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Despabiladeras JB, Bautista MAM. Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and Comparison with Other Pyraloid Moths. INSECTS 2024; 15:220. [PMID: 38667350 PMCID: PMC11050083 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB) (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée) is a devastating lepidopteran pest of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in the Philippines. Management of an insect pest like the EFSB requires an understanding of its biology, evolution, and adaptations. Genomic resources provide a starting point for understanding EFSB biology, as the resources can be used for phylogenetics and population structure studies. To date, genomic resources are scarce for EFSB; thus, this study generated its complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome). The circular mitogenome is 15,244 bp-long. It contains 37 genes, namely 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes, and has conserved noncoding regions, motifs, and gene syntenies characteristic of lepidopteran mitogenomes. Some protein-coding genes start and end with non-canonical codons. The tRNA genes exhibit a conserved cloverleaf structure, with the exception in trnS1. Partitioned phylogenetic analysis using 72 pyraloids generated highly supported maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees revealing expected basal splits between Crambidae and Pyralidae, and Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae. Spilomelinae was recovered to be paraphyletic, with the EFSB robustly placed before the split of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae. Overall, the EFSB mitogenome resource will be useful for delineations within Spilomelinae and population structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ma. Anita M. Bautista
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Science, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
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2
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Zhou J, Song Y, Wang X, Li X, Liu C, Tian C, Wang C, Li L, Yan G, Cui H. JTE-013 Alleviates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Affecting the RhoA/YAP Pathway and Mitochondrial Fusion/Fission. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1444. [PMID: 37895915 PMCID: PMC10609863 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis may be due to the proliferation of fibroblasts and the aggregation of extracellular matrix, resulting in the stimulation of inflammation damage, destroying lung tissue structure, seriously affecting the patient's respiratory function, and even leading to death. We investigated the role and mechanism of JTE-013 in attenuating bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis was established in mice. Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (MLE-12) were stimulated with sphingosine monophosphate (S1P) in vitro. JTE-013, an S1PR2 (sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2) antagonist, and Verteporfin were administered in vivo and in vitro. IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA. IL-4 and IFN-γ positive cells were detected by flow cytometry. Inhibition of S1PR2 with JTE-013 significantly ameliorated BLM-induced pathological changes and inflammatory cytokine levels. JTE-013 also significantly reduced the expression of RHOA/YAP pathway proteins and mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, apoptosis, and the colocalization of α-SMA with YAP, Drp1, and Tom20, as detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, TUNEL, and Western blot. In vitro, S1PR2 and YAP knockdown downregulated RHOA/YAP pathway protein expression, Drp1 phosphorylation, and Drp1 translocation, promoted YAP phosphorylation and phenotypic transformation of MFN2, and inhibited the up-regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, and cell apoptosis (7.13% vs. 18.14%), protecting the integrity of the mitochondrial dynamics. JTE-013 also inhibited the expression of fibrosis markers α-SMA, MMP-9, and COL1A1, and alleviated the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusively, JTE-013 has great anti-pulmonary fibrosis potential by regulating RHOA/YAP and mitochondrial fusion/fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Zhou
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Center of Medical Functional Experiment, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Yilan Song
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xingmei Wang
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Center of Medical Functional Experiment, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Xinrui Li
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Center of Medical Functional Experiment, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Chang Liu
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Center of Medical Functional Experiment, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Chenchen Tian
- Center of Medical Functional Experiment, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Chongyang Wang
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Liangchang Li
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guanghai Yan
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.L.); (C.L.); (C.W.); (L.L.)
- Center of Medical Functional Experiment, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China;
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3
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Jiao Y, Yan Z, Yang A. Mitochondria in innate immunity signaling and its therapeutic implications in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1160035. [PMID: 37122709 PMCID: PMC10130412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by vast alterations in immune responses, but the pathogenesis remains sophisticated and yet to be fully elucidated. Multiple mechanisms regulating cell differentiation, maturation, and death are critical, among which mitochondria-related cellular organelle functions have recently gained accumulating attention. Mitochondria, as a highly preserved organelle in eukaryotes, have crucial roles in the cellular response to both exogenous and endogenous stress beyond their fundamental functions in chemical energy conversion. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings on the function of mitochondria in the innate immune response and its aberrancy in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc., mainly focusing on its direct impact on cellular metabolism and its machinery on regulating immune response signaling pathways. More importantly, we summarize the status quo of potential therapeutic targets found in the mitochondrial regulation in the setting of autoimmune diseases and wish to shed light on future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Aiming Yang,
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4
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Zorov DB, Andrianova NV, Babenko VA, Zorova LD, Zorov SD, Pevzner IB, Sukhikh GT, Silachev DN. Isn't It Time for Establishing Mitochondrial Nomenclature Breaking Mitochondrial Paradigm? BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1487-1497. [PMID: 36717442 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we decided to initiate a discussion concerning heterogeneity of mitochondria, suggesting that it is time to build classification of mitochondria, like the one that exists for their progenitors, α-proteobacteria, proposing possible separation of mitochondrial strains and maybe species. We continue to adhere to the general line that mitochondria are friends and foes: on the one hand, they provide the cell and organism with the necessary energy and signaling molecules, and, on the other hand, participate in destruction of the cell and the organism. Current understanding that the activity of mitochondria is not only limited to energy production, but also that these alternative non-energetic functions are unique and irreplaceable in the cell, allowed us to speak about the strong subordination of the entire cellular metabolism to characteristic functional manifestations of mitochondria. Mitochondria are capable of producing not only ATP, but also iron-sulfur clusters, steroid hormones, heme, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, participate in thermogenesis, regulate cell death, proliferation and differentiation, participate in detoxification, etc. They are a mandatory attribute of eukaryotic cells, and, so far, no eukaryotic cells performing a non-parasitic or non-symbiotic life style have been found that lack mitochondria. We believe that the structural-functional intracellular, intercellular, inter-organ, and interspecific diversity of mitochondria is large enough to provide grounds for creating a mitochondrial nomenclature. The arguments for this are given in this analytical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Nadezda V Andrianova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina A Babenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ljubava D Zorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Savva D Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Irina B Pevzner
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Denis N Silachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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5
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Caldeira DDAF, Weiss DJ, Rocco PRM, Silva PL, Cruz FF. Mitochondria in Focus: From Function to Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782074. [PMID: 34887870 PMCID: PMC8649841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cell metabolism, growth, and function. Mitochondria in lung cells have important roles in regulating surfactant production, mucociliary function, mucus secretion, senescence, immunologic defense, and regeneration. Disruption in mitochondrial physiology can be the central point in several pathophysiologic pathways of chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and asthma. In this review, we summarize how mitochondria morphology, dynamics, redox signaling, mitophagy, and interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum are involved in chronic lung diseases and highlight strategies focused on mitochondrial therapy (mito-therapy) that could be tested as a potential therapeutic target for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayene de Assis Fernandes Caldeira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Patricia Rieken Macêdo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Abstract
Chloroplasts, the sites of photosynthesis and sources of reducing power, are at the core of the success story that sets apart autotrophic plants from most other living organisms. Along with their fellow organelles (e.g., amylo-, chromo-, etio-, and leucoplasts), they form a group of intracellular biosynthetic machines collectively known as plastids. These plant cell constituents have their own genome (plastome), their own (70S) ribosomes, and complete enzymatic equipment covering the full range from DNA replication via transcription and RNA processive modification to translation. Plastid RNA synthesis (gene transcription) involves the collaborative activity of two distinct types of RNA polymerases that differ in their phylogenetic origin as well as their architecture and mode of function. The existence of multiple plastid RNA polymerases is reflected by distinctive sets of regulatory DNA elements and protein factors. This complexity of the plastid transcription apparatus thus provides ample room for regulatory effects at many levels within and beyond transcription. Research in this field offers insight into the various ways in which plastid genes, both singly and groupwise, can be regulated according to the needs of the entire cell. Furthermore, it opens up strategies that allow to alter these processes in order to optimize the expression of desired gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ortelt
