors can provoke a sustained activation of the MAPKs MPK3/6, extensively analyzing its implications in terms of regulation and functions. In line with this, we also address the question of how a durable activation of MAPKs might affect the scope of their substrates, and thereby mediate the emergence of possibly new ETI-specific responses. By highlighting the sometimes conflicting or missing data, our intention is to spur further research in order to both consolidate and expand our understanding of MAPK signaling in immunity.
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15
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Wang Z, Zhao FY, Tang MQ, Chen T, Bao LL, Cao J, Li YL, Yang YH, Zhu KM, Liu S, Tan XL. BnaMPK6 is a determinant of quantitative disease resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110362. [PMID: 31928657 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes a devastating disease in oilseed rape (Brassica napus), resulting in major economic losses. Resistance response of B. napus against S. sclerotiorum exhibits a typical quantitative disease resistance (QDR) characteristic, but the molecular determinants of this QDR are largely unknown. In this study, we isolated a B. napus mitogen-activated protein kinase gene, BnaMPK6, and found that BnaMPK6 expression is highly responsive to infection by S. sclerotiorum and treatment with salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonic acid (JA). Moreover, overexpression (OE) of BnaMPK6 significantly enhances resistance to S. sclerotiorum, whereas RNAi in BnaMPK6 significantly reduces this resistance. These results showed that BnaMPK6 plays an important role in defense to S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, expression of defense genes associated with SA-, JA- and ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling was investigated in BnaMPK6-RNAi, WT and BnaMPK6-OE plants after S. sclerotiorum infection, and consequently, it was indicated that the activation of ET signaling by BnaMPK6 may play a role in the defense. Further, four BnaMPK6-encoding homologous loci were mapped in the B. napus genome. Using the allele analysis and expression analysis on the four loci, we demonstrated that the locus BnaA03.MPK6 makes an important contribution to QDR against S. sclerotiorum. Our data indicated that BnaMPK6 is a previously unknown determinant of QDR against S. sclerotiorum in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Feng-Yun Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Min-Qiang Tang
- The Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ling-Li Bao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yu-Long Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yan-Hua Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- The Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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16
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Farooq MA, Niazi AK, Akhtar J, Farooq M, Souri Z, Karimi N, Rengel Z. Acquiring control: The evolution of ROS-Induced oxidative stress and redox signaling pathways in plant stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:353-369. [PMID: 31207496 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) - the byproducts of aerobic metabolism - influence numerous aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act like a double-edged sword; they play multiple beneficial roles at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations ROS and related redox-active compounds cause cellular damage through oxidative stress. To examine the dual role of ROS as harmful oxidants and/or crucial cellular signals, this review elaborates that (i) how plants sense and respond to ROS in various subcellular organelles and (ii) the dynamics of subsequent ROS-induced signaling processes. The recent understanding of crosstalk between various cellular compartments in mediating their redox state spatially and temporally is discussed. Emphasis on the beneficial effects of ROS in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating diverse cellular functions, and activating acclimation responses in plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses are described. The comprehensive view of cellular ROS dynamics covering the breadth and versatility of ROS will contribute to understanding the complexity of apparently contradictory ROS roles in plant physiological responses in less than optimum environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar Farooq
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Adnan Khan Niazi
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Akhtar
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Zahra Souri
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naser Karimi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zed Rengel
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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17
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Das PP, Macharia MW, Lin Q, Wong SM. In planta proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) identifies a TMV replication co-chaperone NbSGT1 in the vicinity of 126 kDa replicase. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103402. [PMID: 31158515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus. It encodes two replicases (126 kDa and 183 kDa), a movement protein and a coat protein. These proteins interact with host proteins for successful infection. Some host proteins such as eEF1α, Tm-1, TOM1, 14-3-3 proteins directly interact with Tobamovirus replication proteins. There are host proteins in the virus replication complex which do not interact with viral replicases directly, such as pyruvate kinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We have used Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technique to screen for transient or weak protein interactions of host proteins and viral replicase in vivo. We transiently expressed BirA* tagged TMV 126 kDa replicase in TMV infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Among 18 host proteins, we identified NbSGT1 as a potential target for further characterization. Silencing of NbSGT1 in N. benthamiana plants increased its susceptibility to TMV infection, and overexpression of NbSGT1 increased resistance to TMV infection. There were weak interactions between NbSGT1 and TMV replicases but no interaction between them was found in Y2H assay. It suggests that the interaction might be transient or indirect. Therefore, the BioID technique is a valuable method to identify weak or transient/indirect interaction(s) between pathogen proteins and host proteins in plants. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: TMV is a well characterized positive-strand RNA virus model for study of virus-plant host interactions. It infects >350 plant species and is one of the significant pathogens of crop loss globally. Many host proteins are involved in TMV replication complex formation. To date there are few techniques available for identifying interacting host proteins to viral proteins. There is limited knowledge on transient or non-interacting host proteins during virus infection/replication. In this study, we used agroinfiltration-mediated in planta BioID technique to identify transiently or non-interacting host proteins to viral proteins in TMV-infected N. benthamiana plants. This technique allowed us to identify potential candidate proteins in the vicinity of TMV 126 kDa replicase. We have selected NbSGT1 and its overexpression suppresses TMV replication and increase plant resistance. NbSGT1 is believed to interact transiently or indirectly with TMV replicases in the presence of Hsp90/Hsp70. BioID is a novel and powerful technique to identify transiently or indirectly interacting proteins in the study of pathogen-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Mercy Wairimu Macharia
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Insertion of Epitope Tag into NB-LRR Class Plant Virus Resistance Protein. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31228107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9635-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
It is prerequisite to detect plant disease resistance proteins for studying the function of the proteins. Numerous studies have used epitope tags fused to either N- or C-terminus for the detection of resistance proteins. However, some resistance proteins do not tolerate the terminal fusions of epitope tags. In this chapter, we provide a protocol for searching the protein regions in which the inserted epitope tag does not affect the protein function. In the protocol, we first perform an in silico search to select the insertion site candidates and then insert there a short sequence containing restriction sites to find out the sites, in which the insertion does not affect the protein function. Epitope tags are inserted into the experimentally selected sites to produce a functional protein with an epitope tag.
