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de Pao Mendonca K, Chaurand P, Campos A, Angeletti B, Rovezzi M, Delage L, Borchiellini C, Le Bivic A, Issartel J, Renard E, Levard C. Hyper-accumulation of vanadium in animals: Two sponges compete with urochordates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169410. [PMID: 38123080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium (V) concentrations in organisms are usually very low. To date, among animals, only some urochordate and annelid species contain very high levels of V in their tissues. A new case of hyper-accumulation of V in a distinct animal phylum (Porifera), namely, the two homoscleromorph sponge species Oscarella lobularis and O. tuberculata is reported. The measured concentrations (up to 30 g/kg dry weight) exceed those reported previously and are not found in all sponge classes. In both Oscarella species, V is mainly accumulated in the surface tissues, and in mesohylar cells, as V(IV), before being partly reduced to V(III) in the deeper tissues. Candidate genes from Bacteria and sponges have been identified as possibly being involved in the metabolism of V. This finding provides clues for the development of bioremediation strategies in marine ecosystems and/or bioinspired processes to recycle this critical metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra de Pao Mendonca
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Perrine Chaurand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Andrea Campos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), CP2M, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Angeletti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, FR 3098 ECCOREV, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Mauro Rovezzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Irstea, Météo France, OSUG, FAME, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Delage
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M, UMR8227), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | | | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Issartel
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, FR 3098 ECCOREV, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, FR 3098 ECCOREV, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Clément Levard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.
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Brivio MF, Mastore M. When Appearance Misleads: The Role of the Entomopathogen Surface in the Relationship with Its Host. INSECTS 2020; 11:E387. [PMID: 32585858 PMCID: PMC7348879 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, potentially harmful insects are controlled mainly by chemical synthetic insecticides, but environmental emergencies strongly require less invasive control techniques. The use of biological insecticides in the form of entomopathogenic organisms is undoubtedly a fundamental resource for the biological control of insect pests in the future. These infectious agents and endogenous parasites generally act by profoundly altering the host's physiology to death, but their success is closely related to the neutralization of the target insect's immune response. In general, entomopathogen parasites, entomopathogenic bacteria, and fungi can counteract immune processes through the effects of secretion/excretion products that interfere with and damage the cells and molecules typical of innate immunity. However, these effects are observed in the later stages of infection, whereas the risk of being recognized and neutralized occurs very early after penetration and involves the pathogen surface components and molecular architecture; therefore, their role becomes crucial, particularly in the earliest pathogenesis. In this review, we analyze the evasion/interference strategies that entomopathogens such as the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, nematocomplexes, and wasps implement in the initial stages of infection, i.e., the phases during which body or cell surfaces play a key role in the interaction with the host receptors responsible for the immunological discrimination between self and non-self. In this regard, these organisms demonstrate evasive abilities ascribed to their body surface and cell wall; it appears that the key process of these mechanisms is the capability to modify the surface, converting it into an immunocompatible structure, or interaction that is more or less specific to host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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Teng Z, Wu H, Ye X, Xiong S, Xu G, Wang F, Fang Q, Ye G. An Ovarian Protein Involved in Passive Avoidance of an Endoparasitoid To Evade Its Host Immune Response. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2695-2705. [PMID: 31244211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Through a combination of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we identified 817 secreted ovarian proteins from an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia chilonis, of which five proteins are probably involved in passive evasion. The results of an encapsulation assay revealed that one of these passive evasion-associated proteins (Crp32B), a homologue of a 32-kDa protein (Crp32) from C. rubecula, could protect resin beads from being encapsulated by host hemocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Crp32B is transcribed in ovarian cells, nurse cells, follicular cells, and oocytes, and the protein is located throughout the ovary and on the egg surface. Moreover, Crp32B has antigenic similarity to several host components. These results indicate that C. chilonis may use molecular mimicry as a mechanism to avoid host cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Huizi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Xinhai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Shijiao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Meng E, Qiao T, Tang B, Hou Y, Yu W, Chen Z. Effects of ovarian fluid, venom and egg surface characteristics of Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on the immune response of Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:125-137. [PMID: 30025717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of parasitoids as biocontrol agents has long been recognized, systematic studies of the physiological mechanisms are scarce, especially in those parasitoids that are able to successfully invade their hosts by activating host immune responses. This study explored this phenomenon by investigating the effects of ovarian fluid, venom and egg surface characteristics of Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on host immunity. The results showed that the injection of venom alone induced higher phenoloxidase activity, while a mixture of ovarian plus venom fluids provoked higher granulocyte and plasmatocyte spreading ratios, highlighting the role that egg surface characteristics may play in successful parasitism. After thorough investigation, the presence of a hemomucin homologue was documented on the egg surface (which was named Tetrastichus brontispae adipocyte plasma membrane associated protein-like, TbAPMAP-like), while the absence of polydnaviruses, fibrous layers and virus-like filaments was confirmed. The higher encapsulation index of eggs incubated with TbAPMAP-like polyclonal antibody demonstrated the protection of the protein against encapsulation. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms used by endoparasitoids to evade encapsulation during the early parasitism stage while enriching our knowledge of local active regulatory mechanisms. It is likely that this is the first study to determine the egg protective properties of TbAPMAP-like in host-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ting Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Baozhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Weizhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Fuzhou Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Furihata S, Matsumura T, Hirata M, Mizutani T, Nagata N, Kataoka M, Katayama Y, Omatsu T, Matsumoto H, Hayakawa Y. Characterization of Venom and Oviduct Components of Parasitoid Wasp Asobara japonica. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160210. [PMID: 27467595 PMCID: PMC4965004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During natural parasitization, Asobara japonica wasps introduce lateral oviduct (LO) components into their Drosophila hosts soon after the venom injection to neutralize its strong toxicity; otherwise, the host will die. Although the orchestrated relationship between the venom and LO components necessary for successful parasitism has attracted the attention of many researchers in this field, the molecular natures of both factors remain ambiguous. We here showed that precipitation of the venom components by ultracentrifugation yielded a toxic fraction that was inactivated by ultraviolet light irradiation, boiling, and sonication, suggesting that it is a virus-like entity. Morphological observation of the precipitate after ultracentrifugation showed small spherical heterogeneous virus-like particles 20-40 nm in diameter. The venom's detrimental effect on D. melanogaster larvae was not directly neutralized by the LO components but blocked by a hemolymphal neutralizing factor activated by the LO factor. Furthermore, we found that A. japonica venom and LO components acted similarly on the larvae of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura: the venom injection caused mortality but coinjection of the LO factor protected S. litura larvae from the venom's toxicity. In contrast, D. ficusphila and D. bipectinata, which are closely related to D. melanogaster but non-habitual host species of A. japonica, were not negatively affected by A. japonica venom due to an intrinsic neutralizing activity in their hemolymph, indicating that these species must have acquired a neutralizer of A. japonica venom during evolution. These results give new insights into the characteristics of both the venom and LO components: A. japonica females have utilized the virus-like toxic venom factor to exploit a wider range of host species after the evolutionary process enabled them to use the LO factor for activation of the host hemolymph neutralizer precursor, although the non-habitual host Drosophila species possess an active intrinsic neutralizer in their hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furihata
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840–8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumura
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840–8502, Japan
| | - Makiko Hirata
