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Li Y, Man X, Zhang Q, Wang X, Yang Y. Apigenin 7-glucoside impedes hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes of cervical cancer cells in a p16-dependent manner. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220819. [PMID: 38585640 PMCID: PMC10997139 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Apigenin 7-glucoside (A7G) can suppress cell proliferation and trigger apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Considering that hypoxia is associated with the malignant phenotypes in cervical cancer, this study aimed to uncover whether A7G exhibits suppressive effects on the hypoxia-induced malignant phenotype of cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells). Compared to normoxia, hypoxia can enhance the malignant phenotypes of HeLa cells, including cell proliferation, reduced sensitivity against chemotherapeutic agents (oxaliplatin and paclitaxel), cancer stemness, migration, and invasion. A7G intervention (20, 40, and 60 μM) could impair these malignant phenotypes of HeLa cells and upregulate the expression level of total and nuclear p16 proteins. Molecular docking analysis showed the interaction between anion exchanger 1 and A7G. In p16-silencing HeLa cells, the anticancer effects of A7G were absent. Therefore, hypoxia derives malignant phenotypes of HeLa cells, which could be impeded by A7G in a p16-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiaoli Man
- Department of Gynecology, Puyang Maternity and Child Care Centers, Puyang, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People’s Hospital of Luyi, Luyi, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Yongli Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, Xining, 810000, China
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Paul A, Dutta P, Basu K. Assessment and clinicopathological correlation of p16 expression in cervical squamous cell carcinoma of Indian population: Diagnostic implications. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:2012-2017. [PMID: 38376311 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_753_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to assess the p16 expression in normal cervical epithelium and cervical lesions and how it correlated with HPV oncoprotein E7 and other etiological parameters of cervical cancer. METHODS For this purpose, we analyzed protein expression of p16 and E7 oncoprotein in total 20 normal cervical epithelium tissue (as control) and 62 cervical lesions. Next, the result was correlated with different clinico-pathological parameters. RESULTS Out of 62 cases of cervical lesions, we found around 75%-100% of the cervical lesion samples exhibited E7 nuclear protein expression, whereas around 33.33%-75% samples were p16 positive. On the other hand, p16 expression showed strong association with E7 oncoprotein and other clinico-pathological parameters (like high parity, early age of sextual debut) in the same set of samples of our study. CONCLUSION We concluded that overexpression of p16 is very practical and can be readily implemented in most diagnostic pathology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadip Paul
- Department of Pathology, Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital (MSDMCH), Berhampore, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Dutta
- Department of Oncogene Regulation Unit, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Keya Basu
- Department of Pathology, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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3
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Lu L, Liu T, Wang S, Li J, Zhang F, Ning Y, Wang Y. Joint detection of multiple HPV-testing technologies and evaluation of clinicopathological characteristics discriminate between HPV-independent and low-copy HPV-associated cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) -an analysis of 3869 cases. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 170:59-69. [PMID: 36630845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the frequency and clinicopathological characteristics of HPV-independent cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). METHODS A total of 3869 patients with CSCC from 2017 to 2021 were searched. p16INK4a immunochemistry (IHC), two HPV-DNA(L1) polymerase chain reactions and HPV mRNA in situ hybridization were performed. Viral copies were detected using the 21 HPV quantitative test. RESULTS Six cases showed negative results in all four assays (group 1, 0.16%). Twenty-seven cases showed discordant results (group 2), and 3836 cases presented all-positive results (group 3). p16INK4a IHC showed similar sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value compared to the other three direct HPV assays. 21 HPV genotyping showed 100% of negative predictive value. HPV copies were extremely lower in Group 2 than in Group 3 (P < 0.01), but were not significantly different from those in Group 1. Older age, advanced FIGO stage (III-IV) and abnormal p53 (p53abn) IHC were independent predictors of HPV-negative status in univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Group 2 had similar proportions of age >60 years and p53abn IHC with Group 1, but had fewer cases with advanced FIGO stage (P < 0.05) and TILs (P < 0.05). Groups 1 and 2 had worse disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) than Group 3 (P < 0.01), while no significant difference was found between these two groups. HPV-negative status was a risk factor for both DFS (P < 0.05) and DSS (P < 0.01) in univariate but not multivariate Cox regression. CONCLUSIONS Joint detection of multiple technologies and evaluation of clinicopathological characteristics discriminate between HPV-independent and low-copy HPV-associated CSCC cases that present similar prognoses. Additional attention should be paid to these low-copy HPV-associated cases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Lu
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, China
| | - Shunni Wang
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, China
| | - Feiran Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, China
| | - Yan Ning
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, China.
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4
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Ding L, Li W, Tu J, Cao Z, Li J, Cao H, Liang J, Liang Y, Yu Q, Li G. Identification of cuproptosis-related subtypes, cuproptosis-related gene prognostic index in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989156. [PMID: 36177029 PMCID: PMC9513033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis is a novel form of cell death, correlated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, the metabolic features and the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy based on cuproptosis have not yet been elucidated in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, we identified and validated three cuproptosis subtypes based on 10 cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in HCC patients. We explored the correlation between three cuproptosis subtypes and metabolism-related pathways. Besides, a comprehensive immune analysis of three cuproptosis subtypes was performed. Then, we calculated the cuproptosis-related gene prognostic index (CRGPI) score for predicting prognosis and validated its predictive capability by Decision curve analysis (DCA). We as well explored the benefit of ICI therapy of different CRGPI subgroups in two anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy cohorts (IMvigor210 cohort and GSE176307). Finally, we performed the ridge regression algorithm to calculate the IC50 value for drug sensitivity and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis to explore the potential mechanism. We found that cluster A presented a higher expression of FDX1 and was correlated with metabolism, glycolysis, and TCA cycle pathways, compared with the other two clusters. HCC patients with high CRGPI scores had a worse OS probability, and we further found that the CRGPI-high group had high expression of PD1/PDL1, TMB, and better response (PR/CR) to immunotherapy in the IMvigor210 cohort and GSE176307. These findings highlight the importance of CRGPI serving as a potential biomarker for both prognostic and immunotherapy for HCC patients. Generally, our results provide novel insights about cuproptosis into immune therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jili Tu
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- Department of Pathology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jizheng Li
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haiming Cao
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Junjie Liang
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yiming Liang
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Qiangfeng Yu
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Qiangfeng Yu, ; Gencong Li,
| | - Gencong Li
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Qiangfeng Yu, ; Gencong Li,
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5
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Modesto A, Graff Cailleaud P, Blanchard P, Boisselier P, Pointreau Y. [Challenges and limits of therapeutic de-escalation for papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer]. Cancer Radiother 2022; 26:921-924. [PMID: 36030192 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers has been increasing in Western countries for several decades. If they are individualized within the latest TNM classification, the current standards of management do not authorize the management of these patients to be singled out. However, their distinct oncogenesis and their excellent prognosis compared to other patients has allowed the development of several clinical trials based on the question of therapeutic de-escalation. This review of the literature aims to take stock of the elements provided by clinical research in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Modesto
- Département de radiothérapie, Institut universitaire du cancer de Toulouse, 1, avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Centre de recherche du cancer de Toulouse, UMR 1037, Inserm, université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 2, avenue Hubert-Curien, 31100 Toulouse, France.