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gerhard Link
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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7
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Allegra C, Failla G, Costanzo L, Mannello F, Montella F, Antignani PL. Reasoned therapeutic protocol in outpatients with COVID-19. INT ANGIOL 2021; 40:170-175. [PMID: 33463975 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-9590.21.04556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seventy percent of patients affected by SARS-COV-2 disease are asymptomatic or with symptoms that not required Hospitalization. A prodromal period lasting about 5 days can be identified. In this phase a patient with a positive swab for viral RNA may or may not evolve towards the phase of symptomatic disease. METHODS In this paper we reviewed the literature related to COVID-19 therapy we propose a reasoned treatment protocols in outpatients according to the age and the comorbidity. RESULTS The aim of this study was to reduce the impact of the virus by reducing its ability to attack cells and the inflammatory burden and the prothrombotic effects proposing two therapeutic schemes of proven efficacy according to the age of the patients and the comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS We aimed to reduce worsening of clinical status and hospitalization while protecting patients at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Allegra
- Department of Angiology, Union Internationale de Phlebologie (UIP), S.Giovanni Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Failla
- Unit of Angiology, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, San Marco Hospital, Rodolico, S. Marco University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
| | - Luca Costanzo
- Unit of Angiology, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, San Marco Hospital, Rodolico, S. Marco University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Carlo Bo University of Urbino, Urbino, Pesaro-Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Montella
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
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8
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Comparing Early Eukaryotic Integration of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in the Light of Internal ROS Challenges: Timing is of the Essence. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00955-20. [PMID: 32430475 PMCID: PMC7240161 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00955-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When trying to reconstruct the evolutionary trajectories during early eukaryogenesis, one is struck by clear differences in the developments of two organelles of endosymbiotic origin: the mitochondrion and the chloroplast. From a symbiogenic perspective, eukaryotic development can be interpreted as a process in which many of the defining eukaryotic characteristics arose as a result of mutual adaptions of both prokaryotes (an archaeon and a bacterium) involved. This implies that many steps during the bacterium-to-mitochondrion transition trajectory occurred in an intense period of dramatic and rapid changes. In contrast, the subsequent cyanobacterium-to-chloroplast development in a specific eukaryotic subgroup, leading to the photosynthetic lineages, occurred in a full-fledged eukaryote. The commonalities and differences in the two trajectories shed an interesting light on early, and ongoing, eukaryotic evolutionary driving forces, especially endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Differences between organellar ribosomes, changes to the electron transport chain (ETC) components, and mitochondrial codon reassignments in nonplant mitochondria can be understood when mitochondrial ROS formation, e.g., during high energy consumption in heterotrophs, is taken into account.IMPORTANCE The early eukaryotic evolution was deeply influenced by the acquisition of two endosymbiotic organelles - the mitochondrion and the chloroplast. Here we discuss the possibly important role of reactive oxygen species in these processes.
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9
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Vasanthakumar N, Bhakta-Guha D, Guha G, Arunachalam J. Friend turned foe: A curious case of disrupted endosymbiotic homeostasis promoting the Warburg effect in sepsis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 141:109702. [PMID: 32289643 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a grievous health concern with limited understanding of its precise etiology. Although studies on sepsis have implicated the Warburg effect (mitigation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, as evident from aerobic glycolysis), we propose that an evolutionary perspective might further unravel its etiology. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that evolution of a eukaryotic cell is a consequence of the fruitful association between an archaea (Asgard) and an alphaproteobacterium (Rickettsia). We hypothesize that, during pathological conditions like sepsis, such endosymbiotic homeostasis between the two systems is perturbed. We underscore the fact (supported by in silico homology analyses) that during sepsis, the Asgard component of a cell is promoted to trigger aerobic glycolysis as well as the innate immune response (spearheaded by the TLR pathway), while suppressing the Rickettsia counterpart, thereby promoting the Warburg effect. It might be this discord between the two endosymbiotic partners (Asgard and Rickettsia-derived cellular components) that promotes sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesan Vasanthakumar
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India.
| | - Dipita Bhakta-Guha
- Cellular Dyshomeostasis Laboratory (CDHL), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Gunjan Guha
- Cellular Dyshomeostasis Laboratory (CDHL), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Jothi Arunachalam
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
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10
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Lin L, Xu H, Bishawi M, Feng F, Samy K, Truskey G, Barbas AS, Kirk AD, Brennan TV. Circulating mitochondria in organ donors promote allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1917-1929. [PMID: 30761731 PMCID: PMC6591073 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is a critical regulator of the adaptive immune responses that lead to allograft rejection. It is increasingly recognized that endogenous molecules released from tissue injury and cell death are potent activators of innate immunity. Mitochondria, ancestrally related to bacteria, possess an array of endogenous innate immune-activating molecules. We have recently demonstrated that extracellular mitochondria are abundant in the circulation of deceased organ donors and that their presence correlates with early allograft dysfunction. Here we demonstrate the ability of mitochondria to activate endothelial cells (ECs), the initial barrier between a solid organ allograft and its host. We find that mitochondria exposure leads to the upregulation of EC adhesion molecules and their production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, mitochondrial exposure causes dendritic cells to upregulate costimulatory molecules. Infusion of isolated mitochondria into heart donors leads to significant increase in allograft rejection in a murine heterotopic heart transplantation model. Finally, co-incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with mitochondria-treated ECs results in increased numbers of effector (IFN-γ+ , TNF-α+ ) CD8+ T cells. These data indicate that circulating extracellular mitochondria in deceased organ donors may directly activate allograft ECs and promote graft rejection in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Lin
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - He Xu
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Muath Bishawi
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - FeiFei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kannan Samy
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - George Truskey
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Todd V Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Zhu M, Barbas AS, Lin L, Scheuermann U, Bishawi M, Brennan TV. Mitochondria Released by Apoptotic Cell Death Initiate Innate Immune Responses. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:384-397. [PMID: 30847435 PMCID: PMC6400482 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1800063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In solid organ transplantation, cell death arising from ischemia/reperfusion leads to the release of several damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) initiate proinflammatory responses, but it remains unknown whether the mode of cell death affects the inflammatory properties of mitochondria. Murine and human cell lines induced to selectively undergo apoptosis and necroptosis were used to examine the extracellular release of mitochondria during programmed cell death. Mitochondria purified from healthy, apoptotic, and necroptotic cells were used to stimulate macrophage inflammasome responses in vitro and neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo. Inhibition of specific mtDAMPs was performed to identify those responsible for macrophage inflammasome activation. A rat liver transplant model was used to identify apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in graft tissue following ischemia/reperfusion. Both apoptotic and necroptotic cell death occur in parallel in graft tissue. Apoptotic cells released more mitochondria than necroptotic cells. Moreover, mitochondria from apoptotic cells were significantly more inflammatory in terms of macrophage inflammasome activation and neutrophil recruitment. Inhibition of cellular synthesis of cardiolipin, a mitochondria-specific lipid and mtDAMP, significantly reduced the inflammasome-activating properties of apoptosis-derived mitochondria. Mitochondria derived from apoptotic cells are potent activators of innate immune responses, whereas mitochondria derived from healthy or necroptotic cells are significantly less inflammatory. Cardiolipin appears to be a key mtDAMP-regulating inflammasome activation by mitochondria. Methods of inhibiting apoptotic cell death in transplant grafts may be beneficial for reducing graft inflammation and transplant allosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Andrew S. Barbas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Liwen Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Uwe Scheuermann
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Muath Bishawi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Todd V. Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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12
