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Ledsgaard L, Ljungars A, Rimbault C, Sørensen CV, Tulika T, Wade J, Wouters Y, McCafferty J, Laustsen AH. Advances in antibody phage display technology. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2151-2169. [PMID: 35550436 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technology can be used for the discovery of antibodies for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. In this review, we present and discuss key parameters that can be optimized when performing phage display selection campaigns, including the use of different antibody formats and advanced strategies for antigen presentation, such as immobilization, liposomes, nanodiscs, virus-like particles, and whole cells. Furthermore, we provide insights into selection strategies that can be used for the discovery of antibodies with complex binding requirements, such as targeting a specific epitope, cross-reactivity, or pH-dependent binding. Lastly, we provide a description of specialized phage display libraries for the discovery of bispecific antibodies and pH-sensitive antibodies. Together, these methods can be used to improve antibody discovery campaigns against all types of antigen. Teaser: This review provides an overview of the different strategies that can be exploited to improve the success rate of antibody phage display discovery campaigns, addressing key parameters, such as antigen presentation, selection methodologies, and specialized libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Ledsgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne Ljungars
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Rimbault
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer V Sørensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tulika Tulika
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jack Wade
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yessica Wouters
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John McCafferty
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, Box 157, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Trimmer JS. Recombinant Antibodies in Basic Neuroscience Research. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 94:e106. [PMID: 33151027 PMCID: PMC7665837 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Basic neuroscience research employs antibodies as key reagents to label, capture, and modulate the function of proteins of interest. Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins. Recombinant antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins whose nucleic acid coding regions, or fragments thereof, have been cloned into expression plasmids that allow for unlimited production. Recombinant antibodies offer many advantages over conventional antibodies including their unambiguous identification and digital archiving via DNA sequencing, reliable expression, ease and reliable distribution as DNA sequences and as plasmids, and the opportunity for numerous forms of engineering to enhance their utility. Recombinant antibodies exist in many different forms, each of which offers potential advantages and disadvantages for neuroscience research applications. I provide an overview of recombinant antibodies and their development. Examples of their emerging use as valuable reagents in basic neuroscience research are also discussed. Many of these examples employ recombinant antibodies in innovative experimental approaches that cannot be pursued with conventional antibodies. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Trimmer
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
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3
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Bashir S, Paeshuyse J. Construction of Antibody Phage Libraries and Their Application in Veterinary Immunovirology. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E21. [PMID: 32503103 PMCID: PMC7345743 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody phage display (APD) technology has revolutionized the field of immunovirology with its application in viral disease diagnostics and antiviral therapy. This robust and versatile technology allows the expression of an antibody fused to a phage coat protein on the surface of a filamentous phage. The DNA sequence coding for the antibody is packaged within the phage, linking the phenotype to genotype. Antibody phage display inherits the ability to rapidly generate and modify or improve high-affinity monoclonal antibodies, rendering it indispensable in immunology. In the last two decades, phage-display-derived antibodies have been extensively used in human medicine as diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Recently, they are also gaining significant ground in veterinary medicine. Even though these advancements are mainly biased towards economically important animals such as chicken, cattle, and pigs, they are laying the foundation of fulfilling the unmet needs of veterinary medicine as antibody-based biologics in viral diagnostics, therapeutics, and immunoprophylaxis. This review provides a brief overview of the construction of antibody phage libraries and their application in diagnosis, prevention, and control of infectious viral diseases in veterinary medicine in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Laboratory of Host Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, KU Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Chen W, Guo J, Cai Y, Fu Q, Chen B, Chou