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Rink-Notzon S, Reuscher J, Wollny L, Sarikcioglu L, Bilmen S, Manthou M, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Appropriate dosage, timing, and site of intramuscular injections of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promote motor recovery after facial nerve injury in rats. Muscle Nerve 2024; 69:490-497. [PMID: 38328996 DOI: 10.1002/mus.28051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Daily intramuscular injections of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) but not of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) significantly improve whisking behavior and mono-innervation of the rat levator labii superioris (LLS) muscle 56 days after buccal nerve transection and suture (buccal-buccal anastomosis, BBA). We explored the dose-response of BDNF, FGF2, and insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) on the same parameters, asking whether higher doses of BDNF would promote recovery. METHODS After BBA, growth factors were injected (30 μL volume) daily into the LLS muscle over 14, 28, or 56 days. At 56 days, video-based motion analysis of vibrissal whisking was performed and the extent of mono- and poly-reinnervation of the reinnervated neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of the muscle determined with immunostaining of the nerve with β-tubulin and histochemical staining of the endplates with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated α-bungarotoxin. RESULTS The dose-response curve demonstrated significantly higher whisking amplitudes and corresponding increased mono-innervation of the NMJ in the reinnervated LLS muscle at concentrations of 20-30 μg/mL BDNF administered daily for 14-28 days after BBA surgery. In contrast, high doses of IGF2 and FGF2, or doses of 20 and 40 μg/mL of BDNF administered for 14-56 days had no effect on either whisking behavior or in reducing poly-reinnervation of endplates in the muscle. DISCUSSION These data suggest that the re-establishment of mono-innervation of whiskerpad muscles and the improved motor function by injections of BDNF into the paralyzed vibrissal musculature after facial nerve injury have translation potential and promote clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink-Notzon
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannika Reuscher
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Wollny
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Süreyya Bilmen
- Vocational School of Health Services, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Aktaş A, Yiğit F, Delibaş B, Kaplan AA, Hamour HM, Marangoz AH, Kaya A, Altun G, Kaplan S. The effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin on the dorsal root ganglion of the diabetic rat after peripheral nerve transection injury. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 136:102395. [PMID: 38320670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the protective effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin on the ganglion tissues of diabetic rats following the use of autologous vein graft in peripheral nerve transection injury. METHODS The sciatic nerve on the right side was transected, and anastomosis was performed between the proximal and distal ends using an autologous vein graft. Curcumin and Garcinia kola seed extract were administered daily by oral gavage. The ganglion tissues were harvested after a 90-day waiting period. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion at the L4 and L5 levels were used for stereological evaluations. Mean sensory neuron numbers were analyzed using a stereological technique. The size of the light and dark neurons was also estimated, and ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. RESULTS A statistically significant difference in sensory neuron numbers was observed between the groups with and without Garcinia kola and curcumin applications. The immunohistochemical results showed that the s-100 protein is expressed selectively between cell types. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that curcumin and Garicinia kola prevented sensory neuron loss in diabetic rats following transection injury to the sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abit Aktaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Yiğit
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Delibaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Arife Ahsen Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hala Mahgoub Hamour
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşenur Kaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Shi J, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Abdelrehem A, Wu Z, Zhang B, Xiao M, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wang L. Distinctive mesenchymal-like neurofibroma stem cells shape NF1 clinical phenotypes controlled by BDNF microenvironment. Transl Oncol 2024; 40:101852. [PMID: 38042136 PMCID: PMC10716025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibroma type I (NF1) often presents with multiple clinical phenotypes due to mutations of NF1 gene. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic and therapeutic relevance of tumor microenvironment in NF1 patients. METHODS Tumor stem cells (TSCs) from NF1 were isolated and cultured using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and colony formation experiments. Then, flow cytometry was used to detect the surface markers, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were performed as well. Its tumorigenesis ability was confirmed by subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on neurofibroma tissues from the head and trunk with different phenotypes. The expression of BDNF in neurofibroma tissues was detected by Elisa and immunohistochemical staining. Western Blotting was used to detect the expression of p38 MAPK pathway in TSCs. The effect of BDNF neutralizing antibody on the tumorigenesis of TSCs was observed. RESULTS Herein, we advocate that NF1 contain a new subgroup of mesenchymal-like neurofibroma stem cells (MNSCs). Such colony-forming MNSCs preserved self-renewal, multiple differentiation and tumorigenic capabilities. More interestingly, the MNSCs isolated from neurofibroma tissues of the same patient with different phenotypes presented site-specific capabilities. Moreover, different levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neurofibroma tissues can impact the MNSCs by activating the TrkB/p38 MAPK pathway. Systemic administration of BDNF neutralizing antibodies inhibited MNSCs' characteristics. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that BDNF can modulate MNSCs and thereby controlling different tumor phenotypes between the head and trunk regions. Application of BDNF neutralizing antibodies may inhibit p38 MAPK pathway, therefore providing a promising strategy for managing NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcun Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Maxillofacial Oncology, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ahmed Abdelrehem
- Buraidah Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia; Department of Craniomaxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ziqian Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingqing Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Stomatology, Fengcheng Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201411, China.
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Toh CJL, Liu C, Lee IXY, Lin MTY, Tong L, Liu YC. Clinical associations of corneal neuromas with ocular surface diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:140-147. [PMID: 37488855 PMCID: PMC10479835 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal neuromas, also termed microneuromas, refer to microscopic, irregularly-shaped enlargements of terminal subbasal nerve endings at sites of nerve damage or injury. The formation of corneal neuromas results from damage to corneal nerves, such as following corneal pathology or corneal or intraocular surgeries. Initially, denervated areas of sensory nerve fibers become invaded by sprouts of intact sensory nerve fibers, and later injured axons regenerate and new sprouts called neuromas develop. In recent years, analysis of corneal nerve abnormalities including corneal neuromas which can be identified using in vivo confocal microscopy, a non-invasive imaging technique with microscopic resolution, has been used to evaluate corneal neuropathy and ocular surface dysfunction. Corneal neuromas have been shown to be associated with clinical symptoms of discomfort and dryness of eyes, and are a promising surrogate biomarker for ocular surface diseases, such as neuropathic corneal pain, dry eye disease, diabetic corneal neuropathy, neurotrophic keratopathy, Sjögren's syndrome, bullous keratopathy, post-refractive surgery, and others. In this review, we have summarized the current literature on the association between these ocular surface diseases and the presentation of corneal microneuromas, as well as elaborated on their pathogenesis, visualization via in vivo confocal microscopy, and utility in monitoring treatment efficacy. As current quantitative analysis on neuromas mainly relies on manual annotation and quantification, which is user-dependent and labor-intensive, future direction includes the development of artificial intelligence software to identify and quantify these potential imaging biomarkers in a more automated and sensitive manner, allowing it to be applied in clinical settings more efficiently. Combining imaging and molecular biomarkers may also help elucidate the associations between corneal neuromas and ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | | | - Louis Tong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Bengur FB, Komatsu C, Fedor CN, Loder S, Baker JS, Totwani A, Irgebay Z, Nerone WV, Solari MG, Marra KG. Biodegradable Nerve Guide with Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Improves Recovery After Facial Nerve Injury in Rats. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2023; 25:478-486. [PMID: 36877591 PMCID: PMC10664574 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2022.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bioengineered nerve guides with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) support recovery after facial nerve injury by acting as regenerative scaffolds. Objective: To compare functional, electrophysiological, and histological outcomes after repair of rat facial nerve transection in control, empty nerve guide, and nerve guide with GDNF conditions. Methods: Rats underwent transection and primary repair of the buccal branch of the facial nerve and were divided into (1) transection and repair only, (2) transection and repair augmented with empty guide, (3) transection and repair augmented with GDNF-guide groups. Weekly measurements of the whisking movements were recorded. At 12 weeks, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) at the whisker pad were assessed, and samples were collected for histomorphometric analysis. Results: Rats in GDNF-guide group displayed the earliest peak in normalized whisking amplitude. CMAPs were significantly higher after GDNF-guide placement. Mean fiber surface area of the target muscle, axonal count of the injured branch, and the number of Schwann cells were highest with GDNF guides. Conclusion: The biodegradable nerve guide containing double-walled GDNF microspheres enhanced recovery after facial nerve transection and primary repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Baris Bengur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chiaki Komatsu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Nadia Fedor