| | - P Graff Cailleaud
- Radiation oncology department, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P Blanchard
- Radiation oncology department, Gustave-Roussy cancer center, oncostat U1018, Inserm, Paris-Saclay university, Villejuif, France
| | - P Boisselier
- Département d'oncologie radiothérapie, Institut du cancer de Montpellier (ICM) - Val d'Aurelle, parc Euromédecine, 208, avenue des Apothicaires, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Y Pointreau
- Institut interrégionaL de cancérologie (ILC), centre Jean-Bernard, 9, rue Beauverger, 72000 Le Mans, France
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6
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Chantre-Justino M, Gonçalves da Veiga Pires I, Cardoso Figueiredo M, Dos Santos Moreira A, Alves G, Faria Ornellas MH. Genetic and methylation status of CDKN2A (p14 ARF/p16 INK4A) and TP53 genes in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Hum Pathol 2021; 119:94-104. [PMID: 34826422 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare and chronic disease affecting the upper airway with papillomatous lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially HPV-6 and/or HPV-11 types. Little is known about the genetic and epigenetic drivers in RRP pathophysiology. For this purpose, we analyzed 27 papillomatous lesions from patients with RRP to evaluate somatic mutations and methylation status in CDKN2A (p14ARF/p16INK4A) and TP53, which are key tumor suppressor genes for the cell cycle control. Sanger sequencing analysis revealed one somatic mutation in TP53 (c.733_734insA) and four mutations in CDKN2A (c.-30G > T, c.29_30insA, c.69delT, and c.300C > A). These mutations were observed in 10 patients, 6 of which carried double mutation. Furthermore, 50% (5/10) of these patients carrying somatic mutations had RRP severity, representing 62.5% (5/8) of the severity cases in this study, albeit no significant association was found between somatic mutations and disease severity. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assays revealed p14ARF promoter hypermethylation in 100% of cases, followed by TP53 (96.3%) and p16INK4A (55.6%), suggesting the influence of HPV in the DNA methylation machinery. In conclusion, somatic mutations were not common events identified in patients with RRP. However, epigenetic modulation by high methylation rates, particularly for the p14ARF/TP53 pathway, seems to be in the course of RRP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chantre-Justino
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid Gonçalves da Veiga Pires
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cardoso Figueiredo
- Respiratory Endoscopy and Head and Neck Surgery Service at Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro 21041-030, Brazil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Moreira
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, PTDIS/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Gilda Alves
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Faria Ornellas
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
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Non-Canonical Functions of the ARF Tumor Suppressor in Development and Tumorigenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010086. [PMID: 33445626 PMCID: PMC7827855 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
P14ARF (ARF; Alternative Reading Frame) is an extensively characterized tumor suppressor which, in response to oncogenic stimuli, mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p53-dependent and independent routes. ARF has been shown to be frequently lost through CpG island promoter methylation in a wide spectrum of human malignancies, such as colorectal, prostate, breast, and gastric cancers, while point mutations and deletions in the p14ARF locus have been linked with various forms of melanomas and glioblastomas. Although ARF has been mostly studied in the context of tumorigenesis, it has been also implicated in purely developmental processes, such as spermatogenesis, and mammary gland and ocular development, while it has been additionally involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Moreover, ARF has been found to hold important roles in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. As is often the case with tumor suppressors, ARF functions as a pleiotropic protein regulating a number of different mechanisms at the crossroad of development and tumorigenesis. Here, we provide an overview of the non-canonical functions of ARF in cancer and developmental biology, by dissecting the crosstalk of ARF signaling with key oncogenic and developmental pathways.
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8
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Shi Q, Xu L, Yang R, Meng Y, Qiu L. Ki-67 and P16 proteins in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions of young women and the diagnostic value for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1351-1355. [PMID: 31423197 PMCID: PMC6607340 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of Ki-67 and P16 proteins in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions of young women and the diagnostic value for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions were investigated. A total of 64 paraffin-embedded specimens of uterus tissue from young female patients who were admitted to Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences from January 2015 to December 2017 were selected. According to pathological examination, the specimens were divided into chronic cervicitis group (control group, 10 cases), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) group (12 cases), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) group (20 cases) and squamous carcinoma of the cervix (SCC) group (22 cases). Expression of Ki-67 and P16 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and the diagnostic values were analyzed. Positive rates of Ki-67 and P16 expression in HSIL and SCC groups were significantly higher than those in LSIL and control groups (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between LSIL and control groups (P>0.05). Spearman's analysis showed that the expression levels of Ki-67 and P16 were positively correlated with the degree of cervical lesions (rs=0.725; rs=0.829), and their expression levels were also positively correlated (rs=0.772). Sensitivity and specificity analysis showed that the Ki-67 diagnosis has higher sensitivity (95.2%), but the specificity is poor (86.7%). Diagnosis using P16 has high specificity (94.6%), but the sensitivity is poor (85.4%). When the two were combined for diagnosis, sensitivity (94.8%) and specificity (93.2%) were both at a high level. The combined detection of Ki-67 and P16 protein has a high application prospect as an auxiliary diagnosis of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Chu A, André J, Rich P, Leachman S, Thompson CT. Immunohistochemical characterization of benign activation of junctional melanocytes and melanoma in situ of the nail unit. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:479-483. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology and the Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Sciences University Portland Oregon
| | - Josette André
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospitals Saint‐Pierre Brussels Belgium
- Department of DermatopathologyUniversity Hospital Brugmann Brussels Belgium
| | - Phoebe Rich
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology and the Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Sciences University Portland Oregon
| | - Sancy Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology and the Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Sciences University Portland Oregon
| | - Curtis T. Thompson
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology and the Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Sciences University Portland Oregon
- Department of Dermatology, CTA Lab Portland Oregon
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Peeters E, Wentzensen N, Bergeron C, Arbyn M. Meta-analysis of the accuracy of p16 or p16/Ki-67 immunocytochemistry versus HPV testing for the detection of CIN2+/CIN3+ in triage of women with minor abnormal cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:169-180. [PMID: 30811902 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) can be triaged accurately with a high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) test to identify those who need a referral. However, the triage of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) with hrHPV testing has very low specificity. Overexpression of p16, with or without Ki-67, indicates neoplastic transformation of human papillomavirus-infected cervical cells and may more accurately predict underlying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3 or worse (CIN3+). METHODS A literature search was conducted in 3 bibliographic databases. Studies were selected if they included women with ASC-US or LSIL who were triaged with dual staining (p16/Ki-67) and/or p16 staining and, if available, with a comparator hrHPV test to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) or CIN3+. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were eligible. The sensitivity of p16 staining for CIN3+ was significantly lower than that of hrHPV DNA testing (ratio for ASC-US, 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.97; ratio for LSIL, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.93). In contrast, the specificity of p16 staining was substantially higher with relative specificities of 1.60 (95% CI, 1.35-1.88) and 2.29 (95% CI, 2.05-2.56) for ASC-US and LSIL respectively. Dual staining was as sensitive as hrHPV DNA testing but was more specific (ratio for ASC-US, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.42-1.92; ratio for LSIL, 2.45; 95% CI, 2.17-2.77). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis confirms that p16 staining and p16/Ki-67 staining are more specific for CIN2+/CIN3+ than hrHPV DNA testing. Although p16 staining is less sensitive for CIN3+ than hrHPV DNA testing, dual staining has similar sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Peeters
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Belgian Cancer Centre, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Marc Arbyn
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Belgian Cancer Centre, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Masuda M, Abiko K, Minamiguchi S, Murakami R, Baba T, Konishi I. Case of rapidly progressing condylomatous squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with low-risk human papillomavirus type 6. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 44:583-587. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Masuda
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kaoru Abiko
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Sachiko Minamiguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Ryusuke Murakami
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Ikuo Konishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
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12
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TALEN based HPV-E7 editing triggers necrotic cell death in cervical cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5500. [PMID: 28710417 PMCID: PMC5511212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus E7 and E6 oncoproteins have been considered as suitable candidate anti-viral targets since they cause malignant conversion in cervical cancers. Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) are recent editing tools to knockout genes by inducing double stranded breaks at specific sites in the genome. In here, we have designed specific TALENs to target E7 and analyzed their efficiency in inducing cell death in cervical cancer cells. We found that designed TALENs could yield about 10–12% editing activity as observed from T7E1 and nuclease resistance assays. Down-regulation of E7 and E6 was further evident at the transcript as well as proteins levels indicating that the selected TALENs were effective. TALEN-mediated E7 editing led to cell death as ascertained by cell cycle and Annexin V assays. Annexin profiling suggested that cell death could be due to necrosis as observed by upregulation of necrotic markers such as LDH A, Rip-1, and Cyclophilin A. Necrosis appears to be a better therapeutic response as it could further activate pro-inflammatory cytokines to attract immune cells to eliminate HPV-integrated cells and therefore TALEN editing strategy has the potential to be a promising tool as an adjuvant therapy in cervical cancer along with surgery.
