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Pisano F, Bilotta F. The Predictive Value of the Verbal Glasgow Coma Scale in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2024; 39:273-283. [PMID: 38453630 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health concern, imposing significant burdens on individuals and healthcare systems. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), a widely utilized instrument for evaluating neurological status, includes 3 variables: motor, verbal, and eye opening. The GCS plays a crucial role in TBI severity stratification. While extensive research has explored the predictive capabilities of the overall GCS score and its motor component, the Verbal Glasgow Coma Scale (V-GCS) has garnered less attention. OBJECTIVE To examine the predictive accuracy of the V-GCS in assessing outcomes in patients with TBI, with a particular focus on functional outcome and mortality. In addition, we intend to compare its predictive performance with other components of the GCS. METHODS A systematic review, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was conducted utilizing the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria encompassed 10 clinical studies involving patients with TBI, wherein the level of consciousness was assessed using the verbal GCS score. Predominant statistical measures employed were odds ratios (ORs) and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Recorded findings consistently underscore that lower V-GCS scores are associated with adverse functional outcomes and mortality in patients with TBI. Despite the predictive accuracy of the V-GCS, the Motor Glasgow Coma Scale (M-GCS) emerges as a superior predictor. CONCLUSION In the context of TBI outcome prediction, the V-GCS demonstrates its efficacy as a prognostic tool. However, the M-GCS exhibits superior performance compared with the V-GCS. These insights underscore the multifaceted nature of TBI assessment and emphasize the necessity of considering distinct components of the Glasgow Coma Scale for comprehensive evaluation. Further research is warranted to refine and improve the application of these predictive measures in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pisano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Çelegen M, Çelegen K. Comparison of Scoring Systems for Mortality Prediction in Pediatric Multitrauma Patients. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2024; 13:162-167. [PMID: 38919700 PMCID: PMC11196134 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare scoring systems for mortality prediction and determine the threshold values of these scoring systems in pediatric multitrauma patients. A total of 57 multitrauma patients referred to the pediatric intensive care unit from January 2020 to August 2021 were included. The pediatric trauma score (PTS), injury severity score (ISS), base deficit (B), international normalized ratio (I), Glasgow coma scale (G) (BIG) score, and pediatric risk of mortality 3 (PRISM 3) score were analyzed for all patients. Of the study group, 35% were female and 65% were male with a mean age of 72 months (interquartile range: 140). All groups' mortality ratio was 12.2%. All risk scores based on mortality prediction were statistically significant. Cutoff value for PTS was 3.5 with 96% sensitivity and 62% specificity; for the ISS, it was 20.5 with 92% sensitivity and 43% specificity; threshold of the BIG score was 17.75 with 85.7% sensitivity and 34% specificity; and 12.5 for PRISM 3 score with 87.6% sensitivity and 28% specificity. PTS, ISS, BIG score, and PRISM 3 score were accurate risk predictors for mortality in pediatric multitrauma patients. ISS was superior to PTS, PRISM 3 score, and BIG score for discrimination between survivors and nonsurvivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Çelegen
- Department of Pediatrics, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Kübra Çelegen
- Department of Pediatrics, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
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Strahl A, Willemsen JF, Schoof B, Reinshagen K, Frosch KH, Wintges K. The paediatric polytrauma CT-indication (PePCI)-score-Development of a prognostic model to reduce unnecessary CT scans in paediatric trauma patients. Injury 2024; 55:111494. [PMID: 38521635 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-Body CT (WBCT) is frequently used in emergency situations for promptly diagnosing paediatric polytrauma patients, given the challenges associated with obtaining precise details about the mechanism and progression of trauma. However, WBCT does not lead to reduced mortality in paediatric patients, but is associated with high radiation exposure. We therefore wanted to develop a screening tool for CT demand-driven emergency room (ER)-trauma diagnostic to reduce radiation exposure in paediatric patients. METHODS A retrospective study in a Level I trauma centre in Germany was performed. Data from 344 paediatric emergency patients with critical mechanism of injury who were pre-announced by the ambulance for the trauma room were collected. Patients' symptoms, clinical examination, extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (eFAST), routinely, laboratory tests and blood gas and - when obtained - WBCT images were analysed. To identify potential predictors of severe injuries (ISS > 23), 300 of the 344 cases with complete data were subjected to regression analyses model. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis identified cGCS, base excess (BE), medically abnormal results from eFAST screening, initial unconsciousness, and injuries involving three or more body regions as significant predictors for a screening tool for decision-making to perform WBCT or selective CT. The developed Paediatric polytrauma CT-Indication (PePCI)-Score was divided into three risk categories and achieved a sensitivity of 87 % and a specificity of 71 % when comparing the low and medium risk groups with the high risk group. Comparing only the low-risk group with the high-risk group for the decision to perform WBCT, 32/35 (91 %) of patients with an ISS >23 were correctly identified, as were 124/137 (91 %) with lower ISS scores. CONCLUSION With the newly developed PePCI-Score, the frequency of WBCT in a paediatric emergency patients collective can be significantly reduced according to our data. After prospective validation, the initial assessment of paediatric trauma patients in the future could be made not only by the mechanism of injury, but also by the new PePCI-Score, deriving on clinical findings after thorough clinical assessment and the discretion of the trauma team.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Strahl
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopeadics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Fritjof Willemsen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schoof
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Frosch
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Sportstraumatology, BG Hospital Hamburg, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristofer Wintges
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Pisano F, Bilotta F. Verbal Glasgow Coma Scale as predictor of persistent disorder of consciousness: Insights for improving accuracy and reliability in clinical practice. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 240:108274. [PMID: 38583299 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
This brief report discusses the relationship between verbal function, disorders of consciousness, and neurological follow-up after acute brain injury. It provides valuable insights for improving the accuracy and reliability of Verbal Glasgow Coma Scale scoring in clinical practice. The report addresses the need for standardized training and underlines the importance of physiological stabilization before assessment. Clarity in communication, recognition of non-verbal cues, and serial assessments are emphasized as critical factors to reduce the Verbal Glasgow Coma Scale inconsistencies. It also promotes interdisciplinary collaboration and cultural sensitivity to refine the Verbal Glasgow Coma Scale evaluation, improving the prediction of long-term neurological outcomes after acute brain injury and optimizing effective rehabilitation programs. Possible strategies to implement in the routine clinical practice the provided tips are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pisano
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina 98121, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Federico Bilotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
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Liu XY, Qin YM, Tian SF, Zhou JH, Wu Q, Gao W, Bai X, Li Z, Xie WM. Performance of trauma scoring systems in predicting mortality in geriatric trauma patients: comparison of the ISS, TRISS, and GTOS based on a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2024:10.1007/s00068-024-02467-1. [PMID: 38363328 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-024-02467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the performance of the Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), and the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) in predicting mortality in geriatric trauma patients. METHODS The MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched for studies published from January 2008 to October 2023. Studies assessing the performance of the ISS, TRISS, or GTOS in predicting mortality in geriatric trauma patients (over 60 years old) and reporting data for the analysis of the pooled area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve (HSROC) were included. Studies that were not conducted in a group of geriatric patients, did not consider mortality as the outcome variable, or had incomplete data were excluded. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Clinical Prediction Rule Checklist was utilized to assess the risk of bias in included studies. STATA 16.0. was used for the AUROC analysis and HSROC analysis. RESULTS Nineteen studies involving 118,761 geriatric trauma patients were included. The pooled AUROC of the TRISS (AUC = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.77-0.87) was higher than ISS (AUC = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.71-0.79) and GTOS (AUC = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.77-0.83). The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) calculated from HSROC curves also suggested that the TRISS (DOR = 21.5) had a better performance in predicting mortality in geriatric trauma patients than the ISS (DOR = 6.27) and GTOS (DOR = 4.76). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggested that the TRISS showed better accuracy and performance in predicting mortality in geriatric trauma patients than the ISS and GTOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Liu
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu-Meng Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, China
| | - Shu-Fang Tian
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun-Hao Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiangjun Bai
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Wei-Ming Xie
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China.
