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Karimani F, Asgari Taei A, Abolghasemi-Dehaghani MR, Safari MS, Dargahi L. Impairment of entorhinal cortex network activity in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1402573. [PMID: 38882526 PMCID: PMC11176617 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1402573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) stands out as a critical brain region affected in the early phases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with some of the disease's pathological processes originating from this area, making it one of the most crucial brain regions in AD. Recent research highlights disruptions in the brain's network activity, characterized by heightened excitability and irregular oscillations, may contribute to cognitive impairment. These disruptions are proposed not only as potential therapeutic targets but also as early biomarkers for AD. In this paper, we will begin with a review of the anatomy and function of EC, highlighting its selective vulnerability in AD. Subsequently, we will discuss the disruption of EC network activity, exploring changes in excitability and neuronal oscillations in this region during AD and hypothesize that, considering the advancements in neuromodulation techniques, addressing the disturbances in the network activity of the EC could offer fresh insights for both the diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Karimani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mir-Shahram Safari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Zhai W, Zhang T, Jin Y, Huang S, Xu M, Pan J. The fibroblast growth factor system in cognitive disorders and dementia. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1136266. [PMID: 37214403 PMCID: PMC10196031 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1136266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is the core precursor to dementia and other cognitive disorders. Current hypotheses suggest that they share a common pathological basis, such as inflammation, restricted neurogenesis, neuroendocrine disorders, and the destruction of neurovascular units. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell growth factors that play essential roles in various pathophysiological processes via paracrine or autocrine pathways. This system consists of FGFs and their receptors (FGFRs), which may hold tremendous potential to become a new biological marker in the diagnosis of dementia and other cognitive disorders, and serve as a potential target for drug development against dementia and cognitive function impairment. Here, we review the available evidence detailing the relevant pathways mediated by multiple FGFs and FGFRs, and recent studies examining their role in the pathogenesis and treatment of cognitive disorders and dementia.
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3
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Igarashi KM. Entorhinal cortex dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:124-136. [PMID: 36513524 PMCID: PMC9877178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the brain region that often exhibits the earliest histological alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and cell death. Recently, brain imaging studies from preclinical AD patients and electrophysiological recordings from AD animal models have shown that impaired neuronal activity in the EC precedes neurodegeneration. This implies that memory impairments and spatial navigation deficits at the initial stage of AD are likely caused by activity dysfunction rather than by cell death. This review focuses on recent findings on EC dysfunction in AD, and discusses the potential pathways for mitigating AD progression by protecting the EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei M Igarashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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4
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Takla M, Saadeh K, Tse G, Huang CLH, Jeevaratnam K. Ageing and the Autonomic Nervous System. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:201-252. [PMID: 37120470 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate nervous system is divided into central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) components. In turn, the PNS is divided into the autonomic (ANS) and enteric (ENS) nervous systems. Ageing implicates time-related changes to anatomy and physiology in reducing organismal fitness. In the case of the CNS, there exists substantial experimental evidence of the effects of age on individual neuronal and glial function. Although many such changes have yet to be experimentally observed in the PNS, there is considerable evidence of the role of ageing in the decline of ANS function over time. As such, this chapter will argue that the ANS constitutes a paradigm for the physiological consequences of ageing, as well as for their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Tse
- Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury, UK
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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5
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New insights into the role of fibroblast growth factors in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1413-1427. [PMID: 34731369 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), acknowledged as the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The characteristic pathologic hallmarks of AD-including the deposition of extracellular senile plaques (SP) formation, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss, along with prominent vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment-have been observed in patients. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), originally characterized as angiogenic factors, are a large family of signaling molecules that are implicated in a wide range of biological functions in brain development, maintenance and repair, as well as in the pathogenesis of brain-related disorders including AD. Many studies have focused on the implication of FGFs in AD pathophysiology. In this review, we will provide a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the pathogenesis of AD, and discuss the possible opportunities for targeting these molecules as novel treatment strategies in AD.