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Pollara J, Edwards RW, Lin L, Bendersky VA, Brennan TV. Circulating mitochondria in deceased organ donors are associated with immune activation and early allograft dysfunction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121622. [PMID: 30089724 PMCID: PMC6129133 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain death that occurs in the setting of deceased organ donation for transplantation is associated with systemic inflammation of unknown origin. It has recently been recognized that mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) released into the circulation in the setting of trauma and tissue injury are associated with a systemic inflammatory response. We examined the blood of deceased organ donors and found elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that correlated with levels of mtDAMPs. We also found that donor neutrophils are activated and that donor plasma contains a neutrophil-activating factor that is blocked by cyclosporin H, a formyl peptide receptor-1 antagonist. Examination of donor plasma by electron microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that free- and membrane-bound mitochondria are elevated in donor plasma. Interestingly, we demonstrated a correlation between donor plasma mitochondrial DNA levels and early allograft dysfunction in liver transplant recipients, suggesting a role for circulating mtDAMPs in allograft outcomes. Current approaches to prolong allograft survival focus on immune suppression in the transplant recipient; our data indicate that targeting inflammatory factors in deceased donors prior to organ procurement is another potential strategy for improving transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. Whitney Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liwen Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria A. Bendersky
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd V. Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Yang JL, Mukda S, Chen SD. Diverse roles of mitochondria in ischemic stroke. Redox Biol 2018; 16:263-275. [PMID: 29549824 PMCID: PMC5854930 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and mortality in most developing and developed countries. The current best practices for patients with acute ischemic stroke include intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy for large-vessel occlusion to improve clinical outcomes. However, only a limited portion of patients receive thrombolytic therapy or endovascular treatment because the therapeutic time window after ischemic stroke is narrow. To address the current shortage of stroke management approaches, it is critical to identify new potential therapeutic targets. The mitochondrion is an often overlooked target for the clinical treatment of stroke. Early studies of mitochondria focused on their bioenergetic role; however, these organelles are now known to be important in a wide range of cellular functions and signaling events. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the mitochondrial molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemia and involved in reactive oxygen species generation and scavenging, electron transport chain dysfunction, apoptosis, mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis, and inflammation. A better understanding of the roles of mitochondria in ischemia-related neuronal death and protection may provide a rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic regimens for ischemic stroke and other stroke syndromes. Review of current treatment of ischemic stroke indicates deficiency in the contemporary methods. Discuss the mitochondrial ROS-related signaling that affect neuronal fate after ischemic stroke. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy could be pivotal for ischemic stroke. Inhibiting mitochondrion-induced inflammatory response is a potential treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Brodie J, Ball SG, Bouget FY, Chan CX, De Clerck O, Cock JM, Gachon C, Grossman AR, Mock T, Raven JA, Saha M, Smith AG, Vardi A, Yoon HS, Bhattacharya D. Biotic interactions as drivers of algal origin and evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:670-681. [PMID: 28857164 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents 670 I. 671 II. 671 III. 676 IV. 678 678 References 678 SUMMARY: Biotic interactions underlie life's diversity and are the lynchpin to understanding its complexity and resilience within an ecological niche. Algal biologists have embraced this paradigm, and studies building on the explosive growth in omics and cell biology methods have facilitated the in-depth analysis of nonmodel organisms and communities from a variety of ecosystems. In turn, these advances have enabled a major revision of our understanding of the origin and evolution of photosynthesis in eukaryotes, bacterial-algal interactions, control of massive algal blooms in the ocean, and the maintenance and degradation of coral reefs. Here, we review some of the most exciting developments in the field of algal biotic interactions and identify challenges for scientists in the coming years. We foresee the development of an algal knowledgebase that integrates ecosystem-wide omics data and the development of molecular tools/resources to perform functional analyses of individuals in isolation and in populations. These assets will allow us to move beyond mechanistic studies of a single species towards understanding the interactions amongst algae and other organisms in both the laboratory and the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Brodie
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Steven G Ball
- UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille CNRS, F 59000, Lille, France
| | - François-Yves Bouget
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, University Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris VI, CNRS, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - J Mark Cock
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, F-29688, France
| | | | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Mahasweta Saha
- Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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15
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Sharov AA. Composite Agency: Semiotics of Modularity and Guiding Interactions. BIOSEMIOTICS 2017; 10:157-178. [PMID: 29218071 PMCID: PMC5714302 DOI: 10.1007/s12304-017-9301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Principles of constructivism are used here to explore how organisms develop tools, subagents, scaffolds, signs, and adaptations. Here I discuss reasons why organisms have composite nature and include diverse subagents that interact in partially cooperating and partially conflicting ways. Such modularity is necessary for efficient and robust functionality, including mutual construction and adaptability at various time scales. Subagents interact via material and semiotic relations, some of which force or prescribe actions of partners. Other interactions, which I call "guiding", do not have immediate effects and do not disrupt the evolution and learning capacity of partner agents. However, they modify the extent of learning and evolutionary possibilities of partners via establishment of scaffolds and constraints. As a result, subagents construct reciprocal scaffolding for each other to rebalance their communal evolution and learning. As an example, I discuss guiding interactions between the body and mind of animals, where the pain system adjusts mind-based learning to the physical and physiological constraints of the body. Reciprocal effects of mind and behaviors on the development and evolution of the body includes the effects of Lamarck and Baldwin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Sharov
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Genetics, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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16
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Qu J, Li Y, Zhong W, Gao P, Hu C. Recent developments in the role of reactive oxygen species in allergic asthma. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:E32-E43. [PMID: 28203435 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.01.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma has a global prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Many environmental factors, such as pollutants and allergens, are highly relevant to allergic asthma. The most important pathological symptom of allergic asthma is airway inflammation. Accordingly, the unique role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) had been identified as a main reason for this respiratory inflammation. Many studies have shown that inhalation of different allergens can promote ROS generation. Recent studies have demonstrated that several pro-inflammatory mediators are responsible for the development of allergic asthma. Among these mediators, endogenous or exogenous ROS are responsible for the airway inflammation of allergic asthma. Furthermore, several inflammatory cells induce ROS and allergic asthma development. Airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness, tissue injury, and remodeling can be induced by excessive ROS production in animal models. Based on investigations of allergic asthma and ROS formation mechanisms, we have identified several novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic treatments. This review describes the recent data linking ROS to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China;; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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17
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Speijer D. Birth of the eukaryotes by a set of reactive innovations: New insights force us to relinquish gradual models. Bioessays 2016; 37:1268-76. [PMID: 26577075 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of two contending models for eukaryotic evolution the "archezoan" has an amitochondriate eukaryote take up an endosymbiont, while "symbiogenesis" states that an Archaeon became a eukaryote as the result of this uptake. If so, organelle formation resulting from new engulfments is simplified by the primordial symbiogenesis, and less informative regarding the bacterium-to-mitochondrion conversion. Gradualist archezoan visions still permeate evolutionary thinking, but are much less likely than symbiogenesis. Genuine amitochondriate eukaryotes have never been found and rapid, explosive adaptive periods characteristic of symbiogenetic models explain this. Mitochondrial proteomes, encoded by genes of "eukaryotic origin" not easily linked to host or endosymbiont, can be understood in light of rapid adjustments to new evolutionary pressures. Symbiogenesis allows "expensive" eukaryotic inventions via efficient ATP generation by nascent mitochondria. However, efficient ATP production equals enhanced toxic internal ROS formation. The synergistic combination of these two driving forces gave rise to the rapid evolution of eukaryotes. Also watch the Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
The hologenome concept of evolution postulates that the holobiont (host plus symbionts) with its hologenome (host genome plus microbiome) is a level of selection in evolution. Multicellular organisms can no longer be considered individuals by the classical definitions of the term. Every natural animal and plant is a holobiont consisting of the host and diverse symbiotic microbes and viruses. Microbial symbionts can be transmitted from parent to offspring by a variety of methods, including via cytoplasmic inheritance, coprophagy, direct contact during and after birth, and the environment. A large number of studies have demonstrated that these symbionts contribute to the anatomy, physiology, development, innate and adaptive immunity, and behavior and finally also to genetic variation and to the origin and evolution of species. Acquisition of microbes and microbial genes is a powerful mechanism for driving the evolution of complexity. Evolution proceeds both via cooperation and competition, working in parallel.