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shawn Loder
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jocelyn S. Baker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aanchal Totwani
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhazira Irgebay
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W. Vincent Nerone
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario G. Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kacey G. Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Janes LE, Kelsey LJ, Sasson DC, Applebaum S, Ledwon JK, Gosain AK. Drop-off in axonal regeneration along the length of a cross-face nerve graft: An experimental study in rats. Microsurgery 2023; 43:694-701. [PMID: 37162480 DOI: 10.1002/micr.31053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The average nerve graft length utilized in cross-face nerve grafting for reconstruction of facial nerve palsy is 20-22 cm. While the graft length is thought to be one of the greatest determinants of muscle strength, the mechanism through which this happens remains unknown. We studied changes in axonal regeneration along the length of a 2 cm cross-face nerve graft in a rat model. The hypothesis was that axon count would decrease along the length of the graft. METHODS A 2 cm nerve graft (sciatic nerve) was used as a cross-face nerve graft in 16 adult female, 210-250 g, Sprague Dawley rats. Thirteen weeks later, 5 mm nerve biopsies were taken at four sites: the facial nerve trunk (control), proximal graft, midpoint of graft (1 cm distal to coaptation) and distal graft (2 cm distal to coaptation). Retrograde nerve labeling with FluoroGold was performed at the biopsied nerve site and the facial motor nucleus was taken 1 week later. Microscopic imaging and manual counting of axons and labeled motor nuclei was performed. RESULTS Retrograde-labeled motor neuron counts were decreased at the midway point of the graft compared to the facial trunk (1517 ± 335 axons, Δ% = 92.5, p = .01) and even further decreased at the distal end of the graft (269 ± 293 axons, Δ% = 175.5, p = .006). Analysis of the nerve biopsies demonstrated no significant differences in myelinated axon count between the nerve trunk and over the length of the nerve graft (range 6207-7179 axons, Δ% = 14.5, p = .07). CONCLUSION In a rat model, the number of regenerating motor neurons drops off along the length of the graft and axon count is preserved due to axon sprouting. How this pattern correlates to ultimate muscle strength remains unknown, but this study provides insight into why shorter grafts may afford better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Janes
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren J Kelsey
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel C Sasson
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Applebaum
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joanna K Ledwon
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Arun K Gosain
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Feinberg K, Tajdaran K, Mirmoeini K, Daeschler SC, Henriquez MA, Stevens KE, Mulenga CM, Hussain A, Hamrah P, Ali A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. The Role of Sensory Innervation in Homeostatic and Injury-Induced Corneal Epithelial Renewal. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12615. [PMID: 37628793 PMCID: PMC10454376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the window through which we see the world. Corneal clarity is required for vision, and blindness occurs when the cornea becomes opaque. The cornea is covered by unique transparent epithelial cells that serve as an outermost cellular barrier bordering between the cornea and the external environment. Corneal sensory nerves protect the cornea from injury by triggering tearing and blink reflexes, and are also thought to regulate corneal epithelial renewal via unknown mechanism(s). When protective corneal sensory innervation is absent due to infection, trauma, intracranial tumors, surgery, or congenital causes, permanent blindness results from repetitive epithelial microtraumas and failure to heal. The condition is termed neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), with an incidence of 5:10,000 people worldwide. In this report, we review the currently available therapeutic solutions for NK and discuss the progress in our understanding of how the sensory nerves induce corneal epithelial renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Feinberg
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kiana Tajdaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mirmoeini
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simeon C. Daeschler
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Hospital, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mario A. Henriquez
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Katelyn E. Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chilando M. Mulenga
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arif Hussain
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gregory H. Borschel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Bolívar S, Udina E. Preferential regeneration and collateral dynamics of motor and sensory neurons after nerve injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114227. [PMID: 36108714 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Specificity in regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries is a major determinant of functional recovery. Unfortunately, regenerating motor and sensory axons rarely find their original pathways to reinnervate appropriate target organs. Although a preference of motor axons to regenerate towards the muscle has been described, little is known about the specificity of the heterogeneous sensory populations. Here, we propose the comparative study of regeneration in different neuron subtypes. Using female and male reporter mice, we assessed the regenerative preference of motoneurons (ChAT-Cre/Ai9), proprioceptors (PV-Cre/Ai9), and cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Npy2r-Cre/Ai9). The femoral nerve of these animals was transected above the bifurcation and repaired with fibrin glue. Regeneration was assessed by applying retrograde tracers in the distal branches of the nerve 1 or 8 weeks after the lesion and counting the retrotraced somas and the axons in the branches. We found that cutaneous mechanoreceptors regenerated faster than other populations, followed by motoneurons and, lastly, proprioceptors. All neuron types had an early preference to regenerate into the cutaneous branch whereas, at long term, all neurons regenerated more through their original branch. Finally, we found that myelinated neurons extend more regenerative sprouts in the cutaneous than in the muscle branch of the femoral nerve and, particularly, that motoneurons have more collaterals than proprioceptors. Our findings reveal novel differences in regeneration dynamics and specificity, which indicate distinct regenerative mechanisms between neuron subtypes that can be potentially modulated to improve functional recovery after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bolívar
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Luzu J, Antoine L, Annabelle RLG, Ghislaine R, Hong L, Bénédicte D, Benjamin B, Damien S, Christophe B. In vivo confocal microscopic study of corneal innervation in Sjögren's Syndrome with or without small fiber neuropathy. Ocul Surf 2022; 25:155-162. [PMID: 35872076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study changes in the subbasal nerve plexus by In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) in Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) with or without associated Small Fiber Neuropathy (SFN), in order to prevent diagnostic delay. METHODS Seventy-one patients with SS, including 19 with associated SFN, 20 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) were included in this retrospective case-control study. IVCM was used to investigate subbasal nerve plexus density and morphology. RESULTS Corneal sensitivity as evaluated with the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was significantly reduced in the SS group versus the control group (P = 0.026) and the MGD group (P = 0.037). The number of inflammatory cells was significantly increased in the SS group to 86.2 ± 82.1 cells/mm2 compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The density of the subbasal nerve plexus was significantly reduced to 16.7 ± 6.5 mm/mm2 in the SS group compared to the control group (P < 0.005) and the MGD group (P = 0.042). The tortuosity of the nerves in the SS group was significantly increased compared to the control group (P < 0.001) and the MGD group (P = 0.025). The average number of subbasal nerve plexus neuromas was significantly increased in the SS group compared to the control group (P = 0.001), with a significant increase in the average number of neuromas in SS patients with associated SFN compared to SS patients without SFN (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION IVCM can be useful to detect corneal nerve changes in SS patients and may allow earlier diagnosis of the disease and to consider new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Luzu
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | - Labbé Antoine
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Réaux-Le Goazigo Annabelle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Rabut Ghislaine
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Dupas Bénédicte
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Blautain Benjamin
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sène Damien
- Departement of Internal Medecine, Lariboisière Hospital, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Baudouin Christophe
- Department of Ophthalmology III, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
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10
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The Bridging Effect of Controlled-Release Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Microcapsules within Nerve Conduits on Rat Facial Nerve Regeneration. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8942985. [PMID: 35774850 PMCID: PMC9239766 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8942985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The study is aimed at exploring the effect of the controlled release of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on nerve regeneration. Methods The PLGA/chitosan composite nerve conduit was used to bridge the dissected trunk of the rat facial nerve. GDNF microcapsules were loaded into the nerve conduit. Nine weeks after surgery, the facial nerve zygomatic and buccal branches were labeled with fluorescent indicators. The incorrectly grown facial neurons were reversed and counted. The facial nerve functional recovery was assessed by measuring the maximum evoked potential. Results The nerve conduit was filled with different regenerating factors, such as the GDNF, GDNF microcapsules, or saline (control). The number of incorrectly regenerated neurons was lower with the nerve conduits filled with GDNF microcapsules than with those supplied with just the GDNF. However, neither the GDNF nor GDNF microcapsules affected the number of regenerated neurons. The functional recovery of the facial nerve was the best, with the nerve conduit filled with GDNF microcapsules closest to the healthy uncut facial nerve. Conclusion The stable slow-release GNDF microcapsule inside the biodegradable nerve conduit can reduce the extent of incorrect growth of the facial nerve neuron when bridging the dissected rat facial nerve trunk. The technique has a good effect on functional nerve recovery.