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Kidwai F, Mui BWH, Arora D, Iqbal K, Hockaday M, de Castro Diaz LF, Cherman N, Martin D, Myneni VD, Ahmad M, Futrega K, Ali S, Merling RK, Kaufman DS, Lee J, Robey PG. Lineage-specific differentiation of osteogenic progenitors from pluripotent stem cells reveals the FGF1-RUNX2 association in neural crest-derived osteoprogenitors. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1107-1123. [PMID: 32442326 PMCID: PMC7484058 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide a platform to model bone organogenesis and disease. To reflect the developmental process of the human skeleton, hPSC differentiation methods should include osteogenic progenitors (OPs) arising from three distinct embryonic lineages: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. Although OP differentiation protocols have been developed, the lineage from which they are derived, as well as characterization of their genetic and molecular differences, has not been well reported. Therefore, to generate lineage-specific OPs from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, we employed stepwise differentiation of paraxial mesoderm-like cells, lateral plate mesoderm-like cells, and neural crest-like cells toward their respective OP subpopulation. Successful differentiation, confirmed through gene expression and in vivo assays, permitted the identification of transcriptomic signatures of all three cell populations. We also report, for the first time, high FGF1 levels in neural crest-derived OPs-a notable finding given the critical role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in osteogenesis and mineral homeostasis. Our results indicate that FGF1 influences RUNX2 levels, with concomitant changes in ERK1/2 signaling. Overall, our study further validates hPSCs' power to model bone development and disease and reveals new, potentially important pathways influencing these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Kidwai
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Byron W. H. Mui
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Deepika Arora
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Biosystems and Biomaterials DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Kulsum Iqbal
- Department of Health and Human ServicesDental Consult Services, National Institute of Health Dental ClinicBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Madison Hockaday
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro Diaz
- Department of Health and Human ServicesSkeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Natasha Cherman
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Department of Health and Human ServicesGenomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Vamsee D. Myneni
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch/Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Moaz Ahmad
- Department of Health and Human ServicesMolecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Katarzyna Futrega
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Sania Ali
- Biology of Global Health, Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Randall K. Merling
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dan S. Kaufman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Janice Lee
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Kobro-Flatmoen A, Witter MP. Neuronal chemo-architecture of the entorhinal cortex: A comparative review. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3627-3662. [PMID: 31293027 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification of neuronal markers, that is, molecules selectively present in subsets of neurons, contributes to our understanding of brain areas and the networks within them. Specifically, recognizing the distribution of different neuronal markers facilitates the identification of borders between functionally distinct brain areas. Detailed knowledge about the localization and physiological significance of neuronal markers may also provide clues to generate new hypotheses concerning aspects of normal and abnormal brain functioning. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the distribution within the entorhinal cortex of neuronal markers and the morphology of the neurons they reveal. Emphasis is on the comparative distribution of several markers, with a focus on, but not restricted to rodent, monkey and human data, allowing to infer connectional features, across species, associated with these markers, based on what is revealed by mainly rodent data. The overall conclusion from this review is that there is an emerging pattern in the distribution of neuronal markers in the entorhinal cortex when aligning data along a comparable coordinate system in various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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8
