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Shimshon A, Dahan K, Israel-Gueta M, Olmayev-Yaakobov D, Timms RT, Bekturova A, Makaros Y, Elledge SJ, Koren I. Dipeptidyl peptidases and E3 ligases of N-degron pathways cooperate to regulate protein stability. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311035. [PMID: 38874443 PMCID: PMC11178506 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
N-degrons are short sequences located at protein N-terminus that mediate the interaction of E3 ligases (E3s) with substrates to promote their proteolysis. It is well established that N-degrons can be exposed following protease cleavage to allow recognition by E3s. However, our knowledge regarding how proteases and E3s cooperate in protein quality control mechanisms remains minimal. Using a systematic approach to monitor the protein stability of an N-terminome library, we found that proline residue at the third N-terminal position (hereafter "P+3") promotes instability. Genetic perturbations identified the dipeptidyl peptidases DPP8 and DPP9 and the primary E3s of N-degron pathways, UBR proteins, as regulators of P+3 bearing substrate turnover. Interestingly, P+3 UBR substrates are significantly enriched for secretory proteins. We found that secretory proteins relying on a signal peptide (SP) for their targeting contain a "built-in" N-degron within their SP. This degron becomes exposed by DPP8/9 upon translocation failure to the designated compartments, thus enabling clearance of mislocalized proteins by UBRs to maintain proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Shimshon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Karin Dahan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mor Israel-Gueta
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Diana Olmayev-Yaakobov
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Richard T Timms
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre , Cambridge, UK
| | - Aizat Bekturova
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yaara Makaros
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itay Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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2
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Espadinha M, De Loose J, Corthaut S, Thys S, Van Rymenant Y, Verhulst E, Benramdane S, Filippi N, Augustyns K, Van Wielendaele P, Pintelon I, De Meester I, Van der Veken P. Active site-directed probes targeting dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116389. [PMID: 38593588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases (DPP) 8 and 9 are intracellular serine proteases that play key roles in various biological processes and recent findings highlight DPP8 and DPP9 as potential therapeutic targets for hematological and inflammasome-related diseases. Despite the substantial progress, the precise biological functions of these proteases remain elusive, and the lack of selective chemical tools hampers ongoing research. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of the first active site-directed DPP8/9 probes which are derived from DPP8/9 inhibitors developed in-house. Specifically, we synthesized fluorescent inhibitors containing nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), dansyl (DNS) and cyanine-3 (Cy3) reporters to visualize intracellular DPP8/9. We demonstrate that the fluorescent inhibitors have high affinity and selectivity towards DPP8/9 over related S9 family members. The NBD-labeled DPP8/9 inhibitors were nominated as the best in class compounds to visualize DPP8/9 in human cells. Furthermore, a method has been developed for selective labeling and visualization of active DPP8/9 in vitro by fluorescence microscopy. A collection of potent and selective biotinylated DPP8/9-targeting probes was also prepared by replacing the fluorescent reporter with a biotin group. The present work provides the first DPP8/9-targeting fluorescent compounds as useful chemical tools for the study of DPP8 and DPP9's biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joni De Loose
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sam Corthaut
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Emile Verhulst
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Siham Benramdane
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolò Filippi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Zolg S, Donzelli L, Geiss-Friedlander R. N-terminal processing by dipeptidyl peptidase 9: Cut and Go! Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00052-X. [PMID: 38461970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is an intracellular amino-dipeptidase with physiological roles in the immune system, DNA repair and mitochondria homeostasis, while its deregulation is linked to cancer progression and immune-associated defects. Through its rare ability to cleave a peptide bond following the imino-acid proline, DPP9 acts as a molecular switch that regulates key proteins, such as the tumor-suppressor BRCA2. In this review we will discuss key concepts underlying the outcomes of protein processing by DPP9, including substrate turn-over by the N-degron pathway. Additionally, we will review non-enzymatic roles and the regulation of DPP9 by discussing the interactome of this protease, which includes SUMO1, Filamin A, NLRP1 and CARD8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Zolg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Donzelli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Complex of Proline-Specific Peptidases in the Genome and Gut Transcriptomes of Tenebrionidae Insects and Their Role in Gliadin Hydrolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010579. [PMID: 36614021 PMCID: PMC9820350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed analysis of the complexes of proline-specific peptidases (PSPs) in the midgut transcriptomes of the larvae of agricultural pests Tenebrio molitor and Tribolium castaneum and in the genome of T. castaneum is presented. Analysis of the T. castaneum genome revealed 13 PSP sequences from the clans of serine and metal-dependent peptidases, of which 11 sequences were also found in the gut transcriptomes of both tenebrionid species' larvae. Studies of the localization of PSPs, evaluation of the expression level of their genes in gut transcriptomes, and prediction of the presence of signal peptides determining secretory pathways made it possible to propose a set of peptidases that can directly participate in the hydrolysis of food proteins in the larvae guts. The discovered digestive PSPs of tenebrionids in combination with the post-glutamine cleaving cysteine cathepsins of these insects effectively hydrolyzed gliadins, which are the natural food substrates of the studied pests. Based on the data obtained, a hypothetical scheme for the complete hydrolysis of immunogenic gliadin peptides by T. molitor and T. castaneum digestive peptidases was proposed. These results show promise regarding the development of a drug based on tenebrionid digestive enzymes for the enzymatic therapy of celiac disease and gluten intolerance.
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5
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Carvalho LAR, Ross B, Fehr L, Bolgi O, Wöhrle S, Lum KM, Podlesainski D, Vieira AC, Kiefersauer R, Félix R, Rodrigues T, Lucas SD, Groß O, Geiss‐Friedlander R, Cravatt BF, Huber R, Kaiser M, Moreira R. Chemoproteomics-Enabled Identification of 4-Oxo-β-Lactams as Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidases 8 and 9. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210498. [PMID: 36089535 PMCID: PMC9828149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9) have gathered interest as drug targets due to their important roles in biological processes like immunity and tumorigenesis. Elucidation of their distinct individual functions remains an ongoing task and could benefit from the availability of novel, chemically diverse and selective chemical tools. Here, we report the activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-mediated discovery of 4-oxo-β-lactams as potent, non-substrate-like nanomolar DPP8/9 inhibitors. X-ray crystallographic structures revealed different ligand binding modes for DPP8 and DPP9, including an unprecedented targeting of an extended S2' (eS2') subsite in DPP8. Biological assays confirmed inhibition at both target and cellular levels. Altogether, our integrated chemical proteomics and structure-guided small molecule design approach led to novel DPP8/9 inhibitors with alternative molecular inhibition mechanisms, delivering the highest selectivity index reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís A. R. Carvalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MedicinesResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal,Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia92037USA
| | - Breyan Ross
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie82152PlaneggMartinsriedGermany,Proteros Biostructures GmbH82152PlaneggMartinsriedGermany
| | - Lorenz Fehr
- Fakultät für BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieUniversität Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Oguz Bolgi
- Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell ResearchAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Svenja Wöhrle
- Institut für NeuropathologieUniversitätsklinikum Freiburg79106FreiburgGermany
| | - Kenneth M. Lum
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia92037USA
| | - David Podlesainski
- Fakultät für BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieUniversität Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Andreia C. Vieira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MedicinesResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | | | - Rita Félix
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MedicinesResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MedicinesResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Susana D. Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MedicinesResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institut für NeuropathologieUniversitätsklinikum Freiburg79106FreiburgGermany,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ruth Geiss‐Friedlander
- Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell ResearchAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia92037USA
| | - Robert Huber
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie82152PlaneggMartinsriedGermany,Fakultät für BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieUniversität Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany,Fakultät für ChemieTechnische Universität München85747GarchingGermany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Fakultät für BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieUniversität Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Rui Moreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MedicinesResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
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6
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Ferrari F, Moretti A, Villa RF. Incretin-based drugs as potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: current status and perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Kaviani B, Samani MA, Haghshenas H, Dehkordi MG. Development of pyrrolidine and isoindoline derivatives as new DPP8 inhibitors using a combination of 3D-QSAR technique, pharmacophore modeling, docking studies, and molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2125511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bita Kaviani
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Asad Samani
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghshenas
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghani Dehkordi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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8
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Cui C, Tian X, Wei L, Wang Y, Wang K, Fu R. New insights into the role of dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 and their inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1002871. [PMID: 36172198 PMCID: PMC9510841 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1002871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 (DPP8) and 9 (DPP9) are widely expressed in mammals including humans, mainly locate in the cytoplasm. The DPP8 and DPP9 (DPP8/9) belong to serine proteolytic enzymes, they can recognize and cleave N-terminal dipeptides of specific substrates if proline is at the penultimate position. Because the localization of DPP8/9 is different from that of DPP4 and the substrates for DPP8/9 are not yet completely clear, their physiological and pathological roles are still being further explored. In this article, we will review the recent research advances focusing on the expression, regulation, and functions of DPP8/9 in physiology and pathology status. Emerging research results have shown that DPP8/9 is involved in various biological processes such as cell behavior, energy metabolism, and immune regulation, which plays an essential role in maintaining normal development and physiological functions of the body. DPP8/9 is also involved in pathological processes such as tumorigenesis, inflammation, and organ fibrosis. In recent years, related research on immune cell pyroptosis has made DPP8/9 a new potential target for the treatment of hematological diseases. In addition, DPP8/9 inhibitors also have great potential in the treatment of tumors and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Linting Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yinhong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongguo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Rongguo Fu,