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11
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Barham M, Streppel M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Fulgham-Scott N, Vogt J, Neiss WF. Treatment With Nimodipine or FK506 After Facial Nerve Repair Neither Improves Accuracy of Reinnervation Nor Recovery of Mimetic Function in Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:895076. [PMID: 35645727 PMCID: PMC9136327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.895076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nimodipine and FK506 (Tacrolimus) are drugs that have been reported to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. We therefore tested these substances aiming to improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation after facial nerve injury. Methods In 18 female rats, the transected facial nerve was repaired by an artificial nerve conduit. The rats were then treated with either placebo, nimodipine, or FK506, for 56 days. Facial motoneurons were pre-operatively double-labeled by Fluoro-Gold and again 56 days post-operation by Fast-Blue to measure the cytological accuracy of reinnervation. The whisking motion of the vibrissae was analyzed to assess the quality of functional recovery. Results On the non-operated side, 93–97% of those facial nerve motoneurons innervating the vibrissae were double-labeled. On the operated side, double-labeling only amounted to 38% (placebo), 40% (nimodipine), and 39% (FK506), indicating severe misdirection of reinnervation. Regardless of post-operative drug or placebo therapy, the whisking frequency reached 83–100% of the normal value (6.0 Hz), but whisking amplitude was reduced to 33–48% while whisking velocity reached 39–66% of the normal values. Compared to placebo, statistically neither nimodipine nor FK506 improved accuracy of reinnervation and function recovery. Conclusion Despite previous, positive data on the speed and quantity of axonal regeneration, nimodipine and FK506 do not improve the final functional outcome of motoric reinnervation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Barham
- Department II of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Barham,
| | - Michael Streppel
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat-Department (ENT), PAN-Clinic at Neumarkt, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Fulgham-Scott
- Department I of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Department II of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram F. Neiss
- Department I of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Evaluation of the Use of Nerve Allograft Preserved in Glycerol. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3514. [PMID: 33868872 PMCID: PMC8049391 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: We aimed to evaluate the use of nerve allograft preserved in glycerol. We compared the efficiency of glycerol-preserved allografts with autogenous nerve grafting, cryopreserved grafts, and detergent-processed grafts in the axonal regeneration. Secondarily, we evaluated the effectiveness of each preservation method in maintaining the extracellular matrix free of cellular components. Methods: This was a prospective experimental, longitudinal, unblinded, nonrandomized, controlled animal model study. Three different allograft preservation techniques for the repair of sciatic nerve injuries were compared, including cold preservation, glycerol preservation, and detergent preservation. Functional assessment was performed, and histomorphometric analyses were further performed, which enabled the allograft structure evaluation and an estimation of the nerve regeneration efficacy based on the myelinated axons count and on their diameters. Results: After the 14th week, all groups were already balanced and similar (P = 0.265): all groups present near-zero SFIs, thus confirming their efficiency in promoting nerve regeneration. In the histomorphometric evaluations, all groups were equivalent, presenting a similar efficiency in nerve regeneration (P = 0.716 and P = 0.577, respectively). Similarly, histomorphometric evaluations showed a reduction in the number of axons and in their diameters, but none of them effectively eliminated all cellular debris. Comparing the groups with each other, the groups preserved in glycerol and detergent solution were similar, both presenting better results than the cooled group. Conclusion: By evaluating the presence of cell debris after the treatment using glycerol, it was found to be similar to the treatment using detergent and significantly better than the cold-preservation treatment.
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13
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Suzuki H, Araki K, Matsui T, Tanaka Y, Uno K, Tomifuji M, Yamashita T, Satoh Y, Kobayashi Y, Shiotani A. TrkA inhibitor promotes motor functional regeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve by suppression of sensory nerve regeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16892. [PMID: 33037246 PMCID: PMC7547101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury, in which hoarseness and dysphagia arise as a result of impaired vocal fold movement, is a serious complication. Misdirected regeneration is an issue for functional regeneration. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of TrkA inhibitors, which blocks the NGF-TrkA pathway that acts on the sensory/automatic nerves thus preventing misdirected regeneration among motor and sensory nerves, and thereby promoting the regeneration of motor neurons to achieve functional recovery. RLN axotomy rat models were used in this study, in which cut ends of the nerve were bridged with polyglycolic acid-collagen tube with and without TrkA inhibitor (TrkAi) infiltration. Our study revealed significant improvement in motor nerve fiber regeneration and function, in assessment of vocal fold movement, myelinated nerve regeneration, compound muscle action potential, and prevention of laryngeal muscle atrophy. Retrograde labeling demonstrated fewer labeled neurons in the vagus ganglion, which confirmed reduced misdirected regeneration among motor and sensory fibers, and a change in distribution of the labeled neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. Our study demonstrated that TrkAi have a strong potential for clinical application in the treatment of RLN injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Araki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Toshiyasu Matsui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kosuke Uno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tomifuji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Satoh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiotani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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14
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Rink S, Chatziparaskeva C, Elles L, Pavlov S, Nohroudi K, Bendella H, Sarikcioglu L, Manthou M, Dunlop S, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Neutralizing
BDNF
and
FGF2
injection into denervated skeletal muscle improve recovery after nerve repair. Muscle Nerve 2020; 62:404-412. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral MedicineUniversity of Cologne Germany
| | | | - Luisa Elles
- Department of Anatomy IUniversity of Cologne Germany
| | - Stoyan Pavlov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyMedical University Varna Bulgaria
| | | | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC) Cologne Germany
| | | | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAristotle University Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Sarah Dunlop
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia Australia
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of SurgeryThe Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
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15
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Assessment of axonal sprouting and motor performance after hypoglossal-facial end-to-side nerve repair: experimental study in rats. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1563-1576. [PMID: 32488325 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis (HFA) aims to reanimate denervated mimic muscles with hypoglossal axons when the transected facial nerve is not accessible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery of HFA using a "Y" tube in two variants: (1) the proximal stump of the hypoglossal nerve was entubulated to the "Y" tube (classic "Y" tube HFA) and (2) the "Y" tube was sutured to an epineurial window of a slightly damaged hypoglossal nerve (end-to-side "Y" tube HFA). A total of 48 adult female rats were divided into four groups: intact controls (group 1), sham operated (group 2), classic "Y" tube HFA (group 3) and end-to-side "Y" tube HFA (group 4). The abdominal aorta with both common iliac arteries of isogeneic male rats served as the Y-tube conduit. Animals from group 4 recovered better than those from group 3: the degree of collateral axonal branching (3 ± 1%) was significantly lower than that determined in group 3 (13 ± 1%). The mean deviation of the tongue from the midline was significantly smaller in group 4 (6 ± 4°) than that measured in animals from group 3 (41 ± 6°). In the determination of vibrissal motor function in group 3 and group 4, a decrease in amplitude was found to be - 66% and - 92%, respectively. No differences in the reinnervation pattern of the target muscles were detected. As a result, these surgical models were not determined to be able to improve vibrissal movements. It was concluded that performance of end-to-side "Y" tube HFA diminishes collateral axonal branching at the lesion site, which in turn, promotes better recovery of tongue- and vibrissal-motor performance.