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13
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Halec G, Schmitt M, Egger S, Abnet CC, Babb C, Dawsey SM, Flechtenmacher C, Gheit T, Hale M, Holzinger D, Malekzadeh R, Taylor PR, Tommasino M, Urban MI, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Sitas F. Mucosal alpha-papillomaviruses are not associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas: Lack of mechanistic evidence from South Africa, China and Iran and from a world-wide meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:85-98. [PMID: 26529033 PMCID: PMC5772872 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and mechanistic evidence on the causative role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear. We retrieved alcohol- and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ESCC tissues from 133 patients seropositive for antibodies against HPV early proteins, from high-incidence ESCC regions: South Africa, China and Iran. With rigorous care to prevent nucleic acid contamination, we analyzed these tissues for the presence of 51 mucosotropic human alpha-papillomaviruses by two sensitive, broad-spectrum genotyping methods, and for the markers of HPV-transformed phenotype: (i) HPV16/18 viral loads by quantitative real-time PCR, (ii) type-specific viral mRNA by E6*I/E6 full-length RT-PCR assays and (iii) expression of cellular protein p16(INK4a). Of 118 analyzable ESCC tissues, 10 (8%) were positive for DNA of HPV types: 16 (4 tumors); 33, 35, 45 (1 tumor each); 11 (2 tumors) and 16, 70 double infection (1 tumor). Inconsistent HPV DNA+ findings by two genotyping methods and negativity in qPCR indicated very low viral loads. A single HPV16 DNA+ tumor additionally harbored HPV16 E6*I mRNA but was p16(INK4a) negative (HPV16 E1 seropositive patient). Another HPV16 DNA+ tumor from an HPV16 E6 seropositive patient showed p16(INK4a) upregulation but no HPV16 mRNA. In the tumor tissues of these serologically preselected ESCC patients, we did not find consistent presence of HPV DNA, HPV mRNA or p16(INK4a) upregulation. These results were supported by a meta-analysis of 14 other similar studies regarding HPV-transformation of ESCC. Our study does not support the etiological role of the 51 analyzed mucosotropic HPV types in the ESCC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Halec
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sam Egger
- Cancer Council NSW, Cancer Research Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chantal Babb
- National Health Laboratory Service, NHLS/MRC Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Hale
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dana Holzinger
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Margaret I Urban
- National Health Laboratory Service, NHLS/MRC Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Freddy Sitas
- Cancer Council NSW, Cancer Research Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Guimarães MCM, Gonçalves MAG, Soares CP, Bettini JSR, Duarte RA, Soares EG. Immunohistochemical Expression of p16INK4a and bcl-2 According to HPV Type and to the Progression of Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:509-16. [PMID: 15805425 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6312.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p16MTS1 seems to be involved in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinogenesis because E6 and E7 oncoproteins may impair p16INK4a and, indirectly, bcl-2 functions. In this study, we analyzed the role of immunohistochemical expression of p16INK4a and bcl-2 in HPV-infected cervical biopsies as prognostic markers of the progression of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL). Sixty-five cervical biopsies were stratified into two subgroups according to the second biopsy: 27 of them maintained a low-grade (LG)-SIL diagnosis, and 38 progressed from LG-SIL to high-grade (HG)-SIL. p16INK4a and bcl-2 quantitative expression levels were measured by the immunoperoxidase method. PCR-DNA techniques were used to detect and type HPV. The Wilcoxon and Fisher exact tests were employed for the statistical analysis. In the group with an LG-SIL diagnosis at the second biopsy, no significant associations were found between p16INK4a and bcl-2 expression and presence of HPV16/18. In the group that progressed to HG-SIL, a significant association was observed between p16INK4a overexpression and HPV16/18 presence ( p=0.021), but none with bcl-2 levels. It is concluded that immunohistochemical bcl-2 expression may not be useful for predicting the progression of HPV-related SIL. In contrast, p16INK4a overexpression seemed to be associated with HPV 16 and 18, suggesting that it may be a good marker for predicting SIL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia C M Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Evaluation of p16INK4a immunostaining for the detection of high-grade changes in cervical cytology. Pathology 2016; 47:314-9. [PMID: 25938364 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction in Australia in 2007, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has led to a markedly lower prevalence of vaccine targeted HPV genotype infections as well as HPV disease including genital warts and histologically confirmed high-grade (HG) cervical abnormalities. To increase the ability to identify abnormal cells in lower prevalence, adjunct markers can be incorporated to improve the sensitivity and specificity of cytology test. One such marker is p16(p16), which is detectable in cells expressing the E7 oncogene encoded by high-risk HPVs (HR-HPV). In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of p16 immunostaining in detection of underlying HG lesions was evaluated in a cohort of 454 women undergoing surgical treatment for biopsy proven cervical dysplasia. Overall, p16 positive cells were detected in 321 (71%) of cytology preparations evaluated. Comparison of p16 staining on cytological preparations to histology diagnosis available on 212 patients, showed 26 (54%), 41 (78%) and 80 (90%) of cytology preparations to be p16 positive in women with CIN1, CIN2 and CIN3, respectively (p < 0.005). HPV16 and 18 were the most prevalent genotypes in HG lesions and were highly correlated with p16 staining. p16 staining provides an additional marker which can assist in better detecting underlying HG lesion in cytology smears with low disease prevalence.
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16
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Bedoya-López A, Estrada K, Sanchez-Flores A, Ramírez OT, Altamirano C, Segovia L, Miranda-Ríos J, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Effect of Temperature Downshift on the Transcriptomic Responses of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Using Recombinant Human Tissue Plasminogen Activator Production Culture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151529. [PMID: 26991106 PMCID: PMC4798216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are widely used as biopharmaceuticals, but their production by mammalian cell culture is expensive. Hence, improvement of bioprocess productivity is greatly needed. A temperature downshift (TDS) from 37°C to 28–34°C is an effective strategy to expand the productive life period of cells and increase their productivity (qp). Here, TDS in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures, initially grown at 37°C and switched to 30°C during the exponential growth phase, resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in the qp of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (rh-tPA). The transcriptomic response using next-generation sequencing (NGS) was assessed to characterize the cellular behavior associated with TDS. A total of 416 (q > 0.8) and 3,472 (q > 0.9) differentially expressed transcripts, with more than a 1.6-fold change at 24 and 48 h post TDS, respectively, were observed in cultures with TDS compared to those at constant 37°C. In agreement with the extended cell survival resulting from TDS, transcripts related to cell growth arrest that controlled cell proliferation without the activation of the DNA damage response, were differentially expressed. Most upregulated genes were related to energy metabolism in mitochondria, mitochondrial biogenesis, central metabolism, and avoidance of apoptotic cell death. The gene coding for rh-tPA was not differentially expressed, but fluctuations were detected in the transcripts encoding proteins involved in the secretory machinery, particularly in glycosylation. Through NGS the dynamic processes caused by TDS were assessed in this biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bedoya-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Karel Estrada
- Unidad Universitaria de Apoyo Bioinformático, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor. México
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Apoyo Bioinformático, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor. México
| | - Octavio T. Ramírez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor. México
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorenzo Segovia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis. Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor. México
| | - Juan Miranda-Ríos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A. Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma A. Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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17
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Dysregulation of CDK inhibitors and p53 in HPV-negative endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2015; 34:196-203. [PMID: 25675191 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative adenocarcinoma (AC) is a minor subset of endocervical cancer, but its pathogenesis has yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the clinicopathologic features of HPV-negative endocervical AC (n=14) in comparison with HPV-positive endocervical AC (n=30), and further studied aberrations of cell-cycle regulators. Expression patterns of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16, p14, p27, and p21) and p53 were evaluated immunohistochemically, and nuclear high-risk HPV DNA signals were detected by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Immunoexpression of p16, p14, p27, p21, and p53 were observed in 90%, 67%, 77%, 40%, and 20% of HPV-positive ACs, and in 0%, 0%, 29%, 14%, and 57% of HPV-negative ACs, respectively. A higher frequency of lymph node metastasis and worse prognosis were significantly associated with HPV-negative AC. Our findings suggest that alteration of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and p53 status may contribute to carcinogenesis and the clinical behavior of HPV-negative AC of the uterine cervix.
