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Wu S, Wang MG, Wang Y, He JQ. Polymorphisms of cytokine genes and tuberculosis in two independent studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2507. [PMID: 30792445 PMCID: PMC6385216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence cytokine levels, which may be associated with tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. There is evidence that interleukin 1B (IL1B), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL6 may be involved in the progression of TB. Using a self-validating case-control design, we selected eleven functional SNPs in IL1B, TNF and IL6 to detect their association with TB in Chinese Han and Tibetan populations. The associations between SNPs and TB were estimated by computing the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using logistic regression analyses. We found that the IL1B rs16944 polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of TB in the two studies. The G allele at rs2069837 of IL6 was significantly more common in controls than in TB patients in the Han population. Moreover, TNF rs1799964 and rs1800630 were risk factors for susceptibility to TB, which were validated in the Chinese Tibetan population. In addition, TNF rs1799724 and rs1800629 were associated with TB, but only in the Tibetan population. In conclusion, SNPs of the IL1B and TNF gene were associated with TB susceptibility in Chinese Han and Tibetan populations. IL6 polymorphism may be considered as a protective factor for TB in the Chinese Han population, but not the Tibetan population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouquan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Gui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Qing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Genetic Polymorphisms of IL1B, IL6, and TNFα in a Chinese Han Population with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3010898. [PMID: 29888256 PMCID: PMC5977055 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3010898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The factors that predispose to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are not fully understood. Previous studies have shown that cytokine gene polymorphisms were associated with PTB. Objectives In this study, we have investigated the relationship between ILB, IL6, and TNFα polymorphisms and a predisposition to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and PTB. Methods A total of 209 cases of PTB, 201 subjects with latent TB infection (LTBI), and 204 healthy controls (HCS) were included in this study. Logistic regression analyses under allelic, homozygous, and heterozygous models were used to calculate P values, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for assessing the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease risk, adjusting for sex and age. Genotyping was conducted using the improved multiplex ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) method. Results When comparing PTB patients with LTBI subjects, significant associations with disease development were observed for SNPs of IL6 and TNFα. When comparing LTBI subjects with HCS, IL1B polymorphisms were significantly associated with LIBI. Haplotype analyses suggested that the CGG haplotype of IL1B was associated with an increased risk of PTB (P = 0.039, OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01–1.76), while the TTGCG haplotype of TNFα was a protective factor against PTB (P = 0.039, OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.44–0.98). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that IL1B variants were related to LTBI and IL6 and TNFα variants were associated with PTB.
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Lack of Association Between the IL1B (-511 and +3954), IL1RN VNTR Polymorphisms and Tuberculosis Risk: A Meta-analysis. Lung 2015; 193:985-92. [PMID: 26330006 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-015-9796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have provided evidence that polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 (IL1) gene are implicated in tuberculosis (TB). However, results of different studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis investigating the association of the IL1B (-511 and +3954) and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms with TB risk. METHODS A systematic review of the English literature was conducted by searching Pubmed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases for relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed effects models. Between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were also evaluated. RESULTS Nine case-control studies including 3327 participants were reviewed and analyzed. Our results did not indicate any association of the IL1B (-511 and +3954) and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms with TB risk in the overall populations. The pooled OR of the IL1B -511 polymorphism was 1.09 (95 % CI 0.87-1.36) for the dominant model, 1.11 (0.89-1.38) for the recessive model, 1.15 (0.87-1.50) for the homozygote model, and 1.07 (0.94-1.23) for the allelic comparison model. ORs for the IL1B +3954 and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms were similar. In subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, the results revealed no association between these polymorphisms and TB risk in black people, Asians, and Caucasians, respectively. We did not identify significant between-study heterogeneity across all studies, and there was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate there is a lack of association between the IL1B (-511 and +3954), IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms and TB risk.