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19
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Brennan TV, Rendell VR, Yang Y. Innate immune activation by tissue injury and cell death in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:101. [PMID: 25852683 PMCID: PMC4360715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) with donor lymphocyte infusion is the mainstay of treatment for many types of hematological malignancies, but the therapeutic effect and prevention of relapse is complicated by donor T-cell recognition and attack of host tissue in a process known as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Cytotoxic myeloablative conditioning regimens used prior to Allo-HSCT result in the release of endogenous innate immune activators that are increasingly recognized for their role in creating a pro-inflammatory milieu. This increased inflammatory state promotes allogeneic T-cell activation and the induction and perpetuation of GvHD. Here, we review the processes of cellular response to injury and cell death that are relevant following Allo-HSCT and present the current evidence for a causative role of a variety of endogenous innate immune activators in the mediation of sterile inflammation following Allo-HSCT. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies that target the endogenous pathways of innate immune activation to decrease the incidence and severity of GvHD following Allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd V Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University , Durham, NC , USA
| | | | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, NC , USA ; Department of Immunology, Duke University , Durham, NC , USA
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20
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An integrated phylogenomic approach toward pinpointing the origin of mitochondria. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7949. [PMID: 25609566 PMCID: PMC4302308 DOI: 10.1038/srep07949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence supports the endosymbiosis theory that mitochondria originated once from the Alphaproteobacteria. However, its exact position in the tree of life remains highly debated. This is because systematic errors, including biased taxonomic sampling, high evolutionary rates and sequence composition bias have long plagued the mitochondrial phylogenetics. In this study, we address this issue by 1) increasing the taxonomic representation of alphaproteobacterial genomes by sequencing 18 phylogenetically novel species. They include 5 Rickettsiales and 4 Rhodospirillales, two orders that have shown close affiliations with mitochondria previously, 2) using a set of 29 slowly evolving mitochondria-derived nuclear genes that are less biased than mitochondria-encoded genes as the alternative “well behaved” markers for phylogenetic analysis, 3) applying site heterogeneous mixture models that account for the sequence composition bias. With the integrated phylogenomic approach, we are able to for the first time place mitochondria unequivocally within the Rickettsiales order, as a sister clade to the Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae families, all subtended by the Holosporaceae family. Our results suggest that mitochondria most likely originated from a Rickettsiales endosymbiont already residing in the host, but not from the distantly related free-living Pelagibacter and Rhodospirillales.
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21
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Shellman ER, Chen Y, Lin X, Burant CF, Schnell S. Metabolic network motifs can provide novel insights into evolution: The evolutionary origin of Eukaryotic organelles as a case study. Comput Biol Chem 2014; 53PB:242-250. [PMID: 25462333 PMCID: PMC4254655 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic trees are typically constructed using genetic and genomic data, and provide robust evolutionary relationships of species from the genomic point of view. We present an application of network motif mining and analysis of metabolic pathways that when used in combination with phylogenetic trees can provide a more complete picture of evolution. By using distributions of three-node motifs as a proxy for metabolic similarity, we analyze the ancestral origin of Eukaryotic organelles from the metabolic point of view to illustrate the application of our motif mining and analysis network approach. Our analysis suggests that the hypothesis of an early proto-Eukaryote could be valid. It also suggests that a δ- or ϵ-Proteobacteria may have been the endosymbiotic partner that gave rise to modern mitochondria. Our evolutionary analysis needs to be extended by building metabolic network reconstructions of species from the phylum Crenarchaeota, which is considered to be a possible archaeal ancestor of the eukaryotic cell. In this paper, we also propose a methodology for constructing phylogenetic trees that incorporates metabolic network signatures to identify regions of genomically-estimated phylogenies that may be spurious. We find that results generated from our approach are consistent with a parallel phylogenetic analysis using the method of feature frequency profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Shellman
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan School of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan School of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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22
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Kim SR, Kim DI, Kim SH, Lee H, Lee KS, Cho SH, Lee YC. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by mitochondrial ROS in bronchial epithelial cells is required for allergic inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2014. [PMID: 25356867 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.460.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abnormality in mitochondria has been suggested to be associated with development of allergic airway disorders. In this study, to evaluate the relationship between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in allergic asthma, we used a newly developed mitochondrial ROS inhibitor, NecroX-5. NecroX-5 reduced the increase of mitochondrial ROS generation in airway inflammatory cells, as well as bronchial epithelial cells, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, increased expression of various inflammatory mediators and pathophysiological features of allergic asthma in mice. Finally, blockade of IL-1β substantially reduced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in the asthmatic mice. These findings suggest that mitochondrial ROS have a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation through the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing a novel role of airway epithelial cells expressing NLRP3 inflammasome as an immune responder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - D I Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - S H Kim
- Department of Product Strategy and Development, LG Life Sciences Ltd, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - K S Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - S H Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y C Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, South Korea
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23
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NLRP3 inflammasome activation by mitochondrial ROS in bronchial epithelial cells is required for allergic inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1498. [PMID: 25356867 PMCID: PMC4237270 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormality in mitochondria has been suggested to be associated with development of allergic airway disorders. In this study, to evaluate the relationship between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in allergic asthma, we used a newly developed mitochondrial ROS inhibitor, NecroX-5. NecroX-5 reduced the increase of mitochondrial ROS generation in airway inflammatory cells, as well as bronchial epithelial cells, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, increased expression of various inflammatory mediators and pathophysiological features of allergic asthma in mice. Finally, blockade of IL-1β substantially reduced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in the asthmatic mice. These findings suggest that mitochondrial ROS have a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation through the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing a novel role of airway epithelial cells expressing NLRP3 inflammasome as an immune responder.