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16
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Brown BL, Asante T, Welch HR, Sandelski MM, Drejet SM, Shah K, Runge EM, Shipchandler TZ, Jones KJ, Walker CL. Functional and Anatomical Outcomes of Facial Nerve Injury With Application of Polyethylene Glycol in a Rat Model. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2020; 21:61-68. [PMID: 29800078 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2018.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Importance Functional and anatomical outcomes after surgical repair of facial nerve injury may be improved with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to direct suture neurorrhaphy. The application of PEG has shown promise in treating spinal nerve injuries, but its efficacy has not been evaluated in treatment of cranial nerve injuries. Objective To determine whether PEG in addition to neurorrhaphy can improve functional outcomes and synkinesis after facial nerve injury. Design, Setting, and Subjects In this animal experiment, 36 rats underwent right facial nerve transection and neurorrhaphy with addition of PEG. Weekly behavioral scoring was done for 10 rats for 6 weeks and 14 rats for 16 weeks after the operations. In the 16-week study, the buccal branches were labeled and tissue analysis was performed. In the 6-week study, the mandibular and buccal branches were labeled and tissue analysis was performed. Histologic analysis was performed for 10 rats in a 1-week study to assess the association of PEG with axonal continuity and Wallerian degeneration. Six rats served as the uninjured control group. Data were collected from February 8, 2016, through July 10, 2017. Intervention Polyethylene glycol applied to the facial nerve after neurorrhaphy. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional recovery was assessed weekly for the 16- and 6-week studies, as well as motoneuron survival, amount of regrowth, specificity of regrowth, and aberrant branching. Short-term effects of PEG were assessed in the 1-week study. Results Among the 40 male rats included in the study, PEG addition to neurorrhaphy showed no functional benefit in eye blink reflex (mean [SEM], 3.57 [0.88] weeks; 95% CI, -2.8 to 1.9 weeks; P = .70) or whisking function (mean [SEM], 4.00 [0.72] weeks; 95% CI, -3.6 to 2.4 weeks; P = .69) compared with suturing alone at 16 weeks. Motoneuron survival was not changed by PEG in the 16-week (mean, 132.1 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -21.0 to 8.4; P = .13) or 6-week (mean, 131.1 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -11.0 to 10.0; P = .06) studies. Compared with controls, neither surgical group showed differences in buccal branch regrowth at 16 (36.9 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -14.5 to 22.0; P = .28) or 6 (36.7 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -7.8 to 18.5; P = .48) weeks or in the mandibular branch at 6 weeks (25.2 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -14.5 to 15.5; P = .99). Addition of PEG had no advantage in regrowth specificity compared with suturing alone at 16 weeks (15.3% buccal branch motoneurons with misguided projections; 95% CI, -7.2% to 11.0%; P = .84). After 6 weeks, the number of motoneurons with misguided projections to the mandibular branch showed no advantage of PEG treatment compared with suturing alone (12.1% buccal branch motoneurons with misguided projections; 95% CI, -8.2% to 9.2%; P = .98). In the 1-week study, improved axonal continuity and muscular innervation were not observed in PEG-treated rats. Conclusions and Relevance Although PEG has shown efficacy in treating other nervous system injuries, PEG in addition to neurorraphy was not beneficial in a rat model of facial nerve injury. The addition of PEG to suturing may not be warranted in the surgical repair of facial nerve injury. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Tony Asante
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Haley R Welch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Morgan M Sandelski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Sarah M Drejet
- Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Kishan Shah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Elizabeth M Runge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Taha Z Shipchandler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chandler L Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis
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17
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Lewitt MS, Boyd GW. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins in the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2019; 12:1178626419842176. [PMID: 31024217 PMCID: PMC6472167 DOI: 10.1177/1178626419842176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and their receptors are widely expressed in nervous tissue from early embryonic life. They also cross the blood brain barriers by active transport, and their regulation as endocrine factors therefore differs from other tissues. In brain, IGFs have paracrine and autocrine actions that are modulated by IGF-binding proteins and interact with other growth factor signalling pathways. The IGF system has roles in nervous system development and maintenance. There is substantial evidence for a specific role for this system in some neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroprotective actions make this system an attractive target for new therapeutic approaches. In developing new therapies, interaction with IGF-binding proteins and other growth factor signalling pathways should be considered. This evidence is reviewed, gaps in knowledge are highlighted, and recommendations are made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira S Lewitt
- School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Gary W Boyd
- School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
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18
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Rink S, Bendella H, Akkin SM, Manthou M, Grosheva M, Angelov DN. Experimental Studies on Facial Nerve Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1287-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral MedicineUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC) Cologne Germany
| | - Salih Murat Akkin
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineSANKO University Gaziantep Turkey
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAristotle University Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto‐Rhino‐LaryngologyUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
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19
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McGregor CE, English AW. The Role of BDNF in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Activity-Dependent Treatments and Val66Met. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:522. [PMID: 30687012 PMCID: PMC6336700 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of peripheral nerves to spontaneously regenerate after injury, recovery is generally very poor. The neurotrophins have emerged as an important modulator of axon regeneration, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF regulation and signaling, as well as its role in activity-dependent treatments including electrical stimulation, exercise, and optogenetic stimulation are discussed here. The importance of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the BDNF gene, Val66Met, which is present in 30% of the human population and may hinder the efficacy of these treatments in enhancing regeneration after injury is considered. Preliminary data are presented on the effectiveness of one such activity-dependent treatment, electrical stimulation, in enhancing axon regeneration in mice expressing the met allele of the Val66Met polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Emma McGregor
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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20
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Daeschler SC, Harhaus L, Bergmeister KD, Boecker A, Hoener B, Kneser U, Schoenle P. Clinically Available Low Intensity Ultrasound Devices do not Promote Axonal Regeneration After Peripheral Nerve Surgery-A Preclinical Investigation of an FDA-Approved Device. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1057. [PMID: 30564189 PMCID: PMC6288234 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow axonal regeneration and consecutive delayed muscle reinnervation cause persistent functional deficits following peripheral nerve injury, even following sufficient surgical nerve reconstruction. Preclinically, adjunct ultrasound therapy has shown to significantly accelerate nerve regeneration and thereby improve muscle function compared to nerve reconstruction alone. However, although FDA-approved and clinically well-tested ultrasound devices for other conditions such as delayed-healing fractures are available, they have not been investigated for peripheral nerve injury yet. Aiming to provide a fast clinical translation, we evaluated EXOGEN (Bioventus LLC, Durham, USA), a clinical device for low-intensity ultrasound therapy in various treatment intervals following peripheral nerve surgery. Sixty rats, randomized to five groups of twelve animals each, underwent median nerve transection and primary epineural nerve reconstruction. Post-surgically the ultrasound therapy (duration: 2 min, frequency: 1.5 MHz, pulsed SATA-intensity: 30 mW/cm2, repetition-rate: 1.0 kHz, duty-cycle: 20%) was applied either weekly, 3 times a week or daily. A daily sham-therapy and a control-group served as references. Functional muscle testing, electrodiagnostics and histological analyses were used to evaluate nerve regeneration. The post-surgically absent grip strength recovered in all groups and increased from week four on without any significant differences among groups. The weekly treated animals showed significantly reduced target muscle atrophy compared to sham-treated animals (p = 0.042), however, with no significant differences to three-times-a-week-, daily treated and control animals. The number of myelinated axons distal to the lesion site increased significantly in all groups (p < 0.001) without significant difference among groups (p > 0.05). A full recovery of distal latency was achieved in all groups and muscle function and CMAP recurred with insignificant differences among groups. In conclusion, the clinically available FDA-approved ultrasound device did not promote the axonal regeneration following nerve injury in comparison to control and sham groups. This is in contrast to a conclusive preclinical evidence base and likely due to the insufficient ultrasound-intensity of 30 mW/cm2. We recommend the clinical investigation of 200–300 mW/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon C Daeschler
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Leila Harhaus
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Konstantin D Bergmeister
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Arne Boecker
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoener
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, SRH University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Philipp Schoenle
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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21
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Heparin-based coacervate of bFGF facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress following sciatic nerve injury. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28624802 PMCID: PMC5564628 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a microenvironment at the injury site that favors axonal regrowth and remyelinationis pivotal to the success of therapeutic reinnervation. The mature myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous system depends on active participation of Schwann cells to form new cytoskeletal components and tremendous amounts of relevant neurotrophic factors. In this study, we utilized a new biomaterial for growth factor delivery consisting of a biocompatible polycation, poly(ethylene argininylaspartatediglyceride) and heparin. It is capable of binding a variety of growth factors to deliver basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) through polyvalent ionic interactions for nerve repair. In vitro assays demonstrated that the bFGF loading efficiency reached 10 μg and this delivery vehicle could control the release of bFGF. In vivo, the coacervate enhanced bFGF bioavailability, which improved both motor and sensory function. It could also acceleratemyelinated fiber regeneration and remyelination and promote Schwann cells proliferation. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of bFGF-coacervate in sciatic nerve injury was associated with the alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress signal. This heparin-based delivery platform leads to increased bFGF loading efficiency and better controls its release, which will provide an effective strategy for peripheral nerve injury regeneration therapy.