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840–8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183–8509, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 280–0011, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 280–0011, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183–8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183–8509, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840–8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840–8502, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Teng ZW, Xu G, Gan SY, Chen X, Fang Q, Ye GY. Effects of the endoparasitoid Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitism, venom, and calyx fluid on cellular and humoral immunity of its host Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 85:46-56. [PMID: 26685058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The larval endoparasitoid Cotesia chilonis injects venom and bracoviruses into its host Chilo suppressalis during oviposition. Here we study the effects of the polydnavirus (PDV)-carrying endoparasitoid C. chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitism, venom and calyx fluid on host cellular and humoral immunity, specifically hemocyte composition, cellular spreading, encapsulation and melanization. Total hemocyte counts (THCs) were higher in parasitized larvae than in unparasitized larvae in the late stages following parasitization. While both plasmatocyte and granulocyte fractions and hemocyte mortality did not differ between parasitized and unparasitized hosts, in vitro spreading behavior of hemocytes was inhibited significantly by parasitism throughout the course of parasitoid development. C. chilonis parasitism suppressed the encapsulation response and melanization in the early stages. Venom alone did not alter cellular immune responses, including effects on THCs, mortality, hemocyte composition, cell spreading and encapsulation, but venom did inhibit humoral immunity by reducing melanization within 6h after injection. In contrast to venom, calyx fluid had a significant effect on cell spreading, encapsulation and melanization from 6h after injection. Dose-response injection studies indicated the effects of venom and calyx fluid synergized, showing a stronger and more persistent reduction in immune system responses than the effect of either injected alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wen Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Furihata S, Tanaka K, Ryuda M, Ochiai M, Matsumoto H, Csikos G, Hayakawa Y. Immunoevasive protein (IEP)-containing surface layer covering polydnavirus particles is essential for viral infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 115:26-32. [PMID: 24184953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are unique symbiotic viruses associated with parasitoid wasps: PDV particles are injected into lepidopteran hosts along with the wasp eggs and express genes that interfere with aspects of host physiology such as immune defenses and development. Recent comparative genomic studies of PDVs have significantly improved our understanding of their origin as well as the genome organization. However, the structural features of functional PDV particles remain ambiguous. To clear up the structure of Cotesia kariyai PDV (CkPDV) particles, we focused on immunoevasive protein (IEP), which is a mediator of immunoevasion by the wasp from the encapsulation reaction of the host insect's hemocytes, because it has been demonstrated to be present on the surface of the virus particle. We discovered that IEP tends to polymerize and constitutes a previously unidentified thin surface layer covering CkPDV particles. This outermost surface layer looked fragile and was easily removed from CkPVD particles by mechanical stressors such as shaking, which prevented CkPDV from expressing the encoded genes in the host target tissues such as fat body or hemocytes. Furthermore, we detected IEP homologue gene expression in the wasp's venom reservoirs, implying IEP has another unknown biological function in the wasp or parasitized hosts. Taken together, the present results demonstrated that female C. kariyai wasps produce the fragile thin layer partly composed of IEP to cover the outer surfaces of CkPDV particles; otherwise, they cannot function as infectious agents in the wasp's host. The fact that IEP family proteins are expressed in both venom reservoirs and oviducts suggests an intimate relationship between both tissues in the development of the parasitism strategy of the wasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furihata
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temeperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Masasuke Ryuda
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temeperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Gyorge Csikos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Molecular Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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Furihata SX, Matsumoto H, Kimura MT, Hayakawa Y. Venom components of Asobara japonica impair cellular immune responses of host Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 83:86-100. [PMID: 23606512 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoparasitoid wasp Asobara japonica has highly poisonous venom: the host Drosophila larvae are killed by envenomation at a dose that is naturally injected by the female wasp at parasitism. This insecticidal venom is neutralized, however, because A. japonica introduces lateral oviduct components soon after venom injection at oviposition. Although the venom and lateral oviduct components of this parasitoid have been partially characterized, how the venom components favor successful development of wasp eggs and larvae in the host remains ambiguous. Here, we demonstrated that A. japonica venom did not affect host humoral immune responses, determined as expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, but significantly diminished two cellular responses, spreading and phagocytosis, by host hemocytes. Moreover, venom components drastically elevated a serine protease-like activity 4 h after its injection. The lateral oviduct components did not negate the detrimental effects of the venom on host cellular immunities, but significantly reduced the venom-induced elevation of protease activity. Both active factors in venom and lateral oviduct components were roughly characterized as heat-labile substances with a molecular mass of at least 10 kDa. Finally, venom of A. japonica, with a wide host range, was found to be much more toxic than that of Asobara rossica, which has a limited host range. These results reveal that A. japonica venom toxicity allows exploitation of a broader range of host insects because it is essential to overcome cellular immune responses of the host for successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke X Furihata