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9
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Sharif-Zak M, Abbasi-Jorjandi M, Asadikaram G, Ghoreshi ZAS, Rezazadeh-Jabalbarzi M, Afsharipur A, Rashidinejad H, Khajepour F, Jafarzadeh A, Arefinia N, Kheyrkhah A, Abolhassani M. CCR2 and DPP9 expression in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients: Influences of the disease severity and gender. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152184. [PMID: 35131543 PMCID: PMC8806394 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hyper-inflammatory reactions play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the severe forms of COVID-19. However, clarification of the molecular basis of the inflammatory-related factors needs more consideration. The aim was to evaluate the gene expression of two fundamental molecules contributing to the induction of inflammatory like CCR2 and DPP9 in cells from peripheral blood samples from patients with various patterns of COVID-19. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 470 patients (235 male and 235 female) with RT-qPCR-confirmed COVID-19 test exhibiting moderate, severe, and critical symptoms based on WHO criteria. 100 healthy subjects (50 male and 50 female) were also enrolled in the study as a control group. The gene expression of DPP-9 and CCR-2 was assessed in the blood samples using real-time PCR method. Results The COVID-19 patients in severe stage expressed higher levels of CCR2 and DPP9 compared with healthy controls. In male and female patients, the levels of CCR2 and DDP9 expression significantly differed between moderate, severe, and critical patterns (p < 0.0001) as well as between each COVID-19 form and control group (p < 0.0001). The male patients with severe COVID-19 expressed greater levels of CCR2 and DPP-9 than female with same disease form. The female patients with moderate and critical COVID-19 expressed greater levels of CCR2 and DPP-9 than male patients with same disease stage. Conclusion We demonstrated that the expression of DPP-9 and CCR-2 was substantially increased in COVID-19 patients with different forms of disease. Considerable differences were also demonstrated between male and female with different patterns of disease. Therefore, we suggest to consider the gender of patients and disease severity for management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sharif-Zak
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Abbasi-Jorjandi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Zohreh-Al-Sadat Ghoreshi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mitra Rezazadeh-Jabalbarzi
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Alireza Afsharipur
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Rashidinejad
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fardin Khajepour
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefinia
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology & Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Kheyrkhah
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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10
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Jaenisch SE, Abbott CA, Gorrell MD, Bampton P, Butler RN, Yazbeck R. Circulating Dipeptidyl Peptidase Activity Is a Potential Biomarker for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e00452. [PMID: 35060938 PMCID: PMC8806366 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 is part of a larger family of proteases referred to as DPPs. DPP4 has been suggested as a possible biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Circulating DPP4 (cDPP4) enzyme activity was investigated as a potential biomarker for IBD. In addition, DPP enzyme activity and gene expression were quantified in colonic tissue of patients with IBD and non-IBD. METHODS In study 1, DPP enzyme activity was quantified in plasma samples from 220 patients with IBD (Crohn's disease [CD] n = 130 and ulcerative colitis [UC] n = 90) and non-IBD controls (n = 26) using a colorimetric assay. In study 2, tissue and plasma samples were collected from 26 patients with IBD and 20 non-IBD controls. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) was quantified in all patients. Colonic DPP4, DPP8, DPP9, and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. cDPP and cFAP enzyme activity was also measured. Sensitivity and specificity were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS In study 1, total cDPP activity was found to differentiate patients with CD with active disease (n = 18) from those in remission (n = 19; sensitivity 78% and specificity 63%). In study 2, total cDPP and cFAP activity was 28% and 48% lower in patients with elevated CRP (>10 mg/L), respectively, compared with patients with normal CRP. Gene expression of DPP4, FAP, and DPP8 was also significantly higher in colonic biopsies from patients with IBD compared with non-IBD patients (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Our findings implicate the DPP enzyme family in intestinal inflammation and suggest future biomarker applications to differentiate the pathophysiological aspects of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E. Jaenisch
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Abbott
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Liver Enzymes in Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Bampton
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross N. Butler
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Yazbeck
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Liu HF, Xie YK, Zhong BY, Zhang JH, Song CX, Liu YW, Yang Y, Xie BH. Dipeptidyl peptidase-8 induces Sorafenib resistance via binding with c-Rel to mediate NF-κB signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:213-221. [PMID: 34719075 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is the important first standard drug for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A major obstacle to successful treatment is Sorafenib resistance. However, the mechanism of Sorafenib resistance is unclear. The present study aimed to determine the involvement of dipeptidyl peptidase-8 (DPP8) in Sorafenib resistance. DPP8 expression was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting. The effect of DPP8 on Sorafenib resistance was examined using terminal deoxynulceotidyl transferase nick-end-labeling (TUNEL), colony formation, flow cytometry, luciferase reporter, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays. We found that DPP8 mRNA and protein levels were dramatically upregulated in HCC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) illustrated that DPP8 might be involved in apoptosis regulation. Downregulation of DPP8 substantially promoted the sensitivity of HCC cells to Sorafenib. Further analysis showed that DPP8 might regulate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which was confirmed using a luciferase reporter assay. Downregulation of DPP8 decreased the expression levels of downstream genes of the NF-κB pathway. IP showed that DPP8 can interact with NF-κB subunit c-Rel, an important protein of NF-κB signaling. Finally, a drug combination of Sorafenib and Val-boroPro induced higher mortality of HCC cells than Sorafenib alone in DPP8-upregulated cells. Our findings indicated that using the inhibitor Val-boroPro might be a promising method to enhance Sorafenib sensitivity in advanced HCC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Fu Liu
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R., China.,Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yuan-Kang Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Bai-Yin Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Cai-Xin Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yan Yang
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
| | - Bin-Hui Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R., China
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12
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Xi CR, Di Fazio A, Nadvi NA, Xiang MSW, Zhang HE, Deshpande C, Chen Y, Tabar MS, Wang XM, Bailey CG, McCaughan GW, Church WB, Gorrell MD. An improved production and purification protocol for recombinant soluble human fibroblast activation protein alpha. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 181:105833. [PMID: 33524496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) is a cell-surface expressed type II glycoprotein that has a unique proteolytic activity. FAP has active soluble forms that retain the extracellular portion but lack the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail. FAP expression is normally very low in adult tissue but is highly expressed by activated fibroblasts in sites of tissue remodelling. Thus, FAP is a potential biomarker and pharmacological target in liver fibrosis, atherosclerosis, cardiac fibrosis, arthritis and cancer. Understanding the biological significance of FAP by investigating protein structure, interactions and activities requires reliable methods for the production and purification of abundant pure and stable protein. We describe an improved production and purification protocol for His6-tagged recombinant soluble human FAP. A modified baculovirus expression construct was generated using the pFastBac1 vector and the gp67 secretion signal to produce abundant active soluble recombinant human FAP (residues 27-760) in insect cells. The FAP purification protocol employed ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, immobilised metal affinity chromatography and ultrafiltration. High purity was achieved, as judged by gel electrophoresis and specific activity. The purified 82 kDa FAP protein was specifically inhibited by a FAP selective inhibitor, ARI-3099, and was inhibited by zinc with an IC50 of 25 μM. Our approach could be adopted for producing the soluble portions of other type II transmembrane glycoproteins to study their structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecy R Xi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Arianna Di Fazio
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Nadvi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; Research Portfolio Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Sui Wen Xiang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Chandrika Deshpande
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, UK; Drug Discovery, Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Xin Maggie Wang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; AW Morrow GE & Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - W Bret Church
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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13
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Xi CR, Di Fazio A, Nadvi NA, Patel K, Xiang MSW, Zhang HE, Deshpande C, Low JKK, Wang XT, Chen Y, McMillan CLD, Isaacs A, Osborne B, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, McCaughan GW, Mackay JP, Church WB, Gorrell MD. A Novel Purification Procedure for Active Recombinant Human DPP4 and the Inability of DPP4 to Bind SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225392. [PMID: 33218025 PMCID: PMC7698748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases catalyse irreversible posttranslational modifications that often alter a biological function of the substrate. The protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a pharmacological target in type 2 diabetes therapy primarily because it inactivates glucagon-like protein-1. DPP4 also has roles in steatosis, insulin resistance, cancers and inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. In addition, DPP4 binds to the spike protein of the MERS virus, causing it to be the human cell surface receptor for that virus. DPP4 has been identified as a potential binding target of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, so this question requires experimental investigation. Understanding protein structure and function requires reliable protocols for production and purification. We developed such strategies for baculovirus generated soluble recombinant human DPP4 (residues 29–766) produced in insect cells. Purification used differential ammonium sulphate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, dye affinity chromatography in series with immobilised metal affinity chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. The binding affinities of DPP4 to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) were measured using surface plasmon resonance and ELISA. This optimised DPP4 purification procedure yielded 1 to 1.8 mg of pure fully active soluble DPP4 protein per litre of insect cell culture with specific activity >30 U/mg, indicative of high purity. No specific binding between DPP4 and CoV-2 spike protein was detected by surface plasmon resonance or ELISA. In summary, a procedure for high purity high yield soluble human DPP4 was achieved and used to show that, unlike MERS, SARS-CoV-2 does not bind human DPP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecy R Xi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Arianna Di Fazio
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Naveed Ahmed Nadvi
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
- Research Portfolio Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.P.); (C.D.); (J.K.K.L.)
