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Yang J, Yang J, Luo Y, Ran D, Xia R, Zheng Q, Yao P, Wang H. Nrf1 Reduces COX-2 Expression and Maintains Cellular Homeostasis After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion By Targeting IL-6/TNF-α Protein Production. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:41. [PMID: 39103507 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been considered involved in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Transcription factors play a crucial role in regulating gene transcription and the expressions of specific proteins during the progression of various neurological diseases. Evidence showed that transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NFE2L1, also known as Nrf1) possessed strong biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, its role and potential molecular mechanisms in CIRI remain unclear. In our study, we observed a significant elevation of Nrf1 in the cerebral cortex following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. The Nrf1 downregulation markedly raised COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 protein levels during middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in rats, which led to worsened neurological deficits, higher cerebral infarct volume, and intensified cortical histopathological damage. In subsequent in vitro studies, the expression of Nrf1 protein increased following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion treatment on neurons. Subsequently, Nrf1 knockdown resulted in a significant upregulation of inflammatory factors, leading to a substantial increase in the cell death rate. Through analyzing the alterations in the expression of inflammatory factors under diverse interventions, it is indicated that Nrf1 possesses the capacity to discern variations in inflammatory factors via specific structural domains. Our findings demonstrate the translocation of the Nrf1 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thereby modulating the protein expression of IL-6/TNF-α and subsequently reducing the expression of multiple inflammatory factors. This study signifies, for the first time, that during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, Nrf1 translocases to the nucleus to regulate the protein expression of IL-6/TNF-α, consequently suppressing COX-2 expression and governing cellular inflammation, ultimately upholding cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Rongsong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qixue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Peishuang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Salimiaghdam N, Singh L, Singh MK, Chwa M, Atilano S, Mohtashami Z, Nesburn A, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Potential Therapeutic Functions of PU-91 and Quercetin in Personalized Cybrids Derived from Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Keratoconus, and Glaucoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1326. [PMID: 37507866 PMCID: PMC10375999 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic potential of higher doses of PU-91, quercetin, or in combination on transmitochondrial cybrid cell lines with various mtDNA haplogroups derived from patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma (Glc), keratoconus (KC), and normal (NL) individuals. Cybrids were treated with PU-91 (P) (200 µM) alone, quercetin (Q) (20 µM) alone, or a combination of PU-91 and quercetin (P+Q) for 48 h. Cellular metabolism and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by MTT and H2DCFDA assays, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the expression levels of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant enzymes, inflammation, apoptosis, and senescence pathways. PU-91(P) (i) improves cellular metabolism in AMD cybrids, (ii) decreases ROS production in AMD cybrids, and (iii) downregulates the expression of LMNB1 in AMD cybrids. Combination treatment of PU-91 plus quercetin (P+Q) (i) improves cellular metabolism in AMD, (ii) induces higher expression levels of TFAM, SOD2, IL6, and BAX in AMD cybrids, and (iii) upregulates CDKN1A genes expression in all disease cybrids. Our study demonstrated that the P+Q combination improves cellular metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in AMD cybrids, but senescence is greatly exacerbated in all cybrids regardless of disease type by the P+Q combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Salimiaghdam
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Lata Singh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Mithalesh Kumar Singh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Shari Atilano
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Zahra Mohtashami
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Anthony Nesburn
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
| | - M. Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.S.); (M.C.); (S.A.); (Z.M.); (A.N.); (B.D.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Choi JH, Kwon TW, Jo HS, Ha Y, Cho IH. Gintonin, a Panax ginseng-derived LPA receptor ligand, attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:390-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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DnaJC7 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084076. [PMID: 35456894 PMCID: PMC9025444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding is a common basis of many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Misfolded proteins, such as TDP-43, FUS, Matrin3, and SOD1, mislocalize and form the hallmark cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions in neurons of ALS patients. Cellular protein quality control prevents protein misfolding under normal conditions and, particularly, when cells experience protein folding stress due to the fact of increased levels of reactive oxygen species, genetic mutations, or aging. Molecular chaperones can prevent protein misfolding, refold misfolded proteins, or triage misfolded proteins for degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system or autophagy. DnaJC7 is an evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone that contains both a J-domain for the interaction with Hsp70s and tetratricopeptide domains for interaction with Hsp90, thus joining these two major chaperones’ machines. Genetic analyses reveal that pathogenic variants in the gene encoding DnaJC7 cause familial and sporadic ALS. Yet, the underlying ALS-associated molecular pathophysiology and many basic features of DnaJC7 function remain largely unexplored. Here, we review aspects of DnaJC7 expression, interaction, and function to propose a loss-of-function mechanism by which pathogenic variants in DNAJC7 contribute to defects in DnaJC7-mediated chaperoning that might ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration in ALS.