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Pugazenthi S, Hernandez-Rovira MA, Mitha R, Rogers JL, Lavadi RS, Kann MR, Cardozo MR, Hardi A, Elsayed GA, Joseph J, Housley SN, Agarwal N. Evaluating the state of non-invasive imaging biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:232. [PMID: 37682375 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging biomarkers are useful for prognostication in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) at high risk for morbidity with invasive procedures. The authors present findings from a scoping review discussing the pertinent biomarkers. Embase, Ovid-MEDLINE, and Scopus were queried for original research on imaging biomarkers for prognostication of TBI in adult patients. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and evaluated risk of bias. Data was synthesized and confidence evaluated with the linked evidence according to the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Our search yielded 3104 unique citations, 44 of which were included in this review. Study populations varied in TBI severity, as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), including: mild (n=9), mild and moderate (n=3), moderate and severe (n=7), severe (n=6), and all GCS scores (n=17). Diverse imaging modalities were used for prognostication, predominantly computed tomography (CT) only (n=11), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) only (n=9), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (N=9). The biomarkers included diffusion coefficient mapping, metabolic characteristics, optic nerve sheath diameter, T1-weighted signal changes, cortical cerebral blood flow, axial versus extra-axial lesions, T2-weighted gradient versus spin echo, translocator protein levels, and trauma imaging of brainstem areas. The majority (93%) of studies identified that the imaging biomarker of interest had a statistically significant prognostic value; however, these are based on a very low to low level of quality of evidence. No study directly compared the effects on specific TBI treatments on the temporal course of imaging biomarkers. The current literature is insufficient to make a strong recommendation about a preferred imaging biomarker for TBI, especially considering GRADE criteria revealing low quality of evidence. Rigorous prospective research of imaging biomarkers of TBI is warranted to improve the understanding of TBI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangami Pugazenthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Rida Mitha
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - James L Rogers
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Raj Swaroop Lavadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael R Kann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz Cardozo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Angela Hardi
- Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Galal A Elsayed
- Och Spine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New-York Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Joseph
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephen N Housley
- School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Müller F, Schröder D, Schäning J, Schmid S, Noack EM. Lost in translation? Information quality in pediatric pre-hospital medical emergencies with a language barrier in Germany. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:312. [PMID: 37344777 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pediatric medical emergencies, paramedics and emergency physicians must often rely on the information of third parties, often caregivers, to gather information. Failing to obtain relevant information may lead to misinterpretation of symptoms and subsequent errors in decision making and clinical treatment. Thus, children and/or caregivers with limited proficiency of the locally spoken language may be at risk for medical errors. This study analyzes logs of rescue missions to determine whether paramedics could obtain essential information from German-speaking and foreign-language children and their caregivers. METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis based on retrospective data on pediatric patients of four emergency medical services (EMS) stations in Northern Germany. We defined language discordance with communication difficulties as main exposure. We used documentation quality as outcome defined as existing information on (a) pre-existing conditions, (b) current medication, and (c) events prior to the medical emergency. Statistical analyses include descriptive statistics, simple regression and multivariable regression. As multivariable regression model, a logistic regression was applied with documentation quality as dependent variable and language discordance with communication difficulties as independent variable adjusted for age, sex and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). RESULTS Data from 1,430 pediatric rescue missions were analyzed with 3.1% (n = 45) having a language discordance with communication difficulties. Patients in the pediatric foreign-language group were younger compared to German-speaking patients. Thorough documentation was more frequent in German-speaking patients than in patients in the foreign-language group. Pre-existing conditions and events prior to the medical emergency were considerably more often documented in German-speaking than for foreign-language patients. Documentation of medication did not differ between these groups. The adjustment of sex, age and GCS in the multivariable analysis did not change the results. CONCLUSION Language barriers are hindering paramedics to obtain relevant information in pediatric pre-hospital emergencies. This jeopardizes the safe provision of paramedic care to children who themselves or their caregivers are not fluent in German language. Further research should focus on feasible ways to overcome language barriers in pre-hospital emergencies. TRIAL REGISTRATION This is a retrospective secondary data analysis of a study that was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (No. DRKS00016719), 08/02/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Müller
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 38, 37073, Göttingen, DE, Germany.
| | - Dominik Schröder
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 38, 37073, Göttingen, DE, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schäning
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 38, 37073, Göttingen, DE, Germany
| | - Sybille Schmid
- Fire Department, City of Braunschweig, Brunswick, DE, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Noack
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 38, 37073, Göttingen, DE, Germany
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Al Babtain I, Alabdulkarim A, Alquwaiee G, Alsuwaid S, Alrushid E, Albalawi M. Outcomes of Road Traffic Accidents Before and After the Implementation of a Seat Belt Detection System: A Comparative Retrospective Study in Riyadh. Cureus 2022; 14:e27298. [PMID: 36042985 PMCID: PMC9407678 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Chun M, Zhang Y, Becnel C, Brown T, Hussein M, Toraih E, Taghavi S, Guidry C, Duchesne J, Schroll R, McGrew P. New Injury Severity Score and Trauma Injury Severity Score are superior in predicting trauma mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 92:528-534. [PMID: 34739004 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma scores are used to give clinicians appropriate quantitative context in making decisions. Studies show that anatomical trauma scores predicted intensive care unit admission better, while physiological trauma scores predicted mortality better. We hypothesize that trauma scores have a hierarchy of efficacies at predicting mortality and operative decision making. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of our trauma patient database at a level 1 trauma center from 2016 to 2020 and calculated the following trauma scores: Glasgow Coma Scale, Revised Trauma Score, Trauma Injury Severity Score, Injury Severity Score, Shock Index, and New Trauma Injury Severity Score (NISS). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of trauma scores for predicting mortality. RESULTS A total of 738 patients were included (mean ± SD age, 35.7 ± 15.6 years). Area under the curve (AUC) results from the DeLong test showed that NISS predicted mortality the best compared with other trauma scores. New Trauma Injury Severity Score was superior in predicting mortality for penetrating trauma (AUC, 0.86 ± 0.02; p < 0.001) compared with blunt trauma (AUC, 0.73 ± 0.04; p < 0.001). Trauma Injury Severity Score was the best predictor of mortality for patients with gunshot wounds (AUC, 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.92; p < 0.001), motor vehicle accidents (AUC, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.61-1.00; p = 0.01), and falls (AUC, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.85; p = 0.007). CONCLUSION New Trauma Injury Severity Score was the best scoring index for predicting mortality in trauma patients, especially for penetrating trauma. Clinicians should consider incorporating other trauma scores, especially NISS and Trauma Injury Severity Score, in determining injury severity and the likelihood of mortality. These scores can help physicians determine the best course of action in patient management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and Epidemiologic; level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Chun