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19
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Hu T, Huang C, He Y, Castillo-González C, Gui X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhou X. βC1 protein encoded in geminivirus satellite concertedly targets MKK2 and MPK4 to counter host defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007728. [PMID: 30998777 PMCID: PMC6499421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved multiple strategies to overcome host defense to establish an infection. Here, we identified two components of a host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, MKK2 and MPK4, as bona fide targets of the βC1 protein encoded by the betasatellite of tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV). βC1 interacts with the kinase domain of MKK2 and inhibits its activity. In vivo, βC1 suppresses flagellin-induced MAPK activation and downstream responses by targeting MKK2. Furthermore, βC1 also interacts with MPK4 and inhibits its kinase activity. TYLCCNV infection induces the activation of the MAPK cascade, mutation in MKK2 or MPK4 renders the plant more susceptible to TYLCCNV, and can complement the lack of βC1. This work shows for the first time that a plant virus both activates and suppresses a MAPK cascade, and the discovery of the ability of βC1 to selectively interfere with the host MAPK activation illustrates a novel virulence function and counter-host defense mechanism of geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Claudia Castillo-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiaojian Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Kaur Kohli S, Handa N, Bali S, Arora S, Sharma A, Kaur R, Bhardwaj R. Modulation of antioxidative defense expression and osmolyte content by co-application of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid in Pb exposed Indian mustard plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:382-393. [PMID: 28881317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on potential of combined pre-soaking treatment of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) and Salicylic acid (SA) in alleviating Pb phytotoxicity in Brassica juncea L. plants. The seeds after treatment with combination of both the hormones were sown in mixture of soil, sand and manure (3:1:1) and were exposed to Pb concentrations (0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM). After 30 days of growth, the plants were harvested and processed, for quantification of various metabolites. It was found that pre-sowing of seeds in combination of EBL and SA, mitigated the adverse effects of metal stress by modulating antioxidative defense response and enhanced osmolyte contents. Dry matter content and heavy metal tolerance index were enhanced in response to co-application of EBL and SA. The levels of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were lowered by the combined treatment of hormones. Enhancement in activities of guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-s-transferase were recorded. Contents of glutathione, tocopherol and ascorbic acid were also enhanced in response to co-application of both hormones. Expression of POD, CAT, GR and GST1 genes were up-regulated whereas SOD gene was observed to be down-regulated. Contents of proline, trehalose and glycine betaine were also reported to be elevated as a result of treatment with EBL+SA. The results suggest that co-application of EBL+SA may play an imperative role in improving the antioxidative defense expression of B. juncea plants to combat the oxidative stress generated by Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Neha Handa
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Shagun Bali
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144012, India
| | - Ravdeep Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Patel A, Dey N, Chaudhuri S, Pal A. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a Vigna mungo MAP kinase associated with Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus infection and deciphering its role in restricting the virus multiplication. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:127-140. [PMID: 28716408 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow Mosaic Disease caused by the begomovirus Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) severely affects many economically important legumes. Recent investigations in Vigna mungo - MYMIV incompatible interaction identified a MAPK homolog in the defense signaling pathway. An important branch of immunity involves phosphorylation by evolutionary conserved Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) that transduce signals of pathogen invasion to downstream molecules leading to diverse immune responses. However, most of the knowledge of MAPKs is derived from model crops, and functions of these versatile kinases are little explored in legumes. Here we report characterization of a MAP kinase (VmMAPK1), which was induced upon MYMIV-inoculation in resistant V. mungo. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VmMAPK1 is closely related to other plant-stress-responsive MAPKs. Both mRNA and protein of VmMAPK1 were accumulated upon MYMIV infection. The VmMAPK1 protein localized in the nucleus as well as cytoplasm and possessed phosphorylation activity in vitro. A detailed biochemical characterization of purified recombinant VmMAPK1 demonstrated an intramolecular mechanism of autophosphorylation and self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation on both threonine and tyrosine residues. The Vmax and Km values of recombinant VmMAPK1 for ATP were 6.292nmol/mg/min and 0.7978μM, respectively. Furthermore, the ability of VmMAPK1 to restrict MYMIV multiplication was validated by its ectopic expression in transgenic tobacco. Importantly, overexpression of VmMAPK1 resulted in the considerable upregulation of defense-responsive marker PR genes. Thus, the present data suggests the critical role of VmMAPK1 in suppressing MYMIV multiplication presumably through SA-mediated signaling pathway and inducing PR genes establishing the significant implications in understanding MAP kinase gene function during Vigna-MYMIV interaction; and hence paves the way for introgression of resistance in leguminous crops susceptible to MYMIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Patel
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Shubho Chaudhuri
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Amita Pal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India.
