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Fukamachi H, Kato S, Asashima M, Ichinose M, Yuasa Y. Activin A regulates growth of gastro-intestinal epithelial cells by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:786-91. [PMID: 24299059 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction on the development of gastro-intestinal (GI) organs has been repeatedly reported, but its molecular mechanism has not been fully understood though several factors including hepatocyte growth factor and endothelin-3 have been shown to mediate it. Activins have been demonstrated to play important roles in the regulation of organogenesis in vertebrates, but their roles in the regulation of growth and differentiation of GI organs remain to be solved. In the present study, we examined expression of activins in developing rat GI tract, and found that inhibin bA encoding activin A was specifically expressed by GI mesenchymes, while inhibin bB encoding activin B was expressed by both epithelial and mesenchymal components. We then examined the effect of activin A on the growth of fetal rat GI epithelial cells in primary culture. We found that activin A inhibited the growth of forestomach and glandular stomach epithelial cells while it stimulated the growth of colonic epithelial cells. These results suggest that activin A secreted from GI mesenchymes region-specifically regulates the growth of attaching epithelial cells. We thus conclude that activin A mediates epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in the developing GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukamachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinko Kato
- Faculty of Community Health Care, Department of Nursing, Teikyo Heisei University, 6-19 Chiharadainishi, Ichihara-city, Chiba, 290-0192, Japan
| | - Makoto Asashima
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masao Ichinose
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Yuasa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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Fukamachi H, Seol HS, Shimada S, Funasaka C, Baba K, Kim JH, Park YS, Kim MJ, Kato K, Inokuchi M, Kawachi H, Yook JH, Eishi Y, Kojima K, Kim WH, Jang SJ, Yuasa Y. CD49f(high) cells retain sphere-forming and tumor-initiating activities in human gastric tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72438. [PMID: 24015244 PMCID: PMC3756075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of gastric tumor-initiating cells (TICs) is essential to explore new therapies for gastric cancer patients. There are reports that gastric TICs can be identified using the cell surface marker CD44 and that they form floating spheres in culture, but we could not obtain consistent results with our patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) cells. We thus searched for another marker for gastric TICs, and found that CD49f(high) cells from newly-dissected gastric cancers formed tumors with histological features of parental ones while CD49f(low) cells did not when subcutaneously injected into immunodeficient mice. These results indicate that CD49f, a subunit of laminin receptors, is a promising marker for human gastric TICs. We established a primary culture system for PDTX cells where only CD49f(high) cells could grow on extracellular matrix (ECM) to form ECM-attaching spheres. When injected into immunodeficient mice, these CD49f(high) sphere cells formed tumors with histological features of parental ones, indicating that only TICs could grow in the culture system. Using this system, we found that some sphere-forming TICs were more resistant than gastric tumor cell lines to chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and doxifluridine. There was a patient-dependent difference in the tumorigenicity of sphere-forming TICs and their response to anti-tumor drugs. These results suggest that ECM plays an essential role for the growth of TICs, and that this culture system will be useful to find new drugs targeting gastric TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyang Sook Seol
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shu Shimada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Funasaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Baba
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jeung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keiji Kato
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikito Inokuchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawachi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeong Hwan Yook
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kojima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yasuhito Yuasa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Akaboshi SI, Watanabe S, Hino Y, Sekita Y, Xi Y, Araki K, Yamamura KI, Oshima M, Ito T, Baba H, Nakao M. HMGA1 is induced by Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and maintains cell proliferation in gastric cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1675-85. [PMID: 19729480 PMCID: PMC2751563 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of stomach cancer is closely associated with chronic inflammation, and the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is activated in most cases of this cancer. High-mobility group A (HMGA) proteins are oncogenic chromatin factors that are primarily expressed not only in undifferentiated tissues but also in various tumors. Here we report that HMGA1 is induced by the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and maintains proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Specific knockdown of HMGA1 resulted in marked reduction of cell growth. The loss of beta-catenin or its downstream c-myc decreased HMGA1 expression, whereas Wnt3a treatment increased HMGA1 and c-myc transcripts. Furthermore, Wnt3a-induced expression of HMGA1 was inhibited by c-myc knockdown, suggesting that HMGA1 is a downstream target of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Enhanced expression of HMGA1 coexisted with the nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin in about 30% of gastric cancer tissues. To visualize the expression of HMGA1 in vivo, transgenic mice expressing endogenous HMGA1 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein were generated and then crossed with K19-Wnt1/C2mE mice, which develop gastric tumors through activation of both the Wnt and prostaglandin E2 pathways. Expression of HMGA1-enhanced green fluorescent protein was normally detected in the forestomach, along the upper border of the glandular stomach, but its expression was also up-regulated in cancerous glandular stomach. These data suggest that HMGA1 is involved in proliferation and gastric tumor formation via the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Akaboshi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Abstract
