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Zhong L, Wu C, Liao L, Wu Y. Mycoplasma synoviae induce spleen tissue damage and inflammatory response of chicken through oxidative stress and apoptosis. Virulence 2023:2283895. [PMID: 37963095 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2283895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synovium (MS) is a prominent avian pathogen known to elicit robust inflammatory responses in birds while evading immune detection, often leading to chronic infection and immune compromise. The mechanisms underpinning MS-mediated splenic tissue damage in chickens, however, remain undefined. In our investigation with 7-day-old SPF chickens, we administered an MS-Y bacterial solution (200 µl, 1 × 109 CCU/ml) through eye and nose droplets, collecting spleen samples on days 3, 6, and 12 post-infection. Comprehensive analyses utilizing histopathology, electron microscopy, TUNEL assay, qRT-PCR, and western blot were employed. Results demonstrated that MS-infection downregulated T-SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT, while concurrently elevating iNOS, NO, and MDA levels. Evidently, MS-induced oxidative stress compromised the spleen's antioxidant defences. Histological examinations pinpointed splenic damage characterized by lymphocyte reduction and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Ultrastructural observations revealed clear apoptotic markers, including mitochondrial perturbations and nuclear anomalies. Importantly, MS induced significant spleen tissue apoptosis, as supported by TUNEL assay outputs and gene expression profiles associated with apoptosis. Concurrently, we observed upregulated expressions of mRNAs and proteins affiliated with the NF-κB/MAPK signalling cascade (p < 0.05). Collectively, our data elucidate that MS infection induces splenic apoptosis and oxidative disturbances, perturbs tissue integrity, and potentiates the NF-κB/MAPK-mediated inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemiao Zhong
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated ChineseTraditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture And Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunlin Wu
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated ChineseTraditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture And Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lvyan Liao
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated ChineseTraditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture And Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yijian Wu
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated ChineseTraditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture And Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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2
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Design, synthesis, evaluation of new 3-acetylisoxazolines and their hybrid analogous as anticancer agents: In vitro and in silico analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 98:107666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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3
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Garcia Gonzalez J, Hernandez FJ. Nuclease activity: an exploitable biomarker in bacterial infections. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:265-294. [PMID: 35240900 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2049249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the increasingly challenging field of clinical microbiology, diagnosis is a cornerstone whose accuracy and timing are crucial for the successful management, therapy, and outcome of infectious diseases. Currently employed biomarkers of infectious diseases define the scope and limitations of diagnostic techniques. As such, expanding the biomarker catalog is crucial to address unmet needs and bring about novel diagnostic functionalities and applications. AREAS COVERED This review describes the extracellular nucleases of 15 relevant bacterial pathogens and discusses the potential use of nuclease activity as a diagnostic biomarker. Articles were searched for in PubMed using terms: "nuclease", "bacteria", "nuclease activity" or "biomarker". For overview sections, original and review articles between 2000 and 2019 were searched for using terms: "infections", "diagnosis", "bacterial", "burden", "challenges". Informative articles were selected. EXPERT OPINION Using the catalytic activity of nucleases offers new possibilities compared to established biomarkers. Nucleic acid activatable reporters in combination with different transduction platforms and delivery methods can be used to detect disease-associated nuclease activity patterns in vitro and in vivo for prognostic and diagnostic applications. Even when these patterns are not obvious or of unknown etiology, screening platforms could be used to identify new disease reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden.,Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-lab), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Frank J Hernandez
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden.,Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-lab), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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4
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Hu W, Zhang W, Shah SWA, Ishfaq M, Li J. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection triggered histopathological changes, oxidative stress and apoptosis in chicken thymus and spleen. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103832. [PMID: 32805307 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies mainly focused on the inflammatory responses caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in the chicken respiratory mucosa, setting the stage for chronic infection and disease manifestation. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Spleen and thymus are important immune organs, which play a critical role in eliciting protective immune responses to ensure healing process and elimination of harmful stimuli. In the present study, the effects of MG infection on chicken spleen and thymus were investigated. The results showed that MG infection reduced antioxidant activities and induced oxidative stress in the spleen and thymus tissues. Histological examination showed normal morphology of chicken spleen and thymus in control group compared to MG infection group. In contrast, increased number of necrotic and nuclear debris, lymphocytolysis, prominent reticuloepithelial cells and loose arrangement of cells in the spleen and thymus were seen in MG-infected chickens. Ultrastructural analysis indicated nuclear and mitochondrial damage including mitochondrial swelling, deformation of nuclear membrane and congestion of chromatin material in MG infection group. The mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis-related genes were significantly upregulated in the spleen and thymus of MG-infected chickens compared to control group. Moreover, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling (TUNEL) assay results suggested that MG infection increased the number of positive-stained nuclei in the spleen and thymus. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of mitochondrial dynamics in the spleen and thymus were altered by MG infection. In summary, these results showed that MG induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, which could be the possible causes associated with the immune damage, structural impairment and disease pathogenesis of MG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Hu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Syed Waqas Ali Shah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Effects of Mycoplasmas on the Host Cell Signaling Pathways. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040308. [PMID: 32331465 PMCID: PMC7238135 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms. Reduced sizes of their genomes put constraints on the ability of these bacteria to live autonomously and make them highly dependent on the nutrients produced by host cells. Importantly, at the organism level, mycoplasmal infections may cause pathological changes to the host, including cancer and severe immunological reactions. At the molecular level, mycoplasmas often activate the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) inflammatory response and concomitantly inhibit the p53-mediated response, which normally triggers the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, mycoplasmal infections may be considered as cancer-associated factors. At the same time, mycoplasmas through their membrane lipoproteins (LAMPs) along with lipoprotein derivatives (lipopeptide MALP-2, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2) are able to modulate anti-inflammatory responses via nuclear translocation and activation of Nrf2 (the nuclear factor-E2-related anti-inflammatory transcription factor 2). Thus, interactions between mycoplasmas and host cells are multifaceted and depend on the cellular context. In this review, we summarize the current information on the role of mycoplasmas in affecting the host’s intracellular signaling mediated by the interactions between transcriptional factors p53, Nrf2, and NF-κB. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathologic processes associated with reprogramming eukaryotic cells that arise during the mycoplasma-host cell interaction should facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat oncogenic and inflammatory processes.
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Ishfaq M, Zhang W, Hu W, Waqas Ali Shah S, Liu Y, Wang J, Wu Z, Ahmad I, Li J. Antagonistic Effects Of Baicalin On Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Induced Inflammation And Apoptosis By Restoring Energy Metabolism In The Chicken Lungs. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3075-3089. [PMID: 31632098 PMCID: PMC6781171 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s223085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baicalin possesses potential anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the preventive effects of baicalin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)-induced inflammation, apoptosis and energy metabolism dysfunction in chicken lungs. Methods Experimental chickens were randomly divided into 1) control group, 2) MG infection group, 3) MG-infected group treated with baicalin at a dose of 450 mg/kg and 4) baicalin alone treated group (450 mg/kg). After 7 days of post-treatment, serum and lung tissues were collected for different experimental analyses. The hallmarks of inflammation, apoptosis and energy metabolism dysfunction were detected by histological and ultrastructural examination, qRT-PCR, Western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling (TUNEL) assay. Results The level of serum inflammatory markers were increased with MG infection. Histological and ultrastructural analysis showed excessive inflammatory cells infiltrates, alveolar wall thickening, hemorrhages, mitochondrial and nuclear damage, including mitochondrial swelling and condensation of DNA in the lungs of chickens infected with MG. TUNEL assay positive-stained nuclei were significantly increased in MG infection group. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression level of energy metabolism-related genes and ATPase activities were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, MG-induced morphological and ultrastructural changes were partially disappeared with baicalin-treatment, and the level of serum inflammatory markers were significantly reduced. It has been noted that baicalin significantly attenuated MG-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the chicken lungs through the suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B and reduced extensive positive-stained apoptotic nuclei. More importantly, ATPase activities and mRNA and protein expression level of energy metabolism-related genes were significantly improved with baicalin-treatment in the lungs of chickens infected with MG. Conclusion Conclusively, it has been suggested from these results that baicalin-treatment efficiently prevented MG-induced inflammation, apoptosis and energy metabolism dysfunction in the chicken lungs and provide basis for new therapeutic targets to control MG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Hu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Syed Waqas Ali Shah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25130, Pakistan