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Paul P, Singh SK, Patra B, Sui X, Pattanaik S, Yuan L. A differentially regulated AP2/ERF transcription factor gene cluster acts downstream of a MAP kinase cascade to modulate terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1107-1123. [PMID: 27801944 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus produces bioactive terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), including the chemotherapeutics, vincristine and vinblastine. Transcriptional regulation of TIA biosynthesis is not fully understood. The jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive AP2/ERF transcription factor (TF), ORCA3, and its regulator, CrMYC2, play key roles in TIA biosynthesis. ORCA3 forms a physical cluster with two uncharacterized AP2/ERFs, ORCA4 and 5. Here, we report that (1) the ORCA gene cluster is differentially regulated; (2) ORCA4, while overlapping functionally with ORCA3, modulates an additional set of TIA genes. Unlike ORCA3, ORCA4 overexpression resulted in dramatic increase of TIA accumulation in C. roseus hairy roots. In addition, CrMYC2 is capable of activating ORCA3 and co-regulating TIA pathway genes concomitantly with ORCA3. The ORCA gene cluster and CrMYC2 act downstream of a MAP kinase cascade that includes a previously uncharacterized MAP kinase kinase, CrMAPKK1. Overexpression of CrMAPKK1 in C. roseus hairy roots upregulated TIA pathways genes and increased TIA accumulation. This work provides detailed characterization of a TF gene cluster and advances our understanding of the transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms that govern TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Barunava Patra
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Xueyi Sui
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research Development Center, University of Kentucky, 1401 University Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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Kim HS, Park SC, Ji CY, Park S, Jeong JC, Lee HS, Kwak SS. Molecular characterization of biotic and abiotic stress-responsive MAP kinase genes, IbMPK3 and IbMPK6, in sweetpotato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:37-48. [PMID: 27404133 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continually exposed to numerous environmental stresses. To decrease damage caused by these potentially detrimental factors, various stress-related signaling cascades are activated in plants. One such stress-responsive signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) module, plays a critical role in diverse plant stress responses. Here, we functionally characterized biotic and abiotic stress-responsive MAPK genes, IbMPK3 and IbMPK6, from sweetpotato. IbMPK3/6 contain totally 11 MAPK conserved subdomains and the phosphorylating motif TEY. Bacterially expressed IbMPK3/6 could be autophosphorylated in vitro, and these proteins phosphorylated universal kinase substrate, such as myelin basic protein. IbMPK3/6 transcripts were expressed in leaf, stem, and root of sweetpotato cultivars with storage roots of various colors. IbMPK3 and IbMPK6 were induced by various biotic/abiotic stress treatments. Furthermore, the kinase activity of IbMPK3/6 was induced during early NaCl, SA, H2O2, and ABA treatment. IbMPK3/6 were predominantly localized to the nucleus. To determine the biological functions of IbMPK3/6, we transiently expressed the IbMPK genes in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves, which resulted in enhanced tolerance to bacterial pathogen and increased expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. These data demonstrate that IbMPK3 and IbMPK6 play significant roles in plant responses to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Jeong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Large-scale rewiring of innate immunity circuitry and microRNA regulation during initial rice blast infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25493. [PMID: 27150822 PMCID: PMC4858701 DOI: 10.1038/srep25493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice blast is a recurrent fungal disease, and resistance to fungal infection is a complex trait. Therefore, a comprehensive examination of rice transcriptome and its variation during fungal infection is necessary to understand the complex gene regulatory networks. In this study, adopting Next-Generation Sequencing we profiled the transcriptomes and microRNAomes of rice varieties, one susceptible and the other resistant to M. oryzae, at multiple time points during the fungal infection. Our results revealed a substantial variation in the plant transcriptome and microRNAome as well as change to rice innate immunity during fungal infection. A number of putative R gene candidates were identified from a perturbed rice transcriptome analysis. The expression of genes and non-coding RNA molecules changed in both fungal resistant and susceptible plants during M. oryzae invasion discovered distinct pathways triggered in the susceptible and resistant plants. In addition, a number of fungus genes in the susceptible and resistant plants were constantly expressed at different time points, suggesting that they were likely to be the potential AVR genes. Our results revealed large-scale rewiring of innate immunity circuitry and microRNA regulation during initial rice blast infection, which would help to develop more robust blast-resistant rice plants.
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Deng XG, Zhu T, Peng XJ, Xi DH, Guo H, Yin Y, Zhang DW, Lin HH. Role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20579. [PMID: 26838475 PMCID: PMC4738339 DOI: 10.1038/srep20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, mechanisms by which BRs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. In this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of BRs in plant defense against Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Exogenous applied BRs enhanced plant resistance to virus infection, while application of Bikinin (inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3), which activated BR signaling, increased virus susceptibility. Silencing of NbBRI1 and NbBSK1 blocked BR-induced TMV resistance, and silencing of NbBES1/BZR1 blocked Bikinin-reduced TMV resistance. Silencing of NbMEK2, NbSIPK and NbRBOHB all compromised BR-induced virus resistance and defense-associated genes expression. Furthermore, we found MEK2-SIPK cascade activated while BES1/BZR1 inhibited RBOHB-dependent ROS production, defense gene expression and virus resistance induced by BRs. Thus, our results revealed BR signaling had two opposite effects on viral defense response. On the one hand, BRs enhanced virus resistance through MEK2-SIPK cascade and RBOHB-dependent ROS burst. On the other hand, BES1/BZR1 inhibited RBOHB-dependent ROS production and acted as an important mediator of the trade-off between growth and immunity in BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xing-Ji Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Hongqing Guo
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Plant Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Plant Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
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Dobnik D, Lazar A, Stare T, Gruden K, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Žel J. Solanum venturii, a suitable model system for virus-induced gene silencing studies in potato reveals StMKK6 as an important player in plant immunity. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:29. [PMID: 27213007 PMCID: PMC4875682 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an optimal tool for functional analysis of genes in plants, as the viral vector spreads throughout the plant and causes reduced expression of selected gene over the whole plant. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important food crops, therefore studies performing functional analysis of its genes are very important. However, the majority of potato cultivars used in laboratory experimental setups are not well amenable to available VIGS systems, thus other model plants from Solanaceae family are used (usually Nicotiana benthamiana). Wild potato relatives can be a better choice for potato model, but their potential in this field was yet not fully explored. This manuscript presents the set-up of VIGS, based on Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in wild potato relatives for functional studies in potato-virus interactions. RESULTS Five different potato cultivars, usually used in our lab, did not respond to silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene with TRV-based vector. Thus screening of a large set of wild potato relatives (different Solanum species and their clones) for their susceptibility to VIGS was performed by silencing PDS gene. We identified several responsive species and further tested susceptibility of these genotypes to potato virus Y (PVY) strain NTN and N. In some species we observed that the presence of empty TRV vector restricted the movement of PVY. Fluorescently tagged PVY(N)-GFP spread systemically in only five of tested wild potato relatives. Based on the results, Solanum venturii (VNT366-2) was selected as the most suitable system for functional analysis of genes involved in potato-PVY interaction. The system was tested by silencing two different plant immune signalling-related kinases, StWIPK and StMKK6. Silencing of StMKK6 enabled faster spreading of the virus throughout the plant, while silencing of WIPK had no effect on spreading of the virus. CONCLUSIONS The system employing S. venturii (VNT366-2) and PVY(N)-GFP is a suitable method for fast and simple functional analysis of genes involved in potato-PVY interactions. Additionally, a set of identified VIGS responsive species of wild potato relatives could serve as a tool for general studies of potato gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dobnik