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24
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Abstract
Chloroplasts, the sites of photosynthesis and sources of reducing power, are at the core of the success story that sets apart autotrophic plants from most other living organisms. Along with their fellow organelles (e.g., amylo-, chromo-, etio-, and leucoplasts), they form a group of intracellular biosynthetic machines collectively known as plastids. These plant cell constituents have their own genome (plastome), their own (70S) ribosomes, and complete enzymatic equipment covering the full range from DNA replication via transcription and RNA processive modification to translation. Plastid RNA synthesis (gene transcription) involves the collaborative activity of two distinct types of RNA polymerases that differ in their phylogenetic origin as well as their architecture and mode of function. The existence of multiple plastid RNA polymerases is reflected by distinctive sets of regulatory DNA elements and protein factors. This complexity of the plastid transcription apparatus thus provides ample room for regulatory effects at many levels within and beyond transcription. Research in this field offers insight into the various ways in which plastid genes, both singly and groupwise, can be regulated according to the needs of the entire cell. Furthermore, it opens up strategies that allow to alter these processes in order to optimize the expression of desired gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ortelt
- Plant Cell Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Albertin W, da Silva T, Rigoulet M, Salin B, Masneuf-Pomarede I, de Vienne D, Sicard D, Bely M, Marullo P. The mitochondrial genome impacts respiration but not fermentation in interspecific Saccharomyces hybrids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75121. [PMID: 24086452 PMCID: PMC3781082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has high rate of nucleotide substitution leading to different mitochondrial haplotypes called mitotypes. However, the impact of mitochondrial genetic variant on phenotypic variation has been poorly considered in microorganisms because mtDNA encodes very few genes compared to nuclear DNA, and also because mitochondrial inheritance is not uniparental. Here we propose original material to unravel mitotype impact on phenotype: we produced interspecific hybrids between S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum species, using fully homozygous diploid parental strains. For two different interspecific crosses involving different parental strains, we recovered 10 independent hybrids per cross, and allowed mtDNA fixation after around 80 generations. We developed PCR-based markers for the rapid discrimination of S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum mitochondrial DNA. For both crosses, we were able to isolate fully isogenic hybrids at the nuclear level, yet possessing either S. cerevisiae mtDNA (Sc-mtDNA) or S. uvarum mtDNA (Su-mtDNA). Under fermentative conditions, the mitotype has no phenotypic impact on fermentation kinetics and products, which was expected since mtDNA are not necessary for fermentative metabolism. Alternatively, under respiratory conditions, hybrids with Sc-mtDNA have higher population growth performance, associated with higher respiratory rate. Indeed, far from the hypothesis that mtDNA variation is neutral, our work shows that mitochondrial polymorphism can have a strong impact on fitness components and hence on the evolutionary fate of the yeast populations. We hypothesize that under fermentative conditions, hybrids may fix stochastically one or the other mt-DNA, while respiratory environments may increase the probability to fix Sc-mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Albertin
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, Unité de recherche CEnologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Gradignan, France
| | - Telma da Silva
- INRA, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Rigoulet
- CNRS, UMR 5095, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. de Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benedicte Salin
- CNRS, UMR 5095, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. de Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Masneuf-Pomarede
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, Unité de recherche CEnologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Gradignan, France
| | - Dominique de Vienne
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marina Bely
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, Unité de recherche CEnologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Philippe Marullo
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, Unité de recherche CEnologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- BIOLAFFORT, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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26
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Juránek I, Nikitovic D, Kouretas D, Hayes AW, Tsatsakis AM. Biological importance of reactive oxygen species in relation to difficulties of treating pathologies involving oxidative stress by exogenous antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:240-7. [PMID: 24025685 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Findings about involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) not only in defense processes, but also in a number of pathologies, stimulated discussion about their role in etiopathogenesis of various diseases. Yet questions regarding the role of ROS in tissue injury, whether ROS may serve as a common cause of different disorders or whether their uncontrolled production is just a manifestation of the processes involved, remain unexplained. Dogmatically, increased ROS formation is considered to be responsible for development of the so-called free-radical diseases. The present review discusses importance of ROS in various biological processes, including origin of life, evolution, genome plasticity, maintaining homeostasis and organism protection. This may be a reason why no significant benefit was found when exogenous antioxidants were used to treat free-radical diseases, even though their causality was primarily attributed to ROS. Here, we postulate that ROS unlikely play a causal role in tissue damage, but may readily be involved in signaling processes and as such in mediating tissue healing rather than injuring. This concept is thus in a contradiction to traditional understanding of ROS as deleterious agents. Nonetheless, under conditions of failing autoregulation, ROS may attack integral cellular components, cause cell death and deteriorate the evolving injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Juránek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Lamers LPM, Govers LL, Janssen ICJM, Geurts JJM, Van der Welle MEW, Van Katwijk MM, Van der Heide T, Roelofs JGM, Smolders AJP. Sulfide as a soil phytotoxin-a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:268. [PMID: 23885259 PMCID: PMC3717504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In wetland soils and underwater sediments of marine, brackish and freshwater systems, the strong phytotoxin sulfide may accumulate as a result of microbial reduction of sulfate during anaerobiosis, its level depending on prevailing edaphic conditions. In this review, we compare an extensive body of literature on phytotoxic effects of this reduced sulfur compound in different ecosystem types, and review the effects of sulfide at multiple ecosystem levels: the ecophysiological functioning of individual plants, plant-microbe associations, and community effects including competition and facilitation interactions. Recent publications on multi-species interactions in the rhizosphere show even more complex mechanisms explaining sulfide resistance. It is concluded that sulfide is a potent phytotoxin, profoundly affecting plant fitness and ecosystem functioning in the full range of wetland types including coastal systems, and at several levels. Traditional toxicity testing including hydroponic approaches generally neglect rhizospheric effects, which makes it difficult to extrapolate results to real ecosystem processes. To explain the differential effects of sulfide at the different organizational levels, profound knowledge about the biogeochemical, plant physiological and ecological rhizosphere processes is vital. This information is even more important, as anthropogenic inputs of sulfur into freshwater ecosystems and organic loads into freshwater and marine systems are still much higher than natural levels, and are steeply increasing in Asia. In addition, higher temperatures as a result of global climate change may lead to higher sulfide production rates in shallow waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon P. M. Lamers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Laura L. Govers
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marieke M. Van Katwijk
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tjisse Van der Heide
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan G. M. Roelofs
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. P. Smolders
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