JJ. Unidirectional Presentation of Membrane Proteins in Nanoparticle-Supported Liposomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9866-9870. [PMID: 30990942 PMCID: PMC6660371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Presentation of membrane proteins to host immune systems has been a challenging problem owing to complexity arising from the poor in vivo stability of the membrane-mimetic media often used for solubilizing the membrane proteins. The use of functionalized, biocompatible nanoparticles as substrates is shown to guide the formation of proteoliposomes, which can present many copies of membrane proteins in a unidirectional manner. The approach was demonstrated to present the membrane-proximal region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. These nanoparticle-supported liposomes are broadly applicable as membrane antigen vehicles for inducing host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Junling Guo
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 252 Shuncheng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Qingshan Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - James J. Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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5
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Chen W, Cai Y, Fu Q, Chen B, Guo J, Chou JJ. Unidirectional Presentation of Membrane Proteins in Nanoparticle‐Supported Liposomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical School 250 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsHarvard Medical School 3 Blackfan Street Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Qingshan Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical School 250 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsHarvard Medical School 3 Blackfan Street Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Junling Guo
- Department of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University 24 South Section Yihuan Road Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - James J. Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical School 250 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
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6
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Jones BE, Tovar KR, Goehring A, Jalali-Yazdi F, Okada NJ, Gouaux E, Westbrook GL. Autoimmune receptor encephalitis in mice induced by active immunization with conformationally stabilized holoreceptors. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaaw0044. [PMID: 31292262 PMCID: PMC6729143 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity to membrane proteins in the central nervous system has been increasingly recognized as a cause of neuropsychiatric disease. A key recent development was the discovery of autoantibodies to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in some cases of encephalitis, characterized by cognitive changes, memory loss, and seizures that could lead to long-term morbidity or mortality. Treatment approaches and experimental studies have largely focused on the pathogenic role of these autoantibodies. Passive antibody transfer to mice has provided useful insights but does not produce the full spectrum of the human disease. Here, we describe a de novo autoimmune mouse model of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Active immunization of immunocompetent mice with conformationally stabilized, native-like NMDA receptors induced a fulminant encephalitis, consistent with the behavioral and pathologic characteristics of human cases. Our results provide evidence for neuroinflammation and immune cell infiltration as components of the autoimmune response in mice. Use of transgenic mice indicated that mature T cells and antibody-producing cells were required for disease induction. This active immunization model may provide insights into disease induction and a platform for testing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Jones
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kenneth R Tovar
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - April Goehring
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Farzad Jalali-Yazdi
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nana J Okada
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gary L Westbrook
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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7
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Hartmann J, Münch RC, Freiling RT, Schneider IC, Dreier B, Samukange W, Koch J, Seeger MA, Plückthun A, Buchholz CJ. A Library-Based Screening Strategy for the Identification of DARPins as Ligands for Receptor-Targeted AAV and Lentiviral Vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 10:128-143. [PMID: 30101151 PMCID: PMC6077149 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Delivering genes selectively to the therapeutically relevant cell type is among the prime goals of vector development. Here, we present a high-throughput selection and screening process that identifies designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) optimally suited for receptor-targeted gene delivery using adeno-associated viral (AAV) and lentiviral (LV) vectors. In particular, the process includes expression, purification, and in situ biotinylation of the extracellular domains of target receptors as Fc fusion proteins in mammalian cells and the selection of high-affinity binders by ribosome display from DARPin libraries