| | - Michelle Sui Wen Xiang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Chandrika Deshpande
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.P.); (C.D.); (J.K.K.L.)
- Drug Discovery, Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Jason K K Low
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.P.); (C.D.); (J.K.K.L.)
| | - Xiaonan Trixie Wang
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Yiqian Chen
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Christopher L D McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.D.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Ariel Isaacs
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.L.D.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Ana Júlia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
- AW Morrow GE & Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- Drug Discovery, Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - W Bret Church
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.R.X.); (A.D.F.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.W.X.); (H.E.Z.); (X.T.W.); (Y.C.); (B.O.); (A.J.V.d.R.); (G.W.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9565-6156; Fax: +61-2-9565-6101
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Singh A, Mishra A. Molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculation studies of Coagulin L as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1128-1138. [PMID: 33078683 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1822917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant derived product can be used as other alternatives to currently used drugs for controlling chronic diseases like Diabetes mellitus. The potential of Coagulin L (a constituent of Withania coagulans) as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor was evaluated by molecular modelling study. It was observed that amino acid residues such as Glu205, Glu206, Tyr 547, His 740, and Try662 interacts with Coagulin L and Saxagliptin (a known DPP-4 inhibitor). Other nonbonded interactions of Coagulin L and Saxagliptin with DPP-4 binding residues were also found similar. The docking energy of Coagulin L was found to be -7.69 Kcal/mol whereas -8.44 kcal/mol was recorded for Saxagliptin. MD simulation study revealed stable binding throughout 100 ns simulation. RMSD plot of the complex was stabilized in 43 ns and remained stable during entire simulation(100 ns). RMSF plot of DPP-4 Coagulin L interaction showed major fluctuations at residue 246 and 766, however, Arg 125, Glu 205, Ser 209 and His 740 showed no major perturbations. Principal Component Analysis showed that important dynamics of the protein remain unchanged during entire simulation since the non-polar, van der waals, ionic interaction and solvation energy, altogether play important role in the complex stability. The molecular modelling study of DPP-4 with Coagulin L was an effort to establish correlation with traditional practices of Withania coagulans as antidiabetic agent in Indian subcontinent.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
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15
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Suski M, Wiśniewska A, Kuś K, Kiepura A, Stachowicz A, Stachyra K, Czepiel K, Madej J, Olszanecki R. Decrease of the pro-inflammatory M1-like response by inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidases 8/9 in THP-1 macrophages - quantitative proteomics of the proteome and secretome. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:193-202. [PMID: 32998073 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular peptidases are an emerging target of novel pharmacological strategies in inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this context, the dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9) have gained special attention due to their activities in the immune cells. However, in spite of more than hundred protein substrates identified to date by mass spectrometry-based analysis, the cellular DPP8/9 functions are still elusive. METHODS We applied the proteomic approach (iTRAQ-2DLC-MS/MS) to comprehensively analyze the role of DPP8/9 in the regulation of macrophage activation by in-depth protein quantitation of THP-1 proteome and secretome. RESULTS Cells pre-incubated with DPP8/9 inhibitor (1G244) prior activation (LPS or IL-4/IL-13) diminished the expression levels of M1-like response markers, but not M2-like phenotype features. This was accompanied by multiple intra- and extra-cellular protein abundance changes in THP-1 cells, related to cellular metabolism, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum function, as well as those engaged with inflammatory and apoptotic processes, including previously reported and novel DPP8/9 targets. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of DPP 8/9 had a profound effect on the THP-1 macrophage proteome and secretome, evidencing the decrease of the pro-inflammatory M1-like response. Presented results are to our best knowledge the first which, among others, highlight the metabolic effects of DPP8/9 inhibition in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Wiśniewska
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuś
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kiepura
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Stachowicz
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Stachyra
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Czepiel
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Józef Madej
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka str., 31-531, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Dunaevsky YE, Tereshchenkova VF, Oppert B, Belozersky MA, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Human proline specific peptidases: A comprehensive analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Saso K, Miyoshi N, Fujino S, Sasaki M, Yasui M, Ohue M, Ogino T, Takahashi H, Uemura M, Matsuda C, Mizushima T, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 9 Increases Chemoresistance and is an Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:4337-4347. [PMID: 32734369 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, systemic chemotherapy has significantly improved the prognosis of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC); however, different patients have different responses to chemotherapeutics. METHODS Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is an enzyme in the dipeptidyl peptidase IV family that has been reported to increase drug sensitivity in acute myeloid leukemia. In this study, we examined the relationship between DPP9 expression and the prognosis of patients with CRC, as well as the role of DPP9 in anticancer drug resistance. Moreover, the effects of the DPP9 inhibitors talabostat and vildagliptin in CRC cell lines and primary cultured cells were assessed. RESULTS High expression of DPP9 was associated with worse prognosis in 196 patients with CRC. Cell viability was markedly inhibited in CRC cell lines transfected with DPP9 small interfering RNA or small hairpin RNA. Talabostat suppressed proliferation in CRC cell lines and primary cultured cells, and increased their sensitivity to chemotherapy. Vildagliptin, a DPP family inhibitor currently administered for diabetes, also increased the sensitivity of CRC cells to anticancer drugs. CONCLUSION DPP9 was a poor prognostic factor for CRC and could be a new therapeutic target, while vildagliptin could be used as a repositioned drug for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Saso
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shiki Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yasui
- Department of Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chu Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Jeon HJ, Lee JG, Kim K, Jang JY, Han SW, Choi J, Ryu JH, Koo TY, Jeong JC, Lee JW, Ishida H, Park JB, Lee SH, Ahn C, Yang J. Peripheral blood transcriptome analysis and development of classification model for diagnosing antibody-mediated rejection vs accommodation in ABO-incompatible kidney transplant. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:112-124. [PMID: 31373158 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The major obstacle to successful ABO blood group-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi KT) is antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). This study aimed to investigate transcriptional profiles through RNA sequencing and develop a minimally invasive diagnostic tool for discrimination between accommodation and early acute AMR in ABOi KT. Twenty-eight ABOi KT patients were selected: 18 with accommodation and 10 with acute AMR at the 10th day posttransplant protocol biopsy. Complete transcriptomes of their peripheral blood were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Candidate genes were selected by bioinformatics analysis, validated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and used to develop a classification model to diagnose accommodation. A total of 1385 genes were differentially expressed in accommodation compared with in AMR with P-adjusted < .05. Functional annotation and gene set enrichment analysis identified several immune-related and immunometabolic pathways. A 5-gene classification model including COX7A2L, CD69, CD14, CFD, and FOXJ3 was developed by logistic regression analysis. The model was further validated with an independent cohort and discriminated between accommodation and AMR with 92.7% sensitivity, 85.7% specificity, and 91.7% accuracy. Our study suggests that a classification model based on peripheral blood transcriptomics may allow minimally invasive diagnosis of acute AMR vs accommodation and subsequent patient-tailored immunosuppression in ABOi KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ghi Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Jang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Han
- School of Industrial Management Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Choi
- School of Industrial Management Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Ryu
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Yeon Koo