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Lazar
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Stare
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vivianne G. A. A. Vleeshouwers
- />Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Žel
- />Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ogata T, Okada H, Kawaide H, Takahashi H, Seo S, Mitsuhara I, Matsushita Y. Involvement of NtERF3 in the cell death signalling pathway mediated by SIPK/WIPK and WRKY1 in tobacco plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:962-72. [PMID: 25996234 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that one of the ethylene response factors (ERFs), NtERF3, and other members of the subgroup VIII-a ERFs of the AP2/ERF family exhibit cell death-inducing ability in tobacco leaves. In this study, we focused on the involvement of NtERF3 in a cell death signalling pathway in tobacco plants, particularly downstream of NtSIPK/NtWIPK and NtWRKY1, which are mitogen-activated protein kinases and a phosphorylation substrate of NtSIPK, respectively. An ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif-deficient NtERF3b mutant (NtERF3bΔEAR) that lacked cell death-inducing ability suppressed the induction of cell death caused by NtERF3a. The transient co-expression of NtERF3bΔEAR suppressed the hypersensitive reaction (HR)-like cell death induced by NtSIPK and NtWRKY1. The induction of cell death by NtSIPK and NtWRKY1 was also inhibited in transgenic plants expressing NtERF3bΔEAR. Analysis of gene expression, ethylene production and cell death symptoms in salicylic acid-deficient tobacco plants suggested the existence of some feedback regulation in the HR cell death signalling pathway mediated by SIPK/WIPK and WRKY1. Overall, these results suggest that NtERF3 functions downstream of NtSIPK/NtWIPK and NtWRKY1 in a cell death signalling pathway, with some feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogata
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Okada
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kawaide
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - S Seo
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - I Mitsuhara
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Matsushita
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Tian YP, Valkonen JPT. Recombination of strain O segments to HCpro-encoding sequence of strain N of Potato virus Y modulates necrosis induced in tobacco and in potatoes carrying resistance genes Ny or Nc. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:735-47. [PMID: 25557768 PMCID: PMC6638495 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypersensitive resistance (HR) to strains O and C of Potato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus) is conferred by potato genes Ny(tbr) and Nc(tbr), respectively; however, PVY N strains overcome these resistance genes. The viral helper component proteinases (HCpro, 456 amino acids) from PVY(N) and PVY(O) are distinguished by an eight-amino-acid signature sequence, causing HCpro to fold into alternative conformations. Substitution of only two residues (K269R and R270K) of the eight-amino-acid signature in PVY(N) HCpro was needed to convert the three-dimensional (3D) model of PVY(N) HCpro to a PVY(O) -like conformation and render PVY(N) avirulent in the presence of Ny(tbr), whereas four amino acid substitutions were necessary to change PVY(O) HCpro to a PVY(N) -like conformation. Hence, the HCpro conformation rather than other features ascribed to the sequence were essential for recognition by Ny(tbr). The 3D model of PVY(C) HCpro closely resembled PVY(O), but differed from PVY(N) HCpro. HCpro of all strains was structurally similar to β-catenin. Sixteen PVY(N) 605-based chimeras were inoculated to potato cv. Pentland Crown (Ny(tbr)), King Edward (Nc(tbr)) and Pentland Ivory (Ny(tbr)/Nc(tbr)). Eleven chimeras induced necrotic local lesions and caused no systemic infection, and thus differed from both parental viruses that infected King Edward systemically, and from PVY(N) 605 that infected Pentland Crown and Pentland Ivory systemically. These 11 chimeras triggered both Ny(tbr) and Nc(tbr) and, in addition, six induced veinal necrosis in tobacco. Further, specific amino acid residues were found to have an additive impact on necrosis. These results shed new light on the causes of PVY-related necrotic symptoms in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Tian
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Kundu A, Patel A, Paul S, Pal A. Transcript dynamics at early stages of molecular interactions of MYMIV with resistant and susceptible genotypes of the leguminous host, Vigna mungo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124687. [PMID: 25884711 PMCID: PMC4401676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial phases of the MYMIV- Vigna mungo interaction is crucial in determining the infection phenotype upon challenging with the virus. During incompatible interaction, the plant deploys multiple stratagems that include extensive transcriptional alterations defying the virulence factors of the pathogen. Such molecular events are not frequently addressed by genomic tools. In order to obtain a critical insight to unravel how V. mungo respond to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), we have employed the PCR based suppression subtractive hybridization technique to identify genes that exhibit altered expressions. Dynamics of 345 candidate genes are illustrated that differentially expressed either in compatible or incompatible reactions and their possible biological and cellular functions are predicted. The MYMIV-induced physiological aspects of the resistant host include reactive oxygen species generation, induction of Ca2+ mediated signaling, enhanced expression of transcripts involved in phenylpropanoid and ubiquitin-proteasomal pathways; all these together confer resistance against the invader. Elicitation of genes implicated in salicylic acid (SA) pathway suggests that immune response is under the regulation of SA signaling. A significant fraction of modulated transcripts are of unknown function indicating participation of novel candidate genes in restricting this viral pathogen. Susceptibility on the other hand, as exhibited by V. mungo Cv. T9 is perhaps due to the poor execution of these transcript modulation exhibiting remarkable repression of photosynthesis related genes resulting in chlorosis of leaves followed by penalty in crop yield. Thus, the present findings revealed an insight on the molecular warfare during host-virus interaction suggesting plausible signaling mechanisms and key biochemical pathways overriding MYMIV invasion in resistant genotype of V. mungo. In addition to inflate the existing knowledge base, the genomic resources identified in this orphan crop would be useful for integrating MYMIV-tolerance trait in susceptible cultivars of V. mungo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Kundu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Anju Patel
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
- Laboratorio de Micología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Amita Pal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Melvin P, Prabhu SA, Veena M, Shailasree S, Petersen M, Mundy J, Shetty SH, Kini KR. The pearl millet mitogen-activated protein kinase PgMPK4 is involved in responses to downy mildew infection and in jasmonic- and salicylic acid-mediated defense. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:287-302. [PMID: 25527312 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) transduce signals required for the induction of immunity triggered by host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We isolated a full-length cDNA of a group B MPK (PgMPK4) from pearl millet. Autophosphorylation assay of recombinant PgMPK4 produced in Escherichia coli confirmed it as a kinase. Differential accumulation of PgMPK4 mRNA and kinase activity was observed between pearl millet cultivars 852B and IP18292 in response to inoculation with the downy mildew oomycete pathogen Sclerospora graminicola. This increased accumulation of PgMPK4 mRNA, kinase activity as well as nuclear-localization of PgMPK protein(s) was only detected in the S. graminicola resistant cultivar IP18292 with a ~tenfold peak at 9 h post inoculation. In the susceptible cultivar 852B, PgMPK4 mRNA and immuno-detectable nuclear PgMPK could be induced by application of the chemical elicitor β-amino butyric acid, the non-pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, or by the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) or salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, kinase inhibitor treatments indicated that PgMPK4 is involved in the JA- and SA-mediated expression of three defense genes, lipoxygenase, catalase 3 and polygalacturonase-inhibitor protein. These findings indicate that PgMPK/s contribute to pearl millet defense against the downy mildew pathogen by activating the expression of defense proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Melvin
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570 006, Karnataka, India