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Demonstration of cytotoxicity against wasps by pierisin-1: a possible defense factor in the cabbage white butterfly. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60539. [PMID: 23637752 PMCID: PMC3634060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, produces pierisin-1, a protein inducing apoptosis of mammalian cells. In the present study, the biological activity of pierisin-1 as a protective agent against parasitic wasps for P. rapae was examined. Pierisin-1 caused detrimental effects on eggs and larvae of non-habitual parasitoids for P. rapae, Glyptapanteles pallipes, Cotesia kariyai and Cotesia plutellae at 1-100 µg/ml, levels essentially equivalent to those found in P. rapae larvae. In contrast, eggs and larvae of the natural parasitoid of P. rapae, Cotesia glomerata proved resistant to the toxicity of pierisin-1 through inhibition of pierisin-1 penetration of the surface layer. The expression level of pierisin-1 mRNA in the larvae of P. rapae was increased by parasitization by C. plutellae, whereas it was decreased by C. glomerata. In addition, C. plutellae was associated with elevation of activated pierisin-1 in the hemolymph. From these observations, it is suggested that pierisin-1 could contribute as a defense factor against parasitization by some type of wasps in P. rapae.
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Dorémus T, Jouan V, Urbach S, Cousserans F, Wincker P, Ravallec M, Wajnberg E, Volkoff AN. Hyposoter didymator uses a combination of passive and active strategies to escape from the Spodoptera frugiperda cellular immune response. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:500-508. [PMID: 23458339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An endoparasitic life style is widespread among Hymenoptera, and various different strategies allowing parasitoids to escape from the host encapsulation response have been reported. Species carrying polydnaviruses (PDVs), such as the ichneumonid Hyposoter didymator, generally rely on the viral symbionts to evade host immune responses. In this work, we show that H. didymator eggs can evade encapsulation by the host in the absence of calyx fluid (containing the viral particles), whereas protection of the larvae requires the presence of calyx fluid. This evasion by the eggs depends on proteins associated with the exochorion. This type of local passive strategy has been described for a few species carrying PDVs. Immune evasion by braconid eggs appears to be related to PDVs or proteins synthesized in the oviducts being associated with the egg. We report that in H. didymator, by contrast, proteins already present in the ovarian follicles are responsible for the eggs avoiding encapsulation. Mass spectrometry analysis of the egg surface proteins revealed the presence of host immune-related proteins, including one with similarities with apolipophorin-III, and also the presence of three viral proteins encoded by IVSPERs (Ichnovirus Structural Protein Encoding Regions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
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Mahmoud A, De Luna-Santillana E, Rodríguez-Perez M. Parasitism by the endoparasitoid, Cotesia flavipes induces cellular immunosuppression and enhances susceptibility of the sugar cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis to Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:119. [PMID: 22225507 PMCID: PMC3281321 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.11901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The aim of this research was to analyze cellular immunosuppression of D. saccharalis parasitized by C. flavipes in terms of encapsulation, melanization, and hemocyte nodule formation. The encapsulation assay was done 1 and 6 days after parasitoid oviposition. In addition, the susceptibility of parasitized and nonparasitzed larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis HD 73 strain was assessed. 3, 12, and 24 h after bead injection; the percentages of encapsulation were significantly higher in unparasitized larvae compared to larvae parasitized 1 and 6 days after oviposition. Interestingly, there was a significant reduction in numbers of beads encapsulated at 1 day after oviposition compared to 6 days, and unparasitized larvae. The percentage of melanized beads decreased significantly in parasitized larvae compared to control. There was a reduction in the number of nodules in parasitized larvae compared to unparasitized controls. Larvae that were injected with polyndavirus 24 h before beads were injected showed significantly reduced encapsulation responses relative to control larvae. The D. saccharalis parasitized by C. flavipes exhibited higher susceptibility to B. thuringiensis. These results suggest that parasitization induced host immunosuppression, and the immunosuppression factors could impair the defense capacity against microbial pathogens--causing an increase in pathogen susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M.A. Mahmoud
- Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica (CBG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico and Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) (Unidad Altamira), Mexico
| | - E.J. De Luna-Santillana
- Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica (CBG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico and Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) (Unidad Altamira), Mexico
| | - M.A. Rodríguez-Perez
- Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica (CBG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico and Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) (Unidad Altamira), Mexico
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12
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Sequence and gene organization of 24 circles from the Cotesia plutellae bracovirus genome. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1313-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Mastore M, Brivio MF. Cuticular surface lipids are responsible for disguise properties of an entomoparasite against host cellular responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1050-1062. [PMID: 18374979 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are widely used as alternatives to chemicals for the biological control of insects. These endoparasites are symbiotically associated with bacteria that are lethal for the host; however, parasites need to overcome the host immune defences to complete a successful life cycle. The processes parasites employ to escape or depress host immunity are targeted at deceiving non-self recognition as well as inactivating defence reactions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interactions between the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae and the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella, focusing on the role of the parasite's body-surface compounds in the immunoevasion of host cell-mediated responses. To evaluate host self/non-self discrimination and encapsulation efficiency, we carried out a series of interaction assays between cultured host hemocytes and parasites or isolated cuticles. The data obtained suggest that the parasite cuticular lipids (PCLs) are able to bind a variety of host hemolymph molecules; PCLs attract host proteins from the hemolymph creating a coat around the parasite, thus, enabling Steinernema to disguise itself against hemocytes recognition. The role of parasite lipids in the disguise process was also investigated by simulating the nematode body surface with agarose microbeads covered with purified cuticular components; when the beads were coated with cuticular lipids, host hemocytes were not able to recognize and encapsulate. Results suggest that by means of attracting host hemolymph components onto its cuticular surface, S. feltiae prevents hemocytes attachment to its cuticle and inhibits melanization by depleting hemolymph components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
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14
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Asgari S. Venom proteins from polydnavirus-producing endoparasitoids: their role in host-parasite interactions. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 61:146-56. [PMID: 16482579 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps have evolved various mechanisms to ensure successful development of their progeny, including co-injection of a cocktail of maternal secretions into the host hemocoel, including venom, calyx fluid, and polydnaviruses. The components of each type of secretion may influence host physiology and development independently or in a synergistic fashion. For example, venom fluid consists of several peptides and proteins that promote expression of polydnavirus genes in addition to other activities, such as inhibition of prophenoloxidase activation, inhibition of hemocytes spreading and aggregation, and inhibition of development. This review provides a brief overview of advances and prospects in the study of venom proteins from polydnavirus-producing endoparasitoid wasps with a special emphasis on the role of C. rubecula venom proteins in host-parasitoid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Asgari
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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15
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Pennacchio F, Strand MR. Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic hymenoptera. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 51:233-58. [PMID: 16332211 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps have evolved a wide spectrum of developmental interactions with hosts. In this review we synthesize and interpret results from the phylogenetic, ecological, physiological, and molecular literature to identify factors that have influenced the evolution of parasitoid developmental strategies. We first discuss the origins and radiation of the parasitoid lifestyle in the Hymenoptera. We then summarize how parasitoid developmental strategies are affected by ecological interactions and assess the inventory of physiological and molecular traits parasitoids use to successfully exploit hosts. Last, we discuss how certain parasitoid virulence genes have evolved and how these changes potentially affect parasitoid-host interactions. The combination of phylogenetic data with comparative and functional genomics offers new avenues for understanding the evolution of biological diversity in this group of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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16