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Department of Nephrology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Nephrology Clinic, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hideki Ishida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jae Berm Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Sato T, Tatekoshi A, Takada K, Iyama S, Kamihara Y, Jawaid P, Rehman MU, Noguchi K, Kondo T, Kajikawa S, Arita K, Wada A, Murakami J, Arai M, Yasuda I, Dang NH, Hatano R, Iwao N, Ohnuma K, Morimoto C. DPP8 is a novel therapeutic target for multiple myeloma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18094. [PMID: 31792328 PMCID: PMC6889119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) are proteolytic enzymes that are ideal therapeutic targets in human diseases. Indeed, DPP4 inhibitors are widely used in clinical practice as anti-diabetic agents. In this paper, we show that DPP4 inhibitors also induced cell death in multiple human myeloma cells. Among five DPP4 inhibitors, only two of them, vildagliptin and saxagliptin, exhibited apparent cytotoxic effects on myeloma cell lines, without any difference in suppression of DPP4 activity. As these two DPP4 inhibitors are known to have off-target effects against DPP8/9, we employed the specific DPP8/9 inhibitor 1G244. 1G244 demonstrated anti-myeloma effects on several cell lines and CD138+ cells from patients as well as in murine xenograft model. Through siRNA silencing approach, we further confirmed that DPP8 but not DPP9 is a key molecule in inducing cell death induced by DPP8/9 inhibition. In fact, the expression of DPP8 in CD38+ cells from myeloma patients was higher than that of healthy volunteers. DPP8/9 inhibition induced apoptosis, as evidenced by activated form of PARP, caspases-3 and was suppressed by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Taken together, these results indicate that DPP8 is a novel therapeutic target for myeloma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Tatekoshi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Takada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iyama
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamihara
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Paras Jawaid
- Department of Radiology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mati Ur Rehman
- Department of Radiology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kyo Noguchi
- Department of Radiology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Radiology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kajikawa
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Arita
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jun Murakami
- Department of Hematology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Miho Arai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nam H Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Iwao
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Ohnuma
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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More than just an enzyme: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and its association with diabetic kidney remodelling. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104391. [PMID: 31401210 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review article discusses recent advances in the mechanism of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) actions in renal diseases, especially diabetic kidney fibrosis, and summarizes anti-fibrotic functions of various DPP-4 inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy (DN). RECENT FINDINGS DN is a common complication of diabetes and is a leading cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DPP-4 is a member of serine proteases, and more than 30 substrates have been identified that act via several biochemical messengers in a variety of tissues including kidney. Intriguingly, DPP-4 actions on the diabetic kidney is a complex mechanism, and a variety of pathways are involved including increasing GLP-1/SDF-1, disrupting AGE-RAGE pathways, and integrin-β- and TGF-β-Smad-mediated signalling pathways that finally lead to endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Interestingly, an array of DPP-4 inhibitors is well recognized as oral drugs to treat type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, which promote better glycemic control. Furthermore, recent experimental and preclinical data reveal that DPP-4 inhibitors may also exhibit protective effects in renal disease progression including anti-fibrotic effects in the diabetic kidney by attenuating above signalling cascade(s), either singly or as a combinatorial effect. In this review, we discussed the anti-fibrotic effects of DPP-4 inhibitors based on recent reports along with the possible mechanism of actions and future perspectives to underscore the beneficial effects of DPP-4 inhibitors in DN. SUMMARY With recent experimental, preclinical, and clinical evidence, we summarized DPP-4 activities and its mechanism of actions in diabetic kidney diseases. A knowledge gap of DPP-4 inhibition in controlling renal fibrosis in DN has also been postulated in this review for future research perspectives.
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Gall MG, Zhang HE, Lee Q, Jolly CJ, McCaughan GW, Cook A, Roediger B, Gorrell MD. Immune regeneration in irradiated mice is not impaired by the absence of DPP9 enzymatic activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7292. [PMID: 31086209 PMCID: PMC6513830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous intracellular protease dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) has roles in antigen presentation and B cell signaling. To investigate the importance of DPP9 in immune regeneration, primary and secondary chimeric mice were created in irradiated recipients using fetal liver cells and adult bone marrow cells, respectively, using wild-type (WT) and DPP9 gene-knockin (DPP9S729A) enzyme-inactive mice. Immune cell reconstitution was assessed at 6 and 16 weeks post-transplant. Primary chimeric mice successfully regenerated neutrophils, natural killer, T and B cells, irrespective of donor cell genotype. There were no significant differences in total myeloid cell or neutrophil numbers between DPP9-WT and DPP9S729A-reconstituted mice. In secondary chimeric mice, cells of DPP9S729A-origin cells displayed enhanced engraftment compared to WT. However, we observed no differences in myeloid or lymphoid lineage reconstitution between WT and DPP9S729A donors, indicating that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment and self-renewal is not diminished by the absence of DPP9 enzymatic activity. This is the first report on transplantation of bone marrow cells that lack DPP9 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Cook
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Enz N, Vliegen G, De Meester I, Jungraithmayr W. CD26/DPP4 - a potential biomarker and target for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:135-159. [PMID: 30822465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)4 is a membrane-bound protein found in many cell types of the body, and a soluble form is present in body fluids. There is longstanding evidence that various primary tumors and also metastases express CD26/DPP4 to a variable extent. By cleaving dipeptides from peptides with a proline or alanine in the penultimate position at the N-terminus, it regulates the activity of incretin hormones, chemokines and many other peptides. Due to these effects and interactions with other molecules, a tumor promoting or suppressing role can be attributed to CD26/DPP4. In this review, we discuss the existing evidence on the expression of soluble or membrane-bound CD26/DPP4 in malignant diseases, along with the most recent findings on CD26/DPP4 as a therapeutic target in specific malignancies. The expression and possible involvement of the related DPP8 and DPP9 in cancer are also reviewed. A higher expression of CD26/DPP4 is found in a wide variety of tumor entities, however more research on CD26/DPP4 in the tumor microenvironment is needed to fully explore its use as a tumor biomarker. Circulating soluble CD26/DPP4 has also been studied as a cancer biomarker, however, the observed decrease in most cancer patients does not seem to be cancer specific. Encouraging results from experimental work and a recently reported first phase clinical trial targeting CD26/DPP4 in mesothelioma, renal and urological tumors pave the way for follow-up clinical studies, also in other tumor entities, possibly leading to the development of more effective complementary therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njanja Enz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Chen Y, Liu F, Wu K, Wu W, Wu H, Zhang W. Targeting dipeptidyl peptidase 8 genes inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion by inhibition of cyclin D1 and MMP2MMP9 signal pathway in cervical cancer. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3056. [PMID: 30225951 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DPP8 is a member of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV family, which belongs to the S9b protease subfamily. It regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion during cancer progression. METHODS To investigate the role of DPP8 in cervical cancer, we examined DPP8 levels in cervical cancer tissues and cells. The localization of DPP8 was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Subsequently, SiHa and HeLa cells were treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-DPP8. We used cell cycle analysis, an 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay proliferation assay and a cellular apoptosis assay to determine the effect of DPP8 on the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. We used a Transwell assay to assess the number of transfection cancer cells migrating through the matrix. A real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to analyze the expression of related proteins and to determine the phenotype caused by the depletion or overexpression of DPP8 in cervical cancer cells. RESULTS We observed that DPP8 was highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and cells. DPP8 expression was observed in the cytosol and in the perinuclear area, as well as in the nuclei of cervical cancer cells. Notably, when cells were treated with siRNA-DPP8, the expression of BAX increased, and the expression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2, MMP2 and MMP9 was downregulated. In cervical cancer cell lines, silencing the expression of DPP8 not only suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of the cervical cancer cells, but also promoted cervical cancer cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study reveal that DPP8 promotes the progression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fulin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanrong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanshu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Casrouge A, Sauer AV, Barreira da Silva R, Tejera-Alhambra M, Sánchez-Ramón S, ICAReB, Cancrini C, Ingersoll MA, Aiuti A, Albert ML. Lymphocytes are a major source of circulating soluble dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:166-179. [PMID: 30251416 PMCID: PMC6194339 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4, CD26) is a serine protease that is expressed constitutively by many haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic tissues. It exists as a membrane-associated protein, as well as in an active, soluble form (herein called sDPP4), present at high concentrations in bodily fluids. Despite the proposed use of sDPP4 as a biomarker for multiple diseases, its cellular sources are not well defined. Here, we report that individuals with congenital lymphocyte immunodeficiency had markedly lower serum concentrations of sDPP4, which were restored upon successful treatment and restoration of lymphocyte haematopoiesis. Using irradiated lymphopenic mice and wild-type to Dpp4-/- reciprocal bone marrow chimeric animals, we found that haematopoietic cells were a major source of circulating sDPP4. Furthermore, activation of human and mouse T lymphocytes resulted in increased sDPP4, providing a mechanistic link between immune system activation and sDPP4 concentration. Finally, we observed that acute viral infection induced a transient increase in sDPP4, which correlated with the expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Our study demonstrates that sDPP4 concentrations are determined by the frequency and activation state of lymphocyte populations. Insights from these studies will support the use of sDPP4 concentration as a biomarker for inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casrouge