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Chiesa M, Rabiei H, Riffault B, Ferrari DC, Ben-Ari Y. Brain Volumes in Mice are Smaller at Birth After Term or Preterm Cesarean Section Delivery. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3579-3591. [PMID: 33754629 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of cesarean section (CS) delivery has steadily increased over the past decades despite epidemiological studies reporting higher risks of neonatal morbidity and neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet, little is known about the immediate impact of CS birth on the brain, hence the need of experimental studies to evaluate brain parameters following this mode of delivery. Using the solvent clearing method iDISCO and 3D imaging technique, we report that on the day of birth, whole-brain, hippocampus, and striatum volumes are reduced in CS-delivered as compared to vaginally-born mice, with a stronger effect observed in preterm CS pups. These results stress the impact of CS delivery, at term or preterm, during parturition and at birth. In contrast, cellular activity and apoptosis are reduced in mice born by CS preterm but not term, suggesting that these early-life processes are only impacted by the combination of preterm birth and CS delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Chiesa
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Marseille cedex 09, 13288, France
| | - Hamed Rabiei
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Marseille cedex 09, 13288, France
| | - Baptiste Riffault
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Marseille cedex 09, 13288, France
| | - Diana Carolina Ferrari
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Marseille cedex 09, 13288, France
| | - Yehezkel Ben-Ari
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Marseille cedex 09, 13288, France
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6
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Li H, Niu N, Yang J, Dong F, Zhang T, Li S, Zhao W. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia-induced apoptosis via the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1784-1796. [PMID: 33913583 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is one of the leading causes of heart failure. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) was suggested as a protector against cell apoptosis; However, the mechanism is not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of NRF-1 in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis and to explore its effect on regulating the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway. NRF-1 was overexpressed or knocked down in H9C2 cells, which were then exposed to a hypoxia condition for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Changes in cell proliferation, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were investigated. The activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9, apoptosis rate, and the gene and protein expression levels of the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway were analyzed. Under hypoxia exposure, NRF-1 overexpression improved the proliferation and viability of H9C2 cells and decreased ROS generation, MMP loss, caspase activities, and the apoptosis rate. However, the NRF-1 knockdown group showed the opposite results. Additionally, NRF-1 upregulated the expression of antiapoptotic molecules involved in the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, such as CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator, B-cell lymphoma 2, B-cell lymphoma-extra-large, and cytochrome C. Conversely, the expression of proapoptotic molecules, such as caspase-8, BH3-interacting domain death agonist, Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-9, and caspase-3 was downregulated by NRF-1 overexpression in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cells. These results suggest that NRF-1 functions as an antiapoptotic factor in the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways to mitigate hypoxia-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Nan Niu
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jihui Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fei Dong
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shasha Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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7
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Li C, Yu TY, Gong LR, Mu R, Zhang Y, Yu JB. Involvement of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in sevoflurane-induced cognitive improvement in rats with traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113200. [PMID: 33636237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an increasingly common emergency disease that usually leads to prolonged physical and cognitive impairments. In this study, we investigated if sevoflurane could induce cognitive improvement in TBI rats. Rats were subjected to head trauma induced by a fluid percussion device. A two-hour exposure to 3% sevoflurane was performed in a chamber immediately after TBI. Sevoflurane inhalation reduced the neurological and cognitive deficits induced by TBI with ameliorated synaptic injuries in the hippocampus. Moreover, after sevoflurane treatment, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the hippocampus was enhanced 1 d after TBI and maintained at high levels 14 days later, and oxidative stress induced by TBI was inhibited. However, the HO-1 inhibitor, Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), used to demonstrate the involvement of HO-1, suppressed the protective effect of sevoflurane. These results indicate that sevoflurane administered immediately after TBI may protect against TBI-induced synaptic and cognitive impairments by promoting the antioxidant Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Sevoflurane may be a promising anesthetic for patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Tian-Yu Yu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li-Rong Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Rui Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Jian-Bo Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin NanKai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China.