- From the Department of Surgery (M.C., Y.Z., C.B., M.H., E.T., S.T., C.G., J.D. R.S., P.M.), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery (T.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Histology and Cell Biology (E.T.), Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Van Wyngaarden JJ, Archer KR, Spencer A, Matuszewski PE, Brightwell B, Jacobs C, Noehren B. Early Pain Catastrophizing Exacerbates Impaired Limb Loading and 6-Minute Walk Test Distance 12 Months After Lower Extremity Fracture. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6352461. [PMID: 34403485 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disability is common after lower extremity fracture (LEF). Although psychosocial factors have been associated with patient-reported outcomes after LEF, they have not been associated with objective measures of function. Aberrant gait patterns are important markers of function, but are poorly defined after LEF. The primary purpose of this study was to explore whether pain catastrophizing and fear of movement 6 weeks after surgery were associated with injured limb loading outcomes and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance 12 months after femur or tibia fracture. The secondary purpose was to determine if limb loading characteristics differed between injured and uninjured limbs. METHODS At 6 weeks after LEF, patients completed validated measures of pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, and depression. At 12 months, patients completed a 6MWT while wearing instrumented insoles that recorded the limb loading outcomes of stance time, impulse, and loading rate. Bivariate correlations assessed how patient and psychosocial characteristics at 6 weeks were associated with injured limb loading outcomes and 6MWT distance. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine if psychosocial variables were associated with each outcome after controlling for depression and patient demographic and clinical characteristics. Finally, paired t tests compared limb loading outcomes between limbs. RESULTS Forty-seven participants completed the 6MWT at 12 months (65%), and 38 completed the 6MWT with the instrumented insoles. Fear of movement carried a poor relationship (r = 0.11-0.32) and pain catastrophizing a moderate relationship (r = 0.46-0.54) with 12-month outcomes. The regression results indicated that pain catastrophizing continued to be associated with all outcomes. Finally, the injured limb had significantly lower limb loading outcomes than the uninjured limb at 12 months (Cohen d = 0.54-0.69). CONCLUSION Pain catastrophizing early after LEF was associated with impaired limb loading and 6MWT distance at 12 months. IMPACT Impaired limb loading persists 12 months after LEF. Further research is needed to determine whether rehabilitative efforts focused on pain catastrophizing can restore limb loading after LEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Van Wyngaarden
- Army-Baylor University, Doctoral Program of Physical Therapy, Baylor University, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kristin R Archer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alex Spencer
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Paul E Matuszewski
- College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Benjamin Brightwell
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cale Jacobs
- College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brian Noehren
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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STarT-Lower Extremity Screening Tool at Six-weeks Predicts Pain and Physical Function 12-months after Traumatic Lower Extremity Fracture. Injury 2021; 52:2444-2450. [PMID: 33814130 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with lower extremity fracture requiring surgical fixation often have poor long-term pain and disability outcomes. This indicates the need for a risk stratification tool that can inform patient prognosis early in recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive validity of the STarT-Lower Extremity Screening Tool (STarT-LE) in patients with lower extremity fracture requiring surgical fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred and twenty-two patients (41.7 ± 14.7 years, 54% male) with lower extremity fracture and no history of chronic pain were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Patients completed the STarT-LE Screening Tool six-weeks after definitive fixation. Validated measures of chronic pain development, pain interference, and physical function were collected at 12-months. STarT-LE low, medium, and high risk subgroups were compared against each outcome measure with chi-square, one-way analysis of variance, and sensitivity and specificity analyses. Multivariable linear regression analyses determined if STarT-LE risk subgroups at six weeks were associated with each outcome at 12 months when controlling for important baseline demographics. RESULTS Twelve-month follow-up was completed by 114 patients (93.4%). Increase in STarT-LE risk subgroup at six-weeks was associated with higher frequency of chronic pain (Low: 14.7%, Medium: 48.3%, High: 85.0%), worse pain interference (Low: 48.6 ± 8.88, Medium: 56.33 ± 8.79, High: 61.65 ± 7.74), and worse physical function (Low: 50.77 ± 9.89, Medium: 42.52 ± 6.47, High: 37.44 ± 7.46) at 12-months. The low risk subgroup had high sensitivity (range: 84.9%-93.9%) and the high risk subgroup had high specificity (range: 87.7%-95.2%) for dichotomized 12-month outcomes. The multivariable results showed that medium and high STarT-LE risk categories were associated with chronic pain development (Medium odds ratio: 3.90, 95%CI: 1.11 to 13.66; High odds ratio: 13.14, 95%CI: 2.25 to 76.86), worse pain interference (Medium: β:4.37, 95%CI: 0.17 to 8.58; High: β:7.01, 95%CI: 1.21 to 12.81), and worse physical function (Medium: β:-3.76, 95%CI: -7.41 to -0.11; β:-7.44, 95%CI:-12.47 to -2.41), respectively, when controlling for important baseline variables. CONCLUSION The STarT-LE has the potential to identify patients at-risk for poor pain and functional outcomes, and may help inform the post-surgical management of patients with traumatic LE injury.
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Kebapçı A, Dikeç G, Topçu S. Interobserver Reliability of Glasgow Coma Scale Scores for Intensive Care Unit Patients. Crit Care Nurse 2021; 40:e18-e26. [PMID: 32737493 DOI: 10.4037/ccn2020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive care units frequently use the Glasgow Coma Scale to objectively assess patients' levels of consciousness. Interobserver reliability of Glasgow Coma Scale scores is critical in determining the degree of impairment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate interobserver reliability of intensive care unit patients' Glasgow Coma Scale scores. Methods This prospective observational study evaluated Glasgow Coma Scale scoring agreement among 21 intensive care unit nurses and 2 independent researchers who assessed 202 patients with neurosurgical or neurological diseases. Each assessment was completed independently and within 1 minute. Participants had no knowledge of the others' assessments. RESULTS Agreement between Glasgow Coma Scale component and sum scores recorded by the 2 researchers ranged from 89.5% to 95.9% (P = .001). Significant agreement among nurses and the 2 researchers was found for eye response (73.8%), motor response (75.0%), verbal response (68.1%), and sum scores (62.4%) (all P = .001). Significant agreement among nurses and the 2 researchers (55.2%) was also found for sum scores of patients with sum scores of 10 or less (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Although the study showed near-perfect agreement between the 2 researchers' Glasgow Coma Scale scores, agreement among nurses and the 2 researchers was moderate (not near perfect) for subcomponent and sum scores. Accurate Glasgow Coma Scale evaluation requires that intensive care unit nurses have adequate knowledge and skills. Educational strategies such as simulations or orientation practice with a preceptor nurse can help develop such skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Kebapçı
- Ayda Kebapçı is an assistant professor and Serpil Topçu is a lecturer in the Faculty of Nursing, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gül Dikeç
- Gül Dikeç is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul
| | - Serpil Topçu
- Ayda Kebapçı is an assistant professor and Serpil Topçu is a lecturer in the Faculty of Nursing, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Evans E, Gutman R, Resnik L, Zonfrillo MR, Lueckel SN, Kumar RG, DeVone F, Dams-O'Connor K, Thomas KS. Successful Community Discharge Among Older Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury in Skilled Nursing Facilities. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 36:E186-E198. [PMID: 33528173 PMCID: PMC8096636 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify patient, injury, and functional status characteristics associated with successful discharge to the community following a skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay among older adults hospitalized following traumatic brain injury (TBI). SETTING Skilled nursing facilities. PARTICIPANTS Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries admitted to an SNF after hospitalization for TBI. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using Medicare administrative data merged with the National Trauma Data Bank using a multilayered Bayesian record linkage approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Successful community discharge: discharged alive within 100 days of SNF admission and remaining in the community for 30 days or more without dying or admission to a healthcare facility. RESULTS Medicaid enrollment, incontinence, decreased independence with activities of daily living, and cognitive impairment were associated with lower odds of successful discharge, whereas race "other" was associated with higher odds of successful discharge. Injury factors including worse injury severity (Glasgow Coma Scale and Abbreviated Injury Scale scores) and fall-related injury mechanism were not associated with successful discharge. CONCLUSION Among older adults with TBI who discharge to an SNF, sociodemographic and functional status characteristics are associated with successful discharge and may be useful to clinicians for discharge planning. Acute injury severity indices may have limited utility in predicting discharge disposition once a patient is admitted to an SNF for post-acute care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Evans