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18
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Stepwise expression of CDKN2A and RB1 proteins in esophageal mucosa from patients at high risk for squamous cell carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 22:669-73. [PMID: 25046224 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is a lethal cancer and carries a poor prognosis because of late diagnosis. Identification of molecular markers may aid early diagnosis. We assessed the expression of CDKN2A/RB1 in the esophageal mucosa and its association with the histology. Esophageal biopsies were collected from 38 patients with no esophageal lesion (group 1), from iodine-negative areas of 108 alcoholics/smokers (group 2), and from tumor and nontumor areas in 41 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (group 3). The histologic diagnosis was compared with immunoexpression of CDKN2A/RB1. In group 1, histology showed normal mucosa/mild esophagitis and no expression of CDKN2A/RB1. In groups 2 and 3, the diagnosis was: normal mucosa (38.4%), esophagitis (44.4%), dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (2.8%), and carcinoma (14.3%). The immunoexpression of CDKN2A/RB1 increased in a stepwise manner from the normal mucosa, to esophagitis, dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, and carcinoma (P<0.01). CDKN2A/RB1 was not expressed in the esophageal mucosa of patients without risk factors. p16/pRb expression increased in a stepwise manner, according to the severity of histologic lesions, in biopsies from patients exposed to risk factors or with carcinoma. Esophageal mucosa exposed to risk factors with the expression of those proteins may be at risk for malignant transformation.
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19
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Roldán Urgoiti GB, Gustafson K, Klimowicz AC, Petrillo SK, Magliocco AM, Doll CM. The prognostic value of HPV status and p16 expression in patients with carcinoma of the anal canal. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108790. [PMID: 25271758 PMCID: PMC4182745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In anal cancer studies, the detection frequency of high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus) is variable, depending on the method used. There are limited data reporting results of different HPV detection techniques in the same clinical series, and very few correlating results with clinical outcome. Objectives To evaluate tumor expression of p16/HPV16 using three different methods, and to determine their association with clinical outcome in patients with anal canal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Design This retrospective study included patients with anal canal SCC treated with definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy at a single institution between 1992 and 2005. Formalin-fixed paraffin–embedded tumor samples from 53 of the 89 (60%) patient pre-treatment biopsies were adequate for tissue microarray construction. HPV status was determined using: p16 expression by conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative IHC (AQUA), HPV genotype analysis by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and HPV linear array sub-typing. Expression status was correlated with clinical outcome. Results 80% (28/35) of patient tumors had high p16 expression using conventional IHC. HPV16 CISH was positive in 81% (34/42) of tumors, and 78% (28/36) of tumors were HPV subtype 16. HPV16 CISH correlated with p16 evaluated by conventional IHC (correlation coefficient 0.46; p = 0.01) and by p16 AQUA score (correlation coefficient 0.49; p = 0.001). A subset of cases (15%) had very high p16 quantitative IHC scores (>244) and were associated with a higher incidence of local or distant recurrence (p = 0.04). Conclusions The vast majority (80%) of anal canal SCC in our series were positive for HPV16/p16, regardless of the testing method used. The exploratory analysis of automated quantitative IHC scoring was the only technique to define a subset of patients with a worse prognosis by p16 expression status on univariate analysis. Further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of treatment resistance in association with very high p16 expression is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Gustafson
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Anthony M. Magliocco
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Corinne M. Doll
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Adams AK, Wise-Draper TM, Wells SI. Human papillomavirus induced transformation in cervical and head and neck cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1793-820. [PMID: 25226287 PMCID: PMC4190568 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most widely publicized and researched pathogenic DNA viruses. For decades, HPV research has focused on transforming viral activities in cervical cancer. During the past 15 years, however, HPV has also emerged as a major etiological agent in cancers of the head and neck, in particular squamous cell carcinoma. Even with significant strides achieved towards the screening and treatment of cervical cancer, and preventive vaccines, cervical cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths for women in developing countries. Furthermore, routine screens are not available for those at risk of head and neck cancer. The current expectation is that HPV vaccination will prevent not only cervical, but also head and neck cancers. In order to determine if previous cervical cancer models for HPV infection and transformation are directly applicable to head and neck cancer, clinical and molecular disease aspects must be carefully compared. In this review, we briefly discuss the cervical and head and neck cancer literature to highlight clinical and genomic commonalities. Differences in prognosis, staging and treatment, as well as comparisons of mutational profiles, viral integration patterns, and alterations in gene expression will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie K Adams
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Trisha M Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Susanne I Wells
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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21
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Halec G, Alemany L, Lloveras B, Schmitt M, Alejo M, Bosch FX, Tous S, Klaustermeier JE, Guimerà N, Grabe N, Lahrmann B, Gissmann L, Quint W, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Pawlita M. Pathogenic role of the eight probably/possibly carcinogenic HPV types 26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73 and 82 in cervical cancer. J Pathol 2014; 234:441-51. [PMID: 25043390 DOI: 10.1002/path.4405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Eight HPV types (HPV26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73 and 82) that are phylogenetically closely related to 12 WHO-defined high-risk (HR) HPV have been rarely but consistently identified as single HPV infections in about 3% of cervical cancer (CxCa) tissues. Due to lack of biological data, these types are referred to as probable/possible (p) HR-HPV. To analyse their biological activity in direct comparison to HR-HPV types, we selected 55 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CxCa tissues harbouring single pHR-HPV infections (2-13 cases per type) and 266 tissues harbouring single HR-HPV (7-40 cases per type) from a worldwide, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Single HPV infection was verified by two genotyping methods. Presence of type-specific spliced E6*I mRNA transcripts and expression of cellular proteins indicative of HPV transformation were assessed in all cases. In 55 CxCa tissues with pHR-HPV, E6*I mRNA expression was 100%; high p16(INK4a) , 98%; low pRb, 96%; low CyD1, 93%; and low p53, 84%. Compared to HPV16 tissues as a reference, individual frequencies of these five markers did not differ significantly, either for any of the eight pHR-HPV and the 11 other HR types individually or for the groups of pHR and HR types without HPV16. We conclude that the eight pHR-HPV types, when present as a single infection in CxCa, are biologically active and affect the same cellular pathways as any of the fully recognized carcinogenic HR-HPV types. Therefore we have provided molecular evidence of carcinogenicity for types currently classified as probably/possibly carcinogenic. Although this evidence is crucial for HPV-type carcinogenicity classification, per se it is not sufficient for inclusion of these HPV types into population-wide primary and secondary prevention programmes. Such decisions have to include careful estimation of effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Halec
- Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Infections and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Dichamp I, Séité P, Agius G, Barbarin A, Beby-Defaux A. Human papillomavirus 16 oncoprotein E7 stimulates UBF1-mediated rDNA gene transcription, inhibiting a p53-independent activity of p14ARF. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96136. [PMID: 24798431 PMCID: PMC4010441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a major role in HPV-related cancers. One of the main functions of E7 is the degradation of pRb, while E6 promotes the degradation of p53, inactivating the p14ARF-p53 pathway. pRb and p14ARF can repress ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription in part by targeting the Upstream Binding Factor 1 (UBF1), a key factor in the activation of RNA polymerase I machinery. We showed, through ectopic expression and siRNA silencing of p14ARF and/or E7, that E7 stimulates UBF1-mediated rDNA gene transcription, partly because of increased levels of phosphorylated UBF1, preventing the inhibitory function of p14ARF. Unexpectedly, activation of rDNA gene transcription was higher in cells co-expressing p14ARF and E7, compared to cells expressing E7 alone. We did not find a difference in P-UBF1 levels that could explain this data. However, p14ARF expression induced E7 to accumulate into the nucleolus, where rDNA transcription takes place, providing an opportunity for E7 to interact with nucleolar proteins involved in this process. GST-pull down and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed interactions between p14ARF, UBF1 and E7, although p14ARF and E7 are not able to directly interact. Co-expression of a pRb-binding-deficient mutant (E7C24G) and p14ARF resulted in EC24G nucleolar accumulation, but not in a significant higher activation of rDNA transcription, suggesting that the inactivation of pRb is involved in this phenomenon. Thus, p14ARF fails to prevent E7-mediated UBF1 phosphorylation, but could facilitate nucleolar pRb inactivation by targeting E7 to the nucleolus. While others have reported that p19ARF, the mouse homologue of p14ARF, inhibits some functions of E7, we showed that E7 inhibits a p53-independent function of p14ARF. These results point to a mutually functional interaction between p14ARF and E7 that might partly explain why the sustained p14ARF expression observed in most cervical pre-malignant lesions and malignancies may be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dichamp