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Vitalo AG, Ilieş I, Zupanc GKH. Calbindin-D 28k expression in spinal electromotoneurons of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus during adult development and regeneration. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:595-608. [PMID: 31165281 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Additive neurogenesis, the net increase in neuronal numbers by addition of new nerve cells to existing tissue, forms the basis for indeterminate spinal cord growth in brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus). Among the cells generated through the activity of adult neural stem cells are electromotoneurons, whose axons constitute the electric organ of this weakly electric fish. Electromotoneuron development is organized along a caudo-rostral gradient, with the youngest and smallest of these cells located near the caudal end of the spinal cord. Electromotoneurons start expressing calbindin-D28k when their somata have reached diameters of approximately 10 μm, and they continue expression after they have grown to a final size of about 50 μm. Calbindin-D28k expression is significantly increased in young neurons generated in response to injury. Immunohistochemical staining against caspase-3 revealed that electromotoneurons in both intact and regenerating spinal cord are significantly less likely to undergo apoptosis than the average spinal cord cell. We hypothesize that expression of calbindin-D28k protects electromotoneurons from cell death; and that the evolutionary development of such a neuroprotective mechanism has been driven by the indispensability of electromotoneurons in the fish's electric behavior, and by the high size-dependent costs associated with their production or removal upon cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia G Vitalo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 134 Mugar Life Sciences, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Iulian Ilieş
- Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Günther K H Zupanc
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 134 Mugar Life Sciences, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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9
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Chang YT, Kazui H, Ikeda M, Huang CW, Huang SH, Hsu SW, Chang WN, Chang CC. Genetic Interaction of APOE and FGF1 is Associated with Memory Impairment and Hippocampal Atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:510-519. [PMID: 31164996 PMCID: PMC6538224 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE and fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) have both been associated with amyloid β accumulation and neurodegeneration. Investigation the effect of APOE-FGF1 interactions on episodic memory (EM) deficits and hippocampus atrophy (HA) might elucidate the complex clinical-pathological relationship in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). EM performance and hippocampal volume (HV) were characterized in patients with mild AD based on APOE-ε4 carrier status (APOE-ε4 carriers versus non-carriers) and FGF1 single nucleotide polymorphism (FGF1-rs34011-GG versus FGF1-rs34011-A-allele carriers). The clinical-pathological relationships within each genotypic group (ε4+/GG-carrier, ε4+/A-allele-carrier, ε4-/GG-carrier and ε4-/A-allele-carrier) were analyzed. There were no significant differences between the FGF1-rs34011-GG and FGF1-rs34011-A-allele carriers for the level of EM performance or HV (p> 0.05). The bilateral HV was significantly smaller and EM impairment was significantly worse in ε4+/GG-carrier than in ε4-/A-allele-carrier, and an interaction effect of APOE (APOE-ε4 carriers versus non-carriers) with FGF1 (FGF1-rs34011-GG versus FGF1-rs34011-A-allele carriers) predicted EM impairment (F4,92= 3.516, p= 0.018) and structural changes in voxel-based morphometry. Our data shows that concurrent consideration of APOE and FGF1 polymorphisms might be required to understand the clinical-pathological relationship in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chang
- 1Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hiroaki Kazui
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Ikeda
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chi-Wei Huang
- 1Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Huang
- 3Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Hsu
- 4Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Neng Chang
- 1Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chih Chang
- 1Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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10