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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7
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Josi C, Bürki S, Stojiljkovic A, Wellnitz O, Stoffel MH, Pilo P. Bovine Epithelial in vitro Infection Models for Mycoplasma bovis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:329. [PMID: 30280094 PMCID: PMC6153342 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes bovine mycoplasmosis. The major clinical manifestations are pneumonia and mastitis. Recently an increase in the severity of mastitis cases was reported in Switzerland. At the molecular level, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of M. bovis. Host–pathogen interactions were primarily studied using primary bovine blood cells. Therefore, little is known about the impact of M. bovis on other cell types present in infected tissues. Clear in vitro phenotypes linked to the virulence of M. bovis strains or tissue predilection of specific M. bovis strains have not yet been described. We adapted bovine in vitro systems to investigate infection of epithelial cells with M. bovis using a cell line (MDBK: Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells) and two primary cells (PECT: bovine embryonic turbinate cells and bMec: bovine mammary gland epithelial cells). Two strains isolated before and after the emergence of severe mastitis cases were selected. Strain JF4278 isolated from a cow with mastitis and pneumonia in 2008 and strain L22/93 isolated in 1993 were used to assess the virulence of M. bovis genotypes toward epithelial cells with particular emphasis on mammary gland cells. Our findings indicate that M. bovis is able to adhere to and invade different epithelial cell types. Higher titers of JF4278 than L22/93 were observed in co-cultures with cells. The differences in titers reached between the two strains was more prominent for bMec cells than for MDBK and PECT cells. Moreover, M. bovis strain L22/93 induced apoptosis in MDBK cells and cytotoxicity in PECT cells but not in bMec cells. Dose-dependent variations in proliferation of primary epithelial cells were observed after M. bovis infection. Nevertheless, an indisputable phenotype that could be related to the increased virulence toward mammary gland cells is not obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Josi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Bürki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ana Stojiljkovic
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olga Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Borchsenius SN, Daks A, Fedorova O, Chernova O, Barlev NA. Effects of mycoplasma infection on the host organism response via p53/NF‐κB signaling. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:171-180. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Chernova
- Kazan Scientific Center Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory “Omics Technology”, Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan Russia
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
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9
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Bürgi N, Josi C, Bürki S, Schweizer M, Pilo P. Mycoplasma bovis co-infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in bovine macrophages. Vet Res 2018; 49:2. [PMID: 29316971 PMCID: PMC5761114 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that synergisms between Mycoplasma bovis and other microorganisms might exacerbate disease outcome of bovine mycoplasmosis. Screening several bovine cell types to assess their potential use as in vitro infection models for M. bovis, it was observed that a widely used cell line of bovine macrophages (Bomac cells) is in fact persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The cell line was first cured of this virus allowing comparative studies between both cell lines. Subsequently, uptake and co-culture of two M. bovis strains of different clonal complexes with Bomac cells contaminated with BVDV and in BVDV-free Bomac cells were assessed. Additionally, cell viability, cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis after infection with M. bovis were evaluated. No differences in the levels of uptake and growth in co-culture were observed between the two Bomac cell types and both M. bovis strains. Cytotoxicity was increased after infection of BVDV-free cells with one of the two strains, while apoptotic cell death was slightly induced by this strain in both cell lines. Overall, the presence or absence of BVDV in Bomac cells did not grossly change the parameters tested upon infection with M. bovis. Nevertheless, this cell model is very useful when studying viral co-infections with bacteria and could also be used for multiple co-infections. Considering the broad contamination of cell cultures with BVDV, careful screening for this virus should routinely be performed as its presence might be relevant depending on the molecular mechanisms being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bürgi
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Josi
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Bürki
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Functional genomics is the study of the function of genes on a genome-wide level. Reporter gene assays can be utilized in this context to dissect signaling cascades, find new drug targets, or decipher the function of gene expression. The genome-wide scale of these experiments necessitates a different approach toward science than traditional single hypothesis driven research. High-throughput experimentation requires large project teams, automation, and discrete validation of each step in the automation and assay process. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general outline of a standard functional genomics project with a reporter gene assay as readout, give an overview of the methodologies employed and familiarize the reader with the subsequent data analysis. The advantages of such high throughput experimentation are speed, quantitative results, and insights into biology on a genome-wide scale all of which enable a more rapid progress of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Welch