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Huh SU, Lee GJ, Jung JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Paek KH. Capsicum annuum transcription factor WRKYa positively regulates defense response upon TMV infection and is a substrate of CaMK1 and CaMK2. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7981. [PMID: 25613640 PMCID: PMC5379037 DOI: 10.1038/srep07981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to pathogens and environmental stresses. To minimize damage caused by these potentially harmful factors, plants respond by massive transcriptional reprogramming of various stress-related genes via major transcription factor families. One of the transcription factor families, WRKY, plays an important role in diverse stress response of plants and is often useful to generate genetically engineered crop plants. In this study, we carried out functional characterization of CaWRKYa encoding group I WRKY member, which is induced during hypersensitive response (HR) in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) upon Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. CaWRKYa was involved in L-mediated resistance via transcriptional reprogramming of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression and affected HR upon TMV-P0 infection. CaWRKYa acts as a positive regulator of this defense system and could bind to the W-box of diverse PR genes promoters. Furthermore, we found Capsicum annuum mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (CaMK1) and 2 (CaMK2) interacted with CaWRKYa and phosphorylated the SP clusters but not the MAPK docking (D)-domain of CaWRKYa. Thus, these results demonstrated that CaWRKYa was regulated by CaMK1 and CaMK2 at the posttranslational level in hot pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Un Huh
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Je Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsik Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Tholl D. Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:63-106. [PMID: 25583224 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids (isoprenoids) represent the largest and most diverse class of chemicals among the myriad compounds produced by plants. Plants employ terpenoid metabolites for a variety of basic functions in growth and development but use the majority of terpenoids for more specialized chemical interactions and protection in the abiotic and biotic environment. Traditionally, plant-based terpenoids have been used by humans in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, and more recently have been exploited in the development of biofuel products. Genomic resources and emerging tools in synthetic biology facilitate the metabolic engineering of high-value terpenoid products in plants and microbes. Moreover, the ecological importance of terpenoids has gained increased attention to develop strategies for sustainable pest control and abiotic stress protection. Together, these efforts require a continuous growth in knowledge of the complex metabolic and molecular regulatory networks in terpenoid biosynthesis. This chapter gives an overview and highlights recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways, and addresses the most important functions of volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid specialized metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
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Pitzschke A. Modes of MAPK substrate recognition and control. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:49-55. [PMID: 25301445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal, evolutionary conserved signalling modules, which translate environmental information into appropriate responses via phosphorylation of their substrate proteins. In Arabidopsis, the MAPK MPK3 regulates numerous cellular processes, including the adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. The molecular steps immediately downstream of MPK3 induction have, therefore, received abundant attention, and a respectable number of MPK3 targets are known by now. These proteins illustrate the substrate promiscuity of MPK3. They also are evidence for how manifold phosphorylation-regulated functions can be. This review presents the current knowledge about the function and regulation of MPK3-targeted proteins, takes a close look at their primary protein sequences, and proposes a model of how MPK3 recognises, binds, and phosphorylates its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pitzschke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
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34
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Yang Z, Ma H, Hong H, Yao W, Xie W, Xiao J, Li X, Wang S. Transcriptome-based analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in the rice response to Xanthomonas oryzae infection. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:4. [PMID: 25642300 PMCID: PMC4311651 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, with each cascade consisting of a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and a MAP kinase (MAPK), play important roles in dicot plant responses to pathogen infection. However, no single MAP kinase cascade has been identified in rice, and the functions of MAP kinase cascades in rice - pathogen interactions are unknown. RESULTS To explore the contribution of MAP kinase cascade in rice in response to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight, one of the devastating diseases of rice worldwide, we performed a comprehensive expression analysis of rice MAP kinase cascade genes. We transcriptionally analyzed all the 74 MAPKKK genes, 8 MAPKK, and 17 MAPK genes in two pairs of susceptible and resistant rice lines, with each pair having the same genetic background, to determine the rice response to Xoo infection. The expression of a large number of MAP kinase cascade genes changed in response to infection, and some of the genes also showed different expression in resistant and susceptible reactions. In addition, some MAPKKK genes co-expressed with MAPKK and/or MAPK genes, and MAPKK genes co-expressed with MAPK genes. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new perspective regarding the putative roles of rice MAP kinase gene candicates and potential cascade targets for further characterization in rice-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Haigang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Hanming Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Wen Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Weibo Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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35
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Lazar A, Coll A, Dobnik D, Baebler Š, Bedina-Zavec A, Žel J, Gruden K. Involvement of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) MKK6 in response to potato virus Y. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104553. [PMID: 25111695 PMCID: PMC4128675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have crucial roles in the regulation of plant development and in plant responses to stress. Plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-derived effector proteins has been shown to trigger activation of several MAPKs. This then controls defence responses, including synthesis and/or signalling of defence hormones and activation of defence related genes. The MAPK cascade genes are highly complex and interconnected, and thus the precise signalling mechanisms in specific plant–pathogen interactions are still not known. Here we investigated the MAPK signalling network involved in immune responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Potato virus Y, an important potato pathogen worldwide. Sequence analysis was performed to identify the complete MAPK kinase (MKK) family in potato, and to identify those regulated in the hypersensitive resistance response to Potato virus Y infection. Arabidopsis has 10 MKK family members, of which we identified five in potato and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and eight in Nicotiana benthamiana. Among these, StMKK6 is the most strongly regulated gene in response to Potato virus Y. The salicylic acid treatment revealed that StMKK6 is regulated by the hormone that is in agreement with the salicylic acid-regulated domains found in the StMKK6 promoter. The involvement of StMKK6 in potato defence response was confirmed by localisation studies, where StMKK6 accumulated strongly only in Potato-virus-Y-infected plants, and predominantly in the cell nucleus. Using a yeast two-hybrid method, we identified three StMKK6 targets downstream in the MAPK cascade: StMAPK4_2, StMAPK6 and StMAPK13. These data together provide further insight into the StMKK6 signalling module and its involvement in plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lazar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Coll
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Apolonija Bedina-Zavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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36
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Ntoukakis V, Saur IML, Conlan B, Rathjen JP. The changing of the guard: the Pto/Prf receptor complex of tomato and pathogen recognition. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:69-74. [PMID: 24845576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
One important model for disease resistance is the Prf recognition complex of tomato, which responds to different bacterial effectors. Prf incorporates a protein kinase called Pto as its recognition domain that mimics effector virulence targets, and activates resistance after interaction with specific effectors. Recent findings show that this complex is oligomeric, and reveal how this impacts mechanism. Oligomerisation brings two or more kinases into proximity, where they can phosphorylate each other after effector perception. Effector attack on one kinase activates another in trans, constituting a molecular trap for the effector. Oligomerisation of plant resistance proteins may be a general concept that broadens pathogen recognition and restricts the ability of pathogens to evolve virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton 0200, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Brendon Conlan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton 0200, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton 0200, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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37