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Goetzl EJ, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Mustapic M, Mullins RJ, Abner EL, Schwartz JB, Kapogiannis D. Deficient neurotrophic factors of CSPG4-type neural cell exosomes in Alzheimer disease. FASEB J 2018; 33:231-238. [PMID: 29924942 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes derived from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) 4 type neural precursor cells (CSPG4Es) were purified from human plasma by sequential immunoabsorption with anti-CSPG4 and anti-platelet growth factor receptor α mAb to characterize the potential in vivo roles of CSPG4 cells in neuronal repair. Hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)-2 and -13, and type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which enhance neuronal survival and functions, were quantified in CSPG4E extracts. For CSPG4Es of 24 healthy control subjects, mean levels of hepatocyte growth factor, FGF-13, and IGF-1, but not FGF-2, were significantly higher by up to 7-fold than in their neuronal-derived exosomes, and mean levels of all 4 growth factors were significantly higher by up to 8-fold than in their astrocyte-derived exosomes. Mean CSPG4E levels of all growth factors were significantly lower in patients with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) ( n = 24) than in age- and sex-matched cognitively normal control subjects ( n = 24). Mean CSPG4E levels of all growth factors were also significantly lower in 15 patients at the stage of moderate dementia from AD (AD2) and at their preclinical stage 3 to 8 yr earlier (AD1), with no differences between values at stages AD1 and AD2. Current findings suggest that CSPG4 cells export in exosomes higher levels of neurotrophic factors than neurons or astrocytes and that CSPG4E neurotrophic factors are diminished early in AD, with no significant progression of decreases later in the course.-Goetzl, E. J., Nogueras-Ortiz, C., Mustapic, M., Mullins, R. J., Abner, E. L., Schwartz, J. B., Kapogiannis, D. Deficient neurotrophic factors of CSPG4-type neural cell exosomes in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Janice B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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Uchida S, Shumyatsky GP. Epigenetic regulation of Fgf1 transcription by CRTC1 and memory enhancement. Brain Res Bull 2018; 141:3-12. [PMID: 29477835 PMCID: PMC6128695 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is critically involved in learning and memory. Here, we discuss the role of histone acetylation and DNA methylation, which are two best understood epigenetic processes in memory processes. More specifically, we focus on learning-strength-dependent changes in chromatin on the fibroblast growth factor 1 (Fgf1) gene and on the molecular events that modulate regulation of Fgf1 transcription, required for memory enhancement, with the specific focus on CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Uchida
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Gleb P Shumyatsky
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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12
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Neurochemical Characterization of PSA-NCAM + Cells in the Human Brain and Phenotypic Quantification in Alzheimer’s Disease Entorhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 372:289-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Bharti AR, Woods SP, Ellis RJ, Cherner M, Rosario D, Potter M, Heaton RK, Everall IP, Masliah E, Grant I, Letendre SL. Fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with HIV disease, methamphetamine use, and neurocognitive functioning. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2016; 8:93-9. [PMID: 27199571 PMCID: PMC4857802 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s93306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methamphetamine use commonly affect neurocognitive (NC) functioning. We evaluated the relationships between NC functioning and two fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in volunteers who differed in HIV serostatus and methamphetamine dependence (MAD). Methods A total of 100 volunteers were categorized into four groups based on HIV serostatus and MAD in the prior year. FGF-1 and FGF-2 were measured in cerebrospinal fluid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with two reference biomarkers (monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]-1 and neopterin). Comprehensive NC testing was summarized by global and domain impairment ratings. Results Sixty-three volunteers were HIV+ and 59 had a history of MAD. FGF-1, FGF-2, and both reference biomarkers differed by HIV and MAD status. For example, FGF-1 levels were lower in subjects who had either HIV or MAD than in HIV− and MAD− controls (P=0.003). Multivariable regression identified that global NC impairment was associated with an interaction between FGF-1 and FGF-2 (model R2=0.09, P=0.01): higher FGF-2 levels were only associated with neurocognitive impairment among subjects who had lower FGF-1 levels. Including other covariates in the model (including antidepressant use) strengthened the model (model R2=0.18, P=0.004) but did not weaken the association with FGF-1 and FGF-2. Lower FGF-1 levels were associated with impairment in five of seven cognitive domains, more than FGF-2, MCP-1, or neopterin. Conclusion These findings provide in vivo support that HIV and MAD alter expression of FGFs, which may contribute to the NC abnormalities associated with these conditions. These cross-sectional findings cannot establish causality and the therapeutic benefits of recombinant FGF-1 need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay R Bharti