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - A V Sauer
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - R Barreira da Silva
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Tejera-Alhambra
- Servicio de Inmunología. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sánchez-Ramón
- Servicio de Inmunología. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - ICAReB
- IcareB Platform of the Center for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - C Cancrini
- Ospedale Pediatrico, Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
- University Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Childrens' Hospital Bambino Gesù-University of Torvergata Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M A Ingersoll
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - A Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M L Albert
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Is there a Chance to Promote Arteriogenesis by DPP4 Inhibitors Even in Type 2 Diabetes? A Critical Review. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100181. [PMID: 30360455 PMCID: PMC6210696 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the prevailing cause of death not only in industrialized countries, but even worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and hyperlipidemia, a metabolic disorder that is often associated with diabetes, are major risk factors for developing CVD. Recently, clinical trials proved the safety of gliptins in treating patients with type 2 DM. Gliptins are dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) inhibitors, which stabilize glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby increasing the bioavailability of insulin. Moreover, blocking DPP4 results in increased levels of stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1). SDF-1 has been shown in pre-clinical animal studies to improve heart function and survival after myocardial infarction, and to promote arteriogenesis, the growth of natural bypasses, compensating for the function of an occluded artery. Clinical trials, however, failed to demonstrate a superiority of gliptins compared to placebo treated type 2 DM patients in terms of cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. This review highlights the function of DPP4 inhibitors in type 2 DM, and in treating cardiovascular diseases, with special emphasis on arteriogenesis. It critically addresses the potency of currently available gliptins and gives rise to hope by pointing out the most relevant questions that need to be resolved.
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26
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Kim M, von Muenchow L, Le Meur T, Kueng B, Gapp B, Weber D, Dietrich W, Kovarik J, Rolink AG, Ksiazek I. DPP9 enzymatic activity in hematopoietic cells is dispensable for mouse hematopoiesis. Immunol Lett 2018; 198:60-65. [PMID: 29709545 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular prolyl peptidase implicated in immunoregulation. However, its physiological relevance in the immune system remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of DPP9 enzyme in immune system by characterizing DPP9 knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive S729A mutant of DPP9 enzyme (DPP9ki/ki mice). DPP9ki/ki mice show reduced number of lymphoid and myeloid cells in fetal liver and postnatal blood but their hematopoietic cells are fully functional and able to reconstitute lymphoid and myeloid lineages even in competitive mixed chimeras. These studies demonstrate that inactivation of DPP9 enzymatic activity does not lead to any perturbations in mouse hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyung Kim
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lilly von Muenchow
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Le Meur
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Kueng
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berangere Gapp
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Weber
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jiri Kovarik
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonius G Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Ksiazek
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Structures and mechanism of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9, important players in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1437-E1445. [PMID: 29382749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717565115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 are intracellular N-terminal dipeptidyl peptidases (preferentially postproline) associated with pathophysiological roles in immune response and cancer biology. While the DPP family member DPP4 is extensively characterized in molecular terms as a validated therapeutic target of type II diabetes, experimental 3D structures and ligand-/substrate-binding modes of DPP8 and DPP9 have not been reported. In this study we describe crystal and molecular structures of human DPP8 (2.5 Å) and DPP9 (3.0 Å) unliganded and complexed with a noncanonical substrate and a small molecule inhibitor, respectively. Similar to DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9 molecules consist of one β-propeller and α/β hydrolase domain, forming a functional homodimer. However, they differ extensively in the ligand binding site structure. In intriguing contrast to DPP4, where liganded and unliganded forms are closely similar, ligand binding to DPP8/9 induces an extensive rearrangement at the active site through a disorder-order transition of a 26-residue loop segment, which partially folds into an α-helix (R-helix), including R160/133, a key residue for substrate binding. As vestiges of this helix are also seen in one of the copies of the unliganded form, conformational selection may contributes to ligand binding. Molecular dynamics simulations support increased flexibility of the R-helix in the unliganded state. Consistently, enzyme kinetics assays reveal a cooperative allosteric mechanism. DPP8 and DPP9 are closely similar and display few opportunities for targeted ligand design. However, extensive differences from DPP4 provide multiple cues for specific inhibitor design and development of the DPP family members as therapeutic targets or antitargets.
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Yazbeck R, Jaenisch SE, Abbott CA. Potential disease biomarkers: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and fibroblast activation protein. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:375-386. [PMID: 28620698 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family in regulating critical biochemical pathways continues to emerge. The two most well-studied members of the family, DPP4 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP), have been investigated both as therapeutic targets for disease and as diagnostic biomarkers. The interest in DPP4 and FAP as potential disease biomarkers has been driven primarily by observations of altered expression profiles in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Furthermore, the stability and persistence of soluble DPP4 and FAP in the serum make them attractive candidate serology markers. This review summarises investigations into DPP4 and FAP as biomarkers of autoimmune disease, gut inflammation, psychosomatic disorders and malignancy and discusses their potential likelihood as clinically useful tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Yazbeck
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simone E Jaenisch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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29
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Kim M, Minoux M, Piaia A, Kueng B, Gapp B, Weber D, Haller C, Barbieri S, Namoto K, Lorenz T, Wirsching J, Bassilana F, Dietrich W, Rijli FM, Ksiazek I. DPP9 enzyme activity controls survival of mouse migratory tongue muscle progenitors and its absence leads to neonatal lethality due to suckling defect. Dev Biol 2017; 431:297-308. [PMID: 28887018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is an intracellular N-terminal post-proline-cleaving enzyme whose physiological function remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of DPP9 enzyme in vivo by characterizing knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive mutant form of DPP9 (S729A; DPP9ki/ki mice). We show that DPP9ki/ki mice die within 12-18h after birth. The neonatal lethality can be rescued by manual feeding, indicating that a suckling defect is the primary cause of neonatal lethality. The suckling defect results from microglossia, and is characterized by abnormal formation of intrinsic muscles at the distal tongue. In DPP9ki/ki mice, the number of occipital somite-derived migratory muscle progenitors, forming distal tongue intrinsic muscles, is reduced due to increased apoptosis. In contrast, intrinsic muscles of the proximal tongue and extrinsic tongue muscles, which derive from head mesoderm, develop normally in DPP9ki/ki mice. Thus, lack of DPP9 activity in mice leads to impaired tongue development, suckling defect and subsequent neonatal lethality due to impaired survival of a specific subset of migratory tongue muscle progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyung Kim
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Piaia
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Kueng
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berangere Gapp
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Weber
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Haller
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Barbieri
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Namoto
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Lorenz
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johann Wirsching
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Ksiazek