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Liu JZ, Braun E, Qiu WL, Shi YF, Marcelino-Guimarães FC, Navarre D, Hill JH, Whitham SA. Positive and negative roles for soybean MPK6 in regulating defense responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:824-34. [PMID: 24762222 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-13-0350-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that MPK6 is a positive regulator of defense responses in model plants such as Arabidopsis and tobacco. However, the functional importance of soybean MPK6 in disease resistance has not been investigated. Here, we showed that silencing of GmMPK6 in soybean using virus-induced gene silencing mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) caused stunted growth and spontaneous cell death on the leaves, a typical phenotype of activated defense responses. Consistent with this phenotype, expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and the conjugated form of salicylic acid were significantly increased in GmMPK6-silenced plants. As expected, GmMPK6-silenced plants were more resistant to downy mildew and Soybean mosaic virus compared with vector control plants, indicating a negative role of GmMPK6 in disease resistance. Interestingly, overexpression of GmMPK6, either transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana or stably in Arabidopsis, resulted in hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. The HR-like cell death was accompanied by increased PR gene expression, suggesting that GmMPK6, like its counterpart in other plant species, also plays a positive role in cell death induction and defense response. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis, we determined that GmMKK4 might function upstream of GmMPK6 and GmMKK4 could interact with GmMPK6 independent of its phosphorylation status. Taken together, our results indicate that GmMPK6 functions as both repressor and activator in defense responses of soybean.
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38
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Xu J, Yang KY, Yoo SJ, Liu Y, Ren D, Zhang S. Reactive oxygen species in signalling the transcriptional activation of WIPK expression in tobacco. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1614-25. [PMID: 24392654 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases represented by tobacco WIPK (wounding-induced protein kinase) and its orthologs in other species are unique in their regulation at transcriptional level in response to stress and pathogen infection. We previously demonstrated that transcriptional activation of WIPK is essential for induced WIPK activity, and activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) by the constitutively active NtMEK2(DD) is sufficient to induce WIPK gene expression. Here, we report that the effect of SIPK on WIPK gene expression is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using a combination of pharmacological and gain-of-function transgenic approaches, we studied the relationship among SIPK activation, WIPK gene activation in response to fungal cryptogein, light-dependent ROS generation in chloroplasts, and ROS generated via NADPH oxidase. In the conditional gain-of-function GVG-NtMEK2(DD) transgenic tobacco, induction of WIPK expression is dependent on the ROS generation in chloroplasts. Consistently, methyl viologen, an inducer of ROS generation in chloroplasts, highly activated WIPK expression. In addition to chloroplast-originated ROS, H(2)O(2) generated from the cell-surface NADPH oxidase could also activate WIPK gene expression, and inhibition of cryptogein-induced ROS generation also abolished WIPK gene activation. Our data demonstrate that WIPK gene activation is mediated by ROS, which provides a mechanism by which ROS influence cellular signalling processes in plant stress/defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
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39
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Chujo T, Miyamoto K, Ogawa S, Masuda Y, Shimizu T, Kishi-Kaboshi M, Takahashi A, Nishizawa Y, Minami E, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Okada K. Overexpression of phosphomimic mutated OsWRKY53 leads to enhanced blast resistance in rice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98737. [PMID: 24892523 PMCID: PMC4043820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been shown to play pivotal roles in the regulation of plant defense responses. We previously reported that OsWRKY53-overexpressing rice plants showed enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus. In this study, we identified OsWRKY53 as a substrate of OsMPK3/OsMPK6, components of a fungal PAMP-responsive MAPK cascade in rice, and analyzed the effect of OsWRKY53 phosphorylation on the regulation of basal defense responses to a virulence race of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae strain Ina86-137. An in vitro phosphorylation assay revealed that the OsMPK3/OsMPK6 activated by OsMKK4 phosphorylated OsWRKY53 recombinant protein at its multiple clustered serine-proline residues (SP cluster). When OsWRKY53 was coexpressed with a constitutively active mutant of OsMKK4 in a transient reporter gene assay, the enhanced transactivation activity of OsWRKY53 was found to be dependent on phosphorylation of the SP cluster. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing a phospho-mimic mutant of OsWRKY53 (OsWRKY53SD) showed further-enhanced disease resistance to the blast fungus compared to native OsWRKY53-overexpressing rice plants, and a substantial number of defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related protein genes, were more upregulated in the OsWRKY53SD-overexpressing plants compared to the OsWRKY53-overexpressing plants. These results strongly suggest that the OsMKK4-OsMPK3/OsMPK6 cascade regulates transactivation activity of OsWRKY53, and overexpression of the phospho-mimic mutant of OsWRKY53 results in a major change to the rice transcriptome at steady state that leads to activation of a defense response against the blast fungus in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Chujo
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Masuda
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimizu
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Kishi-Kaboshi
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Kiba A, Galis I, Hojo Y, Ohnishi K, Yoshioka H, Hikichi Y. SEC14 phospholipid transfer protein is involved in lipid signaling-mediated plant immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98150. [PMID: 24845602 PMCID: PMC4028302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a gene related to the SEC14-gene phospholipid transfer protein superfamily that is induced in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbSEC14) in response to infection with Ralstonia solanacearum. We here report that NbSEC14 plays a role in plant immune responses via phospholipid-turnover. NbSEC14-silencing compromised expression of defense-related PR-4 and accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivative JA-Ile. Transient expression of NbSEC14 induced PR-4 gene expression. Activities of diacylglycerol kinase, phospholipase C and D, and the synthesis of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid elicited by avirulent R. solanacearum were reduced in NbSEC14-silenced plants. Accumulation of signaling lipids and activation of diacylglycerol kinase and phospholipases were enhanced by transient expression of NbSEC14. These results suggest that the NbSEC14 protein plays a role at the interface between lipid signaling-metabolism and plant innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Lim HS, Nam J, Seo EY, Nam M, Vaira AM, Bae H, Jang CY, Lee CH, Kim HG, Roh M, Hammond J. The coat protein of Alternanthera mosaic virus is the elicitor of a temperature-sensitive systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, and interacts with a host boron transporter protein. Virology 2014; 452-453:264-78. [PMID: 24606704 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different isolates of Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV; Potexvirus), including four infectious clones derived from AltMV-SP, induce distinct systemic symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus accumulation was enhanced at 15 °C compared to 25 °C; severe clone AltMV 3-7 induced systemic necrosis (SN) and plant death at 15 °C. No interaction with potexvirus resistance gene Rx was detected, although SN was ablated by silencing of SGT1, as for other cases of potexvirus-induced necrosis. Substitution of AltMV 3-7 coat protein (CPSP) with that from AltMV-Po (CP(Po)) eliminated SN at 15 °C, and ameliorated symptoms in Alternanthera dentata and soybean. Substitution of only two residues from CP(Po) [either MN(13,14)ID or LA(76,77)IS] efficiently ablated SN in N. benthamiana. CPSP but not CP(Po) interacted with Arabidopsis boron transporter protein AtBOR1 by yeast two-hybrid assay; N. benthamiana homolog NbBOR1 interacted more strongly with CPSP than CP(Po) in bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and may affect recognition of CP as an elicitor of SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiryun Nam
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Nam
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino 10135, Italy.