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown School of Public Health (Drs Evans, Resnik, and Thomas) and Department of Biostatistics (Dr Gutman and Mr DeVone), Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island (Drs Resnik and Thomas); Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics (Dr Zonfrillo) and Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Rhode Island Hospital (Dr Lueckel), Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance (Drs Kumar and Dams-O'Connor) and Department of Neurology (Dr Dams-O'Connor), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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Van Wyngaarden JJ, Noehren B, Pennings JS, Jacobs C, Matuszewski PE, Archer KR. Reliability and Validity Evidence of the STarT-Lower Extremity Screening Tool for Patients With Lower Extremity Fracture: A Prospective Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 102:261-269. [PMID: 33022272 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether a modified version of the STarT Back Screening Tool in its current structure has adequate properties for use in patients with lower extremity fracture. DESIGN Single-center, prospective study. SETTING Level I trauma center. PARTICIPANTS Patients with lower extremity fracture without a history of chronic pain (N=114), with 93% follow-up. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Six weeks after surgical fixation, individuals completed the Subgroups for Targeted Treatment of Lower Extremity Screening Tool (STarT-LE). A subsample completed the STarT-LE again 1 week later. The following questionnaires were completed at 6 weeks and 6 months: Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Brief Pain Inventory pain intensity subscale, and PROMIS Depression and Pain Interference computer adaptive testing modules. Reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha (α). Convergent validity evidence was measured concurrently using the Spearman ρ correlation between the 6-week STarT-LE and established questionnaires. Predictive validity evidence was evaluated by area under the curve analysis (AUC) using the 6-week STarT-LE total and psychosocial scores and 6-month criterion physical and psychosocial reference standards. RESULTS The STarT-LE has good test-retest reliability (ICC, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.91) and acceptable internal consistency (α=0.74). The convergent validity evidence was fair to moderate (ρ, 0.53-0.68; P<.001) and the predictive validity evidence was acceptable to excellent (AUC, 0.73-0.84). CONCLUSIONS The STarT-LE has adequate properties for use in patients with lower extremity fracture. Future larger scale studies are needed to validate risk cutoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Van Wyngaarden
- Army-Baylor University, Doctoral Program of Physical Therapy, Baylor University, San Antonio, TX.
| | - Brian Noehren
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jacquelyn S Pennings
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cale Jacobs
- College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Paul E Matuszewski
- College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kristin R Archer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Majdan M, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, Leitgeb J. Outcome Prediction after Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of the Performance of Routinely Used Severity Scores and Multivariable Prognostic Models. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2019; 8:20-29. [PMID: 28149077 PMCID: PMC5225716 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.193543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Prognosis of outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is important in the assessment of quality of care and can help improve treatment and outcome. The aim of this study was to compare the prognostic value of relatively simple injury severity scores between each other and against a gold standard model – the IMPACT-extended (IMP-E) multivariable prognostic model. Materials and Methods: For this study, 866 patients with moderate/severe TBI from Austria were analyzed. The prognostic performances of the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), GCS motor (GCSM) score, abbreviated injury scale for the head region, Marshall computed tomographic (CT) classification, and Rotterdam CT score were compared side-by-side and against the IMP-E score. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and Nagelkerke's R2 were used to assess the prognostic performance. Outcomes at the Intensive Care Unit, at hospital discharge, and at 6 months (mortality and unfavorable outcome) were used as end-points. Results: Comparing AUCs and R2s of the same model across four outcomes, only little variation was apparent. A similar pattern is observed when comparing the models between each other: Variation of AUCs <±0.09 and R2s by up to ±0.17 points suggest that all scores perform similarly in predicting outcomes at various points (AUCs: 0.65–0.77; R2s: 0.09–0.27). All scores performed significantly worse than the IMP-E model (with AUC > 0.83 and R2 > 0.42 for all outcomes): AUCs were worse by 0.10–0.22 (P < 0.05) and R2s were worse by 0.22–0.39 points. Conclusions: All tested simple scores can provide reasonably valid prognosis. However, it is confirmed that well-developed multivariable prognostic models outperform these scores significantly and should be used for prognosis in patients after TBI wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Trnava University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Brazinova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Trnava University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Rusnak
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Johannes Leitgeb
- Department of Traumatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Does an assessment aid improve Glasgow Coma Scale scoring by helicopter rescuers in Hong Kong: A randomised controlled trial. Australas Emerg Care 2019; 21:105-110. [PMID: 30998881 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is one of the most commonly used patient assessment tools. This study aimed to determine whether an assessment aid can improve the GCS scoring accuracy by helicopter rescuers in Hong Kong. METHODS In this randomised controlled trial, Air Crewman Officers (ACMOs) of Government Flying Service in Hong Kong were randomised into two groups, with and without assessment aid. The group with the assessment aid was provided a printed copy of the GCS scoring table while watching the patient simulated videos. Ten videos with GCS scores ranging from 3 to 15 were used to test the performance of total GCS (tGCS) and motor component of GCS (mGCS) scoring. RESULTS 78% (n=25/32) of ACMOs participated in the study. By comparing the groups with and without an assessment aid, there was no significant difference in the accuracy of tGCS score (60% versus 60%; p=0.85) or mGCS score (80% versus 80%; p=0.75). Overall, mGCS has a higher accuracy than tGCS (p<0.001). The accuracy of mGCS was better than tGCS in mild and moderate brain injury scenarios. CONCLUSION The use of an assessment aid did not improve GCS scoring by helicopter rescuers. The assessing of mGCS was more accurate than tGCS, further supporting the use of mGCS for prehospital conscious level assessment.
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McLaughlin C, Zagory JA, Fenlon M, Park C, Lane CJ, Meeker D, Burd RS, Ford HR, Upperman JS, Jensen AR. Timing of mortality in pediatric trauma patients: A National Trauma Data Bank analysis. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:344-351. [PMID: 29111081 PMCID: PMC5828917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The classic "trimodal" distribution of death has been described in adult patients, but the timing of mortality in injured children is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to define the temporal distribution of mortality in pediatric trauma patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort of patients with mortality from the National Trauma Data Bank (2007-2014) was analyzed. Categorical comparison of 'dead on arrival', 'death in the emergency department', and early (≤24h) or late (>24h) inpatient death was performed. Secondary analyses included mortality by pediatric age, predictors of early mortality, and late complication rates. RESULTS Children (N=5463 deaths) had earlier temporal distribution of death compared to adults (n=104,225 deaths), with 51% of children dead on arrival or in ED compared to 44% of adults (p<0.001). For patients surviving ED resuscitation, children and adolescents had a shorter median time to death than adults (1.2 d and 0.8 days versus 1.6 days, p<0.001). Older age, penetrating mechanism, bradycardia, hypotension, tube thoracostomy, and thoracotomy were associated with early mortality in children. CONCLUSIONS Injured children have higher incidence of early mortality compared to adults. This suggests that injury prevention efforts and strategies for improving early resuscitation have potential to improve mortality after pediatric injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: Retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory McLaughlin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027.