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Lee JY, Jang BK, Song MK, Kim HS, Kim MK. Association between Serum Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Concentration and Obesity-related Factors in Health Screen Examinees. J Obes Metab Syndr 2017; 26:188-196. [PMID: 31089516 PMCID: PMC6484912 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an aminopeptidase that inhibits the enzymatic degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides, neuropeptides, and various chemokines. Recent studies reported that serum DPP-4 concentration is correlated with clinical parameters of obesity. However, research on these correlations has never been conducted in Korea. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between serum DPP-4 concentration and various clinical parameters of obesity in the Korean population. Methods Patients who visited the Health Promotion Center at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center for a regular medical examination between January 2013 and March 2013 and consented to participate in this study were included. We measured and analyzed parameters of obesity. In addition, serum DPP-4 concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results Serum DPP-4 concentration was positively correlated with lean body mass, total cholesterol level, and creatinine level. Serum DPP-4 concentration was higher in the obese group than in the normal body mass index (BMI) group. No significant difference in serum DPP-4 concentration was found between the metabolically healthy group and metabolically unhealthy group. Conclusion Serum DPP-4 concentration was higher in the obesity group than in the normal BMI group, which was associated with obesity-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Soon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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31
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Tafelmeyer P, Golshayan D. Fibroblast activation protein-α in fibrogenic disorders and cancer: more than a prolyl-specific peptidase? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:977-991. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1370455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- CHUV and UNIL, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Tafelmeyer
- Hybrigenics Services, Laboratories and Headquarters, Paris, France
- Hybrigenics Corporation, Cambridge Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Talele TT. Natural-Products-Inspired Use of the gem-Dimethyl Group in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2017; 61:2166-2210. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T. Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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Influence of a Virgin Olive Oil versus Butter Plus Cholesterol-Enriched Diet on Testicular Enzymatic Activities in Adult Male Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081701. [PMID: 28777292 PMCID: PMC5578091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to improve our knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the beneficial or deleterious effects on testicular function of the so-called Mediterranean and Western diet by analyzing glutamyl aminopeptidase (GluAP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activities in testis, as enzymes involved in testicular function. Male Wistar rats (6 months old) were fed for 24 weeks with three different diets: standard (S), an S diet supplemented with virgin-olive-oil (20%) (VOO), or a S diet enriched with butter (20%) plus cholesterol (0.1%) (Bch). At the end of the experimental period, plasma lipid profiled (total triglycerides, total cholesterol and cholesterol fractions (HDL, LDL and VDL)) were measured. Enzymatic activities were determined by fluorimetric methods in soluble (sol) and membrane-bound (mb) fractions of testicular tissue using arylamide derivatives as substrates. Results indicated an increase in plasmatic triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL in Bch. A significant increase of mb GluAP and GGT activities was also found in this diet in comparison with the other two diets. Furthermore, significant and positive correlations were established between these activities and plasma triglycerides and/or total cholesterol. These results support a role for testicular GluAP and GGT activities in the effects of saturated fat (Western diet) on testicular functions. In contrast, VOO increased sol DPP IV activity in comparison with the other two diets, which support a role for this activity in the effects of monounsaturated fat (Mediterranean diet) on testicular function. The present results strongly support the influence of fatty acids and cholesterol on testicular GluAP and GGT activities and also provide support that the reported beneficial influence of the Mediterranean diet in male fertility may be mediated in part by an increase of testicular sol DPP IV activity.
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Zapletal E, Cupic B, Gabrilovac J. Expression, subcellular localisation, and possible roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) in murine macrophages. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:124-137. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Zapletal
- Laboratory for Experimental Haematology, Immunology and Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Barbara Cupic
- Laboratory for Experimental Haematology, Immunology and Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jelka Gabrilovac
- Laboratory for Experimental Haematology, Immunology and Oncology, Division of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Zagreb Croatia
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Vliegen G, Raju TK, Adriaensen D, Lambeir AM, De Meester I. The expression of proline-specific enzymes in the human lung. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:130. [PMID: 28462210 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of lung diseases is very complex and proteolytic enzymes may play a role or could be used as biomarkers. In this review, the literature was searched to make an overview of what is known on the expression of the proline-specific peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4, 8, 9, prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) and fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) in the healthy and diseased lung. Search terms included asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, fibrosis, ischemia reperfusion injury and pneumonia. Knowledge on the loss or gain of protein expression and activity during disease might tie these enzymes to certain cell types, substrates or interaction partners that are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, ultimately leading to the elucidation of their functional roles and a potential therapeutic target. Most data could be found on DPP4, while the other enzymes are less explored. Published data however often appear to be conflicting, the applied methods divers and the specificity of the assays used questionable. In conclusion, information on the expression of the proline-specific peptidases in the healthy and diseased lung is lacking, begging for further well-designed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tom K Raju
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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36
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Tang Z, Li J, Shen Q, Feng J, Liu H, Wang W, Xu L, Shi G, Ye X, Ge M, Zhou X, Ni S. Contribution of upregulated dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) in promoting tumoregenicity, metastasis and the prediction of poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1620-1632. [PMID: 27943262 PMCID: PMC5324565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) is encoded by DPP9, which belongs to the DPP4 gene family. Proteins encoded by these genes have unique peptidase and extra‐enzymatic functions that have been linked to various diseases including cancers. Here, we describe the expression pattern and biological function of DPP9 in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The repression of DPP9 expression by small interfering RNA inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, we explored the role of DPP9 in regulating epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). The epithelial markers E‐cadherin and MUC1 were significantly increased, while mesenchymal markers vimentin and S100A4 were markedly decreased in DPP9 knockdown cells. The downregulation of DPP9 in the NSCLC cells induced the expression of apoptosis‐associated proteins both in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the protein expression levels of DPP9 by tissue microarray immunohistochemical assay (TMA‐IHC) (n = 217). Further we found mRNA expression levels of DPP9 in 30 pairs of clinical NSCLC tissues were significantly lower than in the adjacent non‐cancerous tissues. Survival analysis showed that the overexpression of DPP9 was a significant independent factor for poor 5‐year overall survival in patients with NSCLC (p = 0.003). Taken together, DPP9 expression correlates with poor overall survival in NSCLC. What's new? Non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with multiple genetic and epigenetic changes. Nonetheless, mechanisms underlying its initiation and progression are not well understood. The present study identifies a role for dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9), a DPP4 family member with suspected influence on tumor initiation and metastasis. In lung cancer cells in vitro, DPP9 repression inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while its repression in vivo dramatically slowed tumor growth, greatly reducing tumor volume in DPP9 knockdown mice. In clinical NSCLC specimens, DPP9 upregulation was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage and was negatively prognostic for overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqin Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanglin Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xumei Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Ge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
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Modular transcriptional repertoire and MicroRNA target analyses characterize genomic dysregulation in the thymus of Down syndrome infants. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7497-533. [PMID: 26848775 PMCID: PMC4884935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21-driven transcriptional alterations in human thymus were characterized through gene coexpression network (GCN) and miRNA-target analyses. We used whole thymic tissue--obtained at heart surgery from Down syndrome (DS) and karyotipically normal subjects (CT)--and a network-based approach for GCN analysis that allows the identification of modular transcriptional repertoires (communities) and the interactions between all the system's constituents through community detection. Changes in the degree of connections observed for hierarchically important hubs/genes in CT and DS networks corresponded to community changes. Distinct communities of highly interconnected genes were topologically identified in these networks. The role of miRNAs in modulating the expression of highly connected genes in CT and DS was revealed through miRNA-target analysis. Trisomy 21 gene dysregulation in thymus may be depicted as the breakdown and altered reorganization of transcriptional modules. Leading networks acting in normal or disease states were identified. CT networks would depict the "canonical" way of thymus functioning. Conversely, DS networks represent a "non-canonical" way, i.e., thymic tissue adaptation under trisomy 21 genomic dysregulation. This adaptation is probably driven by epigenetic mechanisms acting at chromatin level and through the miRNA control of transcriptional programs involving the networks' high-hierarchy genes.