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Farías ME, Rascovan N, Toneatti DM, Albarracín VH, Flores MR, Poiré DG, Collavino MM, Aguilar OM, Vazquez MP, Polerecky L. The discovery of stromatolites developing at 3570 m above sea level in a high-altitude volcanic lake Socompa, Argentinean Andes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53497. [PMID: 23308236 PMCID: PMC3538587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe stromatolites forming at an altitude of 3570 m at the shore of a volcanic lake Socompa, Argentinean Andes. The water at the site of stromatolites formation is alkaline, hypersaline, rich in inorganic nutrients, very rich in arsenic, and warm (20-24°C) due to a hydrothermal input. The stromatolites do not lithify, but form broad, rounded and low-domed bioherms dominated by diatom frustules and aragonite micro-crystals agglutinated by extracellular substances. In comparison to other modern stromatolites, they harbour an atypical microbial community characterized by highly abundant representatives of Deinococcus-Thermus, Rhodobacteraceae, Desulfobacterales and Spirochaetes. Additionally, a high proportion of the sequences that could not be classified at phylum level showed less than 80% identity to the best hit in the NCBI database, suggesting the presence of novel distant lineages. The primary production in the stromatolites is generally high and likely dominated by Microcoleus sp. Through negative phototaxis, the location of these cyanobacteria in the stromatolites is controlled by UV light, which greatly influences their photosynthetic activity. Diatoms, dominated by Amphora sp., are abundant in the anoxic, sulfidic and essentially dark parts of the stromatolites. Although their origin in the stromatolites is unclear, they are possibly an important source of anaerobically degraded organic matter that induces in situ aragonite precipitation. To the best of our knowledge, this is so far the highest altitude with documented actively forming stromatolites. Their generally rich, diverse and to a large extent novel microbial community likely harbours valuable genetic and proteomic reserves, and thus deserves active protection. Furthermore, since the stromatolites flourish in an environment characterized by a multitude of extremes, including high exposure to UV radiation, they can be an excellent model system for studying microbial adaptations under conditions that, at least in part, resemble those during the early phase of life evolution on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Farías
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Rascovan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia Rosario (INDEAR), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego M. Toneatti
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Virginia H. Albarracín
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - María R. Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Daniel G. Poiré
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica M. Collavino
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - O. Mario Aguilar
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin P. Vazquez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia Rosario (INDEAR), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Lamers LPM, Govers LL, Janssen ICJM, Geurts JJM, Van der Welle MEW, Van Katwijk MM, Van der Heide T, Roelofs JGM, Smolders AJP. Sulfide as a soil phytotoxin-a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23885259 DOI: 10.3389/fpls2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In wetland soils and underwater sediments of marine, brackish and freshwater systems, the strong phytotoxin sulfide may accumulate as a result of microbial reduction of sulfate during anaerobiosis, its level depending on prevailing edaphic conditions. In this review, we compare an extensive body of literature on phytotoxic effects of this reduced sulfur compound in different ecosystem types, and review the effects of sulfide at multiple ecosystem levels: the ecophysiological functioning of individual plants, plant-microbe associations, and community effects including competition and facilitation interactions. Recent publications on multi-species interactions in the rhizosphere show even more complex mechanisms explaining sulfide resistance. It is concluded that sulfide is a potent phytotoxin, profoundly affecting plant fitness and ecosystem functioning in the full range of wetland types including coastal systems, and at several levels. Traditional toxicity testing including hydroponic approaches generally neglect rhizospheric effects, which makes it difficult to extrapolate results to real ecosystem processes. To explain the differential effects of sulfide at the different organizational levels, profound knowledge about the biogeochemical, plant physiological and ecological rhizosphere processes is vital. This information is even more important, as anthropogenic inputs of sulfur into freshwater ecosystems and organic loads into freshwater and marine systems are still much higher than natural levels, and are steeply increasing in Asia. In addition, higher temperatures as a result of global climate change may lead to higher sulfide production rates in shallow waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon P M Lamers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Viewed through the lens of the genome it contains, the mitochondrion is of unquestioned bacterial ancestry, originating from within the bacterial phylum α-Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria). Accordingly, the endosymbiont hypothesis--the idea that the mitochondrion evolved from a bacterial progenitor via symbiosis within an essentially eukaryotic host cell--has assumed the status of a theory. Yet mitochondrial genome evolution has taken radically different pathways in diverse eukaryotic lineages, and the organelle itself is increasingly viewed as a genetic and functional mosaic, with the bulk of the mitochondrial proteome having an evolutionary origin outside Alphaproteobacteria. New data continue to reshape our views regarding mitochondrial evolution, particularly raising the question of whether the mitochondrion originated after the eukaryotic cell arose, as assumed in the classical endosymbiont hypothesis, or whether this organelle had its beginning at the same time as the cell containing it.
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Godde JS. Breaking through a phylogenetic impasse: a pair of associated archaea might have played host in the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:29. [PMID: 22913376 PMCID: PMC3490757 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, the origin of eukaryotes has been a topic of intense debate among scientists. Although it has become widely accepted that organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts arose via endosymbiosis, the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus remains enigmatic. Numerous models for the origin of the nucleus have been proposed over the years, many of which use endosymbiosis to explain its existence. Proposals of microbes whose ancestors may have served as either a host or a guest in various endosymbiotic scenarios abound, none of which have been able to sufficiently incorporate the cell biological as well as phylogenetic data which links these organisms to the nucleus. While it is generally agreed that eukaryotic nuclei share more features in common with archaea rather than with bacteria, different studies have identified either one or the other of the two major groups of archaea as potential ancestors, leading to somewhat of a stalemate. This paper seeks to resolve this impasse by presenting evidence that not just one, but a pair of archaea might have served as host to the bacterial ancestor of the mitochondria. This pair may have consisted of ancestors of both Ignicoccus hospitalis as well as its ectosymbiont/ectoparasite ‘Nanoarchaeum equitans’.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Godde
- Department of Biology, Monmouth College, 700 East Broadway, Monmouth, IL 61430, USA.
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Mitochondria: commanders of innate immunity and disease? Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 24:32-40. [PMID: 22138315 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the manifestation and origin of a plethora of diseases and disorders. Whilst classically the role of these archetypical 'powerhouses' in many disease phenotypes has been attributed to their ability to regulate cell metabolism and cell death pathways, emerging data posit that mitochondria may also act as powerful initiators and masters of the innate immune response. This new paradigm complements the current mitochondrial dogma, whereby molecules endogenously present on or inside the mitochondria may act as immune regulators in response to stress or pathogens and may also be responsible for the initiation and/or manifestation of chronic inflammation observed in many diseases and disorders.
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Vakkerov-Kouzova ND, Rautian MS. Obtaining and characterization of “Holospora curviuscula” and Holospora obtusa, bacterial symbionts of the macronuclei of Paramecium bursaria and Paramecium caudatum. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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35
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Abstract
Life is a chemical reaction. Three major transitions in early evolution are considered without recourse to a tree of life. The origin of prokaryotes required a steady supply of energy and electrons, probably in the form of molecular hydrogen stemming from serpentinization. Microbial genome evolution is not a treelike process because of lateral gene transfer and the endosymbiotic origins of organelles. The lack of true intermediates in the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition has a bioenergetic cause. This article was reviewed by Dan Graur, W. Ford Doolittle, Eugene V. Koonin and Christophe Malaterre.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Martin
- Institut of Botany III, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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36
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Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade. Sci Rep 2011; 1:13. [PMID: 22355532 PMCID: PMC3216501 DOI: 10.1038/srep00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria share a common ancestor with the Alphaproteobacteria, but determining their precise origins is challenging due to inherent difficulties in phylogenetically reconstructing ancient evolutionary events. Nonetheless, phylogenetic accuracy improves with more refined tools and expanded taxon sampling. We investigated mitochondrial origins with the benefit of new, deeply branching genome sequences from the ancient and prolific SAR11 clade of Alphaproteobacteria and publicly available alphaproteobacterial and mitochondrial genome sequences. Using the automated phylogenomic pipeline Hal, we systematically studied the effect of taxon sampling and missing data to accommodate small mitochondrial genomes. The evidence supports a common origin of mitochondria and SAR11 as a sister group to the Rickettsiales. The simplest explanation of these data is that mitochondria evolved from a planktonic marine alphaproteobacterial lineage that participated in multiple inter-specific cell colonization events, in some cases yielding parasitic relationships, but in at least one case producing a symbiosis that characterizes modern eukaryotic life.