| | - Jessica A. Zagory
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Michael Fenlon
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
| | - Caron Park
- Southern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute (SC-CTSI), Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Southern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute (SC-CTSI), Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
| | - Daniella Meeker
- Southern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute (SC-CTSI), Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
| | - Randall S. Burd
- Division of Trauma and Burn Surgery, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20310
| | - Henri R. Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Jeffrey S. Upperman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Aaron R. Jensen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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Carey R, Holland C. Top of the Charts: Detecting neurological deterioration more efficiently through improved documentation. AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ajon-2017-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Reith FC, Synnot A, van den Brande R, Gruen RL, Maas AI. Factors Influencing the Reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale: A Systematic Review. Neurosurgery 2018; 80:829-839. [PMID: 28327922 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyw178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) characterizes patients with diminished consciousness. In a recent systematic review, we found overall adequate reliability across different clinical settings, but reliability estimates varied considerably between studies, and methodological quality of studies was overall poor. Identifying and understanding factors that can affect its reliability is important, in order to promote high standards for clinical use of the GCS. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to identify factors that influence reliability and to provide an evidence base for promoting consistent and reliable application of the GCS. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL from 1974 to July 2016. Studies assessing the reliability of the GCS in adults or describing any factor that influences reliability were included. Two reviewers independently screened citations, selected full texts, and undertook data extraction and critical appraisal. Methodological quality of studies was evaluated with the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments checklist. Data were synthesized narratively and presented in tables. RESULTS Forty-one studies were included for analysis. Factors identified that may influence reliability are education and training, the level of consciousness, and type of stimuli used. Conflicting results were found for experience of the observer, the pathology causing the reduced consciousness, and intubation/sedation. No clear influence was found for the professional background of observers. CONCLUSION Reliability of the GCS is influenced by multiple factors and as such is context dependent. This review points to the potential for improvement from training and education and standardization of assessment methods, for which recommendations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cm Reith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Anneliese Synnot
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group, Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,National Trauma Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ruben van den Brande
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Russell L Gruen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine (NITHM), Nanyang Technological University, 637553, Singapore
| | - Andrew Ir Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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A comparison of prognosis calculators for geriatric trauma: A Prognostic Assessment of Life and Limitations After Trauma in the Elderly consortium study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:90-96. [PMID: 28422904 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nine-center Prognostic Assessment of Life and Limitations After Trauma in the Elderly consortium has validated the Geriatric Trauma Outcome Score (GTOS) as a prognosis calculator for injured elders. We compared GTOS' performance to that of the Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS) in a multicenter sample. METHODS Three Prognostic Assessment of Life and Limitations After Trauma in the Elderly centers not submitting subjects to the GTOS validation study identified subjects aged 65 years to 102 years admitted from 2000 to 2013. GTOS was specified using the formula [GTOS = age + (Injury Severity Score [ISS] × 2.5) + 22 (if transfused packed red cells (PRC) at 24 hours)]. TRISS uses the Revised Trauma Score (RTS), dichotomizes age (<55 years = 0 and ≥55 years = 1), and was specified using the updated 1995 beta coefficients. TRISS Penetrating was specified as [TRISSP = -2.5355 + (0.9934 × RTS) + (-0.0651 × ISS) + (-1.1360 × Age)]. TRISS Blunt was specified as [TRISSB = -0.4499 + (0.8085 × RTS Total) + (-0.0835 × ISS) + (-1.7430 × Age)]. Each then became the sole predictor in a separate logistic regression model to estimate probability of mortality. Model performances were evaluated using misclassification rate, Brier score, and area under the curve. RESULTS Demographics (mean + SD) of subjects with complete data (N = 10,894) were age, 78.3 years ± 8.1 years; ISS, 10.9 ± 8.4; RTS = 7.5 ± 1.1; mortality = 6.9%; blunt mechanism = 98.6%; 3.1 % of subjects received PRCs. The penetrating trauma subsample (n = 150) had a higher mortality rate of 20.0%. The misclassification rates for the models were GTOS, 0.065; TRISSB, 0.051; and TRISSP, 0.120. Brier scores were GTOS, 0.052; TRISSB, 0.041; and TRISSP, 0.084. The area under the curves were GTOS, 0.844; TRISSB, 0.889; and TRISSP, 0.897. CONCLUSION GTOS and TRISS function similarly and accurately in predicting probability of death for injured elders. GTOS has the advantages of a single formula, fewer variables, and no reliance on data collected in the emergency room or by other observers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic, level II.
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Majdan M, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, Leitgeb J. Outcome Prediction after Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of the Performance of Routinely Used Severity Scores and Multivariable Prognostic Models. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2017. [PMID: 28149077 DOI: 10.4103/0976--3147.193543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prognosis of outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is important in the assessment of quality of care and can help improve treatment and outcome. The aim of this study was to compare the prognostic value of relatively simple injury severity scores between each other and against a gold standard model - the IMPACT-extended (IMP-E) multivariable prognostic model. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study, 866 patients with moderate/severe TBI from Austria were analyzed. The prognostic performances of the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), GCS motor (GCSM) score, abbreviated injury scale for the head region, Marshall computed tomographic (CT) classification, and Rotterdam CT score were compared side-by-side and against the IMP-E score. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and Nagelkerke's R2 were used to assess the prognostic performance. Outcomes at the Intensive Care Unit, at hospital discharge, and at 6 months (mortality and unfavorable outcome) were used as end-points. RESULTS Comparing AUCs and R2s of the same model across four outcomes, only little variation was apparent. A similar pattern is observed when comparing the models between each other: Variation of AUCs <±0.09 and R2s by up to ±0.17 points suggest that all scores perform similarly in predicting outcomes at various points (AUCs: 0.65-0.77; R2s: 0.09-0.27). All scores performed significantly worse than the IMP-E model (with AUC > 0.83 and R2 > 0.42 for all outcomes): AUCs were worse by 0.10-0.22 (P < 0.05) and R2s were worse by 0.22-0.39 points. CONCLUSIONS All tested simple scores can provide reasonably valid prognosis. However, it is confirmed that well-developed multivariable prognostic models outperform these scores significantly and should be used for prognosis in patients after TBI wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Trnava University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Brazinova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Trnava University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Rusnak
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Johannes Leitgeb
- Department of Traumatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Sahyouni R, Gutierrez P, Gold E, Robertson RT, Cummings BJ. Effects of concussion on the blood-brain barrier in humans and rodents. JOURNAL OF CONCUSSION 2017; 1. [PMID: 30828466 PMCID: PMC6391889 DOI: 10.1177/2059700216684518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury and the long-term consequences of repeated concussions constitute mounting concerns in the United States, with 5.3 million individuals living with a traumatic brain injury-related disability. Attempts to understand mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches to alleviate the consequences of repeat mild concussions or traumatic brain injury on cerebral vasculature depend on several aspects of the trauma, including: (1) the physical characteristics of trauma or insult that result in damage; (2) the time “window” after trauma in which neuropathological features develop; (3) methods to detect possible breakdown of the blood–brain barrier; and (4) understanding different consequences of a single concussion as compared with multiple concussions. We review the literature to summarize the current understanding of blood–brain barrier and endothelial cell changes post-neurotrauma in concussions and mild traumatic brain injury. Attention is focused on concussion and traumatic brain injury in humans, with a goal of pointing out the gaps in our knowledge and how studies of rodent model systems of concussion may help in filling these gaps. Specifically, we focus on disruptions that concussion causes to the blood–brain barrier and its multifaceted consequences. Importantly, the magnitude of post-concussion blood–brain barrier dysfunction may influence the time course and extent of neuronal recovery; hence, we include in this review comparisons of more severe traumatic brain injury to concussion where appropriate. Finally, we address the important, and still unresolved, issue of how best to detect possible breakdown in the blood–brain barrier following neurotrauma by exploring intravascular tracer injection in animal models to examine leakage into the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sahyouni