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22
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Mendez A, Hopkins A, Biron VL, Seikaly H, Zhu LF, Côté DWJ. Brief electrical stimulation and synkinesis after facial nerve crush injury: a randomized prospective animal study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018. [PMID: 29514718 PMCID: PMC5842591 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-018-0264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have examined the effects of brief electrical stimulation (BES) on nerve regeneration, with some suggesting that BES accelerates facial nerve recovery. However, the facial nerve outcome measurement in these studies has not been precise or accurate. Furthermore, no previous studies have been able to demonstrate the effect of BES on synkinesis. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of brief electrical stimulation (BES) on facial nerve function and synkinesis in a rat model. METHODS Four groups of six rats underwent a facial nerve injury procedure. Group 1 and 2 underwent a crush injury at the main trunk of the nerve, with group 2 additionally receiving BES for 1 h. Group 3 and 4 underwent a transection injury at the main trunk, with group 4 additionally receiving BES for 1 h. A laser curtain model was used to measure amplitude of whisking at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Fluorogold and fluororuby neurotracers were additionally injected into each facial nerve to measure synkinesis. Buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve were each injected with different neurotracers at 3 months following injury. Based on facial nucleus motoneuron labelling of untreated rats, comparison was made to post-treatment animals to deduce whether synkinesis had taken place. All animals underwent trans-cardiac perfusion with subsequent neural tissue sectioning. RESULTS At week two, the amplitude observed for group 1 and 2 was 14.4 and 24.0 degrees, respectively (p = 0.0004). Group 4 also demonstrated improved whisking compared to group 3. Fluorescent neuroimaging labelling appear to confirm improved pathway specific regeneration with BES following facial nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to use an implantable stimulator for serial BES following a crush injury in a validated animal model. Results suggest performing BES after facial nerve injury is associated with accelerated facial nerve function and improved facial nerve specific pathway regeneration in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Mendez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,1E4 Walter C Mackenzie Centre, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Alex Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vincent L Biron
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lin Fu Zhu
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David W J Côté
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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De la Rosa MB, Kozik EM, Sakaguchi DS. Adult Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:41-71. [PMID: 30151648 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) occur as the result of sudden trauma and can lead to life-long disability, reduced quality of life, and heavy economic and social burdens. Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has the intrinsic capacity to regenerate and regrow axons to a certain extent, current treatments frequently show incomplete recovery with poor functional outcomes, particularly for large PNI. Many surgical procedures are available to halt the propagation of nerve damage, and the choice of a procedure depends on the extent of the injury. In particular, recovery from large PNI gaps is difficult to achieve without any therapeutic intervention or some form of tissue/cell-based therapy. Autologous nerve grafting, considered the "gold standard" is often implemented for treatment of gap formation type PNI. Although these surgical procedures provide many benefits, there are still considerable limitations associated with such procedures as donor site morbidity, neuroma formation, fascicle mismatch, and scarring. To overcome such restrictions, researchers have explored various avenues to improve post-surgical outcomes. The most commonly studied methods include: cell transplantation, growth factor delivery to stimulate regenerating axons and implanting nerve guidance conduits containing replacement cells at the site of injury. Replacement cells which offer maximum benefits for the treatment of PNI, are Schwann cells (SCs), which are the peripheral glial cells and in part responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury. Additionally, they release growth factors to stimulate myelination and axonal regeneration. Both primary SCs and genetically modified SCs enhance nerve regeneration in animal models; however, there is no good source for extracting SCs and the only method to obtain SCs is by sacrificing a healthy nerve. To overcome such challenges, various cell types have been investigated and reported to enhance nerve regeneration.In this review, we have focused on cell-based strategies aimed to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration, in particular the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred due to benefits such as autologous transplantation, routine isolation procedures, and paracrine and immunomodulatory properties. Mesenchymal stem cells have been transplanted at the site of injury either directly in their native form (undifferentiated) or in a SC-like form (transdifferentiated) and have been shown to significantly enhance nerve regeneration. In addition to transdifferentiated MSCs, some studies have also transplanted ex-vivo genetically modified MSCs that hypersecrete growth factors to improve neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein De la Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Veterinary Specialty Center, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
| | - Emily M Kozik
- Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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24
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Bergmeister KD, Daeschler SC, Rhodius P, Schoenle P, Böcker A, Kneser U, Harhaus L. Promoting axonal regeneration following nerve surgery: a perspective on ultrasound treatment for nerve injuries. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1530-1533. [PMID: 30127107 PMCID: PMC6126126 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.237113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury is often associated with limited axonal regeneration and thus leads to delayed or incomplete axonal reinnervation. As a consequence of slow nerve regeneration, target muscle function is often insufficient and leads to a lifelong burden. Recently, the diagnosis of nerve injuries has been improved and likewise surgical reconstruction has undergone significant developments. However, the problem of slow nerve regeneration has not been solved. In a recent meta-analysis, we have shown that the application of low-intensity ultrasound promotes nerve regeneration experimentally and thereby can improve functional outcomes. Here we want to demonstrate the experimental effect of low intensity ultrasound on nerve regeneration, the current state of investigations and its possible future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin D Bergmeister
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Simeon C Daeschler
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Rhodius
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Philipp Schoenle
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Arne Böcker
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Leila Harhaus
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Rosich K, Hanna BF, Ibrahim RK, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3311-3325. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Rosich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bishoy F. Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ross University School of Medicine, Dominica, West Indies
| | - Rami K. Ibrahim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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26
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Bendella H, Rink S, Grosheva M, Sarikcioglu L, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Putative roles of soluble trophic factors in facial nerve regeneration, target reinnervation, and recovery of vibrissal whisking. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:100-110. [PMID: 29104116 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that, after nerve transection and surgical repair, misdirected regrowth of regenerating motor axons may occur in three ways. The first way is that the axons enter into endoneurial tubes that they did not previously occupy, regenerate through incorrect fascicles and reinnervate muscles that they did not formerly supply. Consequently the activation of these muscles results in inappropriate movements. The second way is that, in contrast with the precise target-directed pathfinding by elongating motor nerves during embryonic development, several axons rather than a single axon grow out from each transected nerve fiber. The third way of misdirection occurs by the intramuscular terminal branching (sprouting) of each regenerating axon to culminate in some polyinnervation of neuromuscular junctions, i.e. reinnervation of junctions by more than a single axon. Presently, "fascicular" or "topographic specificity" cannot be achieved and hence target-directed nerve regeneration is, as yet, unattainable. Nonetheless, motor and sensory reinnervation of appropriate endoneurial tubes does occur and can be promoted by brief nerve electrical stimulation. This review considers the expression of neurotrophic factors in the neuromuscular system and how this expression can promote functional recovery, with emphasis on the whisking of vibrissae on the rat face in relationship to the expression of the factors. Evidence is reviewed for a role of neurotrophic factors as short-range diffusible sprouting stimuli in promoting complete functional recovery of vibrissal whisking in blind Sprague Dawley (SD)/RCS rats but not in SD rats with normal vision, after facial nerve transection and surgical repair. Briefly, a complicated time course of growth factor expression in the nerves and denervated muscles include (1) an early increase in FGF2 and IGF2, (2) reduced NGF between 2 and 14days after nerve transection and surgical repair, (3) a late rise in BDNF and (4) reduced IGF1 protein in the denervated muscles at 28days. These findings suggest that recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury is due, at least in part, to a complex regulation of nerve injury-associated neurotrophic factors and cytokines at the neuromuscular junctions of denervated muscles. In particular, the increase of FGF2 and concomittant decrease of NGF during the first week after facial nerve-nerve anastomosis in SD/RCS blind rats may prevent intramuscular axon sprouting and, in turn, reduce poly-innervation of the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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27
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Grosheva M, Rink S, Jansen R, Bendella H, Pavlov SP, Sarikcioglu L, Angelov DN, Dunlop SA. Early and continued manual stimulation is required for long‐term recovery after facial nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:100-106. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto‐Rhino‐LaryngologyUniversity of CologneCologne Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Anatomical Institute IUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Strasse 9, D‐50924Köln Germany
| | - Ramona Jansen
- Anatomical Institute IUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Strasse 9, D‐50924Köln Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/HerdeckeCologne Merheim Medical Center, Cologne Germany
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of AnatomyAkdeniz University Faculty of MedicineAntalya Turkey
| | - Doychin N. Angelov
- Anatomical Institute IUniversity of CologneJoseph‐Stelzmann‐Strasse 9, D‐50924Köln Germany
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley Western Australia Australia
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28
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Žygelytė E, Bernard ME, Tomlinson JE, Martin MJ, Terhorst A, Bradford HE, Lundquist SA, Sledziona M, Cheetham J. RetroDISCO: Clearing technique to improve quantification of retrograde labeled motor neurons of intact mouse spinal cords. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 271:34-42. [PMID: 27268155 PMCID: PMC5620662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of the number of axons reinnervating a target organ is often used to assess regeneration after peripheral nerve repair, but because of axonal branching, this method can overestimate the number of motor neurons regenerating across an injury. Current methods to count the number of regenerated motor neurons include retrograde labeling followed by cryosectioning and counting labeled motor neuron cell bodies, however, the process of sectioning introduces error from potential double counting of cells in adjacent sections. NEW METHOD We describe a method, retroDISCO, that optically clears whole mouse spinal cord without loss of fluorescent signal to allow imaging of retrograde labeled motor neurons using confocal microscopy. RESULTS Complete optical clearing of spinal cords takes four hours and confocal microscopy can obtain z-stacks of labeled motor neuron pools within 3-5min. The technique is able to detect anticipated differences in motor neuron number after cross-suture and conduit repair compared to intact mice and is highly repeatable. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD RetroDISCO is inexpensive, simple, robust and uses commonly available microscopy techniques to determine the number of motor neurons extending axons across an injury site, avoiding the need for labor-intensive cryosectioning and potential double counting of motor neuron cell bodies in adjacent sections. CONCLUSIONS RetroDISCO allows rapid quantification of the degree of reinnervation without the confounding produced by axonal sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Žygelytė
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Megan E Bernard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Matthew J Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Allegra Terhorst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Harriet E Bradford
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sarah A Lundquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael Sledziona
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Cheetham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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29
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Comparative outcome measures in peripheral regeneration studies. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:348-357. [PMID: 27094121 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries are common and often result in partial or permanent paralysis, numbness of the affected limb, and debilitating neuropathic pain. Experimental animal models of nerve injury have utilized a diversity of outcome measures to examine functional recovery following injury. Four primary categories of outcome measures of regenerative success including retrograde labeling with counts of regenerating neurons, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry, reinnervation of target muscles, and behavioral analysis of recovery will be reviewed. Validity of different outcome measures are discussed in context of hindlimb, forelimb, and facial nerve injury models. Severity of nerve injury will be highlighted, and comparisons between nerve crush injury and more severe transection and neuroma-in-continuity nerve injury paradigms will be evaluated. The case is made that specific outcome measures may be more sensitive to assessing functional recovery following nerve injury than others. This will be discussed in the context of the lack of association between certain outcome measures of nerve regeneration. Examples of inaccurate conclusions from specific outcome measures will also be considered. Overall, researchers must therefore take care to select appropriate outcome measures for animal nerve injury studies dependant on the specific experimental interventions and scientific questions addressed.