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven Paul Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Debra Rosario
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Potter
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian P Everall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Pathology, University of Californa San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Saiz-Sanchez D, Flores-Cuadrado A, Ubeda-Bañon I, de la Rosa-Prieto C, Martinez-Marcos A. Interneurons in the human olfactory system in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 276:13-21. [PMID: 26616239 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The principal olfactory structures display Alzheimer's disease (AD) related pathology at early stages of the disease. Consequently, olfactory deficits are among the earliest symptoms. Reliable olfactory tests for accurate clinical diagnosis are rarely made. In addition, neuropathological analysis postmortem of olfactory structures is often not made. Therefore, the relationship between the clinical features and the underlying pathology is poorly defined. Traditionally, research into Alzheimer's disease has focused on the degeneration of cortical temporal projection neurons and cholinergic neurons. Recent evidence has demonstrated the neurodegeneration of interneuron populations in AD. This review provides an updated overview of the pathological involvement of interneuron populations in the human olfactory system in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos de la Rosa-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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15
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Tao QQ, Sun YM, Liu ZJ, Ni W, Yang P, Li HL, Lu SJ, Wu ZY. A variant within FGF1 is associated with Alzheimer's disease in the Han Chinese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:131-6. [PMID: 24464990 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and Tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in vulnerable brain areas. The progression of AD is well correlated with hippocampal neuron loss which highly suggests genes associated with neuron survival would be important for AD pathogenesis. According to the recent results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and other reported studies, we selected two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs3765728 within tumor protein p73 (P73), and rs34011 within fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), both genes were related to neuron survival. We analyzed the distribution of rs3765728 and rs34011 in 1,083 Chinese subjects including 429 unrelated sporadic AD patients and 654 unrelated age and gender-matched control subjects. We found that the genotype distribution of rs34011 was significantly different between AD and control group (χ(2) = 9.048, df = 2, P = 0.011). Logistic regression manifested the risk of AD increased in TT genotype carriers in total subjects (Wald = 8.892, df = 1, P = 0.003, odds ratio [OR]:2.009, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.270-3.178). This effect was also found in APOE ϵ4 carrier group (Wald = 7.844, df = 1, P = 0.005, OR: 4.201, 95%CI: 1.539-11.472), suggesting the rs34011 has a synergetic effect of APOE on AD risk. However, no association was observed between rs3765728 and AD in the Han Chinese population (χ(2) = 0.431, df = 2, P = 0.806).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Selective vulnerability of neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex during aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neural Plast 2010; 2010:108190. [PMID: 21331296 PMCID: PMC3039218 DOI: 10.1155/2010/108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All neurons are not created equal. Certain cell populations in specific brain regions are more susceptible to age-related changes that initiate regional and system-level dysfunction. In this respect, neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex are selectively vulnerable in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper will cover several hypotheses that attempt to account for age-related alterations among this cell population. We consider whether specific developmental, anatomical, or biochemical features of neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex contribute to their particular sensitivity to aging and AD. The entorhinal cortex is a functionally heterogeneous environment, and we will also review data suggesting that, within the entorhinal cortex, there is subregional specificity for molecular alterations that may initiate cognitive decline. Taken together, the existing data point to a regional cascade in which entorhinal cortical alterations directly contribute to downstream changes in its primary afferent region, the hippocampus.