- Department of Genomics, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Functional Genomics Screening Team, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Johnsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loren Miraglia
- Department of Genomics, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Functional Genomics Screening Team, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Liu M, Du G, Liu B, Hu Y, Liu J, Jia Y, Minion FC, Shao G, Zhao R. Cholesterol exacerbates Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-induced apoptosis via stimulating proliferation and adhesion to porcine alveolar macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Zhang H, Zhao G, Guo Y, Menghwar H, Chen Y, Chen H, Guo A. Mycoplasma bovis MBOV_RS02825 Encodes a Secretory Nuclease Associated with Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050628. [PMID: 27136546 PMCID: PMC4881454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the activity of one Mycoplasma bovis nuclease encoded by MBOV_RS02825 and its association with cytotoxicity. The bioinformatics analysis predicted that it encodes a Ca2+-dependent nuclease based on existence of enzymatic sites in a TNASE_3 domain derived from a Staphylococcus aureus thermonuclease (SNc). We cloned and purified the recombinant MbovNase (rMbovNase), and demonstrated its nuclease activity by digesting bovine macrophage linear DNA and RNA, and closed circular plasmid DNA in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+ at 22–65 °C. In addition, this MbovNase was localized in membrane and rMbovNase able to degrade DNA matrix of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). When incubated with macrophages, rMbovNase bound to and invaded the cells localizing to both the cytoplasm and nuclei. These cells experienced apoptosis and the viability was significantly reduced. The apoptosis was confirmed by activated expression of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and Bax, and inhibition of Iκβα and Bcl-2. In contrast, rMbovNaseΔ181–342 without TNASE_3 domain exhibited deficiency in all the biological functions. Furthermore, rMbovNase was also demonstrated to be secreted. In conclusion, it is a first report that MbovNase is an active nuclease, both secretory and membrane protein with ability to degrade NETs and induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yusi Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Harish Menghwar
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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13
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da Silva PCA, Rosembach TV, Santos AA, Rocha MS, Martins ML. Normal and tumoral melanocytes exhibit q-Gaussian random search patterns. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104253. [PMID: 25203532 PMCID: PMC4159146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell motility is central in all morphogenetic processes, tissue maintenance, wound healing and immune surveillance. Hence, failures in its regulation potentiates numerous diseases. Here, cell migration assays on plastic 2D surfaces were performed using normal (Melan A) and tumoral (B16F10) murine melanocytes in random motility conditions. The trajectories of the centroids of the cell perimeters were tracked through time-lapse microscopy. The statistics of these trajectories was analyzed by building velocity and turn angle distributions, as well as velocity autocorrelations and the scaling of mean-squared displacements. We find that these cells exhibit a crossover from a normal to a super-diffusive motion without angular persistence at long time scales. Moreover, these melanocytes move with non-Gaussian velocity distributions. This major finding indicates that amongst those animal cells supposedly migrating through Lévy walks, some of them can instead perform q-Gaussian walks. Furthermore, our results reveal that B16F10 cells infected by mycoplasmas exhibit essentially the same diffusivity than their healthy counterparts. Finally, a q-Gaussian random walk model was proposed to account for these melanocytic migratory traits. Simulations based on this model correctly describe the crossover to super-diffusivity in the cell migration tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago V. Rosembach
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anésia A. Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio S. Rocha
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L. Martins
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Complex Systems, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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In vitro infection of bovine monocytes with Mycoplasma bovis delays apoptosis and suppresses production of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha but not interleukin-10. Infect Immun 2013; 82:62-71. [PMID: 24126524 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00961-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is one of the major causative pathogens of bovine respiratory complex disease (BRD), which is characterized by enzootic pneumonia, mastitis, pleuritis, and polyarthritis. M. bovis enters and colonizes bovine respiratory epithelial cells through inhalation of aerosol from contaminated air. The nature of the interaction between M. bovis and the bovine innate immune system is not well understood. We hypothesized that M. bovis invades blood monocytes and regulates cellular function to support its persistence and systemic dissemination. We used bovine-specific peptide kinome arrays to identify cellular signaling pathways that could be relevant to M. bovis-monocyte interactions in vitro. We validated these pathways using functional, protein, and gene expression assays. Here, we show that infection of bovine blood monocytes with M. bovis delays spontaneous or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/staurosporine-driven apoptosis, activates the NF-κB p65 subunit, and inhibits caspase-9 activity. We also report that M. bovis-infected bovine monocytes do not produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and TNF-α, although the level of production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) is elevated. Our findings suggest that M. bovis takes over the cellular machinery of bovine monocytes to prolong bacterial survival and to possibly facilitate subsequent systemic distribution.