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Geongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan-Yong Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyoung University, Seoul 136-704, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mark Roh
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Laboratory of Floriculture and Plant Physiology, School of Bio-Resource Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Pombo MA, Zheng Y, Fernandez-Pozo N, Dunham DM, Fei Z, Martin GB. Transcriptomic analysis reveals tomato genes whose expression is induced specifically during effector-triggered immunity and identifies the Epk1 protein kinase which is required for the host response to three bacterial effector proteins. Genome Biol 2014; 15:492. [PMID: 25323444 PMCID: PMC4223163 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have two related immune systems to defend themselves against pathogen attack. Initially,pattern-triggered immunity is activated upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors. Pathogenic bacteria deliver effector proteins into the plant cell that interfere with this immune response and promote disease. However, some plants express resistance proteins that detect the presence of specific effectors leading to a robust defense response referred to as effector-triggered immunity. The interaction of tomato with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is an established model system for understanding the molecular basis of these plant immune responses. RESULTS We apply high-throughput RNA sequencing to this pathosystem to identify genes whose expression changes specifically during pattern-triggered or effector-triggered immunity. We then develop reporter genes for each of these responses that will enable characterization of the host response to the large collection of P. s. pv. tomato strains that express different combinations of effectors. Virus-induced gene silencing of 30 of the effector-triggered immunity-specific genes identifies Epk1 which encodes a predicted protein kinase from a family previously unknown to be involved in immunity. Knocked-down expression of Epk1 compromises effector-triggered immunity triggered by three bacterial effectors but not by effectors from non-bacterial pathogens. Epistasis experiments indicate that Epk1 acts upstream of effector-triggered immunity-associated MAP kinase signaling. CONCLUSIONS Using RNA-seq technology we identify genes involved in specific immune responses. A functional genomics screen led to the discovery of Epk1, a novel predicted protein kinase required for plant defense activation upon recognition of three different bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Pombo
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Diane M Dunham
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Gregory B Martin
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
- />Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
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Hoser R, Żurczak M, Lichocka M, Zuzga S, Dadlez M, Samuel MA, Ellis BE, Stuttmann J, Parker JE, Hennig J, Krzymowska M. Nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of tobacco N receptor is modulated by SGT1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:158-171. [PMID: 23731343 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SGT1 (Suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1) is required to maintain plant disease Resistance (R) proteins with Nucleotide-Binding (NB) and Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) domains in an inactive but signaling-competent state. SGT1 is an integral component of a multi-protein network that includes RACK1, Rac1, RAR1, Rboh, HSP90 and HSP70, and in rice the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), OsMAPK6. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) N protein, which belongs to the Toll-Interleukin Receptor (TIR)-NB-LRR class of R proteins, confers resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). Following transient expression in planta, we analyzed the functional relationship between SGT1, SIPK - a tobacco MAPK6 ortholog - and N, using mass spectrometry, confocal microscopy and pathogen assays. Here, we show that tobacco SGT1 undergoes specific phosphorylation in a canonical MAPK target-motif by SIPK. Mutation of this motif to mimic SIPK phosphorylation leads to an increased proportion of cells displaying SGT1 nuclear accumulation and impairs N-mediated resistance to TMV, as does phospho-null substitution at the same residue. Forced nuclear localization of SGT1 causes N to be confined to nuclei. Our data suggest that one mode of regulating nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of R proteins is by maintaining appropriate levels of SGT1 phosphorylation catalyzed by plant MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hoser
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Żurczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sabina Zuzga
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Biology Department, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Warsaw University, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brian E Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacek Hennig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krzymowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Solovieva AD, Frolova OY, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY, Zamyatnin AA. Effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 on programmed cell death induced by viral proteins in tobacco plants. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:1006-12. [PMID: 24228922 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791309006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the main defense mechanism in plants to fight various pathogens including viruses. The best-studied example of virus-induced PCD in plants is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-elicited hypersensitive response in tobacco plants containing the N resistance gene. It was previously reported that the animal mitochondrial protein Bcl-xL, which lacks a homolog in plants, effectively suppresses plant PCD induced by TMV p50 - the elicitor of hypersensitive response in Nicotiana tabacum carrying the N gene. Our studies show that the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 effectively suppresses p50-induced PCD in tobacco plants. On the other hand, SkQ1 did not affect Poa semilatent virus TGB3-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is followed by PCD, in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells. These data suggest that mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 can be used to study molecular mechanisms of PCD suppression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Solovieva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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45
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Rodewald J, Trognitz B. Solanum resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans and their corresponding avirulence genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:740-57. [PMID: 23710878 PMCID: PMC6638693 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans (Rpi genes), the most important potato pathogen, are still highly valued in the breeding of Solanum spp. for enhanced resistance. The Rpi genes hitherto explored are localized most often in clusters, which are similar between the diverse Solanum genomes. Their distribution is not independent of late maturity traits. This review provides a summary of the most recent important revelations on the genomic position and cloning of Rpi genes, and the structure, associations, mode of action and activity spectrum of Rpi and corresponding avirulence (Avr) proteins. Practical implications for research into and application of Rpi genes are deduced and combined with an outlook on approaches to address remaining issues and interesting questions. It is evident that the potential of Rpi genes has not been exploited fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rodewald