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17
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Bian JT, Zhao HL, Zhang ZX, Bi XH, Zhang JW. No association of the C>T polymorphism that is located 1385 upstream from initial code of fibroblast growth factor 1 gene with Alzheimer's disease in Chinese. Brain Res 2010; 1328:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Lee DC, Hsu YC, Chung YF, Hsiao CY, Chen SL, Chen MS, Lin HK, Chiu IM. Isolation of neural stem/progenitor cells by using EGF/FGF1 and FGF1B promoter-driven green fluorescence from embryonic and adult mouse brains. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:348-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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19
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Zupanc MM, Zupanc GKH. Upregulation of calbindin-D28k expression during regeneration in the adult fish cerebellum. Brain Res 2006; 1095:26-34. [PMID: 16712811 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, fish are distinguished by their enormous potential for brain repair after injuries. This phenomenon has been well studied after application of stab-wound lesions to the corpus cerebelli, a cerebellar subdivision, in the teleost fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. By combining this lesion paradigm with immunohistochemical staining, we examined the potential role of the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D(28k) in the process of regeneration. Calbindin-D(28k)-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers were evident in the lesion path and the immediate vicinity of the lesion in the period between 16 h and 7 days after the lesion but absent from this region at shorter or longer postlesion survival times and in the intact brain. Both the number of immunolabeled cells and the intensity of the label were most pronounced 1-3 days postlesion. Analysis of the morphology of the immunostained cells by confocal microscopy suggested that most, and perhaps all of them, were granular neurons. Since the transient upregulation of calbindin-D(28k) is paralleled by a decline in the number of cells undergoing apoptotic cell death, we hypothesize that this protein exerts a neuroprotective function, probably by buffering free intracellular Ca(2+), whose concentration is elevated after brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Zupanc
- School of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen, P.O. Box 750 561, D-28725 Bremen, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Everyone ages, but only some will develop a neurodegenerative disorder in the process. Disease might occur when cells fail to respond adaptively to age-related increases in oxidative, metabolic and ionic stress, thereby resulting in the accumulation of damaged proteins, DNA and membranes. Determinants of neuronal vulnerability might include cell size and location, metabolism of disease-specific proteins and a repertoire of signal transduction pathways and stress resistance mechanisms. Emerging evidence on protein interaction networks that monitor and respond to the normal ageing process suggests that successful neural ageing is possible for most people, but also cautions that cures for neurodegenerative disorders are unlikely in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA.
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21
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Carter TA, Greenhall JA, Yoshida S, Fuchs S, Helton R, Swaroop A, Lockhart DJ, Barlow C. Mechanisms of aging in senescence-accelerated mice. Genome Biol 2005; 6:R48. [PMID: 15960800 PMCID: PMC1175968 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-6-r48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive neurological dysfunction is a key aspect of human aging. Because of underlying differences in the aging of mice and humans, useful mouse models have been difficult to obtain and study. We have used gene-expression analysis and polymorphism screening to study molecular senescence of the retina and hippocampus in two rare inbred mouse models of accelerated neurological senescence (SAMP8 and SAMP10) that closely mimic human neurological aging, and in a related normal strain (SAMR1) and an unrelated normal strain (C57BL/6J). RESULTS The majority of age-related gene expression changes were strain-specific, with only a few common pathways found for normal and accelerated neurological aging. Polymorphism screening led to the identification of mutations that could have a direct impact on important disease processes, including a mutation in a fibroblast growth factor gene, Fgf1, and a mutation in and ectopic expression of the gene for the chemokine CCL19, which is involved in the inflammatory response. CONCLUSION We show that combining the study of inbred mouse strains with interesting traits and gene-expression profiling can lead to the discovery of genes important for complex phenotypes. Furthermore, full-genome polymorphism detection, sequencing and gene-expression profiling of inbred mouse strains with interesting phenotypic differences may provide unique insights into the molecular genetics of late-manifesting complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Carter
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Helton
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Carrolee Barlow
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current address: BrainCells Inc., 10835 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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22