We have engaged in a number of studies in our laboratory that have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying gut formation, with particular attention being paid to the establishment of regional differences found in the entire gut and within each digestive organ. We have found from our analyses that the presumptive fate of the endoderm in the embryos of vertebrates is determined quite early during development, but the realization of this fate often requires molecular cues from the neighboring tissues such as the lateral plate mesoderm and the mesenchyme derived from it. The mesenchyme seems often to exert instructive or supportive induction effects and, in some cases, a completely inhibitory role during the differentiation of the endodermal epithelium. In addition, many reports on the formation of the stomach, intestine, liver and salivary gland in vertebrates, and of Drosophila gut, all indicate that the morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of these organs are regulated by the regulated expression of genes encoding growth factors and transcription factors. We have further shown that the epithelium can regulate the differentiation of the mesenchyme into the connective tissue and the smooth muscle layers, thus demonstrating the occurrence of literally interactive processes in the development of the digestive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Yasugi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Fukamachi H, Narita T, Yahagi N, Takeda H, Ichinose M. Endothelin-3 controls growth of colonic epithelial cells by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Dev Growth Differ 2005; 47:573-80. [PMID: 16287488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2005.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been repeatedly reported that endothelin-3 (ET-3) is expressed by gastrointestinal mesenchymes, and that paracrine signaling between ET-3 and its receptor plays an essential role in controlling differentiation of the enteric nervous system in the gut, especially in the colon. However it remains to be solved whether ET-3 plays a role in regulating the growth of gastrointestinal epithelial cells. We have previously reported culture systems for forestomach, glandular stomach and duodenal epithelial cells, but a system for colonic epithelial cells has not been established. In the present study, we examined optimal culture conditions for colonic epithelial cells, and examined whether ET-3 affects the growth of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, with special reference to colonic cells. We found that ET-3 dose-dependently and region-specifically stimulated their growth in primary culture: colonic epithelial cells were most responsive, followed by duodenal and glandular stomach epithelial cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ET-3 and a receptor for ET-3 were expressed by both colonic mesenchymes and epithelia, but the levels were much higher in mesenchymes than in epithelia. These results suggest that ET-3 plays an important role in the growth control of colonic epithelial cells, possibly by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukamachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Yuasa H, Inada KI, Watanabe H, Tatematsu M. A Phenotypic Shift from Gastric-Intestinal to Solely Intestinal Cell Types in Intestinal Metaplasia in Rat Stomach Following Treatment with X-rays. J Toxicol Pathol 2002. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.15.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yuasa
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute
- Safety Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd
| | - Ken-ichi Inada
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Hiromitsu Watanabe
- Department of Environment and Mutation, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University
| | - Masae Tatematsu
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute
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Kloth S, Eckert E, Klein SJ, Monzer J, Wanke C, Minuth WW. Gastric epithelium under organotypic perfusion culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:515-7. [PMID: 9719407 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ichinose M, Yahagi N, Matsubara Y, Tsukada S, Oka M, Shimizu Y, Yonezawa S, Kageyama T, Miki K, Fukamachi H. Substratum-dependent and region-specific control of attachment and proliferation of gastrointestinal epithelial cells in primary serum-free culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 230:537-41. [PMID: 9015357 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.5977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A system for the primary serum-free culture of fetal rat gastrointestinal epithelial cells was used to examine the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the attachment and proliferation of these epithelial cells. Forestomach epithelial cells (FSEC) were able to attach to and proliferate on plastic dishes without a substratum, while glandular stomach epithelial cells (GSEC) and duodenal epithelial cells (DEC) were unable to do so. The presence of a substratum promoted the attachment and proliferation of these epithelial cells. The effects of various components of the ECM differed depending on the type of cell. FSEC attached most efficiently to a substratum of fibronectin, while GSEC did so to laminin. DEC attached more efficiently to type I collagen and fibronectin than to any other substratum. FSEC proliferated most rapidly on laminin, while GSEC and DEC did so on collagen gels. These substrata induced the most efficient attachment and proliferation of FSEC, and they were effective in promoting the attachment and proliferation of GSEC and DEC in decreasing order of efficiency, indicating the existence of a head-to-tail gradient in the response of epithelial cells to substrata. The expression of c-myc mRNA in these cells differed depending upon the substratum on which they were cultured and the mRNA level was well correlated with the extent of the cell proliferation, indicating that the cell proliferation is mediated by c-myc gene expression, which is regulated by cell-ECM interactions. The results of the present study demonstrate that proliferation of gastrointestinal epithelial cells is regulated region-specifically not only by soluble factors but also by insoluble components of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ichinose
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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