- Department of Health and Environment, Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Gupta M, Yoshioka H, Ohnishi K, Mizumoto H, Hikichi Y, Kiba A. A translationally controlled tumor protein negatively regulates the hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1403-14. [PMID: 23788648 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have been isolating and characterizing Ralstonia solanacearum-responsive genes (RsRGs) in Nicotiana plants. In this study we focused on RsRG308, which we renamed NbTCTP (N. benthamiana translationally controlled tumor protein) because it encodes a polypeptide showing similarity to translationally controlled tumor proteins. Induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) was accelerated in NbTCTP-silenced N. benthamiana plants challenged with R. solanacearum 8107 (Rs8107). The Rs8107 population decreased significantly, whereas hin1 gene expression was enhanced in the silenced plant. Accelerated induction of HR was observed in NbTCTP-silenced plants inoculated with Pseudomonas cichorii and P. syringae pv. syringae. Silencing of NbTCTP also accelerated the induction of HR cell death by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of HR inducers, such as AvrA, BAX, INF1 and NbMEK2(DD). NbTCTP silencing enhanced NbrbohB- and NbMEK2-mediated reactive oxygen species production, leading to HR. Transient expression of both the full-length sequence and the Bcl-xL domain of NbTCTP decreased HR cell death induced by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of HR inducers. NbTCTP-silenced plants also showed slightly dwarf phenotypes. Therefore, NbTCTP might have a role in cell death regulation during HR to fine-tune programmed cell death-associated plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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Lu W, Chu X, Li Y, Wang C, Guo X. Cotton GhMKK1 induces the tolerance of salt and drought stress, and mediates defence responses to pathogen infection in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68503. [PMID: 23844212 PMCID: PMC3700956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK) mediate a variety of stress responses in plants. So far little is known on the functional role of MAPKKs in cotton. In the present study, Gossypium hirsutum MKK1 (GhMKK1) function was investigated. GhMKK1 protein may activate its specific targets in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Treatments with salt, drought, and H2O2 induced the expression of GhMKK1 and increased the activity of GhMKK1, while overexpression of GhMKK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced its tolerance to salt and drought stresses as determined by many physiological data. Additionally, GhMKK1 activity was found to up-regulate pathogen-associated biotic stress, and overexpression of GhMKK1 increased the susceptibility of the transgenic plants to the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum by reducing the expression of PR genes. Moreover, GhMKK1-overexpressing plants also exhibited an enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging capability and markedly elevated activities of several antioxidant enzymes. These results indicate that GhMKK1 is involved in plants defence responses and provide new data to further analyze the function of plant MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
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Two leucines in the N-terminal MAPK-docking site of tomato SlMKK2 are critical for interaction with a downstream MAPK to elicit programmed cell death associated with plant immunity. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1460-5. [PMID: 23583714 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tomato MAPK kinase SlMKK2 is a key protein regulating immunity-associated programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. We examined the role of the N-terminal MAPK-docking site (or D-site) of SlMKK2 in PCD elicitation. In vivo assays revealed that SlMKK2 interacted with the downstream MAPK SlMPK3 independent of PCD elicitation and two conserved leucines in the D-site were required for both interaction with SlMPK3 and PCD elicitation. These results demonstrate that two leucines in the D-site of SlMKK2 play a critical role in regulation of signal transfer to the downstream MAPK by regulating their physical interaction.
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Tian YP, Valkonen JPT. Genetic determinants of Potato virus Y required to overcome or trigger hypersensitive resistance to PVY strain group O controlled by the gene Ny in potato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:297-305. [PMID: 23113714 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0219-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) (genus Potyvirus) is the most economically damaging and widely distributed virus in potato. Spread of PVY in the field is controlled by growing resistant cultivars. The dominant potato gene Ny(tbr) for hypersensitive resistance (HR) controls ordinary PVY strains (PVY(O)) but is overcome by PVY(N) strains. Studies with infectious PVY chimeras and mutants indicated that the viral determinants necessary and sufficient to overcome Ny(tbr) reside within the helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) (residues 227 to 327). Specifically, eight residues and the modeled three-dimensional conformation of this HC-Pro region distinguish PVY(N) from PVY(O) strains. According to the model, the conserved IGN and CCCT motifs implicated in potyvirus replication and movement, respectively, are situated in a coiled structure and an α-helix, respectively, within this region in PVY(O); however, their locations are reversed in PVY(N). Two residues (R269 and K270) are crucial for the predicted PVY(O)-specific HC-Pro conformation. Two viral chimeras triggered Ny(tbr) and induced veinal necrosis in tobacco, which is novel for PVY. One chimera belonged to strain group PVY(E). Our results suggest a structure-function relationship in recognition of PVY(O) HC-Pro by Ny(tbr), reveal HC-Pro amino acid signatures specific to PVY(O) and PVY(N), and facilitate identification of PVY strains overcoming Ny(tbr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Tian
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Zhang X, Cheng T, Wang G, Yan Y, Xia Q. Cloning and evolutionary analysis of tobacco MAPK gene family. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:1407-15. [PMID: 23079708 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is an important signaling module which is involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as plant growth and development. In this study, we identified 17 tobacco MAPKs including 11 novel tobacco MAPK genes that have not been identified before. Comparative analysis with MAPK gene families from other plants, such as Athaliana thaliana, rice and poplar, suggested that tobacco MAPKs (such as NtMPK1, NtMPK3 and NtMPK8) might play similar functions in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. QRT-PCR analysis revealed that a total of 14 NtMPKs were regulated by SA and/or MeJA, suggesting their potential roles involved in plant defense response. In addition, 6 NtMPKs were induced by drought treatment, implying their roles in response to drought stress. Our results indicated that most of tobacco MAPK might be involved in plant defense response, which provides the basis for further analysis on physiological functions of tobacco MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtan Zhang
- The Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
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