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Okondo MC, Johnson DC, Sridharan R, Go EB, Chui AJ, Wang MS, Poplawski SE, Wu W, Liu Y, Lai JH, Sanford DG, Arciprete MO, Golub TR, Bachovchin WW, Bachovchin DA. DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition induces pro-caspase-1-dependent monocyte and macrophage pyroptosis. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 13:46-53. [PMID: 27820798 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Val-boroPro (Talabostat, PT-100), a nonselective inhibitor of post-proline cleaving serine proteases, stimulates mammalian immune systems through an unknown mechanism of action. Despite this lack of mechanistic understanding, Val-boroPro has attracted substantial interest as a potential anticancer agent, reaching phase 3 trials in humans. Here we show that Val-boroPro stimulates the immune system by triggering a proinflammatory form of cell death in monocytes and macrophages known as pyroptosis. We demonstrate that the inhibition of two serine proteases, DPP8 and DPP9, activates the pro-protein form of caspase-1 independent of the inflammasome adaptor ASC. Activated pro-caspase-1 does not efficiently process itself or IL-1β but does cleave and activate gasdermin D to induce pyroptosis. Mice lacking caspase-1 do not show immune stimulation after treatment with Val-boroPro. Our data identify what is to our knowledge the first small molecule that induces pyroptosis and reveals a new checkpoint that controls the activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian C Okondo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ramya Sridharan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eun Bin Go
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley J Chui
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wang
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah E Poplawski
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack H Lai
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David G Sanford
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael O Arciprete
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Department of Developmental, Chemical &Molecular Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Arisaph Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Wilson CH, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD, Abbott CA. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 substrates and their discovery: current progress and the application of mass spectrometry-based approaches. Biol Chem 2016; 397:837-56. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The enzyme members of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family have the very unusual capacity to cleave the post-proline bond to release dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptide/protein substrates. DPP4 and related enzymes are current and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of type II diabetes, inflammatory conditions and cancer. Despite this, the precise biological function of individual dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs), other than DPP4, and knowledge of their in vivo substrates remains largely unknown. For many years, identification of physiological DPP substrates has been difficult due to limitations in the available tools. Now, with advances in mass spectrometry based approaches, we can discover DPP substrates on a system wide-scale. Application of these approaches has helped reveal some of the in vivo natural substrates of DPP8 and DPP9 and their unique biological roles. In this review, we provide a general overview of some tools and approaches available for protease substrate discovery and their applicability to the DPPs with a specific focus on DPP9 substrates. This review provides comment upon potential approaches for future substrate elucidation.
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40
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Busek P, Vanickova Z, Hrabal P, Brabec M, Fric P, Zavoral M, Skrha J, Kmochova K, Laclav M, Bunganic B, Augustyns K, Van Der Veken P, Sedo A. Increased tissue and circulating levels of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzymatic activity in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2016; 16:829-38. [PMID: 27320722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is frequently heralded by an impairment of glucose homeostasis. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) are aminopeptidases that regulate several bioactive peptides involved in glucoregulation, and are frequently dysregulated in cancer. The present study analyzes blood plasma levels and the quantity and localization of DPP-IV and FAP in PDAC tissues. METHODS DPP-IV and FAP concentration and enzymatic activity were evaluated in the plasma from 93 PDAC, 39 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 29 control subjects, and in matched paired non-tumorous and tumor tissues from 48 PDAC patients. The localization of DPP-IV and FAP was determined using immunohistochemistry and catalytic histochemistry. RESULTS The enzymatic activity and concentration of DPP-IV was higher in PDAC tumor tissues compared to non-tumorous pancreas. DPP-IV was expressed in cancer cells and in the fibrotic stroma by activated (myo)fibroblasts including DPP-IV(+)FAP(+) cells. FAP was expressed in stromal cells and in some cancer cells and its expression was increased in the tumors. Plasmatic DPP-IV enzymatic activity, and in particular the ratio between DPP-IV enzymatic activity and concentration in PDAC with recent onset DM was higher compared to T2DM. In contrast, the plasmatic FAP enzymatic activity was lower in PDAC compared to T2DM and controls and rose after tumor removal. CONCLUSIONS DPP-IV-like enzymatic activity is upregulated in PDAC tissues. PDAC patients with recent onset diabetes or prediabetes have increased plasmatic DPP-IV enzymatic activity. These changes may contribute to the frequently observed association of PDAC and recent onset impairment of glucoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Busek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry & Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdislava Vanickova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry & Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hrabal
- Department of Pathology, Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Brabec
- Department of Nonlinear Modeling, Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Premysl Fric
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Zavoral
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skrha
- 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Kmochova
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Laclav
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohus Bunganic
- Department of Internal Medicine of First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UAMC University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UAMC University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry & Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Wagner L, Kaestner F, Wolf R, Stiller H, Heiser U, Manhart S, Hoffmann T, Rahfeld JU, Demuth HU, Rothermundt M, von Hörsten S. Identifying neuropeptide Y (NPY) as the main stress-related substrate of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in blood circulation. Neuropeptides 2016; 57:21-34. [PMID: 26988064 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; EC 3.4.14.5; CD26) is a membrane-bound or shedded serine protease that hydrolyzes dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptides with either proline or alanine at the penultimate position. Substrates of DPP4 include several stress-related neuropeptides implicated in anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. A decline of DPP4-like activity has been reported in sera from depressed patient, but not fully characterized regarding DPP4-like enzymes, therapeutic interventions and protein. METHODS Sera from 16 melancholic- and 16 non-melancholic-depressed patients were evaluated for DPP4-like activities and the concentration of soluble DPP4 protein before and after treatment by anti-depressive therapies. Post-translational modification of DPP4-isoforms and degradation of NPY, Peptide YY (PYY), Galanin-like peptide (GALP), Orexin B (OrxB), OrxA, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and substance P (SP) were studied in serum and in ex vivo human blood. N-terminal truncation of biotinylated NPY by endothelial membrane-bound DPP4 versus soluble DPP4 was determined in rat brain perfusates and spiked sera. RESULTS Lower DPP4 activities in depressed patients were reversed by anti-depressive treatment. In sera, DPP4 contributed to more than 90% of the overall DPP4-like activity and correlated with its protein concentration. NPY displayed equal degradation in serum and blood, and was equally truncated by serum and endothelial DPP4. In addition, GALP and rat OrxB were identified as novel substrates of DPP4. CONCLUSION NPY is the best DPP4-substrate in blood, being truncated by soluble and membrane DPP4, respectively. The decline of soluble DPP4 in acute depression could be reversed upon anti-depressive treatment. Peptidases from three functional compartments regulate the bioactivity of NPY in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e,V., Stuttgart, Germany; Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany; Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Experimental Therapy, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Florian Kaestner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Raik Wolf
- Center for Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Transfusion, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Germany; Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Torsten Hoffmann
- Center for Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Transfusion, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Rothermundt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; St. Rochus-Hospital Telgte, 48291 Telgte, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Experimental Therapy, Erlangen, Germany.
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Shiina Y, Muto T, Zhang Z, Baihaqie A, Yoshizawa T, Lee HIJ, Park E, Tsukiji S, Takimoto K. Fly DPP10 acts as a channel ancillary subunit and possesses peptidase activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26290. [PMID: 27198182 PMCID: PMC4873792 DOI: 10.1038/srep26290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian DPP6 (DPPX) and DPP10 (DPPY) belong to a family of dipeptidyl peptidases, but lack enzyme activity. Instead, these proteins form complexes with voltage-gated K(+) channels in Kv4 family to control their gating and other properties. Here, we find that the fly DPP10 ortholog acts as an ancillary subunit of Kv4 channels and digests peptides. Similarly to mammalian DPP10, the fly ortholog tightly binds to rat Kv4.3 protein. The association causes negative shifts in voltage dependence of channel activation and steady state inactivation. It also results in faster inactivation and recovery from inactivation. In addition to its channel regulatory role, fly DPP10 exhibits significant dipeptidyl peptidase activity with Gly-Pro-MCA (glycyl-L-proline 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide) as a substrate. Heterologously expressed Flag-tagged fly DPP10 and human DPP4 show similar Km values towards this substrate. However, fly DPP10 exhibits approximately a 6-times-lower relative kcat value normalized with anti-Flag immunoreactivity than human DPP4. These results demonstrate that fly DPP10 is a dual functional protein, controlling Kv4 channel gating and removing bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Shiina
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Muto
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Ahmad Baihaqie
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Takamasa Yoshizawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Hye-In J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Eulsoon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-855, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-855, Japan
| | - Koichi Takimoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
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Wu WL, Hao J, Domalski M, Burnett DA, Pissarnitski D, Zhao Z, Stamford A, Scapin G, Gao YD, Soriano A, Kelly TM, Yao Z, Powles MA, Chen S, Mei H, Hwa J. Discovery of Novel Tricyclic Heterocycles as Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:498-501. [PMID: 27190600 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In our efforts to develop second generation DPP-4 inhibitors, we endeavored to identify distinct structures with long-acting (once weekly) potential. Taking advantage of X-ray cocrystal structures of sitagliptin and other DPP-4 inhibitors, such as alogliptin and linagliptin bound to DPP-4, and aided by molecular modeling, we designed several series of heterocyclic compounds as initial targets. During their synthesis, an unexpected chemical transformation provided a novel tricyclic scaffold that was beyond our original design. Capitalizing on this serendipitous discovery, we have elaborated this scaffold into a very potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor lead series, as highlighted by compound 17c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lian Wu
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jinsong Hao
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Martin Domalski
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane A. Burnett
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri Pissarnitski
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew Stamford
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giovanna Scapin
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying-Duo Gao
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Soriano
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Terri M. Kelly
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zuliang Yao
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary Ann Powles
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shiying Chen
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Mei
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joyce Hwa
- Department of Lead Optimization Chemistry, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, and §Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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44
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The discovery of novel 5,6,5- and 5,5,6-tricyclic pyrrolidines as potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2622-6. [PMID: 27106708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel potent and selective 5,6,5- and 5,5,6-tricyclic pyrrolidine dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors were identified. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) efforts focused on improving the intrinsic DPP-4 inhibition potency, increasing protease selectivity, and demonstrating clean ion channel and cytochrome P450 profiles while trying to achieve a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once weekly dosing in humans.