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Cacciotto C, Addis MF, Coradduzza E, Carcangiu L, Nuvoli AM, Tore G, Dore GM, Pagnozzi D, Uzzau S, Chessa B, Pittau M, Alberti A. Mycoplasma agalactiae MAG_5040 is a Mg2+-dependent, sugar-nonspecific SNase recognised by the host humoral response during natural infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57775. [PMID: 23469065 PMCID: PMC3585158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the enzymatic activity of Mycoplasma agalactiae MAG_5040, a magnesium-dependent nuclease homologue to the staphylococcal SNase was characterized and its antigenicity during natural infections was established. A UGA corrected version of MAG_5040, lacking the region encoding the signal peptide, was expressed in Escherichia coli as a GST fusion protein. Recombinant GST-MAG_5040 exhibits nuclease activity similar to typical sugar-nonspecific endo- and exonucleases, with DNA as the preferred substrate and optimal activity in the presence of 20 mM MgCl2 at temperatures ranging from 37 to 45°C. According to in silico analyses, the position of the gene encoding MAG_5040 is consistently located upstream an ABC transporter, in most sequenced mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasma hominis group. In M. agalactiae, MAG_5040 is transcribed in a polycistronic RNA together with the ABC transporter components and with MAG_5030, which is predicted to be a sugar solute binding protein by 3D modeling and homology search. In a natural model of sheep and goats infection, anti-MAG_5040 antibodies were detected up to 9 months post infection. Taking into account its enzymatic activity, MAG_5040 could play a key role in Mycoplasma agalactiae survival into the host, contributing to host pathogenicity. The identification of MAG_5040 opens new perspectives for the development of suitable tools for the control of contagious agalactia in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Carcangiu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gessica Tore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Mario Dore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (SS), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Bernardo Chessa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Pittau
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Wang B, Wu JR, Guo HJ, Yang HT, Ai J, Hui M, Chan CY. The prevalence of six species of Mycoplasmataceae in an HIV/AIDS population in Jiangsu Province, China. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:e7-10. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study employed culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma penetrans and Mycoplasma pirum in 210 HIV/AIDS patients, 455 sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic attendees and 245 healthy volunteers from first-void urine specimens for men and endocervical swabs for women. U. urealyticum and M. hominis were detected in 107 (51.0%) and 69 (32.9%) patients in the HIV/AIDS group. At least one of the other four organisms was detected in 34 (16.2%) HIV/AIDS patients, 29 (6.4%) STI clinic attendees and six (2.5%) healthy volunteers. This study showed that U. urealyticum, M. hominis and M. fermentans were significantly more prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients, as were other mycoplasmas. Our results suggest a possible role for co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University
| | - J-R Wu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University
| | - H-J Guo
- School of Public Health, Southeast University
- Jiangsu Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
| | - H-T Yang
- Jiangsu Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
| | - J Ai
- School of Public Health, Southeast University
- Jiangsu Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
| | - M Hui
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - C-Y Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Somarajan SR, Kannan TR, Baseman JB. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mpn133 is a cytotoxic nuclease with a glutamic acid-, lysine- and serine-rich region essential for binding and internalization but not enzymatic activity. Cell Microbiol 2011; 12:1821-31. [PMID: 20690923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified Mpn133 as a Ca(2+)-dependent cytotoxic nuclease of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence studies revealed the binding and internalization of recombinant Mpn133 (rMpn133) in human airway A549 cells. Amino acid sequence comparisons of Mpn133 with other mycoplasma nucleases demonstrated the presence of a unique glutamic acid-, lysine- and serine-rich region (EKS region; amino acids 72-110). Deletion of this EKS peptide (rMpn133(Δ72-110)) abrogated its binding and internalization but not its nuclease activity. The function of the EKS region in host cell trafficking and nuclear localization was reinforced by the successful delivery of EKS-conjugated mCherry protein into A549 cells. rMpn133, but not rMpn133(Δ72-110), induced apoptosis-like death in A549 cells. This observation suggested a unique role of Mpn133 as an important contributor to M. pneumoniae-associated life cycle events and as a virulence factor in host-associated cytopathologies. In addition, the distinct property of the EKS peptide in delivery of proteins, like mCherry, into target cells opens new avenues to the establishment of novel concepts of drug delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha R Somarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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18