each covering more than 1012 variants. This way, DARPins specific for the glutamate receptor subunit GluA4, the endothelial surface marker CD105, and the natural killer cell marker NKp46 were generated. The identification of DARPins best suited for gene delivery was achieved by screening small-scale vector productions. Both LV and AAV particles displaying the selected DARPins transduced only cells expressing the corresponding target receptor. The data confirm that a straightforward process for the generation of receptor-targeted viral vectors has been established. Moreover, biochemical analysis of a panel of DARPins revealed that their functional cell-surface expression as fusion proteins is more relevant for efficient gene delivery by LV particles than functional binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hartmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Robert C. Münch
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ruth-Therese Freiling
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Irene C. Schneider
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Washington Samukange
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus A. Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
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8
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Chamma I, Rossier O, Giannone G, Thoumine O, Sainlos M. Optimized labeling of membrane proteins for applications to super-resolution imaging in confined cellular environments using monomeric streptavidin. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:748-763. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Clausen RP, Mohr AØ, Riise E, Jensen AA, Gill A, Madden DR, Kastrup JS, Skottrup PD. A parallel panning scheme used for selection of a GluA4-specific Fab targeting the ligand-binding domain. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:779-787. [PMID: 27402461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for development of murine Fab fragments towards extracellular domains of a surface receptor is presented. The GluA4 ionotropic glutamate receptor is used as a model system. Recombinant GluA4 ectodomain comprising both the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) in one molecule was used for immunization. A Fab-phage library was constructed and a parallel panning approach enabled selection of murine Fab fragments towards either intact ectodomain or the isolated LBD of the GluA4 receptor. One LBD-Fab (FabL9) showed exclusive selectivity for the GluA4 LBD, over a panel of LBDs from GluA2, GluK1, GluK2 and GluD2. Soluble FabL9 was produced in amounts suitable for characterization. Competitive ELISA and rat-brain immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that the FabL9 epitope is conserved in the LBD and in the intact native receptor. By an alignment of GluA2 and GluA4, the likely binding epitope for FabL9 was predicted. This study demonstrates a simple approach for development of antibody fragments towards specific sub-domains of a large ligand-gated ion channel, and this method could be utilized for all multi-domain surface receptors where antibody domain-selectivity may be desirable. Furthermore, we present for the first time a GluA4 subtype-specific murine Fab fragment targeting the LBD of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus P Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Ø Mohr
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Riise
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Avinash Gill
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jette S Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter D Skottrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark.
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10
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Huang R, Kiss MM, Batonick M, Weiner MP, Kay BK. Generating Recombinant Antibodies to Membrane Proteins through Phage Display. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5020011. [PMID: 31557992 PMCID: PMC6698964 DOI: 10.3390/antib5020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important classes of proteins in terms of drug targets is cell surface membrane proteins, and yet it is a challenging set of proteins for generating high-quality affinity reagents. In this review, we focus on the use of phage libraries, which display antibody fragments, for generating recombinant antibodies to membrane proteins. Such affinity reagents generally have high specificity and affinity for their targets. They have been used for cell staining, for promoting protein crystallization to solve three-dimensional structures, for diagnostics, and for treating diseases as therapeutics. We cover publications on this topic from the past 10 years, with a focus on the various formats of membrane proteins for affinity selection and the diverse affinity selection strategies used. Lastly, we discuss the challenges faced in this field and provide possible directions for future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhua Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA.
| | - Margaret M Kiss
- AxioMx Inc., a subsidiary of Abcam Plc, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Melissa Batonick
- AxioMx Inc., a subsidiary of Abcam Plc, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Michael P Weiner
- AxioMx Inc., a subsidiary of Abcam Plc, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Brian K Kay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA.