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45
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Deacon CF, Lebovitz HE. Comparative review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:333-47. [PMID: 26597596 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive disease, and pharmacotherapy with a single agent does not generally provide durable glycaemic control over the long term. Sulphonylurea (SU) drugs have a history stretching back over 60 years, and have traditionally been the mainstay choice as second-line agents to be added to metformin once glycaemic control with metformin monotherapy deteriorates; however, they are associated with undesirable side effects, including increased hypoglycaemia risk and weight gain. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are, by comparison, more recent, with the first compound being launched in 2006, but the class now globally encompasses at least 11 different compounds. DPP-4 inhibitors improve glycaemic control with similar efficacy to SUs, but do not usually provoke hypoglycaemia or weight gain, are relatively free from adverse side effects, and have recently been shown not to increase cardiovascular risk in large prospective safety trials. Because of these factors, DPP-4 inhibitors have become an established therapy for T2DM and are increasingly being positioned earlier in treatment algorithms. The present article reviews these two classes of oral antidiabetic drugs (DPP-4 inhibitors and SUs), highlighting differences and similarities between members of the same class, as well as discussing the potential advantages and disadvantages of the two drug classes. While both classes have their merits, the choice of which to use depends on the characteristics of each individual patient; however, for the majority of patients, DPP-4 inhibitors are now the preferred choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - H E Lebovitz
- State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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46
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Wagner L, Klemann C, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Unravelling the immunological roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:265-83. [PMID: 26671446 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 (CD26, DPP4) is a multi-functional protein involved in T cell activation by co-stimulation via its association with adenosine deaminase (ADA), caveolin-1, CARMA-1, CD45, mannose-6-phosphate/insulin growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGFII-R) and C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXC-R4). The proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase also modulates the bioactivity of several chemokines. However, a number of enzymes displaying either DPP4-like activities or representing structural homologues have been discovered in the past two decades and are referred to as DPP4 activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Apart from DPP4, DASH proteins include fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), DPP8, DPP9, DPP4-like protein 1 (DPL1, DPP6, DPPX L, DPPX S), DPP4-like protein 2 (DPL2, DPP10) from the DPP4-gene family S9b and structurally unrelated enzyme DPP2, displaying DPP4-like activity. In contrast, DPP6 and DPP10 lack enzymatic DPP4-like activity. These DASH proteins play important roles in the immune system involving quiescence (DPP2), proliferation (DPP8/DPP9), antigen-presenting (DPP9), co-stimulation (DPP4), T cell activation (DPP4), signal transduction (DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9), differentiation (DPP4, DPP8) and tissue remodelling (DPP4, FAP). Thus, they are involved in many pathophysiological processes and have therefore been proposed for potential biomarkers or even drug targets in various cancers (DPP4 and FAP) and inflammatory diseases (DPP4, DPP8/DPP9). However, they also pose the challenge of drug selectivity concerning other DASH members for better efficacy and/or avoidance of unwanted side effects. Therefore, this review unravels the complex roles of DASH proteins in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V, Stuttgart.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Klemann
- Centre of Paediatric Surgery.,Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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47
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Chowdhury HH, Velebit J, Radić N, Frančič V, Kreft M, Zorec R. Hypoxia Alters the Expression of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 and Induces Developmental Remodeling of Human Preadipocytes. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:7481470. [PMID: 26881257 PMCID: PMC4735901 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7481470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), a transmembrane protein, has been identified in human adipose tissue and is considered to be associated with obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Since adipose tissue is relatively hypoxic in obese participants, we investigated the expression of DPP4 in human preadipocytes (hPA) and adipocytes in hypoxia, during differentiation and upon insulin stimulation. The results show that DPP4 is abundantly expressed in hPA but very sparsely in adipocytes. During differentiation in vitro, the expression of DPP4 in hPA is reduced on the addition of differentiation medium, indicating that this protein can be hPA marker. Long term hypoxia altered the expression of DPP4 in hPA. In in vitro hypoxic conditions the protease activity of shed DPP4 is reduced; however, in the presence of insulin, the increase in DPP4 expression is potentiated by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena H. Chowdhury
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jelena Velebit
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Radić
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vito Frančič
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Robert Zorec:
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48
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Circulating FGF21 proteolytic processing mediated by fibroblast activation protein. Biochem J 2015; 473:605-14. [PMID: 26635356 PMCID: PMC4764976 DOI: 10.1042/bj20151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone implicated in the regulation of glucose homoeostasis, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and body weight, is considered to be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite observations that FGF21 is rapidly proteolysed in circulation rending it potentially inactive, little is known regarding mechanisms by which FGF21 protein levels are regulated. We systematically investigated human FGF21 protein processing using mass spectrometry. In agreement with previous reports, circulating human FGF21 was found to be cleaved primarily after three proline residues at positions 2, 4 and 171. The extent of FGF21 processing was quantified in a small cohort of healthy human volunteers. Relative abundance of FGF21 proteins cleaved after Pro-2, Pro-4 and Pro-171 ranged from 16 to 30%, 10 to 25% and 10 to 34%, respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) was found to be the primary protease responsible for N-terminal cleavages after residues Pro-2 and Pro-4. Importantly, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) was implicated as the protease responsible for C-terminal cleavage after Pro-171, rendering the protein inactive. The requirement of FAP for FGF21 proteolysis at the C-terminus was independently demonstrated by in vitro digestion, immunodepletion of FAP in human plasma, administration of an FAP-specific inhibitor and by human FGF21 protein processing patterns in FAP knockout mouse plasma. The discovery that FAP is responsible for FGF21 inactivation extends the FGF21 signalling pathway and may enable novel approaches to augment FGF21 actions for therapeutic applications.
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49
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Chen P, Feng D, Qian X, Apgar J, Wilkening R, Kuethe JT, Gao YD, Scapin G, Cox J, Doss G, Eiermann G, He H, Li X, Lyons KA, Metzger J, Petrov A, Wu JK, Xu S, Weber AE, Yan Y, Roy RS, Biftu T. Structure-activity-relationship of amide and sulfonamide analogs of omarigliptin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5767-71. [PMID: 26546218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel substituted-[(3R)-amino-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)]tetrahydro-2H-pyran analogs have been prepared and evaluated as potent, selective and orally active DPP-4 inhibitors. These efforts lead to the discovery of a long acting DPP-4 inhibitor, omarigliptin (MK-3102), which recently completed phase III clinical development and has been approved in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Dennis Feng
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxia Qian
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - James Apgar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Robert Wilkening
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Kuethe
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Ying-Duo Gao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Giovanna Scapin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jason Cox
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - George Doss
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - George Eiermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Screening & Protein Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Huaibing He
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Kathryn A Lyons
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Joseph Metzger
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Aleksandr Petrov
- Department of Pharmacology, Screening & Protein Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Joseph K Wu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shiyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Ann E Weber
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Youwei Yan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Ranabir Sinha Roy
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Tesfaye Biftu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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50
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Waumans Y, Baerts L, Kehoe K, Lambeir AM, De Meester I. The Dipeptidyl Peptidase Family, Prolyl Oligopeptidase, and Prolyl Carboxypeptidase in the Immune System and Inflammatory Disease, Including Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:387. [PMID: 26300881 PMCID: PMC4528296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research from over the past 20 years has implicated dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV and its family members in many processes and different pathologies of the immune system. Most research has been focused on either DPPIV or just a few of its family members. It is, however, essential to consider the entire DPP family when discussing any one of its members. There is a substantial overlap between family members in their substrate specificity, inhibitors, and functions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the role of prolyl-specific peptidases DPPIV, FAP, DPP8, DPP9, dipeptidyl peptidase II, prolyl carboxypeptidase, and prolyl oligopeptidase in the immune system and its diseases. We highlight possible therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, a condition that lies at the frontier between inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Waumans
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Lesley Baerts
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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