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Okuda T, Sugahara K, Takemoto T, Shimogori H, Yamashita H. Inhibition of caspases alleviates gentamicin-induced cochlear damage in guinea pigs. Auris Nasus Larynx 2005; 32:33-7. [PMID: 15882823 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of caspase inhibitors for protecting the cochlea was evaluated in an in vivo study using guinea pigs, as the animal model system. Gentamicin (12 mg/ml) was delivered via an osmotic pump into the cochlear perilymphatic space of guinea pigs at 0.5 microl/h for 14 days. Additional animals were given either z-Val-Ala-Asp (Ome)-fluoromethyl ketone (z-VAD-FMK) or z-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-FMK (z-LEHD-FMK), a general caspase inhibitor and a caspase 9 inhibitor, respectively, in addition to gentamicin. The elevation in auditory brain stem response thresholds, at 4, 7, and 14 days following gentamicin administration, were decreased in animals that received both z-VAD-FMK and z-LEHD-FMK. Cochlear sensory hair cells survived in greater numbers in animals that received caspase inhibitors in addition to gentamicin, whereas sensory hair cells in animals that received gentamicin only were severely damaged. These results suggest that auditory cell death induced by gentamicin is closely related to the activation of caspases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Okuda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Yamagata H, Chen Y, Akatsu H, Kamino K, Ito JI, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto T, Kosaka K, Miki T, Kondo I. Promoter polymorphism in fibroblast growth factor 1 gene increases risk of definite Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:320-3. [PMID: 15358178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1, also known as acidic FGF) protects selective neuronal populations against neurotoxic effects such as those in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and HIV encephalitis. The FGF1 gene is therefore a strong candidate gene for AD. Using the promoter polymorphism of the FGF1 gene, we examined the relationship between AD and the FGF1 and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes in 100 Japanese autopsy-confirmed late-onset AD patients and 106 age-matched non-demented controls. The promoter polymorphism (-1385 A/G) was significantly associated with AD risk. The odds ratio for AD associated with the GG vs non-GG genotype was 2.02 (95% CI = 1.16-3.52), while that of s4 vs non-ł4 in APOE4 gene was 5.19 (95% CI = 2.68-10.1). The odds ratio for APOEP4 and FGF1 GG carriers was 20.5 (95% CI = 6.88-60.9). The results showed that the FGF1 gene is associated with autopsy-confirmed AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehisa Yamagata
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
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24
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Tada T, Ito JI, Asai M, Yokoyama S. Fibroblast growth factor 1 is produced prior to apolipoprotein E in the astrocytes after cryo-injury of mouse brain. Neurochem Int 2004; 45:23-30. [PMID: 15082218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Revised: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) upregulates apolipoprotein E (apoE) synthesis and its secretion as high density lipoprotein (HDL) in cultured astrocytes potentially by an autocrine or paracrine mechanism [Biochim. Biopys. Acta 1589 (2002) 261]. In order to examine pathophysiological relevance of this reaction, we studied association of the production of FGF-1 and apoE in the post-injury mouse brain. After the spot-injury of the brain by liquid nitrogen, the surface size of the wound shrunk more rapidly in the C57BL/6 wild-type mice than the apoE-knock out C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of the lesions revealed that production of FGF-1 was identified in the reactive astrocytes by the day 2 after the injury in both types of mouse, prior to the production of apoE confirmed by the day 4 in the wild-type. These findings were consistent with our in-vitro observations and hypothesis that FGF-1 upregulates apoE synthesis and subsequently HDL production in the reactive astrocytes by an autocrine or paracrine manner. FGF-1 thus would exert its effect after the CNS damage through apoE secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyohiro Tada
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University School of Nursing, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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25
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Agius LM. The focality of the global Alzheimer brain process: is the selective vulnerability of neurons a specific phenomenon of primary neuronal pathobiology? Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:783-7. [PMID: 15082107 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2002] [Accepted: 07/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A focality in the development of a global series of predisposing factors that conditions a progressiveness in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer type would appear to arise as a specific lesion of the neuron. Such a neuronal lesion would perhaps disrupt functional connectivity of neuronal networks in a process involving loss of neuronal viability. Indeed, a strict concept of selective vulnerability of neurons in the Alzheimer brain might be simply a preconditioning by microenvironmental factors that interacts with the individual neuron in terms of cellular component depletion or in terms of plasmalemmal disruption. In a final analysis, perhaps, the individual neuron would appear as the essential focus of a process that would account for a conditioning globality of the Alzheimer process that promotes both progressiveness and irreversibility of the brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Agius
- Department of Pathology, St. Luke's Hospital, University of Malta, Gwardamangia, Msida, Malta, Europe.
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Abnormalities of the cingulate gyrus in bipolar disorder and other severe psychiatric illnesss: postmortem findings from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-2772(02)00042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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