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Mayer-Barber KD, Andrade BB, Oland SD, Amaral EP, Barber DL, Gonzales J, Derrick SC, Shi R, Kumar NP, Wei W, Yuan X, Zhang G, Cai Y, Babu S, Catalfamo M, Salazar AM, Via LE, Barry CE, Sher A. Host-directed therapy of tuberculosis based on interleukin-1 and type I interferon crosstalk. Nature 2014; 511:99-103. [PMID: 24990750 DOI: 10.1038/nature13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains second only to HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single infectious agent. Despite chemotherapy, the global tuberculosis epidemic has intensified because of HIV co-infection, the lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Alternative host-directed strategies could be exploited to improve treatment efficacy and outcome, contain drug-resistant strains and reduce disease severity and mortality. The innate inflammatory response elicited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a logical host target. Here we demonstrate that interleukin-1 (IL-1) confers host resistance through the induction of eicosanoids that limit excessive type I interferon (IFN) production and foster bacterial containment. We further show that, in infected mice and patients, reduced IL-1 responses and/or excessive type I IFN induction are linked to an eicosanoid imbalance associated with disease exacerbation. Host-directed immunotherapy with clinically approved drugs that augment prostaglandin E2 levels in these settings prevented acute mortality of Mtb-infected mice. Thus, IL-1 and type I IFNs represent two major counter-regulatory classes of inflammatory cytokines that control the outcome of Mtb infection and are functionally linked via eicosanoids. Our findings establish proof of concept for host-directed treatment strategies that manipulate the host eicosanoid network and represent feasible alternatives to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sandra D Oland
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eduardo P Amaral
- 1] Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jacqueline Gonzales
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Steven C Derrick
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ruiru Shi
- Henan Chest Hospital, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- 1] NIH, International Center for Excellence in Research, 600 031 Chennai, India [2] National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), 600 031 Chennai, India
| | - Wang Wei
- Henan Chest Hospital, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Yuan
- Henan Chest Hospital, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Sino-US International Research Center for Tuberculosis, and Henan Public Health Center, 450003 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Subash Babu
- 1] NIH, International Center for Excellence in Research, 600 031 Chennai, India [2] Helminth Immunology Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Navarathna DHMLP, Lionakis MS, Lizak MJ, Munasinghe J, Nickerson KW, Roberts DD. Urea amidolyase (DUR1,2) contributes to virulence and kidney pathogenesis of Candida albicans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48475. [PMID: 23144764 PMCID: PMC3483220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular enzyme urea amidolyase (Dur1,2p) enables C. albicans to utilize urea as a sole nitrogen source. Because deletion of the DUR1,2 gene reduces survival of C. albicans co-cultured with a murine macrophage cell line, we investigated the role of Dur1,2p in pathogenesis using a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. A dur1,2Δ/dur1,2Δ strain was significantly less virulent than the wild-type strain, showing significantly higher survival rate, better renal function, and decreased and less sustained fungal colonization in kidney and brain. Complementation of the mutant restored virulence. DUR1,2 deletion resulted in a milder host inflammatory reaction. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and magnetic resonance imaging showed decreased phagocytic infiltration into infected kidneys. Systemic cytokine levels of wild-type mice infected with the dur1,2 mutant showed a more balanced systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Host gene expression and protein analysis in infected kidneys revealed parallel changes in the local immune response. Significant differences were observed in the kidney IL-1 inflammatory pathway, IL-15 signaling, MAP kinase signaling, and the alternative complement pathway. We conclude that Dur1,2p is important for kidney colonization during disseminated candidiasis and contributes to an unbalanced host inflammatory response and subsequent renal failure. Therefore, this Candida-specific enzyme may represent a useful drug target to protect the host from kidney damage associated with disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhammika H. M. L. P. Navarathna
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Lizak
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Nickerson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The contribution of a murine CNS-TB model for the understanding of the host-pathogen interactions in the formation of granulomas. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 206:88-93. [PMID: 22387263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe form of TB, characterized morphologically by brain granulomas and tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Experimental strategies for the study of the host-pathogen interaction through the analysis of granulomas and its intrinsic molecular mechanisms could provide new insights into the neuropathology of TB. To verify whether cerebellar mycobacterial infection induces the main features of the disease in human CNS and better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease, we injected bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) into the mouse cerebellum. BCG-induced CNS-TB is characterized by the formation of granulomas and TBM, a build up of bacterial loads in these lesions, and microglial recruitment into the lesion sites. In addition, there is an enhanced expression of signaling molecules such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and there is a presence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lesions and surrounding areas. This murine model of cerebellar CNS-TB was characterized by cellular and biochemical immune responses typically found in the human disease. This model could expand our knowledge about granulomas in TB infection of the cerebellum, and help characterize the physiological mechanisms involved with the progression of this serious illness that is responsible for killing millions people every year.