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11
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Suharni, Nomura Y, Arakawa T, Hino T, Abe H, Nakada-Nakura Y, Sato Y, Iwanari H, Shiroishi M, Asada H, Shimamura T, Murata T, Kobayashi T, Hamakubo T, Iwata S, Nomura N. Proteoliposome-based selection of a recombinant antibody fragment against the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 33:378-85. [PMID: 25545206 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antibodies against human G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has achieved limited success, which has mainly been attributed to their low stability in a detergent-solubilized state. We herein describe a method that can generally be applied to the selection of phage display libraries with human GPCRs reconstituted in liposomes. A key feature of this approach is the production of biotinylated proteoliposomes that can be immobilized on the surface of streptavidin-coupled microplates or paramagnetic beads and used as a binding target for antibodies. As an example, we isolated a single chain Fv fragment from an immune phage library that specifically binds to the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor with nanomolar affinity. The selected antibody fragment recognized the GPCR in both detergent-solubilized and membrane-embedded forms, which suggests that it may be a potentially valuable tool for structural and functional studies of the GPCR. The use of proteoliposomes as immunogens and screening bait will facilitate the application of phage display to this difficult class of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suharni
- 1 Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Mondin M, Tessier B, Thoumine O. Assembly of synapses: biomimetic assays to control neurexin/neuroligin interactions at the neuronal surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Chapter 2:Unit 2.19. [PMID: 23853109 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0219s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of adhesion molecules in the assembly of synapses in the nervous system is an important issue. To characterize the role of neurexin/neuroligin adhesion complexes in synapse differentiation, various imaging assays can be performed in primary hippocampal cultures. First, to temporally control contact formation, biomimetic assays can be performed using microspheres coated with purified neurexin or with antibody clusters that aggregate neurexin. These models are combined with live fluorescence imaging to study the dynamics of accumulation of post-synaptic components, including scaffolding molecules and glutamate receptors. To demonstrate that AMPA receptors can be recruited to nascent neurexin/neuroligin contacts through lateral diffusion, the mobility of AMPA receptors in the neuronal membrane is monitored by tracking individual quantum dots (QDs) conjugated to antibodies against AMPA receptors. Experiments monitoring the attachment and detachment of Nrx-coated QDs to measure the rates of neurexin/neuroligin interaction can also be performed. Each of these assays is detailed in this unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Mondin
- Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux Imaging Center, Bordeaux, France
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13
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Baranovic J, Ramanujan CS, Kasai N, Midgett CR, Madden DR, Torimitsu K, Ryan JF. Reconstitution of homomeric GluA2(flop) receptors in supported lipid membranes: functional and structural properties. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8647-8657. [PMID: 23382380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels ubiquitous in the vertebrate central nervous system, where they mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission and act as molecular determinants of memory formation and learning. Together with detailed analyses of individual AMPAR domains, structural studies of full-length AMPARs by electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography have provided important insights into channel assembly and function. However, the correlation between the structure and functional states of the channel remains ambiguous particularly because these functional states can be assessed only with the receptor bound within an intact lipid bilayer. To provide a basis for investigating AMPAR structure in a membrane environment, we developed an optimized reconstitution protocol using a receptor whose structure has previously been characterized by electron microscopy. Single-channel recordings of reconstituted homomeric GluA2(flop) receptors recapitulate key electrophysiological parameters of the channels expressed in native cellular membranes. Atomic force microscopy studies of the reconstituted samples provide high-resolution images of membrane-embedded full-length AMPARs at densities comparable to those in postsynaptic membranes. The data demonstrate the effect of protein density on conformational flexibility and dimensions of the receptors and provide the first structural characterization of functional membrane-embedded AMPARs, thus laying the foundation for correlated structure-function analyses of the predominant mediators of excitatory synaptic signals in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Baranovic
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Nahoko Kasai
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Charles R Midgett
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1404
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1404
| | | | - John F Ryan
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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14