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Gill TA, Fath-Goodin A, Maiti II, Webb BA. Potential Uses of Cys‐Motif and Other Polydnavirus Genes in Biotechnology. Adv Virus Res 2006; 68:393-426. [PMID: 16997018 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)68011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting the ability of insect pathogens, parasites, and predators to control natural and damaging insect populations is a cornerstone of biological control. Here we focus on an unusual group of viruses, the polydnaviruses (PDV), which are obligate symbionts of some hymenopteran insect parasitoids. PDVs have a variety of important pathogenic effects on their parasitized hosts. The genes controlling some of these pathogenic effects, such as inhibition of host development, induction of precocious metamorphosis, slowed or reduced feeding, and immune suppression, may have use for biotechnological applications. In this chapter, we consider the physiological functions of both wasp and viral genes with emphasis on the Cys-motif gene family and their potential use for insect pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrence A Gill
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Building North University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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17
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Bae S, Kim Y. Host physiological changes due to parasitism of a braconid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 138:39-44. [PMID: 15165569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Braconid wasps, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), were collected from parasitized host larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Korea. Virus particles were found in the oviduct lumen of C. plutellae females. Multiple nucleocapsids with approximately 30-nm diameter and variable length (30-80 nm) were surrounded with a single unit membrane envelope. The parasitization of C. plutellae completely inhibited pupal metamorphosis. The parasitized larvae showed significant decrease in feeding activity and total hemolymph proteins, especially as larval storage proteins. They also showed a significant decrease in immune capacity as evidenced by reduced ability to form hemocyte nodules and reduced phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity. Here, we show that C. plutellae has an endosymbiotic virus like other reported species in Microgastrinae, and suggest that it causes host developmental arrest and immune-depression at parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangki Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Andong National University, Songchun-dong, Andong 760-749, South Korea
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18
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Kroemer JA, Webb BA. Polydnavirus genes and genomes: emerging gene families and new insights into polydnavirus replication. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 49:431-456. [PMID: 14651471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.072103.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polydnavirus genome sequencing is providing new insights into viral genome organization and viral gene function. Sequence analyses demonstrate that the genomes of these viral mutualists are largely noncoding but maintain genes and gene families that are unrelated to other viral genes. Interestingly, these organizational patterns in polydnavirus genomes are evident in both the bracovirus and ichnovirus genera, even though these two genera are evolutionarily unrelated. The identity and function of some polydnavirus gene families are considered with some functions experimentally supported and others implied by homology relationships with known insect genes. The evidence relative to polydnavirus origins and evolution is considered but remains an area of speculation. However, sequencing of these viral genomes has been informative and provides opportunities for productive investigation of these unusual mutualistic insect viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Kroemer
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Sciences Center North, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA.
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19
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Tanaka K, Tsuzuki S, Matsumoto H, Hayakawa Y. Expression of Cotesia kariyai polydnavirus genes in lepidopteran hemocytes and Sf9 cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 49:433-440. [PMID: 12770622 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(03)00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic wasp Cotesia kariyai carries polydnavirus (CkPDV) which is an indispensable factor for the successful parasitization by the wasp. One of its surface proteins has been identified as an immunoevasive mediator from the cellular defense reactions of the host armyworm Pseudaletia separata, thereby it was named immunoevasive protein (IEP). In the present study, we demonstrated that anti-IEP antibody did not suppress the CkPDV infection of Sf9 cells but decreased its infection of P.separata hemocytes, thus indicating that IEP is not essential for CkPDV to enter into the target cells but is important for evading from the attack of the hemocytes. Three genes of CkPDV expressed in Sf9 cells were isolated and characterized. Two of them (CkV0.8, CkV0.9) are novel genes but another one (CkV2.0) is the same gene with the one we previously identified in the parasitized armyworm larvae. Although these genes reside in different DNA segments of CkPDV genome, all of them are expressed in the hemocytes of the parasitized armyworm larvae. These gene transcripts are first detected at 2 h after parasitization, and the expressions of CkV0.8 and CkV0.9 were gradually decreased after reaching the maximum level at 4 h after parasitization. However, the expression of CkV2.0 continues to be increased at least for 10 h after parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 060-0819
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