- Unité de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
| | - Paule Séité
- Equipe Emergente 2RCT «Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales», Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gérard Agius
- Unité de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
| | - Alice Barbarin
- Equipe Emergente 2RCT «Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales», Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Agnès Beby-Defaux
- Unité de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
- Equipe Emergente 2RCT «Récepteurs, Régulations, Cellules Tumorales», Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chidlow G, Wood JPM, Sharma S, Dimasi DP, Burdon KP, Casson RJ, Craig JE. Ocular expression and distribution of products of the POAG-associated chromosome 9p21 gene region. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75067. [PMID: 24069379 PMCID: PMC3777912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that there are highly significant associations for common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the CDKN2B-AS1 gene region at the 9p21 locus with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness. This gene region houses the CDKN2B/p15INK4B,CDKN2A/p16INK4A and p14ARF (rat equivalent, p19ARF) tumour suppressor genes and is adjacent to the S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene. In order to understand the ocular function of these genes and, therefore, how they may be involved in the pathogenesis of POAG, we studied the distribution patterns of each of their products within human and rat ocular tissues. MTAP mRNA was detected in the rat retina and optic nerve and its protein product was localised to the corneal epithelium, trabecular meshwork and retinal glial cells in both human and rat eyes. There was a very low level of p16INK4A mRNA present within the rat retina and slightly more in the optic nerve, although no protein product could be detected in either rat or human eyes with any of the antibodies tested. P19ARF mRNA was likewise only present at very low levels in rat retina and slightly higher levels in the optic nerve. However, no unambiguous evidence was found to indicate expression of specific P19ARF/p14ARF proteins in either rat or human eyes, respectively. In contrast, p15INK4B mRNA was detected in much higher amounts in both retina and optic nerve compared with the other genes under analysis. Moreover, p15INK4B protein was clearly localised to the retinal inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers and the corneal epithelium and trabecular meshwork in rat and human eyes. The presented data provide the basis for future studies that can explore the roles that these gene products may play in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and other models of optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John P. M. Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Shiwani Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - David P. Dimasi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert J. Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Pacchiarotti A, Ferrari F, Bellardini P, Chini F, Collina G, Dalla Palma P, Ghiringhello B, Maccallini V, Musolino F, Negri G, Pisa R, Sabatucci I, Giorgi Rossi P. Prognostic value of p16-INK4A protein in women with negative or CIN1 histology result: a follow-up study. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:897-904. [PMID: 23913416 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
P16-INK4A overexpression has been proposed as a prognostic marker to manage the follow up of women with positive cytology and/or HPV test but without high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+). This study measures the relative risk (RR) of CIN2+ of p16 positive versus negative in these women. All the women referred to colposcopy from October 2008 to September 2010 with negative or CIN1 colposcopy-guided biopsy were included in the study; women surgically treated or having a CIN2-3 were excluded. All baseline biopsies were dyed with hematoxylin and eosin and p16. Women were followed up according to screening protocols, with cytology or colposcopy at 6 or 12 months. CIN2/3 RRs and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were computed. Of 442 eligible women, 369 (83.5%) had at least one follow-up episode. At baseline, 113 (30.6%) were CIN1, 248 (67.2%) negative, and 8 (2.2%) inadequate histology; 293 (79.4%) were p16-negative, 64 (17.3%) p16 positive and 12 (3.2%) not valid. During follow up, we found ten CIN2 and three CIN3; of these, six were p16 positive (sensitivity 46%, 95% CI 19-75). The absolute risk among p16 positives was 9.4/100 compared to 1.7/100 of the p16 negatives (RR 5.5; 95% CI 1.7-17.4). The risk was also higher for CIN1 than for histologically negative women (RR 4.4; 95% CI 1.3-14.3). The RR for p16 in CIN1 did not change (RR 5.2; 95% CI 0.6-47.5). P16 overexpression is a good candidate for modulating follow-up intensity after a negative colposcopy but is limited by its low prospective sensitivity.
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Tozawa-Ono A, Yoshida A, Yokomachi N, Handa R, Koizumi H, Kiguchi K, Ishizuka B, Suzuki N. Heat shock protein 27 and p16 immunohistochemistry in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Cell 2012; 25:24-8. [PMID: 22302674 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-011-0040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (hsp27) is expressed by squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Results from an earlier study by our group indicted that hsp27 may be a diagnostic marker for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and carcinoma. p16 expression is known to be elevated in intraepithelial uterine cervical cancer and grades 2 and 3 lesions (CIN2, CIN3), but has also been reported to be negative in 5-20% of cervical cancer and CIN lesions. The aim of our study was to confirm immunohistochemically the expression of hsp27 and p16 in cervical lesions. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical tissue specimens obtained between 2002 and 2010 were investigated for hsp27 and p16 expression. Positive staining was detected for hsp27 in 63% of normal cervical tissues, 47% of CIN1 lesions, 75% of CIN2 lesions, 92% of CIN3 lesions, and 100% of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); the corresponding rates for p16 positivity were 29, 47, 67, 92, and 75%, respectively. Positive staining for both hsp27 and p16 was observed in 6% of normal cervical tissues and in 19% of CIN1, 18% of CIN2, 85% of CIN3, and 75% of SCC specimens. Hsp27 or p16 positivity had a sensitivity of 95.6 or 84.7% and a specificity of 37.2 or 70.5%, respectively, for the identification of CIN3 or SCC lesions; when both hsp27 and p16 were assessed, both the sensitivity and specificity were improved. In conclusion, both hsp27 and p16 immunohistochemistry is a useful tool for the diagnosis of CIN3 lesions or cervical SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tozawa-Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
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26
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Bai P, Xiao X, Zou J, Cui L, Bui Nguyen TM, Liu J, Xiao J, Chang B, Wu J, Wang H. Expression of p14(ARF), p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a) and skp2 increases during esophageal squamous cell cancer progression. Exp Ther Med 2012; 3:1026-1032. [PMID: 22970012 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Senescence and apoptosis are assumed to be two main mechanisms that inhibit age-related carcinogenesis. p14(ARF), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a), which are known to induce senescence by regulating G(1) cell cycle arrest, have been identified as senescence markers. However, the mechanism by which senescence and apoptosis causes neoplasia in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been identified. In this study, 20 cases of normal esophageal tissues, 11 cases of esophageal intraepithelial dysplasia (EID) and 60 cases of ESCC were obtained and pathologically diagnosed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess the expression of p14(ARF), p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a), skp2, bcl-2 and ki-67. The senescence markers p14(ARF) and p16(INK4a) were found to be expressed in 15 and 10% of the normal tissues, 82 and 73% of the EID cases and 100 and 88% of the ESCC cases, respectively. The expression of p15(INK4b) was low in normal tissues, while 92% of the ESCC specimens were diffusely and markedly stained, involving the basal, middle and upper portion of the epithelium. The nuclear expression markers ki-67 and skp2 were highly expressed in ESCC tissues (100 and 72%, respectively). bcl-2 was expressed weakly in normal tissues (10%) and demonstrated various staining patterns in carcinoma specimens (strong in 60%, negative in 40%). MI was 0.09% in normal tissues and 0.95% in the ESCC specimens. Apart from the increased proliferation in esophageal carcinogenesis, as indicated in the ki-67 and skp2 indices, there was an increased expression of senescence-associated molecular markers in the ESCC specimens, which indicates that the senescence pathway may be activated and become a part of cancer development. Of greatest interest to us was that, when compared with clinical information, the expression of the senescence markers was markedly high in the poorly differentiated specimens with lymph node metastasis, indicating that senescence markers may have diagnostic potential in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bai
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine
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27
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Abstract
Expression of high-risk HPV oncogenes results in a strong overexpression of cellular protein p16(INK4a). Immunohistochemical staining for p16(INK4a) is widely used as diagnostic marker. However, p16(INK4a) upregulation was also described as a biomarker of age. Here we analyzed p16(INK4a) expression in cervical smears to investigate if patient age may influence p16(INK4a)-based cervical cancer diagnosis. p14(ARF) was analyzed as a related supportive biomarker. Cervical scrapes were taken and stored in RNAlater. Total RNA was extracted, and cDNA was analyzed for expression of p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) relative to β-actin, by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR SYBR-Green I assays. Patient-derived smears referred as HSIL (n=45) had 6.27-fold higher p16(INK4a) mRNA expression than smears of cytologically normal and HPV-negative persons (n=48). Expression of p14(ARF) was 4.87-fold higher. When women with normal diagnoses were stratified for age, a significantly enhanced p16(INK4a) (2.88-fold) and p14(ARF) (1.9-fold) expression was observed as a consequence of ageing. A significant age-dependent upregulation was also observed in older HSIL patients (2.54-fold). Our study revealed significantly enhanced expression of p16(INK4a)/p14(ARF) mRNA in cervical scrapes referred to as HSIL compared with normal women. An age-dependent bias has to be considered when quantifying these tumor suppressor genes, with respect to cervical cancer development.