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Radaelli E, Luini M, Loria G, Nicholas R, Scanziani E. Bacteriological, serological, pathological and immunohistochemical studies of Mycoplasma bovis respiratory infection in veal calves and adult cattle at slaughter. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao H, Dreses-Werringloer U, Davies P, Marambaud P. Amyloid-beta peptide degradation in cell cultures by mycoplasma contaminants. BMC Res Notes 2008; 1:38. [PMID: 18710491 PMCID: PMC2527505 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-1-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell cultures have become an indispensable tool in Alzheimer's disease research for studying amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism. It is estimated that up to 35% of cell cultures in current use are infected with various mycoplasma species. In contrast with common bacterial and fungal infections, contaminations of cell cultures with mycoplasmas represent a challenging issue in terms of detectability and prevention. Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating bacteria and the consequences of an infection for the host cells are variable, ranging from no apparent effect to induction of apoptosis. Findings Here we present evidence that mycoplasmas from a cell culture contamination are able to efficiently and rapidly degrade extracellular Aβ. As a result, we observed no accumulation of Aβ in the conditioned medium of mycoplasma-positive cells stably transfected with the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). Importantly, eradication of the mycoplasma contaminant – identified as M. hyorhinis – by treatments with a quinolone-based antibiotic, restored extracellular Aβ accumulation in the APP-transfected cells. Conclusion These data show that mycoplasmas degrade Aβ and thus may represent a significant source of variability when comparing extracellular Aβ levels in different cell lines. On the basis of these results, we recommend assessment of mycoplasma contaminations prior to extracellular Aβ level measurements in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Zhao
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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20
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Zhang S, Lo SC. Effect of mycoplasmas on apoptosis of 32D cells is species-dependent. Curr Microbiol 2007; 54:388-95. [PMID: 17486403 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that mycoplasmal infection effectively prevented apoptosis of infected cells, whereas other researchers have indicated that mycoplasmal infection promoted apoptosis. To understand the mechanism underlying this discrepancy, five different species of mycoplasmas were investigated for their effects on apoptosis of interleukin (IL)-3-dependent 32D cells. Results revealed that Mycoplasma fermentans and M. penetrans effectively supported continuous growth of 32D cells after IL-3 withdrawal. M. fermentans was more potent than M. penetrans. This effect was achieved by way of preventing apoptosis and stimulating cell proliferation. On the contrary, M. hominis and M. salivarium accelerated apoptosis of 32D cells. M. genitalium had no significant effect on apoptosis. The RNase protection assay indicated that the proapoptotic and antiapoptotic mycoplasmas altered the expression of major apoptosis regulatory genes differently. The difference in apoptosis regulatory gene expression induced by different species of mycoplasmas might be accountable for their effects on host cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Pathology, American Registry of Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 14th Street and Alaska Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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21
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Hunt ME, Brown DR. Mycoplasma alligatoris infection promotes CD95 (FasR) expression and apoptosis of primary cardiac fibroblasts. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 12:1370-7. [PMID: 16339059 PMCID: PMC1317073 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.12.1370-1377.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma alligatoris causes acute lethal primary infection of susceptible hosts. A genome survey implicated sialidase and hyaluronidase, potential promoters of CD95-mediated eukaryotic cell death, as virulence factors of M. alligatoris. We used immunofluorescence imaging and flow cytometry to examine the effects of M. alligatoris infection in vitro on CD95 expression and apoptosis by alligator cardiac fibroblasts, a major cell type of a target organ of M. alligatoris infection in vivo. A uniform distribution of CD95 in primary cultured cardiac, skeletal muscle, and embryonic fibroblasts was demonstrated by using polyclonal antibodies against the N or C terminus of mouse or human CD95. Anti-CD95 antibodies reacted on Western blots of fibroblast lysates with a band with the predicted apparent molecular weight of CD95, but soluble CD95 was not detected in plasma from control or M. alligatoris-infected alligators. The proportion of CD95-gated cardiac fibroblasts increased threefold (P<0.01) 48 h after inoculation with M. alligatoris. Infection induced morphological changes in cardiac fibroblasts, including translocation of CD95 characteristic of apoptosis and an eightfold increase (P<0.16) in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation measured in a terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick end-labeling apoptosis assay. The proportion of BrdU-gated controls activated with agonistic immunoglobulin M against human CD95 also increased threefold (P<0.03 for muscle). Heat-inactivated M. alligatoris and sterile M. alligatoris-conditioned culture supernatant had no effect. This is the first report of a CD95 homolog in the class Reptilia and establishes a new model that can be used to test the direct bacterial interaction with upstream components of the CD95 signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hunt
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0880, USA
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22