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Emelyanov VV, Goldberg AV. Fermentation enzymes of Giardia intestinalis, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and hydrogenase, do not localize to its mitosomes. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:1602-1611. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.044784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the so-called remnant organelles of microaerophilic unicellular eukaryotes, hydrogenosomes and mitosomes, are significantly reduced versions of mitochondria. They normally lack most of the classic mitochondrial attributes, such as an electron transport chain and a genome. While hydrogenosomes generate energy by substrate-level phosphorylation along a hydrogen-producing fermentation pathway, involving iron–sulfur-cluster-containing enzymes pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) and hydrogenase, whether mitosomes participate in ATP synthesis is currently unknown. Both enzymes were recently described in the mitosome-bearing diplomonad Giardia intestinalis, also shown to produce molecular hydrogen. As published data show that giardial PFO is a membrane-associated enzyme, it could be suspected that PFO and hydrogenase operate in the mitosome, in which case the latter would by definition be a hydrogenosome. Using antibodies against recombinant enzymes of G. intestinalis, it was shown by Western blot analysis of subcellular fractions and by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of whole cells that neither PFO nor hydrogenase localize to the mitosome, but are mostly found in the cytosol. The giardial mitosome is known to play a role in iron–sulfur cluster assembly and to contain chaperones Cpn60 and mtHsp70, which assist, in particular, in protein import. In mitochondria, transmembrane potential is essential for this complex process. Using MitoTracker Red and organelle-specific antibodies, transmembrane potential could be detected in the Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosome, but not in the G. intestinalis mitosome. These results provide further evidence that the Giardia mitosome is one of the most highly reduced mitochondrial homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V. Emelyanov
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alina V. Goldberg
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Psaila R, Ponti D, Ponzi M, Gigliani F, Battaglia PA. A small sequence in domain v of the mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA restores Drosophila melanogaster pole cell determination in uv-irradiated embryos. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2010; 15:365-76. [PMID: 20386994 PMCID: PMC6275646 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-010-0013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the mitochondrial large rRNA is involved in the restoration of the pole cell-forming ability in Drosophila embryos is still unknown. We identified a 15-ribonucleotide sequence which is conserved from the protobacterium Wolbachia to the higher eukaryotes in domain V of the mitochondrial large rRNA. This short sequence is sufficient to restore pole cell determination in UV-irradiated Drosophila embryos. Here, we provide evidence that the conserved 15-base sequence is sufficient to restore luciferase activity in vitro. Moreover, we show that the internal GAGA sequence is involved in protein binding and that mutations in this tetranucleotide affect the sequence's ability to restore luciferase activity. The obtained results lead us to propose that mtlrRNA may be involved either in damaged protein reactivation or in protein biosynthesis during pole cell determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Psaila
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Donatella Ponti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Universita degliStudi di Roma “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Patologia Molecolare, Universita’ degli Studi di Roma “Sapienza”, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Marta Ponzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Gigliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Universita degliStudi di Roma “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Piero Augusto Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Ivanov I, Heydeck D, Hofheinz K, Roffeis J, O'Donnell VB, Kuhn H, Walther M. Molecular enzymology of lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:161-74. [PMID: 20801095 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid peroxidizing enzymes, implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and hyperproliferative diseases, which represent potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Although soybean LOX1 was discovered more than 60years ago, the structural biology of these enzymes was not studied until the mid 1990s. In 1993 the first crystal structure for a plant LOX was solved and following this protein biochemistry and molecular enzymology became major fields in LOX research. This review focuses on recent developments in molecular enzymology of LOXs and summarizes our current understanding of the structural basis of LOX catalysis. Various hypotheses explaining the reaction specificity of different isoforms are critically reviewed and their pros and cons briefly discussed. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge of LOX evolution by profiling the existence of LOX-related genomic sequences in the three kingdoms of life. Such sequences are found in eukaryotes and bacteria but not in archaea. Although the biological role of LOXs in lower organisms is far from clear, sequence data suggests that this enzyme family might have evolved shortly after the appearance of atmospheric oxygen on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Germany
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Dangi A, Vedi S, Nag JK, Paithankar S, Singh MP, Kar SK, Dube A, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Tetracycline treatment targeting Wolbachia affects expression of an array of proteins in Brugia malayi parasite. Proteomics 2009; 9:4192-208. [PMID: 19722191 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia is an intracellular endosymbiont of Brugia malayi parasite whose presence is essential for the survival of the parasite. Treatment of B. malayi-infected jirds with tetracycline eliminates Wolbachia, which affects parasite survival and fitness. In the present study we have tried to identify parasite proteins that are affected when Wolbachia is targeted by tetracycline. For this Wolbachia depleted parasites (B. malayi) were obtained by tetracycline treatment of infected Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) and their protein profile after 2-DE separation was compared with that of untreated parasites harboring Wolbachia. Approximately 100 protein spots could be visualized followed by CBB staining of 2-D gel and included for comparative analysis. Of these, 54 showed differential expressions, while two new protein spots emerged (of 90.3 and 64.4 kDa). These proteins were subjected to further analysis by MALDI-TOF for their identification using Brugia coding sequence database composed of both genomic and EST sequences. Our study unravels two crucial findings: (i) the parasite or Wolbachia proteins, which disappeared/down-regulated appear be essential for parasite survival and may be used as drug targets and (ii) tetracycline treatment interferes with the regulatory machinery vital for parasites cellular integrity and defense and thus could possibly be a molecular mechanism for the killing of filarial parasite. This is the first proteomic study substantiating the wolbachial genome integrity with its nematode host and providing functional genomic data of human lymphatic filarial parasite B. malayi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Dangi
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow (U.P.), India
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42
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Abstract
Molecular machines drive essential biological processes, with the component parts of these machines each contributing a partial function or structural element. Mitochondria are organelles of eukaryotic cells, and depend for their biogenesis on a set of molecular machines for protein transport. How these molecular machines evolved is a fundamental question. Mitochondria were derived from an alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiont, and we identified in alpha-proteobacteria the component parts of a mitochondrial protein transport machine. In bacteria, the components are found in the inner membrane, topologically equivalent to the mitochondrial proteins. Although the bacterial proteins function in simple assemblies, relatively little mutation would be required to convert them to function as a protein transport machine. This analysis of protein transport provides a blueprint for the evolution of cellular machinery in general.