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30
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Grosheva M, Nohroudi K, Schwarz A, Rink S, Bendella H, Sarikcioglu L, Klimaschewski L, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Comparison of trophic factors' expression between paralyzed and recovering muscles after facial nerve injury. A quantitative analysis in time course. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:137-148. [PMID: 26940083 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, recovery of motor performance negatively correlates with the poly-innervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) due to excessive sprouting of the terminal Schwann cells. Denervated muscles produce short-range diffusible sprouting stimuli, of which some are neurotrophic factors. Based on recent data that vibrissal whisking is restored perfectly during facial nerve regeneration in blind rats from the Sprague Dawley (SD)/RCS strain, we compared the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), insulin growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1, IGF2) and nerve growth factor (NGF) between SD/RCS and SD-rats with normal vision but poor recovery of whisking function after facial nerve injury. To establish which trophic factors might be responsible for proper NMJ-reinnervation, the transected facial nerve was surgically repaired (facial-facial anastomosis, FFA) for subsequent analysis of mRNA and proteins expressed in the levator labii superioris muscle. A complicated time course of expression included (1) a late rise in BDNF protein that followed earlier elevated gene expression, (2) an early increase in FGF2 and IGF2 protein after 2 days with sustained gene expression, (3) reduced IGF1 protein at 28 days coincident with decline of raised mRNA levels to baseline, and (4) reduced NGF protein between 2 and 14 days with maintained gene expression found in blind rats but not the rats with normal vision. These findings suggest that recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury is due, at least in part, to a complex regulation of lesion-associated neurotrophic factors and cytokines in denervated muscles. The increase of FGF-2 protein and concomittant decrease of NGF (with no significant changes in BDNF or IGF levels) during the first week following FFA in SD/RCS blind rats possibly prevents the distal branching of regenerating axons resulting in reduced poly-innervation of motor endplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Alisa Schwarz
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Merheim, University of Witten-Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Light-Activated Sealing of Nerve Graft Coaptation Sites Improves Outcome following Large Gap Peripheral Nerve Injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136:739-750. [PMID: 26397251 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve repair using photochemically bonded human amnion nerve wraps can result in superior outcomes in comparison with standard suture. When applied to nerve grafts, efficacy has been limited by proteolytic degradation of bonded amnion during extended periods of recovery. Chemical cross-linking of amnion before bonding may improve wrap durability and efficacy. METHODS Three nerve wraps (amnion, cross-linked amnion, and cross-linked swine intestinal submucosa) and three fixation methods (suture, fibrin glue, and photochemical bonding) were investigated. One hundred ten Lewis rats had 15-mm left sciatic nerve gaps repaired with isografts. Nine groups (n = 10) had isografts secured by one of the aforementioned wrap/fixation combinations. Positive and negative control groups (n = 10) were repaired with graft and suture and no repair, respectively. Outcomes were assessed using sciatic function index, muscle mass retention, and histomorphometry. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and the post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Cross-linking improved amnion durability. Photochemically bonded cross-linked amnion recovered the greatest sciatic function index, although this was not significant in comparison with graft and suture. Photochemically bonded cross-linked amnion recovered significantly greater muscle mass (67.3 ± 4.4 percent versus 60.0 ± 5.2 percent; p = 0.02), fiber diameter, axon diameter, and myelin thickness (6.87 ± 2.23 μm versus 5.47 ± 1.70 μm; 4.51 ± 1.83 μm versus 3.50 ± 1.44 μm; and 2.35 ± 0.64 μm versus 1.96 ± 0.47 μm, respectively) in comparison with graft and suture. CONCLUSION Light-activated sealing of cross-linked human amnion results in superior outcomes when compared with conventional suture.
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Nassri A, Ramzan Z. Pharmacotherapy for the management of achalasia: Current status, challenges and future directions. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6:145-55. [PMID: 26558149 PMCID: PMC4635155 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews currently available pharmacological options available for the treatment of achalasia, with a special focus on the role of botulinum toxin (BT) injection due to its superior therapeutic effect and side effect profile. The discussion on BT includes the role of different BT serotypes, better pharmacological formulations, improved BT injection techniques, the use of sprouting inhibitors, designer recombinant BT formulations and alternative substances used in endoscopic injections. The large body of ongoing research into achalasia and BT may provide a stronger role for BT injection as a form of minimally invasive, cost effective and efficacious form of therapy for patients with achalasia. The article also explores current issues and future research avenues that may prove beneficial in improving the efficacy of pharmacological treatment approaches in patients with achalasia.
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Influence of insulin-like growth factor I on nerve regeneration using allografts: a sciatic nerve model. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 25:1510-4. [PMID: 25006924 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) on peripheral nerve regeneration was studied using allografts in a rat sciatic nerve model. Thirty male white Wistar rats were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 10) randomly: normal control group (NC), allograft group (ALLO), and IGF I-treated group (ALLO/IGF). In the NC group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and, after homeostasis, the muscle was sutured. In the ALLO group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and transected proximal to the tibioperoneal bifurcation where a 10-mm segment was excised. The same procedure was performed in the ALLO/IGF group. The harvested nerves of the rats of the ALLO group were served as allograft for the ALLO/IGF group and vice versa. The NC and ALLO groups received 10 μL of sterile phosphate buffered saline intraperitoneally once a day for 1 week, and the ALLO/IGF group received 10 μL of IGF I (100 ng/kg per day) intraperitoneally once a day for 1 week. Behavioral testing, sciatic nerve functional study and the gastrocnemius muscle mass showed earlier regeneration of axons in the ALLO/IGF group than in the ALLO group (P < 0.05). Administration of IGF I could accelerate functional recovery after nerve allografting in the sciatic nerve and may have clinical implications for the surgical management of patients after facial nerve transection.