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paula Gutierrez
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Gold
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Robertson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation/Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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BAILLY NICOLAS, AFQUIR SANAE, LAPORTE JEANDOMINIQUE, MELOT ANTHONY, SAVARY DOMINIQUE, SEIGNEURET ERIC, DELAY JEANBAPTISTE, DONNADIEU THIERRY, MASSON CATHERINE, ARNOUX PIERREJEAN. Analysis of Injury Mechanisms in Head Injuries in Skiers and Snowboarders. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1-10. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reith FC, Brennan PM, Maas AI, Teasdale GM. Lack of Standardization in the Use of the Glasgow Coma Scale: Results of International Surveys. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:89-94. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence C.M. Reith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul M. Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I.R. Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Graham M. Teasdale
- Emeritus Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Meschial WC, Soares DFPDP, de Oliveira NLB, Nespollo AM, da Silva WA, Santil FLDP. Elderly victims of falls seen by prehospital care: gender differences. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2015; 17:3-16. [PMID: 24896779 DOI: 10.1590/1415-790x201400010002eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify elderly who are victims of falls, according to gender, who received care from prehospital services of Maringá, Paraná. METHODS A cross-sectional exploratory study carried out with 1,444 elderly patients who suffered falls in Maringá in the period from 2006 to 2008. Data were gathered from prehospital care services, typed and processed using the Epi Info 6.04d®. The χ² test was used to compare the falls in relation to gender (significance level = 0.05). RESULTS The number of falls according to gender presented similar percentages, 51.0% for males and 49.0% for females. Significant differences between genders were observed regarding age (p < 0.001), presence of alcohol breath (p < 0.001), type of fall (p < 0.001), place of fall (p < 0.001), treatment at hospital (p = 0.023), number of injuries (p = 0.014), type of injury (p < 0.001) and injury location (p <0.001). CONCLUSION These results show that falls happen differently among the elderly when considering gender. It highlights the importance of understanding these differences in detail and the circumstances in which the fall occurred, since this knowledge is key to plan preventive actions.
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Majdan M, Steyerberg EW, Nieboer D, Mauritz W, Rusnak M, Lingsma HF. Glasgow coma scale motor score and pupillary reaction to predict six-month mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury: comparison of field and admission assessment. J Neurotrauma 2014; 32:101-8. [PMID: 25227136 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and pupillary reactivity are well-known prognostic factors in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to compare the GCS motor score and pupillary reactivity assessed in the field and at hospital admission and assess their prognostic value for 6-month mortality in patients with moderate or severe TBI. We studied 445 patients with moderate or severe TBI from Austria enrolled to hospital in 2009-2012. The area under the curve (AUC) and Nagelkerke's R(2) were used to evaluate the predictive ability of GCS motor score and pupillary reactivity assessed in the field and at admission. Uni- and multi-variable analyses-adjusting for age, other clinical, and computed tomography findings-were performed using combinations of field and admission GCS motor score and pupillary reactivity. Motor scores generally deteriorated from the field to admission, whereas pupillary reactivity was similar. GCS motor score assessed in field (AUC=0.754; R(2)=0.273) and pupillary assessment at admission (AUC=0.662; R(2)=0.214) performed best as predictors of 6-month mortality in the univariate analysis. This combination also showed best performance in the adjusted analyses (AUC=0.876; R(2)=0.508), but the performance of both predictors assessed at admission was not much worse (AUC=0.857; R(2)=0.460). Field GCS motor score and pupillary reactivity at hospital admission, compared to other combinations of these parameters, possess the best prognostic value to predict 6-month mortality in patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. Given that differences in prognostic performance are only small, both the field and admission values of GCS motor score and pupillary reaction may be reasonable to use in multi-variable prediction models to predict 6-month outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Majdan
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University , Trnava, Slovakia
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Sakellaris G, Blevrakis E, Petrakis I, Dimopoulou A, Dede O, Partalis N, Alegakis A, Seremeti C, Spanaki AM, Briassoulis G. Acute coagulopathy in children with multiple trauma: a retrospective study. J Emerg Med 2014; 47:539-45. [PMID: 25201343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute coagulopathy associated with trauma has been recognized for decades and is a constituent of the "triad of death" together with hypothermia and acidosis. STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine to what extent coagulopathy is already established upon emergency department (ED) admission and the association with the severity of injury, impaired outcome, and mortality. METHODS Ninety-one injured children were admitted to the ED in our hospital. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score were used to estimate injury severity, and organ function was assessed by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. RESULTS Coagulopathy upon pediatric intensive care unit admission was present in 33 children (39.3%): 21 males and 12 females. PTS ranged from 1 to 12 (mean 8.2) in 51 children without coagulopathy and from -1 to +11 (mean 6.8) in 33 children with coagulopathy (p = 0.087). ISS and GCS ranged from 4 to 57 (mean 28) and from 3 to 11 (mean 7.3), respectively, in the coagulopathy group, whereas in the group without coagulopathy, ISS score ranged from 4 to 41 (mean 20.5; p = 0.08) and GCS from 8 to 15 (mean 12.8; p = 0.01). SOFA ranged from 0 to 10 (mean 3.4) in children without coagulopathy and from 0 to 15 (mean 5.4) in the coagulopathy group (p = 0.002). Among 33 children with coagulopathy, 7 did not survive (21%), all with parenchymal brain damage, whereas all trauma patients without coagulopathy survived (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Acute coagulopathy is present on admission to the ED and is associated with injury severity and significantly higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sakellaris
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Petrakis
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Olga Dede
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Partalis
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Chrysa Seremeti
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
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Muñana-Rodríguez J, Ramírez-Elías A. Escala de coma de Glasgow: origen, análisis y uso apropiado. ENFERMERÍA UNIVERSITARIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1665-7063(14)72661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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[Interobserver reliability of the Glasgow coma scale in critically ill patients with neurological and/or neurosurgical disease]. ENFERMERIA INTENSIVA 2013; 25:15-23. [PMID: 24308910 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfi.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) is a common tool used for neurological assessment of critically ill patients. Despite its widespread use, the GCS has some limitations, as sometimes different observers may value differently the same response. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the interobserver agreement, among intensive care nurses with a minimum of 3 years experience, both in the overall estimate of GCS and for each of its components. METHODS Prospective observational study including 110 neurological and/or neurosurgical patients conducted in a critical care unit of 18 beds, from October 2010 until December 2012. Registered variables: Demographic characteristics, reason for admission, overall GCS and its components. The neurological evaluation was conducted by a minimum of 3 nurses. One of them applied an algorithm and consensual assessment technique and all, independently, valued response to stimuli. Interobserver agreement was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Trails. RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficient (confident interval) for scale was: Overall GCS: 0.989 (0.985-0.992); ocular response: 0.981 (0.974-0.986); verbal response: 0.971 (0.960-0.979); motor response: 0.987 (0.982-0.991). CONCLUSION In our cohort of patients we observed a high level of consistency in the application of both the GCS as in each of its components.