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43
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Prados J, Melguizo C, Ortiz R, Boulaiz H, Carrillo E, Segura A, Rodríguez-Herva JJ, Ramos JL, Aránega A. Regression of established subcutaneous B16-F10 murine melanoma tumors after gef gene therapy associated with the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:363-71. [PMID: 19645856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel treatment modalities, including gene therapy, are needed for patients with advanced melanoma. We evaluated whether the gef gene, a suicide gene from Escherichia coli, had a significant cytotoxic impact on melanoma in vivo. First, we used a non-viral gene delivery approach (pcDNA3.1/gef) to study the inhibition of melanoma cells (B16-F10) proliferation in vitro. Secondly, we used direct intra-tumoral injection of pcDNA3.1/gef complexed with jetPEI to deliver gef cDNA to rapidly growing murine melanomas. We demonstrated that gef gene not only has an antiproliferative effect on B16-F10 cells in vitro, but also induces an important decrease in melanoma tumor volume (77.7% in 8 days) in vivo. Interestingly, after gef gene treatment, melanoma showed apoptosis activation associated with the mitochondrial pathway, suggesting that the induction of this death mechanism may be an effective strategy for its treatment. Our in vivo results indicate that gef gene might become a suitable therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Granada, Spain.
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44
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Ortiz R, Prados J, Melguizo C, Rama AR, Segura A, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Boulaiz H, Hita F, Martinez-Amat A, Madeddu R, Ramos JL, Aranega A. The cytotoxic activity of the phage E protein suppress the growth of murine B16 melanomas in vitro and in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:899-911. [PMID: 19579018 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel treatment modalities, including gene therapy, are needed for patients with advanced melanoma. The E gene from the phage varphiX174 encodes a 91-aa protein which lyses Escherichia coli by formation of a transmembrane tunnel structure. To evaluate whether this E gene has a cytotoxic impact on melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo, and could therefore be used as a new therapeutic strategy for this tumor type, we selected the B16-F10 murine melanoma cell line as a model. We used a nonviral gene delivery approach (pcDNA3.1/E plasmid) to study the inhibition of melanoma cells' proliferation in vitro and direct intratumoral injection of pcDNA3.1/E complexed with jetPEI to deliver E cDNA to rapidly growing murine melanomas, and found that the E gene has both a strong antiproliferative effect in B16-F10 cells in vitro and induces an efficient decrease in melanoma tumor volume in vivo (90% in 15 days). Interestingly, the GFP-E fusion protein expressed in melanoma cells was located in the mitochondria. In vitro and in vivo analysis demonstrated significant functional and morphological mitochondrial alterations accompanied by a significant increase of cytochrome c and active caspase-3 and -9 in transfected cells, which suggests that tumoral cell death is mediated by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results show that E gene expression in melanoma cells has an extraordinary antitumor effect, which means it may be a new candidate for an effective strategy for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ortiz
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Depto. de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Emelyanov VV. Mitochondrial Porin VDAC 1 Seems to Be Functional in Rickettsial Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1166:38-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A role for actin in regulating apoptosis/programmed cell death: evidence spanning yeast, plants and animals. Biochem J 2008; 413:389-404. [PMID: 18613816 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Achieving an understanding of how apoptosis/PCD (programmed cell death) is integrated within cellular responses to environmental and intracellular signals is a daunting task. From the sensation of a stimulus to the point of no return, a programme of cell death must engage specific pro-death components, whose effects can in turn be enhanced or repressed by downstream regulatory factors. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of how components involved in these processes function. We now know that some of the factors involved in PCD networks have ancient origins that pre-date multicellularity and, indeed, eukaryotes themselves. A subject attracting much attention is the role that the actin cytoskeleton, itself a cellular component with ancient origins, plays in cell death regulation. Actin, a key cellular component, has an established role as a cellular sensor, with reorganization and alterations in actin dynamics being a well known consequence of signalling. A range of studies have revealed that actin also plays a key role in apoptosis/PCD regulation. Evidence implicating actin as a regulator of eukaryotic cell death has emerged from studies from the Animal, Plant and Fungal Kingdoms. Here we review recent data that provide evidence for an active, functional role for actin in determining whether PCD is triggered and executed, and discuss these findings within the context of regulation of actin dynamics.
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Amoroso AJ, Arthur RJ, Coogan MP, Court JB, Fernández-Moreira V, Hayes AJ, Lloyd D, Millet C, Pope SJA. 3-Chloromethylpyridyl bipyridine fac-tricarbonyl rhenium: a thiol-reactive luminophore for fluorescence microscopy accumulates in mitochondria. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b802215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Macek B, Gnad F, Soufi B, Kumar C, Olsen JV, Mijakovic I, Mann M. Phosphoproteome analysis of E. coli reveals evolutionary conservation of bacterial Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 7:299-307. [PMID: 17938405 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700311-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation on serine, threonine, and tyrosine (Ser/Thr/Tyr) is generally considered the major regulatory posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells. Increasing evidence at the genome and proteome level shows that this modification is also present and functional in prokaryotes. We have recently reported the first in-depth phosphorylation site-resolved dataset from the model Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, showing that Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation is also present on many essential bacterial proteins. To test whether this modification is common in Eubacteria, here we use a recently developed proteomics approach based on phosphopeptide enrichment and high accuracy MS to analyze the phosphoproteome of the model Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. We report 81 phosphorylation sites on 79 E. coli proteins, with distribution of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation sites 68%/23%/9%. Despite their phylogenetic distance, phosphoproteomes of E. coli and B. subtilis show striking similarity in size, classes of phosphorylated proteins, and distribution of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation sites. By combining the two datasets, we created the largest phosphorylation site-resolved database of bacterial phosphoproteins to date (available at www.phosida.com) and used it to study evolutionary conservation of bacterial phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites across the phylogenetic tree. We demonstrate that bacterial phosphoproteins and phosphorylated residues are significantly more conserved than their nonphosphorylated counterparts, with a number of potential phosphorylation sites conserved from Archaea to humans. Our results establish Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation as a common posttranslational modification in Eubacteria, present since the onset of cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Macek
- Max Planck Institut for Biochemistry, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Agu CA, Klein R, Lengler J, Schilcher F, Gregor W, Peterbauer T, Bläsi U, Salmons B, Günzburg WH, Hohenadl C. Bacteriophage-encoded toxins: the ?-holin protein causes caspase-independent non-apoptotic cell death of eukaryotic cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1753-65. [PMID: 17346308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacteriophage-encoded holin proteins are known to promote bacterial cell lysis by forming lesions within the cytoplasmic membrane. Recently, we have shown that the bacteriophage lambda-holin protein exerts cytotoxic activity also in eukaryotic cells accounting for a reduced tumour growth in vivo. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of lambda-holin-induced mammalian cell death, detailed biochemical and morphological analyses were performed. Colocalization analyses by subcellular fractionation and organelle-specific fluorescence immunocytochemistry indicated the presence of the lambda-holin protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria. Functional studies using the mitochondria-specific fluorochrome JC-1 demonstrated a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in response to lambda-holin expression. Morphologically, these cells exhibited unfragmented nuclei but severe cytoplasmic vacuolization representing signs of oncosis/necrosis rather than apoptosis. Consistently, Western blot analyses indicated neither an activation of effector caspases 3 and 7 nor cleavage of the respective substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in an apoptosis-specific manner. These findings suggest that the lambda-holin protein mediates a caspase-independent non-apoptotic mode of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuma A Agu
- Research Institute of Virology and Biomedicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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