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Liu CB, Ling ZQ. Identification of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV)-associated genes in early stage cervical squamous cell carcinomas. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:712-28. [PMID: 21819702 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study investigated gene expression in tumour samples from 38 patients with early stage human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of viral markers of HPV16 or HPV18 infection. Gene expression profiles of tumour samples and the corresponding normal cervical epithelium were analysed using cDNA microarrays. Several genes showed differential expression between the two groups of HPV-infected CSCC patients, although seven genes showed similar changes in both groups. The four genes encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, matrix metallopeptidase 9, laminin γ-1, and epidermal growth factor receptor were up-regulated, and the three genes encoding transforming growth factor β receptor 1, interleukin-1α and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 were down-regulated, in both HPV16(+) and HPV18(+) CSCC. These proteins are involved in cell proliferation, cell structure and cell attachment, so their expression might be involved in the mechanism of HPV-induced carcino genesis. A clearer understanding of HPV type-specific gene expression might aid diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Gynaecological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
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29
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Montebugnoli L, Venturi M, Gissi D, Leonardi E, Farnedi A, Foschini MP. Immunohistochemical expression of p16INK4A protein in oral lichen planus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Montebugnoli L, Cervellati F, Cocchi R, Farnedi A, Pennesi MG, Flamminio F, Foschini MP. Immunohistochemical expression of p16(INK4A) protein as a helpful marker of a subset of potentially malignant oral epithelial lesions: study on a series with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 2011; 57:528-34. [PMID: 20955378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine a group of lesions that progressed to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to determine whether p16(INK4A) expression is an early finding during malignant transformation, and whether immunohistochemical evaluation of p16(INK4A) is an appropriate prognostic marker. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty cases of OSCC were investigated. All cases had had a biopsy on the same site as OSCC performed at least 1year before OSCC (range 1-11years; mean 3.15±3.1years). Twenty specimens from normal oral mucosa served as controls. p16(INK4A) expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis and cases showing >5% of stained cells were defined as 'positive'. All 20 control cases were negative for p16(INK4A) . Oral lesions were p16(INK4A) -positive in nine cases and negative in 11. No significant relationship was found between p16(INK4A) positivity and the presence/absence of dysplasia. Among OSCC, nine tumours showed p16(INK4A) positivity and 11 showed negativity. A significant relationship (χ(2)=7.1; P<0.01) was found between the presence/absence of p16(INK4A) staining in OSCC and the presence/absence of p16(INK4A) staining in lesions preceding OSCC. CONCLUSIONS p16(INK4A) immunohistochemistry has a potential role in detecting a subset of p16(INK4A) -positive lesions with malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Montebugnoli
- Department of Oral Sciences, University of Bologna Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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31
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Guo M, Baruch AC, Silva EG, Jan YJ, Lin E, Sneige N, Deavers MT. Efficacy of p16 and ProExC immunostaining in the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:212-20. [PMID: 21228361 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp1llx8qmdxhho] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the efficacy of p16 and ProExC immunostaining in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ in 136 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical tissue specimens with consensus diagnoses of normal cervix, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, and carcinoma. Diffuse staining patterns of more than half the thickness of CINs and more than 10% of carcinoma cells were scored as positive. The positivity of p16 and ProExC increased significantly with the severity of cervical lesion (P < .001). For CIN 2+ or CIN 3+, p16 immunostaining was more sensitive (79% for CIN 2+; 90% for CIN 3+) than ProExC immunostaining (67% for CIN 2+; 84% for CIN 3+). ProExC showed higher specificity for CIN 3+ compared with p16. Specimens with p16+/ProExC+ results showed the highest specificity (100% for CIN 2+; 93% for CIN 3+), suggesting that these 2 biomarkers can be used together to distinguish CIN 2/3 from its mimics in cervical biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | - Elvio G. Silva
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Yee Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - E. Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Nour Sneige
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Michael T. Deavers
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens 3C and 3A maintain lymphoblastoid cell growth by repressing p16INK4A and p14ARF expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1919-24. [PMID: 21245331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019599108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) and EBNA3A are each essential for EBV conversion of primary human B lymphocytes into continuously proliferating lymphoblast cell lines (LCLs) and for maintaining LCL growth. We now find that EBNA3C and EBNA3A's essential roles are to repress p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF). In the absence of EBNA3C or EBNA3A, p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) expression increased and cell growth ceased. EBNA3C inactivation did not alter p16(INK4A) promoter CpG methylation, but reduced already low H3K27me3, relative to resting B cells, and increased H3K4me3 and H3-acetylation, linking EBNA3C inactivation to histone modifications associated with increased transcription. Importantly, knockdown of p16(INK4A) or p14(ARF) partially rescued LCLs from EBNA3C or EBNA3A inactivation-induced growth arrest and knockdown of both rescued LCL growth, confirming central roles for p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) in LCL growth arrest following EBNA3C or EBNA3A inactivation. Moreover, blockade of p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) effects on pRb and p53 by human papilloma virus type 16 E7 and E6 expression, sustained LCL growth after EBNA3C or EBNA3A inactivation. These data indicate that EBNA3C and EBNA3A joint repression of CDKN2A p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) is essential for LCL growth.
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Bandyopadhyay K, Gjerset RA. Protein kinase CK2 is a central regulator of topoisomerase I hyperphosphorylation and camptothecin sensitivity in cancer cell lines. Biochemistry 2011; 50:704-14. [PMID: 21182307 DOI: 10.1021/bi101110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase I (topo I) is required to unwind DNA during synthesis and provides the unique target for camptothecin-derived chemotherapeutic agents, including Irinotecan and Topotecan. While these agents are highly effective anticancer agents, some tumors do not respond due to intrinsic or acquired resistance, a process that remains poorly understood. Because of treatment toxicity, there is interest in identifying cellular factors that regulate tumor sensitivity and might serve as predictive biomarkers of therapy sensitivity. Here we identify the serine kinase, protein kinase CK2, as a central regulator of topo I hyperphosphorylation and activity and cellular sensitivity to camptothecin. In nine cancer cell lines and three normal tissue-derived cell lines we observe a consistent correlation between CK2 levels and camptothecin responsiveness. Two other topo I-targeted serine kinases, protein kinase C and cyclin-dependent kinase 1, do not show this correlation. Camptothecin-sensitive cancer cell lines display high CK2 activity, hyperphosphorylation of topo I, elevated topo I activity, and elevated phosphorylation-dependent complex formation between topo I and p14ARF, a topo I activator. Camptothecin-resistant cancer cell lines and normal cell lines display lower CK2 activity, lower topo I phosphorylation, lower topo I activity, and undetectable topo I/p14ARF complex formation. Experimental inhibition or activation of CK2 demonstrates that CK2 is necessary and sufficient for regulating these topo I properties and altering cellular responses to camptothecin. The results establish a cause and effect relationship between CK2 activity and camptothecin sensitivity and suggest that CK2, topo I phosphorylation, or topo I/p14ARF complex formation could provide biomarkers of therapy-responsive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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34
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Two distinct pathways to development of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. J Skin Cancer 2010; 2011:951250. [PMID: 21188235 PMCID: PMC3003991 DOI: 10.1155/2011/951250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 95% of the malignant tumors of the vaginal vulva and is mostly found in elderly women. The future numbers of patients with vulvar SCC is expected to rise, mainly because of the proportional increase in the average age of the general population. Two different pathways for vulvar SCC have been put forth. The first pathway is triggered by infection with a high-risk-type Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Integration of the HPV DNA into the host genome leads to the development of a typical vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), accompanied with overexpression of p14ARF and p16INK4A. This lesion subsequently forms a warty- or basaloid-type SCC. The HPV vaccine is a promising new tool for prevention of this HPV related SCC of the vulva. The second pathway is HPV-independent. Keratinizing SCC develops within a background of lichen sclerosus (LS) through a differentiated VIN. It has a different set of genetic alterations than those in the first pathway, including p53 mutations, allelic imbalances (AI), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Further clinical and basic research is still required to understand and prevent vulvar SCC. Capsule. Two pathway for pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the value are reviewed.