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Darin N, Kadhom N, Brière JJ, Chretien D, Bébéar CM, Rötig A, Munnich A, Rustin P. Mitochondrial activities in human cultured skin fibroblasts contaminated by Mycoplasma hyorhinis. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 4:15. [PMID: 14596686 PMCID: PMC270014 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma contaminations are a recurrent problem in the use of cultured cells, including human cells, especially as it has been shown to impede cell cycle, triggering cell death under various conditions. More specific consequences on cell metabolism are poorly known. Results Here we report the lack of significant consequence of a heavy contamination by the frequently encountered mycoplasma strain, M. hyorhinis, on the determination of respiratory chain activities, but the potential interference when assaying citrate synthase. Contamination by M. hyorhinis was detected by fluorescent imaging and further quantified by the determination of the mycoplasma-specific phosphate acetyltransferase activity. Noticeably, this latter activity was not found equally distributed in various mycoplasma types, being exceptionally high in M. hyorhinis. Conclusion While we observed a trend for respiration reduction in heavily contaminated cells, no significant and specific targeting of any respiratory chain components could be identified. This suggested a potential interference with cell metabolism rather than direct interaction with respiratory chain components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Darin
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Norman Kadhom
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Brière
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Dominique Chretien
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Cécile M Bébéar
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Agnès Rötig
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre Rustin
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Neumayr L, Lennette E, Kelly D, Earles A, Embury S, Groncy P, Grossi M, Grover R, McMahon L, Swerdlow P, Waldron P, Vichinsky E. Mycoplasma disease and acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. Pediatrics 2003; 112:87-95. [PMID: 12837872 DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease. Radiographic and clinical findings in ACS resemble pneumonia; however, etiologies other than infectious pathogens have been implicated, including pulmonary fat embolism (PFE) and infarction of segments of the pulmonary vasculature. The National Acute Chest Syndrome Study Group was designed to identify the etiologic agents and clinical outcomes associated with this syndrome. METHODS Data were analyzed from the prospective study of 671 episodes of ACS in 538 patients with sickle cell anemia. ACS was defined as a new pulmonary infiltrate involving at least 1 complete segment of the lung, excluding atelectasis. In addition, the patients had to have chest pain, fever >38.5C, tachypnea, wheezing, or cough. Samples of blood and deep sputum were analyzed for evidence of bacteria, viruses, and PFE. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was determined by analysis of paired serologies. Detailed information on patient characteristics, presenting signs and symptoms, treatment, and clinical outcome were collected. RESULTS Fifty-one (9%) of 598 episodes of ACS had serologic evidence of M pneumoniae infection. Twelve percent of the 112 episodes of ACS occurring in patients younger than 5 years were associated with M pneumoniae infection. At the time of diagnosis, 98% of all patients with M pneumoniae infection had fever, 78% had a cough, and 51% were tachypneic. More than 50% developed multilobar infiltrates and effusions, 82% were transfused, and 6% required assisted ventilation. The average hospital stay was 10 days. Evidence of PFE with M pneumoniae infection was seen in 5 (20%) of 25 patients with adequate deep respiratory samples for the PFE assay. M pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae was found in 16% of patients with diagnostic studies for C pneumoniae. Mycoplasma hominis was cultured in 10 (2%) of 555 episodes of ACS and occurred more frequently in older patients, but the presenting symptoms and clinical course was similar to those with M pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS M pneumoniae is commonly associated with the ACS in patients with sickle cell anemia and occurs in very young children. M hominis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ACS. Aggressive treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, including 1 from the macrolide class, is recommended for all patients as well as bronchodilator therapy, early transfusion, and respiratory support when clinically indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Neumayr
- Hematology/Oncology Department, Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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Stapleton F, Kim JM, Kasses J, Willcox MDP. Mechanisms of apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 506:827-34. [PMID: 12613999 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Stapleton
- Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Remington SG, Nelson JD. Lipase mRNAs expressed in lacrimal and harderian glands. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 506:115-9. [PMID: 12613897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susann G Remington
- Department of Ophthalmology, HealthPartners Medical Group and Clinics, HealthPartners Research Foundation, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
The mycoplasmas form a large group of prokaryotic microorganisms with over 190 species distinguished from ordinary bacteria by their small size, minute genome, and total lack of a cell wall. Owing to their limited biosynthetic capabilities, most mycoplasmas are parasites exhibiting strict host and tissue specificities. The aim of this review is to collate present knowledge on the strategies employed by mycoplasmas while interacting with their host eukaryotic cells. Prominant among these strategies is the adherence of mycoplasma to host cells, identifying the mycoplasmal adhesins as well as the mammalian membrane receptors; the invasion of mycoplasmas into host cells including studies on the role of mycoplasmal surface molecules and signaling mechanisms in the invasion; the fusion of mycoplasmas with host cells, a novel process that raises intriguing questions of how microinjection of mycoplasma components into eukaryotic cells subvert and damage the host cells. The observations of diverse interactions of mycoplasmas with cells of the immune system and their immunomodulatory effects and the discovery of genetic systems that enable mycoplasmas to rapidly change their surface antigenic composition have been important developments in mycoplasma research over the past decade, showing that mycoplasmas possess an impressive capability of maintaining a dynamic surface architecture that is antigenically and functionally versatile, contributing to the capability of the mycoplasmas to adapt to a large range of habitats and cause diseases that are often chronic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