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Miersch S, Sidhu SS. Synthetic antibodies: concepts, potential and practical considerations. Methods 2012; 57:486-98. [PMID: 22750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The last 100 years of enquiry into the fundamental basis of humoral immunity has resulted in the identification of antibodies as key molecular sentinels responsible for the in vivo surveillance, neutralization and clearance of foreign substances. Intense efforts aimed at understanding and exploiting their exquisite molecular specificity have positioned antibodies as a cornerstone supporting basic research, diagnostics and therapeutic applications [1]. More recently, efforts have aimed to circumvent the limitations of developing antibodies in animals by developing wholly in vitro techniques for designing antibodies of tailored specificity. This has been realized with the advent of synthetic antibody libraries that possess diversity outside the scope of natural immune repertoires and are thus capable of yielding specificities not otherwise attainable. This review examines the convergence of technologies that have contributed to the development of combinatorial phage-displayed antibody libraries. It further explores the practical concepts that underlie phage display, antibody diversity and the methods used in the generation of and selection from phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries, highlighting specific applications in which design approaches gave rise to specificities that could not easily be obtained with libraries based upon natural immune repertories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Hötzel I, Chiang V, Diao J, Pantua H, Maun HR, Kapadia SB. Efficient production of antibodies against a mammalian integral membrane protein by phage display. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:679-89. [PMID: 21810920 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of phage display technology to mammalian proteins with multiple transmembrane regions has had limited success due to the difficulty in generating these proteins in sufficient amounts and purity. We report here a method that can be easily and generally applied to sorting of phage display libraries with multispan protein targets solubilized in detergent. A key feature of this approach is the production of biotinylated multispan proteins in virions of a baculovirus vector that allows library panning without prior purification of the target protein. We obtained Fab fragments from a naïve synthetic antibody phage library that, when engineered into full-length immunoglobulin (Ig)G, specifically bind cells expressing claudin-1, a protein with four transmembrane regions that is used as an entry co-receptor by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Affinity-matured variants of one of these antibodies efficiently inhibited HCV infection. The use of baculovirus particles as a source of mammalian multispan protein facilitates the application of phage display to this difficult class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Hötzel
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Anliker B, Abel T, Kneissl S, Hlavaty J, Caputi A, Brynza J, Schneider IC, Münch RC, Petznek H, Kontermann RE, Koehl U, Johnston ICD, Keinänen K, Müller UC, Hohenadl C, Monyer H, Cichutek K, Buchholz CJ. Specific gene transfer to neurons, endothelial cells and hematopoietic progenitors with lentiviral vectors. Nat Methods 2010; 7:929-35. [PMID: 20935652 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a flexible and highly specific targeting method for lentiviral vectors based on single-chain antibodies recognizing cell-surface antigens. We generated lentiviral vectors specific for human CD105(+) endothelial cells, human CD133(+) hematopoietic progenitors and mouse GluA-expressing neurons. Lentiviral vectors specific for CD105 or for CD20 transduced their target cells as efficiently as VSV-G pseudotyped vectors but discriminated between endothelial cells and lymphocytes in mixed cultures. CD133-targeted vectors transduced CD133(+) cultured hematopoietic progenitor cells more efficiently than VSV-G pseudotyped vectors, resulting in stable long-term transduction. Lentiviral vectors targeted to the glutamate receptor subunits GluA2 and GluA4 exhibited more than 94% specificity for neurons in cerebellar cultures and when injected into the adult mouse brain. We observed neuron-specific gene modification upon transfer of the Cre recombinase gene into the hippocampus of reporter mice. This approach allowed targeted gene transfer to many cell types of interest with an unprecedented degree of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Anliker
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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17
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Coleman SK, Cai C, Kalkkinen N, Korpi ER, Keinänen K. Analysis of the potential role of GluA4 carboxyl-terminus in PDZ interactions. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8715. [PMID: 20090852 PMCID: PMC2806832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Specific delivery to synapses of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors with long-tailed subunits is believed to be a key event in many forms of activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength. GluA1, the best characterized long-tailed AMPA receptor subunit, contains a C-terminal class I PDZ binding motif, which mediates its interaction with scaffold and trafficking proteins, including synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97). In GluA4, another long-tailed subunit implicated in synaptic plasticity, the PDZ motif is blocked by a single proline residue. This feature is highly conserved in vertebrates, whereas the closest invertebrate homologs of GluA4 have a canonical class I PDZ binding motif. In this work, we have examined the role of GluA4 in PDZ interactions. Methodology/Principal Findings Deletion of the carboxy-terminal proline residue of recombinant GluA4 conferred avid binding to SAP97 in cultured cells as shown by coimmunoprecipitation, whereas wild-type GluA4 did not associate with SAP97. Native GluA4 and SAP97 coimmunoprecipitated from mouse brain independently of the GluA1 subunit, supporting the possibility of in vivo PDZ interaction. To obtain evidence for or against the exposure of the PDZ motif by carboxyterminal processing of native GluA4 receptors, we generated an antibody reagent specific for proline-deleted GluA4 C-terminus. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analyses indicated that the carboxyl-terminus of native GluA4 AMPA receptors is intact and that the postulated single-residue cleavage does not occur to any significant extent. Conclusion/Significance We conclude that native GluA4 receptors are not capable of canonical PDZ interactions and that their association with SAP97 is likely to be indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Coleman