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34
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Kaya Y, Ozsoy U, Turhan M, Angelov DN, Sarikcioglu L. Hypoglossal-facial nerve reconstruction using a Y-tube-conduit reduces aberrant synkinetic movements of the orbicularis oculi and vibrissal muscles in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:543020. [PMID: 25574468 PMCID: PMC4276326 DOI: 10.1155/2014/543020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The facial nerve is the most frequently damaged nerve in head and neck trauma. Patients undergoing facial nerve reconstruction often complain about disturbing abnormal synkinetic movements of the facial muscles (mass movements, synkinesis) which are thought to result from misguided collateral branching of regenerating motor axons and reinnervation of inappropriate muscles. Here, we examined whether use of an aorta Y-tube conduit during reconstructive surgery after facial nerve injury reduces synkinesis of orbicularis oris (blink reflex) and vibrissal (whisking) musculature. The abdominal aorta plus its bifurcation was harvested (N = 12) for Y-tube conduits. Animal groups comprised intact animals (Group 1), those receiving hypoglossal-facial nerve end-to-end coaptation alone (HFA; Group 2), and those receiving hypoglossal-facial nerve reconstruction using a Y-tube (HFA-Y-tube, Group 3). Videotape motion analysis at 4 months showed that HFA-Y-tube group showed a reduced synkinesis of eyelid and whisker movements compared to HFA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Kaya
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Murat Turhan
- Department of Ear Nose Throat, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
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Ozsoy U, Demirel BM, Hizay A, Ozsoy O, Ankerne J, Angelova S, Sarikcioglu L, Ucar Y, Turhan M, Dunlop S, Angelov DN. Manual stimulation of the whisker pad after hypoglossal–facial anastomosis (HFA) using a Y-tube conduit does not improve recovery of whisking function. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2021-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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36
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Chitosan tubes of varying degrees of acetylation for bridging peripheral nerve defects. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9886-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effect of local administration of insulin-like growth factor I combined with inside-out artery graft on peripheral nerve regeneration. Injury 2013; 44:1295-301. [PMID: 23747124 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to assess the effect of topically administered insulin-like growth factor (IGF I) on peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Eighty male healthy white Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n=20), randomly: in transected group (TC), the left sciatic nerve was transected and stumps were fixed in the adjacent muscle. In treatment group, defect was bridged using an inside-out artery graft (IOAG/IGF) filled with 10 μL IGF I (100 ng/kg). In artery graft group (IOAG), the graft was filled with phosphate-buffered saline alone. In sham-operated group (SHAM), sciatic nerve was exposed and manipulated. Each group was subdivided into five subgroups of five animals each and regenerated nerve fibres were studied 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after surgery. Behavioural testing, sciatic nerve functional study, gastrocnemius muscle mass and morphometric indices confirmed faster recovery of regenerated axons in IOAG/IGF than IOAG group (P<0.05). In immunohistochemistry, location of reactions to S-100 in IOAG/IGF was clearly more positive than that in IOAG group. When loaded in an artery graft, IGF I accelerated and improved functional recovery and morphometric indices of sciatic nerve.
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Methylcobalamin facilitates collateral sprouting of donor axons and innervation of recipient muscle in end-to-side neurorrhaphy in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76302. [PMID: 24098787 PMCID: PMC3786991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using ulnar nerve as donor and musculocutaneous nerve as recipient we found earlier that end-to-side neurorrhaphy resulted in weak functional reinnervation after lengthy survival. End-to-side neurorrhaphy however is the sole choice of nerve repair at times and has the advantage of conserving donor nerve function. Here, we investigated whether myelination-enhancing agent methylcobalamin and motoneuron trophic factor pleiotrophin enhances the recovery after end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Methylcobalamin significantly increased the expression of growth associated protein 43 and S100 protein and βIII tubulin in musculocutaneous nerve 1 month after neurorrhaphy suggesting the ingrowth of ulnar axonal sprouts in reactive Schwann cell environment. Upper limb functional test, compound muscle action potential measurements, motor end plate counts, and axon and myelin analyses showed that methylcobalamin treatment alone or with pleiotrophin improved the recovery significantly, 3 and 6 months post-surgery. There were fewer axons, closer in number to that of the intact recipient nerve, found in the distal repaired nerve of the methylcobalamin-treated than that of the vehicle control, suggesting that methylcobalamin facilitates axonal maturation and eliminates supernumerary sprouts. In conclusion, our results showed that methylcobalamin does indeed enhance the recovery of peripheral nerve repaired in end-to-side configuration.
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Hundeshagen G, Szameit K, Thieme H, Finkensieper M, Angelov D, Guntinas-Lichius O, Irintchev A. Deficient functional recovery after facial nerve crush in rats is associated with restricted rearrangements of synaptic terminals in the facial nucleus. Neuroscience 2013; 248:307-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The elements of peripheral nerve regeneration comprise a complex combination of nerve growth, muscle satellite cells proliferation and differentiation and vessel growth. There is also increasing evidence that growth factors may act at multiple levels in the regenerative response. One such factor affecting multiple cell processes is insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). As a neurotrophic factor IGF-1 is known to promote nerve elongation and branching. As a myogenic factor, IGF-1 promotes satellite cell proliferation, differentiation and muscle hypertrophy. As an angiogenic factor, IGF-1 is known to promote angiogenesis in regenerating skeletal muscle by activating VEGF and VEGF receptors. Additionally, recent studies show that IGF-1 may also promote the activation of muscle stem cells during the regenerative process. This review will outline the pathways by which IGF-1 affects multiple layers of the regenerative response and how these pathways converge to promote the regeneration of nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Rabinovsky
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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41
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IGF-1 antibody prolongs the effective duration time of botulinum toxin in decreasing muscle strength. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9051-61. [PMID: 23698763 PMCID: PMC3676772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type-A (Btx-A), a powerful therapeutic tool in various medical specialties, requires repeated injections to maintain its effect. Therefore, novel methods to prolong the effective duration time of Btx-A are highly needed. Rats were assigned to three major groups: control group (n = 30), Btx-A group (n = 30), and IGF-1 Ab groups. IGF-1 Ab groups were composed by sub-groups A1-A5 (each has 25 rats) for the subsequent IGF-1Ab dose-effect study. Muscle strength was determined by a survey system for rat lower limbs nerve and muscle function. Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP5), and growth-associated protein, 43-kDa (GAP43) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and Western blot. We found that Btx-A decreased the muscle strength, with a paralysis maintained for 70 days. IGF-1Ab prolonged the effective duration time of Btx-A. Real-time PCRs and Western blot showed that IGF-1Ab delayed the increase of MuSK and IGFBP5 after Btx-A injection, without affecting GAP43. These results indicate that IGF-1Ab might prolong the effective duration time of Btx-A on muscle strength through delaying the increase of MuSK. It would be interesting to determine whether IGF-1Ab can be used as an auxiliary measure to the Btx-A treatment in the future.
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Lankford KL, Arroyo EJ, Liu CN, Somps CJ, Zorbas MA, Shelton DL, Evans MG, Hurst SI, Kocsis JD. Sciatic nerve regeneration is not inhibited by anti-NGF antibody treatment in the adult rat. Neuroscience 2013; 241:157-69. [PMID: 23531437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) is believed to play a role in many types of pain. An NGF-blocking antibody (muMab 911) has been shown to reduce pain and hyperalgesia in pain models, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for pain management. Since NGF also plays important roles in peripheral nervous system development and sensory nerve outgrowth, we asked whether anti-NGF antibodies would adversely impact peripheral nerve regeneration. Adult rats underwent a unilateral sciatic nerve crush to transect axons and were subcutaneously dosed weekly for 8weeks with muMab 911 or vehicle beginning 1day prior to injury. Plasma levels of muMab 911 were assessed from blood samples and foot print analysis was used to assess functional recovery. At 8-weeks post-nerve injury, sciatic nerves were prepared for light and electron microscopy. In a separate group, Fluro-Gold was injected subcutaneously at the ankle prior to perfusion, and counts and sizes of retrogradely labeled and unlabeled dorsal root ganglion neurons were obtained. There was no difference in the time course of gait recovery in antibody-treated and vehicle-treated animals. The number of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons was the same in the muMab 911-treated crushed nerves and intact nerves, consistent with observed complete recovery. Treatment with muMab 911 did however result in a small decrease in average cell body size on both the intact and injured sides. These results indicate that muMab 911 did not impair functional recovery or nerve regeneration after nerve injury in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Lankford
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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43
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Heaton JT, Knox CJ, Malo JS, Kobler JB, Hadlock TA. A system for delivering mechanical stimulation and robot-assisted therapy to the rat whisker pad during facial nerve regeneration. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2013; 21:928-37. [PMID: 23475376 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2013.2244911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functional recovery is typically poor after facial nerve transection and surgical repair. In rats, whisking amplitude remains greatly diminished after facial nerve regeneration, but can recover more completely if the whiskers are periodically mechanically stimulated during recovery. Here we present a robotic "whisk assist" system for mechanically driving whisker movement after facial nerve injury. Movement patterns were either preprogrammed to reflect natural amplitudes and frequencies, or movements of the contralateral (healthy) side of the face were detected and used to control real-time mirror-like motion on the denervated side. In a pilot study, 20 rats were divided into nine groups and administered one of eight different whisk assist driving patterns (or control) for 5-20 minutes, five days per week, across eight weeks of recovery after unilateral facial nerve cut and suture repair. All rats tolerated the mechanical stimulation well. Seven of the eight treatment groups recovered average whisking amplitudes that exceeded controls, although small group sizes precluded statistical confirmation of group differences. The potential to substantially improve facial nerve recovery through mechanical stimulation has important clinical implications, and we have developed a system to control the pattern and dose of stimulation in the rat facial nerve model.