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Hu J, Ugiliweneza B, Meyer K, Lad SP, Boakye M. Trend and Geographic Analysis for Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality and Cost Based on MarketScan Database. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1755-61. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Hu
- DuPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Beatrice Ugiliweneza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Advanced Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Shivanand P. Lad
- Division of Neuorsurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maxwell Boakye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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Giannoni C, Chelazzi C, Villa G, De Gaudio AR. Organ dysfunction scores in ICU. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
A mass casualty event is a situation in which the need for medical care and resources, including personnel, exceeds that which is available. As the largest component of the health care workforce, nurses represent a significant resource that can be called on to act as first responders during a mass casualty. However, current education and national guidelines fail to provide specific instruction on pre-hospital nursing considerations and interventions. This article provides evidence-based guidelines designed for nurses to use when acting as first responders during a disaster and presents recommendations for future nursing practice related to mass casualty events.
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Middleton PM. Practical use of the Glasgow Coma Scale; a comprehensive narrative review of GCS methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 15:170-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aenj.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Improved Functional Outcomes for Major Trauma Patients in a Regionalized, Inclusive Trauma System. Ann Surg 2012; 255:1009-15. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31824c4b91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Betz J, Zhuo J, Roy A, Shanmuganathan K, Gullapalli RP. Prognostic Value of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1292-305. [PMID: 22364596 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Betz
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiachen Zhuo
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anindya Roy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Rao P. Gullapalli
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gabbe BJ, Lyons RA, Lecky FE, Bouamra O, Woodford M, Coats TJ, Cameron PA. Comparison of mortality following hospitalisation for isolated head injury in England and Wales, and Victoria, Australia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20545. [PMID: 21655237 PMCID: PMC3105093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of death and disability.
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines
recommend transfer of severe TBI cases to neurosurgical centres,
irrespective of the need for neurosurgery. This observational study
investigated the risk-adjusted mortality of isolated TBI admissions in
England/Wales, and Victoria, Australia, and the impact of neurosurgical
centre management on outcomes. Methods Isolated TBI admissions (>15 years, July 2005–June 2006) were
extracted from the hospital discharge datasets for both jurisdictions.
Severe isolated TBI (AIS severity >3) admissions were provided by the
Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) and Victorian State Trauma Registry
(VSTR) for England/Wales, and Victoria, respectively. Multivariable logistic
regression was used to compare risk-adjusted mortality between
jurisdictions. Findings Mortality was 12% (749/6256) in England/Wales and 9% (91/1048)
in Victoria for isolated TBI admissions. Adjusted odds of death in
England/Wales were higher compared to Victoria overall (OR 2.0, 95%
CI: 1.6, 2.5), and for cases <65 years (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.51,
3.69). For severe TBI, mortality was 23% (133/575) for TARN and
20% (68/346) for VSTR, with 72% of TARN and 86% of VSTR
cases managed at a neurosurgical centre. The adjusted mortality odds for
severe TBI cases in TARN were higher compared to the VSTR (OR 1.45,
95% CI: 0.96, 2.19), but particularly for cases <65 years (OR
2.04, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.90). Neurosurgical centre management modified
the effect overall (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.74) and for cases <65
years (OR 1.53, 95% CI: 0.77, 3.03). Conclusion The risk-adjusted odds of mortality for all isolated TBI admissions, and
severe TBI cases, were higher in England/Wales when compared to Victoria.
The lower percentage of cases managed at neurosurgical centres in England
and Wales was an explanatory factor, supporting the changes made to the NICE
guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Gabbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sogut O, Guloglu C, Orak M, Sayhan MB, Gokdemir MT, Ustundag M, Akkus Z. Trauma scores and neuron-specific enolase, cytokine and C-reactive protein levels as predictors of mortality in patients with blunt head trauma. J Int Med Res 2011; 38:1708-20. [PMID: 21309485 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE), cytokine and high-sensitivity C-reactive-protein (hs-CRP) levels, along with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Revised Trauma Score (RTS), as predictors of mortality in the early posttraumatic period, in 100 Turkish patients with blunt head trauma. Overall patient mortality was 27%. There was a significant association between age and mortality, and mortality was negatively correlated with GCS and RTS. Head injury severity (GCS) was significantly related to NSE, hs-CRP, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels. Mortality correlated positively with IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and hs-CRP levels. NSE, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in non-survivors compared with survivors. GCS score < or =8, younger age and NSE levels were significant independent predictors of mortality. During the early post-traumatic period, NSE may be an objective alternative criterion to the GCS, in the management of patients with blunt head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sogut
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Ylioja S, Hanks R, Baird A, Millis S. Are Cognitive Outcome and Recovery Different in Civilian Penetrating Versus Non-Penetrating Brain Injuries? Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 24:1097-112. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2010.516021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chieregato A, Martino C, Pransani V, Nori G, Russo E, Noto A, Simini B. Classification of a traumatic brain injury: the Glasgow Coma scale is not enough. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54:696-702. [PMID: 20397980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classifying the severity of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) solely by means of the Glasgow Coma scale (GCS) is under scrutiny, because it overlooks other important clinical signs. Clinicians treating patients with acute TBI are well placed to suggest which variables, in addition to the GCS, should concur in a new classification of TBI. METHODS In Italy, acute TBI patients are treated by anaesthetists, and so we asked them, in a questionnaire survey, to rate the weight they give to the GCS and to other clinical variables in their approach to TBI. Because sedation may underestimate GCS scores, we also inquired whether anaesthetists select sedatives that allow drug-free GCS scores. The questionnaire was distributed to 1334 anaesthetists attending courses on neurotrauma; the response rate was 63%. RESULTS Two thirds of the respondents believe that the definition of severe TBI should include, in addition to GCS scores, pupil reactivity to light and computer tomogram (CT) findings, the variables that guide Italian anaesthetists in TBI management. Most respondents (68.2%) administer sedation which allows prompt neurological evaluation and reliable GCS scoring. A minority of respondents (9.3%) withhold or antagonize sedation, delay tracheal intubation or allow patient-ventilator asynchrony. CONCLUSIONS Italian anaesthetists would welcome a definition of TBI severity that includes CT findings and pupil reactivity in addition to the GCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chieregato
- UO Anestesia e Rianimazione, Rianimazione per la Traumatologia e le Neuroscienze, Ospedale Bufalini, Cesena, Italy.
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Ashkenazy S, DeKeyser-Ganz F. Assessment of the reliability and validity of the Comfort Scale for adult intensive care patients. Heart Lung 2010; 40:e44-51. [PMID: 20561865 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the use of the Comfort Scale (CS), originally developed for children, in sedated adults at intensive care units. METHODS Comfort and sedation were assessed in a convenience sample of 88 adult intensive-care patients receiving mechanical ventilation, using 5 instruments (the Ramsay Scale, Sedation Agitation Scale, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale, and CS). RESULTS Reliability (internal consistency according to Cronbach's α, .60 to .66; inter-rater reliability, r = .81; test-retest, r = .21 to .31) and validity (criterion validity with other scales, κ = .49 to .74, for construct validity and sensitivity) were determined. The range of children's comfort (i.e., 17 to 26) was different from that in adults (i.e., 16 to 20). CONCLUSIONS Results partially support the use of the CS among adults in intensive care units, with some minor adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Ashkenazy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.