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunlin Cai
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nisse Kalkkinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa R. Korpi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Keinänen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
Regulated trafficking of AMPA receptors to cell surface and to synapses is an important determinant of neuronal excitability. In the present study, we have addressed the role of agonist binding and desensitization in the early trafficking of glutamate receptor-D (GluR-D) AMPA receptors. Analysis of point-mutated GluR-D receptors, via electrophysiology and immunofluorescence, revealed that agonist-binding activity is essential for efficient delivery to cell surface in transfected cell lines and in neurons. Cotransfection with stargazin could fully rescue the surface expression of nonbinding mutant receptors in cell lines, indicating that stargazin is able to interact with and promote exit of AMPA receptors from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) independently of agonist binding. Secretion of separately expressed ligand-binding domain constructs showed a similar dependency of agonist binding to that observed with full-length GluR-D, supporting the idea that glutamate-induced closure of the binding site cleft is registered by ER quality control as a necessary priming step for transport competence. In contrast to agonist binding, the ability of the receptor to undergo desensitization had only a minor influence on trafficking. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that AMPA receptors are synthesized as intrinsically unstable molecules, which require glutamate binding for structural stability and for transport-competence.
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19
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The Quaternary Structure of a Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptor: Conservation of Shape and Symmetry across Functionally Distinct Subunit Assemblies. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:578-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Mersich C, Jungbauer A. Generation of bioactive peptides by biological libraries. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 861:160-70. [PMID: 17644452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological libraries are powerful tools for discovery of new ligands as well as for identification of cellular interaction partners. Since the first development of the first biological libraries in form of phage displays, numerous biological libraries have been developed. For the development of new ligands, the usage of synthetic oligonucleotides is the method of choice. Generation of random oligonucleotides has been refined and various strategies for random oligonucleotide design were developed. We trace the progress and design of new strategies for the generation of random oligonucleotides, and include a look at arising diversity biases. On the other hand, genomic libraries are widely employed for investigation of cellular protein-protein interactions and targeted search of proteomic binding partners. Expression of random peptides and proteins in a linear form or integrated in a scaffold can be facilitated both in vitro and in vivo. A typical in vitro system, ribosome display, provides the largest available library size. In vivo methods comprise smaller libraries, the size of which depends on their transformation efficiency. Libraries in different hosts such as phage, bacteria, yeast, insect cells, mammalian cells exhibit higher biosynthetic capabilities. The latest library systems are compared and their strengths and limitations are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Mersich
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Kehoe
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Building 202, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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22
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Kumada Y, Nogami M, Minami N, Maehara M, Katoh S. Application of protein-coupled liposomes to effective affinity screening from phage library. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1080:22-8. [PMID: 16013611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For effective screening by biopanning, we propose a new affinity screening method utilizing protein-coupled liposomes (proteoliposomes) as adsorbents. With multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC): dicetylphosphate (DCP) = 10: 1 (molar ratio), adsorption of nonspecific phage VCSM13 to the liposomes without any blocking was comparable to that on polystyrene tube wall coated with blocking protein. Phages displaying octapeptides specific to an anti-peptide antibody against a peptide antigen (FVNQHLCK) were screened from an octapeptide-displayed phage library by biopanning utilizing liposomes coupled with the antibody (AB-MLVs) or a conventional immunotube coated with the antibody (AB-tube). After four rounds of biopanning, all selected phages displayed homological peptides to the antigen peptide by use of AB-MLVs, while only 15% of the selected phages displayed homological peptides in the conventional biopanning. The octapeptide selected by AB-MLVs against the anti-peptide antibody showed comparable binding affinity, which were determined by the competitive ELISA and an immunoaffinity chromatography, to that of the peptide antigen. Thus, protein-coupled liposomes are useful as adsorbents for screening from combinatorial phage libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Kumada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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23