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Lee WL, Gold B, Darby C, Brot N, Jiang X, de Carvalho LPS, Wellner D, St John G, Jacobs WR, Nathan C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses methionine sulphoxide reductases A and B that protect from killing by nitrite and hypochlorite. Mol Microbiol 2009; 71:583-93. [PMID: 19040639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulphoxide reductases (Msr) reduce methionine sulphoxide to methionine and protect bacteria against reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). Many organisms express both MsrA, active against methionine-(S)-sulphoxide, and MsrB, active against methionine-(R)-sulphoxide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) expresses MsrA, which protects DeltamsrA-Escherichia coli from ROI and RNI. However, the function of MsrA in Mtb has not been defined, and it is unknown whether Mtb expresses MsrB. We identified MsrB as the protein encoded by Rv2674 in Mtb and confirmed the distinct stereospecificities of recombinant Mtb MsrA and MsrB. We generated strains of Mtb deficient in MsrA, MsrB or both and complemented the mutants. Lysates of singly deficient strains displayed half as much Msr activity as wild type against N-acetyl methionine sulphoxide. However, in contrast to other bacteria, single mutants were no more vulnerable than wild type to killing by ROI/RNI. Only Mtb lacking both MsrA and MsrB was more readily killed by nitrite or hypochlorite. Thus, MsrA and MsrB contribute to the enzymatic defences of Mtb against ROI and RNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren L Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Stimulation of Phagocytic Activity of Alveolar Macrophages Toward Artificial Microspheres by Infection with Mycobacteria. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1420-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bakshi CS, Malik M, Carrico PM, Sellati TJ. T-bet deficiency facilitates airway colonization by Mycoplasma pulmonis in a murine model of asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1786-95. [PMID: 16849489 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggest a correlation between asthma and infection with atypical bacterial respiratory pathogens. However, the cellular and molecular underpinnings of this correlation remain unclear. Using the T-bet-deficient (T-bet(-/-)) murine model of asthma and the natural murine pathogen Mycoplasma pulmonis, we provide a mechanistic explanation for this correlation. In this study, we demonstrate the capacity of asthmatic airways to facilitate colonization by M. pulmonis and the capacity of M. pulmonis to exacerbate symptoms associated with acute and chronic asthma. This mutual synergism results from an inability of T-bet(-/-) mice to mount an effective immune defense against respiratory infection through release of IFN-gamma and the ability of M. pulmonis to trigger the production of Th2-type cytokines (e.g., IL-4 and IL-5), and Abs (e.g., IgG1, IgE, and IgA), eosinophilia, airway remodeling, and hyperresponsiveness; all pathophysiological hallmarks of asthma. The capacity of respiratory pathogens such as Mycoplasma spp. to dramatically augment the pathological changes associated with asthma likely explains their association with acute asthmatic episodes in juvenile patients and with adult chronic asthmatics, >50% of whom are found to be PCR positive for M. pneumoniae. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that in mice genetically predisposed to asthma, M. pulmonis infection elicits an inflammatory milieu in the lungs that skews the immune response toward the Th2-type, thus exacerbating the pathophysiological changes associated with asthma. For its part, airways exhibiting an asthmatic phenotype provide a fertile environment that promotes colonization by Mycoplasma spp. and one which is ill-equipped to kill and clear respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekhar Bakshi
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Porter DW, Millecchia L, Robinson VA, Hubbs A, Willard P, Pack D, Ramsey D, McLaurin J, Khan A, Landsittel D, Teass A, Castranova V. Enhanced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production and damage after inhalation of silica. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L485-93. [PMID: 12114212 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00427.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous reports from this study, measurements of pulmonary inflammation, bronchoalveolar lavage cell cytokine production and nuclear factor-kappa B activation, cytotoxic damage, and fibrosis were detailed. In this study, we investigated the temporal relationship between silica inhalation, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and damage mediated by these radicals in the rat. Rats were exposed to a silica aerosol (15 mg/m(3) silica, 6 h/day, 5 days/wk) for 116 days. We report time-dependent changes in 1) activation of alveolar macrophages and concomitant production of NO and ROS, 2) immunohistochemical localization of inducible NO synthase and the NO-induced damage product nitrotyrosine, 3) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid NO(x) and superoxide dismutase concentrations, and 4) lung lipid peroxidation levels. The major observations made in this study are as follows: 1) NO and ROS production and resultant damage increased during silica exposure, and 2) the sites of inducible NO synthase activation and NO-mediated damage are associated anatomically with pathological lesions in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Wanchu A, Bhatnagar A, Khullar M, Sud A, Bambery P, Singh S. Antitubercular therapy decreases nitric oxide production in HIV/TB coinfected patients. BMC Infect Dis 2002; 2:15. [PMID: 12147177 PMCID: PMC119853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) production is increased among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and also those with tuberculosis (TB). In this study we sought to determine if there was increased NO production among patients with HIV/TB coinfection and the effect of four weeks chemotherapy on this level. PATIENTS AND METHODS 19 patients with HIV/TB coinfection were studied. They were treated with standard four drug antitubercular therapy and sampled at baseline and four weeks. 20 patients with HIV infection but no opportunistic infections were disease controls and 20 individuals as healthy controls. Nitrite and citrulline, surrogate markers for NO, were measured it spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Mean age of HIV/TB patients was 28.4+6.8 years and CD4 count was 116+36.6/mm3. Mean nitrite level among HIV/TB coinfected was 207.6+48.8 nmol/ml. This was significantly higher than 99.7+26.5 nmol/ml, the value for HIV infected without opportunistic infections and 46.4+16.2 nmol/ml, the value for healthy controls (p value <0.01). Level of HIV/TB coinfected declined to 144.5+ 34.4 nmol/ml at four weeks of therapy (p value < 0.05). Mean citrulline among HIV/TB coinfected was 1446.8+468.8 nmol/ml. This was significantly higher than 880.8+ 434.8 nmol/ml, the value for HIV infected without opportunistic infections and 486.6+212.5 nmol/ml, the value for healthy controls (p value <0.01). Levels of HIV/TB infected declined to 1116.2+388.6 nmol/ml at four weeks of therapy (p value <0.05). CONCLUSION NO production is elevated among patients with HIV infection, especially so among HIV/TB coinfected, but declines significantly following 4 weeks of antitubercular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wanchu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - A Bhatnagar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - M Khullar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - A Sud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - P Bambery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA
| | - S Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA
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Nathan C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the tuberculous human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:130-1. [PMID: 12119220 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2205016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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