Choline-containing lipids were identified and characterized in the cell membrane of Mycoplasma fermentans and were shown to participate in the adhesion to the surface of eukaryotic cells, to stimulate mycoplasma fusion with eukaryotic cells, and to induce cytokine secretion by cells of the immune system. These findings suggest that choline-containing lipids are important mediators of tissue pathology in the infectious process caused by M. fermentans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Vanden Bush TJ, Rosenbusch RF. Mycoplasma bovis induces apoptosis of bovine lymphocytes. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 32:97-103. [PMID: 11821230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report Mycoplasma bovis induces apoptotic death of bovine lymphocytes. Using flow cytometry analyzed propidium iodide inclusion we observed a loss in viable lymphocytes upon incubation of freshly isolated bovine PBMCs with M. bovis. The use of annexin V staining as well as TUNEL assays corroborated these findings. In addition, these assays indicated that the M. bovis induced lymphocyte death is apoptotic in nature. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the prokaryotic protein production inhibitor chloramphenicol inhibited lymphocyte death induced by M. bovis, showing that M. bovis protein production is necessary for the induction of lymphocyte death, and that the death is not dependent upon the addition of apoptotic inducers as shown with other mycoplasmas. We also show that M. bovis is different from other bovine mycoplasmas (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic) with regards to this characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Vanden Bush
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Ben-Menachem G, Mousa A, Brenner T, Pinto F, Zähringer U, Rottem S. Choline deficiency induced by Mycoplasma fermentans enhances apoptosis of rat astrocytes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 201:157-62. [PMID: 11470355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A choline uptake system accumulating free choline in an energy-dependent process is described in Mycoplasma fermentans. The uptake system has a K(m) of 2.2x10(-5) M and a V(max) of 0.15 nmol 10 min(-1) mg(-1) cell protein and the choline incorporated could be recovered in the soluble fraction as free choline, phosphorylcholine and CDP-choline. Choline accumulation by M. fermentans resulted in a marked choline depletion of the growth medium. The choline depletion of an astrocyte cell culture induced by M. fermentans was associated with the apoptotic death of the cells. Apoptosis was not obtained with heat-inactivated mycoplasmas and could be reversed by the addition of free choline to the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ben-Menachem
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Bendjennat M, Blanchard A, Loutfi M, Montagnier L, Bahraoui E. Role of Mycoplasma penetrans endonuclease P40 as a potential pathogenic determinant. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4456-62. [PMID: 10456886 PMCID: PMC96764 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.9.4456-4462.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported the purification to homogeneity and characterization of Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease P40 produced by Mycoplasma penetrans (M. Bendjennat, A. Blanchard, M. Loutfi, L. Montagnier, and E. Bahraoui, J. Bacteriol. 179; 2210-2220, 1997), a mycoplasma which was isolated for the first time from the urine of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. To evaluate how this nuclease could interact with host cells, we tested its effect on CEM and Molt-4 lymphocytic cell lines and on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We observed that 10(-7) to 10(-9) M P40 is able to mediate a cytotoxic effect. We found that 100% of cells were killed after 24 h of incubation with 10(-7) M P40 while only 40% cytotoxicity was obtained after 72 h of incubation with 10(-9) M P40. Phase-contrast microscopy observations of P40-treated cells revealed morphological changes, including pronounced blebbing of the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic shrinkage characteristic of programmed cell death, which is in agreement with the internucleosomal fragmentation of P40-treated cell DNA as shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. We showed that (125)I-radiolabeled or fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled P40 was able to bind specifically in a dose-dependent manner to the cell membrane of CEM cells, which suggested that the cytotoxicity of P40 endonuclease was mediated by its interaction with the cell surface receptor(s). The concentration of unlabeled P40 required to inhibit by 50% the formation of (125)I-P40-CEM complexes was about 3 x 10(-9) M, indicating a high-affinity interaction. Both P40 interaction and cytotoxicity are Ca(2+) dependent. Our results suggest that the cytotoxicity of M. penetrans observed in vitro is mediated at least partially by secreted P40, which, after interaction with host cells, can induce an apoptosis-like death. These results strongly suggest a major role of mycoplasmal nucleases as potential pathogenic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bendjennat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology UFR SVT, University of Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
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