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Kawahara Y, Ito K, Sun H, Ito M, Kanazawa I, Kwak S. GluR4c, an alternative splicing isoform of GluR4, is abundantly expressed in the adult human brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127:150-5. [PMID: 15306133 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning of human GluR4c, an alternative splicing isoform of GluR4. Similar to rodent and chick GluR4c mRNA, human GluR4c had a 113-bp insert containing a stop codon, resulting in a short C terminus. The expression of human GluR4c was widespread in the brain, and was upregulated with development in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex where the level of it was about 30% of total GluR4 mRNA in adult stage. The GluR4 subunit may play a pivotal role in regulating channel properties as well as trafficking of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors in the adult human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kawahara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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24
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Tichelaar W, Safferling M, Keinänen K, Stark H, Madden DR. The Three-dimensional Structure of an Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Reveals a Dimer-of-dimers Assembly. J Mol Biol 2004; 344:435-42. [PMID: 15522296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) represent a major family of ion channels whose quaternary structure has not yet been defined. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of a fully assembled iGluR, determined at approximately 20A resolution by electron microscopy. Analysis of negatively stained single-particle images reveals the presence of 2-fold, but not 4-fold, symmetry for these tetrameric channels, providing the first direct structural evidence for a dimer-of-dimers assembly. The receptor appears elongated, measuring approximately 170Ax140Ax110A, with the 2-fold symmetry centered on its longitudinal axis. The overall molecular shape and symmetry suggest an orientation relative to the membrane and permit the identification of a putative transmembrane domain. Internal cavities located along the longitudinal axis may represent components of the ion conduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Tichelaar
- Ion Channel Structure Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Röthlisberger D, Pos KM, Plückthun A. An antibody library for stabilizing and crystallizing membrane proteins - selecting binders to the citrate carrier CitS. FEBS Lett 2004; 564:340-8. [PMID: 15111119 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallization of membrane proteins with antibody fragments may emerge as a general tool to facilitate crystal growth and improve crystal quality. The bound antibody fragment enlarges the hydrophilic part of the mostly hydrophobic membrane protein, thereby increasing the interaction area for possible protein-protein contacts in the crystal. Additionally, it may restrain flexible parts or lock the membrane protein in a defined conformational state. For successful co-crystallization trials, the antibody fragments must be stable in detergents during the extended period of crystal growth and must be easily produced in amounts necessary for crystallography. Therefore, we constructed a library of antibody Fab fragments from a framework subset of the HuCAL GOLD library (Morphosys, Munich, Germany). By combining the most stable and well expressed frameworks, V(H)3 and V(kappa)3, with the further stabilizing constant domains, a Fab library with the desired properties was obtained in a standard phage display format. As a proof of principle, we selected binders with phage display against the detergent-solubilized citrate transporter CitS of Klebsiella pneumoniae. We describe efficient methods for the immobilization of the membrane protein during selection, for ELISA screening, and for BIAcore evaluation. We demonstrate that the selected Fab fragments form stable complexes with native CitS and recognize conformational epitopes with affinities in the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Röthlisberger
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Surface expression of GluR-D AMPA receptor is dependent on an interaction between its C-terminal domain and a 4.1 protein. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12574408 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-03-00798.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of the number and activity of AMPA receptors is believed to underlie many forms of synaptic plasticity and is presumably mediated by specific protein-protein interactions involving the C-terminal domain of the receptor. Several proteins interacting with the C-terminal tails of the glutamate receptor (GluR)-A and GluR-B subunits have been identified and implicated in the regulation of endocytosis and exocytosis, clustering, and anchoring of AMPA receptors to the cytoskeleton. In contrast, little is known of the molecular interactions of the GluR-D subunit, or of the mechanisms regulating the traffic of GluR-D-containing AMPA receptors. We analyzed the subcellular localization of homomeric GluR-D receptors carrying C-terminal deletions in transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and in primary neurons by immunofluorescence microscopy and ELISA. A minimal requirement for a 14-residue cytoplasmic segment for the surface expression of homomeric GluR-D receptors was identified. Previously, a similar region in the GluR-A subunit was implicated in an interaction with 4.1 family proteins. Coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated that GluR-D associated with 4.1 protein(s) in both HEK293 cells and rat brain. Moreover, glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments showed that the same 14-residue segment is critical for 4.1 binding to GluR-A and GluR-D. Point mutations within this segment dramatically decreased the surface expression of GluR-D in HEK293 cells, with a concomitant loss of the 4.1 interaction. Our findings demonstrate a novel molecular interaction for the GluR-D subunit and suggest that the association with the 4.1 family protein(s) plays an essential role in the transport to and stabilization of GluR-D-containing AMPA receptors at the cell surface.