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Martín-Ezquerra G, Salgado R, Toll A, Gilaberte M, Baró T, Alameda Quitllet F, Yébenes M, Solé F, Garcia-Muret M, Espinet B, Pujol R. Multiple genetic copy number alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma: study of MYC
, TP53
, CCDN1, EGFR
and ERBB2
status in primary and metastatic tumours. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1028-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Guo M, Warriage I, Mutyala B, Patel S, Lin E, Gong Y, Sneige N. Evaluation of p16 immunostaining to predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with Pap results of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 39:482-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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p16INK4A overexpression in precancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix in Tunisian women. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:550-5. [PMID: 20400236 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Uterine cervix cancer is an important public health problem in developing countries. However, there is a substantial lack of inter-observer diagnostic reproducibility for its precursor lesions (CIN1). The study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of p16(INK4A) overexpression as a surrogate marker for uterine cervix precancerous lesions and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. We conducted a retrospective study of 87 uterine cervix specimens, including 7 normal tissue samples, 17 benign lesions, 34 precancerous lesions, 22 invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and 7 adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was used to find p16(INK4A) overexpression. HPV infection was detected by PCR. No immunoreactivity for p16(INK4A) was detected in normal tissue or benign lesions. p16(INK4A) immunoreactivity was focal in CIN1, whereas strong and diffuse immunoreactivity for p16(INK4A) was uniformly observed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of all CIN2 and 3, as well as in those of invasive SCC and adenocarcinomas. A statistically significant association was observed between p16(INK4A) overexpression, lesion grade, and high-risk HPV infection (p<0.0001). p16(INK4A) overexpression is a useful additional marker for the interpretation of problematic uterine cervical lesions and can help to reduce the variability during evaluation of suspicious biopsies of the uterine cervix.
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Chandler HL, Newkirk KM, Kusewitt DF, Dubielzig RR, Colitz CMH. Immunohistochemical analysis of ocular hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12:83-90. [PMID: 19261162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if molecular markers typically associated with ultraviolet exposure could be detected in canine ocular hemangiomas (HA) and hemangiosarcomas (HSA). METHODS Paraffin-embedded samples of canine ocular HA (n = 6) and HSA (n = 6) were examined for the presence of p53, p21, p16, cyclin D, PCNA, pAkt, telomerase, and estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS p53 and cyclin D protein were not detected in any of the canine HA or HSA samples. The majority of the HA and HSA were negative for both p21 and telomerase. pAkt immunoreactivity was absent in one HA, one HSA, but was present in five HA and five HSA. All of the HA or HSA samples were strongly positive for p16 and PCNA. ERalpha was expressed in all of the samples examined; there was more intense staining in the HSA samples compared to the HA samples. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study describe the protein expression, via immunohistochemistry, that might be altered in UV exposure in HA and HAS formation. p53 may not play an important role in tumor development; rather, in the tumors examined, expression of cell cycle regulators independent of the p53 pathway appear central in HA and HSA formation and progression. In addition, this study finds that ERalpha may be involved in promoting the invasive behavior associated with HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Chandler
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Walts AE, Bose S. p16, Ki-67, and BD ProEx™C immunostaining: a practical approach for diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:957-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Wang CW, Wu TI, Yu CT, Wu YC, Teng YH, Chin SY, Lai CH, Chen TC. Usefulness of p16 for differentiating primary pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma from cervical squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the lung. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 131:715-22. [PMID: 19369633 DOI: 10.1309/ajcptpbc6v5kuitm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is no reliable immunohistochemical marker that discriminates between primary pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cervical SCC metastatic to the lung. In this study, immunohistochemical staining of p16 was performed on 33 primary pulmonary SCCs, 48 primary cervical SCCs, and 17 cases of cervical SCC with pulmonary metastasis. Expression of p16 was noted in 47 cases of cervical SCC (47/48 [98%]), and all were strongly stained. Of the 7 cases of primary pulmonary SCC (7/33 [21%]) in which p16 expression was detected, 3 were weakly positive, 1 was moderately positive, and 3 were strongly positive. Among these p16+ pulmonary SCCs, only 1 showed detectable human papillomavirus DNA. Of the 17 cases of cervical SCC with pulmonary metastasis, all of the pulmonary and cervical tumors were positive for p16. p16 is a useful marker for the discrimination between cervical and pulmonary SCCs. The performance of p16 staining at different cutoff values was also compared.
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Gurrola-Díaz CM, Suárez-Rincón ÁE, Vázquez-Camacho G, Buonocunto-Vázquez G, Rosales-Quintana S, Wentzensen N, von Knebel Doeberitz M. P16INK4a immunohistochemistry improves the reproducibility of the histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in cone biopsies. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111:120-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nehls K, Vinokurova S, Schmidt D, Kommoss F, Reuschenbach M, Kisseljov F, Einenkel J, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Wentzensen N. p16 methylation does not affect protein expression in cervical carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2496-505. [PMID: 18722107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported a frequency range of 19-61% for p16 methylation in cervical cancers. However, p16 is strongly expressed in over 90% of cervical cancers and pre-cancers, due to interactions of HPV oncogenes with p53 and pRb. In order to clarify these controversial findings, we developed a new bisulphite sequencing protocol to determine the methylation status of p16. DNA extracted from 17 cell lines and 94 microdissected clinical samples was subjected to methylation analysis. p16 expression was confirmed in Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Complete methylation of p16 was found in none of the dysplastic lesions, but in 26% of the cervical carcinomas. However, immunohistochemistry showed strong p16 expression in all cancers. These findings indicate that p16 methylation does not implicate loss of p16 expression in HPV-induced tumours. In cervical cancer, methylation of p16 does not seem to be an underlying pathogenic mechanism, but may be a result of increasing genetic and epigenetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Nehls
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Mulvany NJ, Allen DG, Wilson SM. Diagnostic utility of p16INK4a: a reappraisal of its use in cervical biopsies. Pathology 2008; 40:335-44. [PMID: 18446622 DOI: 10.1080/00313020802035907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
p16(INK4a), an indirect marker of cell cycle dysregulation, is commonly expressed in cervical dysplasias and carcinomas associated with high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections. Although p16(INK4a) immunohistology is routinely used as a cost effective surrogate marker, many of the published articles are confusing and contradictory. The discrepancies can be ascribed to a multitude of factors operating at the molecular, technical and interpretative levels. In the first place, our simplistic model of viral mediated oncogenesis is speculative and fails to account for all the known biomolecular changes. Unresolved technical issues include the variables of tissue fixation, antibody dilution, antibody isotype and clone, and the sensitivity of the particular detection method. Within any controlled staining method, strong diffuse or 'block' immunoreactivity in squamous cells may be found in moderate/severe dysplasia (CIN 2/3) and invasive squamous carcinoma. In contrast, focal or multifocal reactivity in squamous cells may be artefactual, related to low risk or HR-HPV. p16(INK4a) is less reliable when dealing with glandular lesions since considerable overlap exists between reactive and dysplastic lesions. In addition not all glandular dysplasias/carcinomas are HR-HPV related, nor are all p16(INK4a) immunoreactive lesions associated with HR-HPV. We conclude that p16(INK4a) immunoperoxidase shows greater specificity than sensitivity for squamous lesions; in comparison, glandular dysplasias/carcinomas show reduced specificity and sensitivity. Like all cell cycle regulatory proteins, the future diagnostic role of p16(INK4a) is limited. The ideal diagnostic molecular test for cervical dysplasias will detect a HR-HPV related product after, but not before, cell transformation and will reliably predict those cases yet to experience disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Mulvany
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic 3084, Australia.