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Role of Physical Exercise for Improving Posttraumatic Nerve Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 109:125-49. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420045-6.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Klimaschewski L, Hausott B, Angelov DN. The pros and cons of growth factors and cytokines in peripheral axon regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 108:137-71. [PMID: 24083434 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Injury to a peripheral nerve induces a complex cellular and molecular response required for successful axon regeneration. Proliferating Schwann cells organize into chains of cells bridging the lesion site, which is invaded by macrophages. Approximately half of the injured neuron population sends out axons that enter the glial guidance channels in response to secreted neurotrophic factors and neuropoietic cytokines. These lesion-associated polypeptides create an environment that is highly supportive for axon regrowth, particularly after acute injury, and ensure that the vast majority of regenerating axons are directed toward the distal nerve stump. Unfortunately, most neurotrophic factors and neuropoietic cytokines are also strong stimulators of axonal sprouting. Although some of the axonal branches will withdraw at later stages, the sprouting effect contributes to the misdirection of reinnervation that results in the lack of functional recovery observed in many patients with peripheral nerve injuries. Here, we critically review the role of neuronal growth factors and cytokines during axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Their differential effects on axon elongation and sprouting were elucidated in various studies on intraneuronal signaling mechanisms following nerve lesion. The present data define a goal for future therapeutic strategies, namely, to selectively stimulate a Ras/Raf/ERK-mediated axon elongation program over an intrinsic PI3K-dependent axonal sprouting program in lesioned motor and sensory neurons. Instead of modulating growth factor or cytokine levels at the lesion site, targeting specific intraneuronal molecules, such as the negative feedback inhibitors of ERK signaling, has been shown to promote long-distance regeneration while avoiding sprouting of regenerating axons until they have reached their target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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46
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Reddaway RB, Davidow AW, Deal SL, Hill DL. Impact of chorda tympani nerve injury on cell survival, axon maintenance, and morphology of the chorda tympani nerve terminal field in the nucleus of the solitary tract. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2395-413. [PMID: 22237830 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chorda tympani nerve transection (CTX) has been useful to study the relationship between nerve and taste buds in fungiform papillae. This work demonstrated that the morphological integrity of taste buds depends on their innervation. Considerable research focused on the effects of CTX on peripheral gustatory structures, but much less research has focused on the central effects. Here, we explored how CTX affects ganglion cell survival, maintenance of injured peripheral axons, and the chorda tympani nerve terminal field organization in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). After CTX in adult rats, the chorda tympani nerve was labeled with biotinylated dextran amine at 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days post-CTX to allow visualization of the terminal field associated with peripheral processes. There was a significant and persistent reduction of the labeled chorda tympani nerve terminal field volume and density in the NTS following CTX. Compared with controls, the volume of the labeled terminal field was not altered at 3 or 7 days post-CTX; however, it was significantly reduced by 44% and by 63% at 30 and 60 days post-CTX, respectively. Changes in the density of labeled terminal field in the NTS paralleled the terminal field volume results. The dramatic decrease in labeled terminal field size post-CTX cannot be explained by a loss of geniculate ganglion neurons or degeneration of central axons. Instead, the function and/or maintenance of the peripheral axonal process appear to be affected. These new results have implications for long-term functional and behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Reddaway
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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Simpson J, Keefe J, Nishi R. Differential effects of RET and TRKB on axonal branching and survival of parasympathetic neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 73:45-59. [PMID: 22648743 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between neurons and their targets of innervation influence many aspects of neural development. To examine how synaptic activity interacts with neurotrophic signaling, we determined the effects of blocking neuromuscular transmission on survival and axonal outgrowth of ciliary neurons from the embryonic chicken ciliary ganglion. Ciliary neurons undergo a period of cell loss due to programmed cell death between embryonic Days (E) 8 and 14 and they innervate the striated muscle of the iris. The nicotinic antagonist d-tubocurarine (dTC) induces an increase in branching measured by counting neurofilament-positive voxels (NF-VU) in the iris between E14-17 while reducing ciliary neuron survival. Blocking ganglionic transmission with dihyro-β-erythroidin and α-methyllycacontine does not mimic dTC. At E8, many trophic factors stimulate neurite outgrowth and branching of neurons placed in cell culture; however, at E13, only GDNF stimulates branching selectively in cultured ciliary neurons. The GDNF-induced branching at E13 could be inhibited by BDNF. Blocking ret signaling in vivo with a dominant negative (dn)ret decreases survival of ciliary and choroid neurons at E14 and prevents dTC induced increases in NF-VU in the iris at E17. Blocking TRKB signaling with dn TRKB increases NF-VU in the iris at E17 and decreases neuronal survival at E17, but not at E14. Thus, RET promotes survival during programmed cell death in the ciliary ganglion and contributes to promoting branching when synaptic transmission is blocked while TRKB inhibits branching and promotes maintenance of neuronal survival. These studies highlight the multifunctional nature of trophic molecule function during neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Simpson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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48
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Fan L, Feng C, Zhao W, Qian L, Wang Y, Li Y. Directional neurite outgrowth on superaligned carbon nanotube yarn patterned substrate. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3668-73. [PMID: 22694271 DOI: 10.1021/nl301428w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Superaligned carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn patterned substrates were developed as the topographic scaffold for guiding the neurite outgrowth. As-prepared patterned substrates were used for culturing rat hippocampal neurons, without purifying and functionalizing processes on the CNTs. The neurite outgrowth on the patterned substrate exhibited a strong tendency to being aligned along the CNT yarns long axes. The neurite grown along the CNT yarns had much less branching than the one on a uniform planar substrate typically used for neuron culture. These results indicate that the pure CNT yarns possess the main characteristics of a guidance scaffold for neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, the CNT yarns can be mass produced and be easily weaved into desired structures, which may make them attractive for neuronal regeneration and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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49
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Satar B, Hidir Y, Serdar MA, Kucuktag Z, Ural AU, Avcu F, Safali M, Oguztuzun S. Protein profiling of anastomosed facial nerve treated with mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:522-8. [PMID: 22268520 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.651530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The types of proteins released from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are still unclear. Our aim was to compare apoptosis scores and the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), myelin basic protein (MBP), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-1,matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1A, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-1/MMP-1A ratio, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), neurotrophin (NT)-3, NT-4, glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in anastomosed facial nerves that had been treated with or without MSC. METHODS In seven rats, the buccal branch of the right facial nerve was transected, anastomosed and treated with MSC (anastomosed + MSC group). The left buccal branch was anastomosed only (anastomosed-only group). The left mandibular branch served as an intact nerve group. On days 18-20, the distal segments of the branches were examined in terms of expression of the mentioned proteins and apoptosis scores using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. RESULTS MSC application significantly increased CNTF, PDGF-α, LIF, TGF-β1, BDNF and NT-3 expression (P < 0.05). MAG expression slightly decreased whereas NCAM-1, MMP-1A and FGF-2 slightly increased(P > 0.05). Changes in other proteins and apoptosis scores were not significant. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MSC increases expression of CNTF, PDGF-α, LIF,TGF-β1, BDNF and NT-3. MAG, NCAM-1, MMP-1A and FGF-2 expressions were slightly changed in this stage of nerve regeneration. The comparison of apoptotic activity was not conclusive. Overall, it appears that MSC might have differential effects on the mentioned tissue-related proteins and trophic/growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Satar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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50
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Hizay A, Ozsoy U, Demirel BM, Ozsoy O, Angelova SK, Ankerne J, Sarikcioglu SB, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN, Sarikcioglu L. Use of a Y-Tube Conduit After Facial Nerve Injury Reduces Collateral Axonal Branching at the Lesion Site But Neither Reduces Polyinnervation of Motor Endplates Nor Improves Functional Recovery. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:1544-56; discussion 1556. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318249f16f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Despite increased understanding of peripheral nerve regeneration, functional recovery after surgical repair remains disappointing. A major contributing factor is the extensive collateral branching at the lesion site, which leads to inaccurate axonal navigation and aberrant reinnervation of targets.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether the Y tube reconstruction improved axonal regrowth and whether this was associated with improved function.
METHODS:
We used a Y-tube conduit with the aim of improving navigation of regenerating axons after facial nerve transection in rats.
RESULTS:
Retrograde labeling from the zygomatic and buccal branches showed a halving in the number of double-labeled facial motor neurons (15% vs 8%; P < .05) after Y tube reconstruction compared with facial-facial anastomosis coaptation. However, in both surgical groups, the proportion of polyinnervated motor endplates was similar (∼30%; P > .05), and video-based motion analysis of whisking revealed similarly poor function.
CONCLUSION:
Although Y-tube reconstruction decreases axonal branching at the lesion site and improves axonal navigation compared with facial-facial anastomosis coaptation, it fails to promote monoinnervation of motor endplates and confers no functional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Hizay
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Janina Ankerne
- Anatomical Institute I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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