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27
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Pasternack A, Coleman SK, Jouppila A, Mottershead DG, Lindfors M, Pasternack M, Keinänen K. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels lacking the N-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:49662-7. [PMID: 12393905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208349200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subunits contain a approximately 400-residue extracellular N-terminal domain ("X domain"), which is sequence-related to bacterial amino acid-binding proteins and to class C G-protein-coupled receptors. The X domain has been implicated in the assembly, transport to the cell surface, allosteric ligand binding, and desensitization in various members of the iGluR family, but its actual role in these events is poorly characterized. We have studied the properties of homomeric alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-selective GluR-D glutamate receptors carrying N-terminal deletions. Our analysis indicates that, surprisingly, transport to the cell surface, ligand binding properties, agonist-triggered channel activation, rapid desensitization, and allosteric potentiation by cyclothiazide can occur normally in the complete absence of the X domain (residues 22-402). The relatively intact ligand-gated channel function of a homomeric AMPA receptor in the absence of the X domain indirectly suggests more subtle roles for this domain in AMPA receptors, e.g. in the assembly of heteromeric receptors and in synaptic protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Pasternack
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, P. O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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28
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Hartley O. The use of phage display in the study of receptors and their ligands. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2002; 22:373-92. [PMID: 12503628 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-120014608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technology presents a rapid means by which proteins and peptides that bind specifically to predefined molecular targets can be isolated from extremely complex combinatorial libraries. There are several important ways by which phage display can provide impetus to receptor-based research. Firstly, phage display can be applied, alongside transcriptome and proteome expression profiling techniques, to the identification and characterisation of receptors whose expression is specific to either a cell lineage, a tissue or a disease state. Secondly, specific monoclonal antibodies that enable researchers to identify, localize and quantify receptors can be produced very rapidly (weeks). Thirdly, it should be possible to apply phage display to the matching of orphan ligands and receptors. Finally, phage display can be used to identify proteins and peptides that modulate receptor activity. As well as being useful in the study of receptor function, biologically active proteins and peptides could also be used therapeutically, or as leads for drug design. Hence phage display is ready to play a central role in the study of receptors in the post-genome era. This review outlines the ways in which phage display has been applied to the study of receptor-ligand systems, and discusses how new developments in the technology may be of even greater utility to the field in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hartley
- Département de Biochimie Medicale, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
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29
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Abstract
We have compiled a comprehensive list of the articles published in the year 2000 that describe work employing commercial optical biosensors. Selected reviews of interest for the general biosensor user are highlighted. Emerging applications in areas of drug discovery, clinical support, food and environment monitoring, and cell membrane biology are emphasized. In addition, the experimental design and data processing steps necessary to achieve high-quality biosensor data are described and examples of well-performed kinetic analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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