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HOSSEINI ARIOH, LIFSHITZ JONATHAN. Brain Injury Forces of Moderate Magnitude Elicit the Fencing Response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1687-97. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31819fcd1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chaudhuri K, Malham GM, Rosenfeld JV. Survival of trauma patients with coma and bilateral fixed dilated pupils. Injury 2009; 40:28-32. [PMID: 19070839 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival of patients with severe trauma presenting with Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 3 and bilateral fixed dilated pupils is uncertain. Pre-hospital management of these patients affects the true measurement of the GCS and other factors may affect pupillary status. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients who were classified GCS 3 and had bilateral fixed dilated pupils on admission to a Level 1 Adult Trauma Centre between July 2001 and March 2005. Pre-hospital assessment, hospital interventions and outcomes were determined. RESULTS Ninety-three patients fulfilled the criteria for inclusion into the study. There were 6 survivors who were all less than 28 years of age, had at least one GCS score above 3 in the pre-hospital phase and were more likely to have had an evacuable mass lesion on CT brain scan and undergo craniotomy. Of the 6 surviving patients, none had significant thoracoabdominal injuries. Four of the survivors had Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) of 4 or 5. Time to hospital, mechanism of injury and pre-hospital haemodynamic parameters had no significant effect on survival. Of the 57 patients who were GCS 3 at the scene of the accident, post-basic resuscitation and on admission, none survived. CONCLUSION Pre-hospital GCS scores, prior to the effects of intubation, sedation and paralysis should be given more attention when assessing prognosis in patients who are GCS 3 on admission. Trauma patients with GCS 3 persisting from the scene with bilaterally fixed dilated pupils have no appreciable chance of survival. Further interventions such as ICU admission and surgery may not be warranted. Physicians may need to consider stopping treatment and discussing organ donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Chaudhuri
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Arciniegas DB, McAllister TW. Neurobehavioral management of traumatic brain injury in the critical care setting. Crit Care Clin 2008; 24:737-65, viii. [PMID: 18929941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in approximately 230,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States. Advances in the acute management of TBI have improved survival after TBI. Many TBI survivors develop neurobehavioral disturbances in the acute post-injury period. Neurobehavioral sequelae present clinical management challenges for critical care professionals. This article defines and describes TBI and reviews its common neuroanatomic and neurobehavioral consequences. These disturbances are organized under the framework of posttraumatic encephalopathy, and the characteristic forms and stages of recovery of this condition are discussed. Recommendations regarding evaluation and management of posttraumatic neurobehavioral problems in the critical care setting are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Arciniegas
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, HealthONE Spalding Rehabilitation Hospital, Aurora, CO 80011, USA
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Saatman KE, Duhaime AC, Bullock R, Maas AIR, Valadka A, Manley GT. Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:719-38. [PMID: 18627252 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered one of the most significant barriers to finding effective therapeutic interventions. In October, 2007, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, with support from the Brain Injury Association of America, the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, and the National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research, convened a workshop to outline the steps needed to develop a reliable, efficient and valid classification system for TBI that could be used to link specific patterns of brain and neurovascular injury with appropriate therapeutic interventions. Currently, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the primary selection criterion for inclusion in most TBI clinical trials. While the GCS is extremely useful in the clinical management and prognosis of TBI, it does not provide specific information about the pathophysiologic mechanisms which are responsible for neurological deficits and targeted by interventions. On the premise that brain injuries with similar pathoanatomic features are likely to share common pathophysiologic mechanisms, participants proposed that a new, multidimensional classification system should be developed for TBI clinical trials. It was agreed that preclinical models were vital in establishing pathophysiologic mechanisms relevant to specific pathoanatomic types of TBI and verifying that a given therapeutic approach improves outcome in these targeted TBI types. In a clinical trial, patients with the targeted pathoanatomic injury type would be selected using an initial diagnostic entry criterion, including their severity of injury. Coexisting brain injury types would be identified and multivariate prognostic modeling used for refinement of inclusion/exclusion criteria and patient stratification. Outcome assessment would utilize endpoints relevant to the targeted injury type. Advantages and disadvantages of currently available diagnostic, monitoring, and assessment tools were discussed. Recommendations were made for enhancing the utility of available or emerging tools in order to facilitate implementation of a pathoanatomic classification approach for clinical trials.
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Baker M. Reviewing the application of the Glasgow Coma Scale: Does it have interrater reliability? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.12968/bjnn.2008.4.7.30674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Baker
- Neurosciences Ward, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford
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Holdgate A, Ching N, Angonese L. Variability in agreement between physicians and nurses when measuring the Glasgow Coma Scale in the emergency department limits its clinical usefulness. Emerg Med Australas 2006; 18:379-84. [PMID: 16842308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2006.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the interrater reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) between nurses and senior doctors in the ED. METHODS This was a prospective observational study with a convenience sample of patients aged 18 or above who presented with a decreased level of consciousness to a tertiary hospital ED. A senior ED doctor (emergency physicians and trainees) and registered nurse each independently scored the patient's GCS in blinded fashion within 15 min of each other. The data were then analysed to determine interrater reliability using the weighted kappa statistic and the size and directions of differences between paired scores were examined. RESULTS A total of 108 eligible patients were enrolled, with GCS scores ranging from 3 to 14. Interrater agreement was excellent (weighted kappa > 0.75) for verbal scores and total GCS scores, and intermediate (weighted kappa 0.4-0.75) for motor and eye scores. Total GCS scores differed by more than two points in 10 of the 108 patients. Interrater agreement did not vary substantially across the range of actual numeric GCS scores. CONCLUSIONS Although the level of agreement for GCS scores was generally high, a significant proportion of patients had GCS scores which differed by two or more points. This degree of disagreement indicates that clinical decisions should not be based solely on single GCS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Holdgate
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Research Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool BC, NSW, Australia.
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Nwomeh BC, Lowell W, Kable R, Haley K, Ameh EA. History and development of trauma registry: lessons from developed to developing countries. World J Emerg Surg 2006; 1:32. [PMID: 17076896 PMCID: PMC1635421 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-1-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A trauma registry is an integral component of modern comprehensive trauma care systems. Trauma registries have not been established in most developing countries, and where they exist are often rudimentary and incomplete. This review describes the role of trauma registries in the care of the injured, and discusses how lessons from developed countries can be applied toward their design and implementation in developing countries. METHODS A detailed review of English-language articles on trauma registry was performed using MEDLINE and CINAHL. In addition, relevant articles from non-indexed journals were identified with Google Scholar. RESULTS The history and development of trauma registries and their role in modern trauma care are discussed. Drawing from past and current experience, guidelines for the design and implementation of trauma registries are given, with emphasis on technical and logistic factors peculiar to developing countries. CONCLUSION Improvement in trauma care depends on the establishment of functioning trauma care systems, of which a trauma registry is a crucial component. Hospitals and governments in developing countries should be encouraged to establish trauma registries using proven cost-effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Nwomeh
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Columbus Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine & Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wendi Lowell
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Columbus Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine & Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Renae Kable
- The Trauma Program, Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathy Haley
- The Trauma Program, Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emmanuel A Ameh
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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Abstract
Care of children with acute brain injury is evolving from mere observation to active intervention that requires intensive care units focused on the nervous system primarily and other organs secondarily. The physical examination supplemented by neuroimaging, invasive monitoring, and an improved understanding of the mechanisms of injury allows for the development of rational therapies. This paper reviews common bedside controversies in care, including initial assessments and outcomes, as well as the prevention of secondary injury through the maintenance of brain oxygen and energy and the treatment of cerebral edema. The advantages and disadvantages of frequently utilized techniques are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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