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44
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Küsters-Vandevelde HVN, de Koning MNC, Melchers WJG, Quint WGV, de Wilde PCM, de Jong EMGJ, van de Kerkhof PCM, Blokx WAM. Expression of p14ARF, p16INK4a and p53 in relation to HPV in (pre-)malignant squamous skin tumours. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2148-2157. [PMID: 18681909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in cervical dysplasia have reported overexpression of the tumour suppressors p14 and p16 - and absence of p53 - in high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV)- associated lesions. In skin carcinogenesis, the relation between these tumour suppressors and HPV remain unclear. We evaluated the expression of the tumour suppressors p14, p16 and p53 in pre-malignant and malignant squamous skin tumours, and its relation with risk factors for skin carcinogenesis (HPV, immune status and sun exposure). We performed immunohistochemical stainings for p14, p16 and p53 on paraffin embedded material of 71 pre-malignant squamous skin lesions and 34 squamous cell carcinomas, from 52 renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and 53 immunocompetent individuals. PCR-based assays were used for detection and genotyping of beta-papilloma virus (beta-PV) types and mucosal HPV types. P14 expression was independent of the expression of p16 and p53, irrespective of immune status and skin site. In 49 of 105 specimens (46.6%), one or more beta-PV types were detected. We found no significant association between p14, p16 or p53 protein expression and overall presence of beta-PV, irrespective of immune status. There was a significant association between presence of beta-PV and lesions from sun-exposed skin sites in the RTRs (P = 0.002). We conclude that in skin carcinogenesis, relations between the herein studied tumour suppressors and HPV are different from what one would expect based on findings in cervical neoplasia. P14, p16 and p53 expressions are independent of immune status. Our data indicate that in immunosuppressed patients, beta-PV together with ultraviolet radiation act synergetic in promoting carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi V N Küsters-Vandevelde
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Weg door Jonkerbos, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G V Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Fonteynenburglaan, Voorburg, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C M de Wilde
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke M G J de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C M van de Kerkhof
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke A M Blokx
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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45
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BD ProEx C: A Sensitive and Specific Marker of HPV-associated Squamous Lesions of the Cervix. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32:899-906. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31815bbb69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Immunostaining for p16INK4a Used as a Conjunctive Tool Improves Interobserver Agreement of the Histologic Diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32:502-12. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31815ac420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Auw-Haedrich C, Martin G, Spelsberg H, Sundmacher R, Freudenberg N, Maier P, Reinhard T. Expression of p16 in conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia does not correlate with HPV-infection. Open Ophthalmol J 2008; 2:48-56. [PMID: 19516893 PMCID: PMC2687927 DOI: 10.2174/1874364100802010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify the frequency of expression of p16(INK4a) (CDKN2A) and HPV (human papilloma virus) in different grades of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).Twelve specimens including CIN I (2), II (3), III (5), and CIN with beginning invasion (2), as well as 15 control specimens, were stained with antibodies against p16(INK4a) and MIB1. The presence of HPV was examined by PCR.p16 as well as MIB1 were significantly elevated in CIN compared to control specimens (p<0.01) without correlation with the differentiation grade. Only two cases with CIN grade 3 contained HPV 16.As few control specimens also showed increased p16(INK4a) expression, p16(INK4a) seems not to be a very reliable marker for the exact determination of CIN. It could serve as an additional diagnostic tool besides the morphological characterization. Our study suggested that p16(INK4a) elevation is not associated with HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Auw-Haedrich
- Eye Hospital, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Killianstr. 5, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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48
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Feng W, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Rosen DG, Brown RE, Liu J, Duan X. Senescence and apoptosis in carcinogenesis of cervical squamous carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:961-6. [PMID: 17632454 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Senescence and apoptosis are two key mechanisms that protect against cancer development. Many cell cycle regulators, such as p14(ARF), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a), are important in G1 cell cycle arrest and oncogene-induced senescence. The bcl-2 protein is one of the key components that control apoptosis, while the p53 protein plays key roles in both mechanisms. The genes of these key regulator proteins are often mutated or deleted in various malignancies. It is unknown how senescence and apoptosis are regulated in one of the most common tumors of the female genital tract, cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In this study the, expression of senescence, apoptosis and proliferation markers in normal cervical epithelium, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and SCC are characterized via immunohistochemical staining for p14(ARF), p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a), bcl-2, p53 and Ki-67 in tissue microarray blocks containing 20 samples each of normal cervix, moderate-to-severe cervical dysplasia (CIN II-III) and invasive SCC. Samples are derived from 60 total cases of cervical biopsies and cervical conizations. Results showed that the proliferation marker, Ki-67, is markedly increased, and the senescence markers, p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) are overexpressed in both dysplasia and carcinoma. P53 immunostain is negative in all normal cervical tissue, and positive in dysplasia and carcinoma. Although the expression of bcl-2 is increased in dysplasia, this marker is negative in approximately half of SCC cases. These results suggest that some senescence pathways are activated and are still maintained in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. However proliferation is increased and carcinogenesis is not thwarted, leading to eventual development of cervical cancer. Other mechanisms, such as those that account for the apparent overexpression of p53 and paradoxical loss of bcl-2 expression in some SCC cases, as well as additional senescence and apoptotic pathways, may play key roles carcinogenesis of cervical SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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49
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Sayed K, Korourian S, Ellison DA, Kozlowski K, Talley L, Horn HV, Simpson P, Parham DM. Diagnosing Cervical Biopsies in Adolescents. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2007; 11:141-6. [PMID: 17596758 DOI: 10.1097/01.lgt.0000265777.36797.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To increase the specificity in diagnosing cervical biopsies in adolescents, we evaluated the use of p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as an adjuvant test in addition to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred cervical histological tissues from adolescents were stained with routine H&E and monoclonal p16 (clone E6H4; dilution, 1:25; Dako). One gynecologic pathologist and 3 pediatric pathologists independently reviewed the cases, rendered diagnoses first by using H&E alone, and then added p16 IHC as an adjuvant marker. The interobserver agreement between the gynecologic pathologist and the pediatric pathologists was calculated using kappa statistics. RESULTS The agreement rates between the gynecologic pathologist and all 3 pediatric pathologists were fair (kappa = 0.39, 0.36, and 0.37) when only H&E sections were used, and were improved to moderate (kappa = 0.53, 0.44, and 0.50) after using p16 IHC in addition to H&E. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia based solely on H&E-stained biopsies may lack interobserver reproducibility. The p16 IHC reduces the number of discrepancies and improves the rate of agreement among pathologists in diagnosing adolescent's cervical lesions. The improvement in the diagnosis of cervical biopsies has important implications in the treatment and follow-up of adolescent girls with abnormal cervical cytological diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadria Sayed
- Departments of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AK 72202, USA.
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50
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Regauer S, Reich O. CK17 and p16 expression patterns distinguish (atypical) immature squamous metaplasia from high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III). Histopathology 2007; 50:629-35. [PMID: 17394499 PMCID: PMC1890920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regauer S & Reich O (2007) Histopathology50, 629–635 CK17 and p16 expression patterns distinguish (atypical) immature squamous metaplasia from high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Regauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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