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Cheng Y, Buchan M, Vitanova K, Aitken L, Gunn-Moore FJ, Ramsay RR, Doherty G. Neuroprotective actions of leptin facilitated through balancing mitochondrial morphology and improving mitochondrial function. J Neurochem 2020; 155:191-206. [PMID: 32157699 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has a recognised role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Cerebral perfusion becomes increasingly inefficient throughout ageing, leading to unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics. This effect is exaggerated by amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, two hallmark proteins of AD pathology. A neuroprotective role for the adipose-derived hormone, leptin, has been demonstrated in neuronal cells. However, its effects with relation to mitochondrial function in AD remain largely unknown. To address this question, we have used both a glucose-serum-deprived (CGSD) model of ischaemic stroke in SH-SY5Y cells and a Aβ1-42 -treatment model of AD in differentiated hippocampal cells. Using a combination of 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and MitoRed staining techniques, we show that leptin prevents depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane and excessive mitochondrial fragmentation induced by both CGSD and Aβ1-42 . Thereafter, we used ELISAs and a number of activity assays to reveal the biochemical underpinnings of these processes. Specifically, leptin was seen to inhibit up-regulation of the mitochondrial fission protein Fis1 and down-regulation of the mitochondrial fusion protein, Mfn2. Furthermore, leptin was seen to up-regulate the expression and activity of the antioxidant enzyme, monoamine oxidase B. Herein we provide the first demonstration that leptin is sufficient to protect against aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and resulting loss of function induced by both CGSD and Aβ1-42 . We conclude that the established neuroprotective actions of leptin may be facilitated through regulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Matthew Buchan
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Karina Vitanova
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Laura Aitken
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Rona R Ramsay
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Gayle Doherty
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Nashine S, Subramaniam SR, Chwa M, Nesburn A, Kuppermann BD, Federoff H, Kenney MC. PU-91 drug rescues human age-related macular degeneration RPE cells; implications for AMD therapeutics. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6691-6713. [PMID: 31477635 PMCID: PMC6756897 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD, this study is based on the premise that repurposing of mitochondria-stabilizing FDA-approved drugs such as PU-91, might rescue AMD RPE cells from AMD mitochondria-induced damage. The PU-91 drug upregulates PGC-1α which is a critical regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Herein, we tested the therapeutic potential of PU-91 drug and examined the additive effects of treatment with PU-91 and esterase inhibitors i.e., EI-12 and EI-78, using the in vitro transmitochondrial AMD cell model. This model was created by fusing platelets obtained from AMD patients with Rho0 i.e., mitochondria-deficient, ARPE-19 cell lines. The resulting AMD RPE cell lines have identical nuclei but differ in their mitochondrial DNA content, which is derived from individual AMD patients. Briefly, we report significant improvement in cell survival, mitochondrial health, and antioxidant potential in PU-91-treated AMD RPE cells compared to their untreated counterparts. In conclusion, this study identifies PU 91 as a therapeutic candidate drug for AMD and repurposing of PU-91 will be a smoother transition from lab bench to clinic since the pharmacological profiles of PU-91 have been examined already.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anthony Nesburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Howard Federoff
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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10
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Sollinger C, Lillis J, Malik J, Getman M, Proschel C, Steiner L. Erythropoietin Signaling Regulates Key Epigenetic and Transcription Networks in Fetal Neural Progenitor Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14381. [PMID: 29084993 PMCID: PMC5662632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor are highly expressed in the developing nervous system, and exogenous EPO therapy is potentially neuroprotective, however the epigenetic and transcriptional changes downstream of EPO signaling in neural cells are not well understood. To delineate epigenetic changes associated with EPO signaling, we compared histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) in EPO treated and control fetal neural progenitor cells, identifying 1,150 differentially bound regions. These regions were highly enriched near protein coding genes and had significant overlap with H4Acetylation, a mark of active regulatory elements. Motif analyses and co-occupancy studies revealed a complex regulatory network underlying the differentially bound regions, including previously identified mediators of EPO signaling (STAT5, STAT3), and novel factors such as REST, an epigenetic modifier central to neural differentiation and plasticity, and NRF1, a key regulator of antioxidant response and mitochondrial biogenesis. Global transcriptome analyses on neural tubes isolated from E9.0 EpoR-null and littermate control embryos validated our in vitro findings, further suggesting a role for REST and NRF1 downstream of EPO signaling. These data support a role for EPO in regulating the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells, and suggest a basis for its function in neural development and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacquelyn Lillis
- Functional Genomic Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Malik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael Getman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chris Proschel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Laurie Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
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11
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Molecular and cellular basis for the unique functioning of Nrf1, an indispensable transcription factor for maintaining cell homoeostasis and organ integrity. Biochem J 2016; 473:961-1000. [PMID: 27060105 DOI: 10.1042/bj20151182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The consensuscis-regulatory AP-1 (activator protein-1)-like AREs (antioxidant-response elements) and/or EpREs (electrophile-response elements) allow for differential recruitment of Nrf1 [NF-E2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2)-related factor 1], Nrf2 and Nrf3, together with each of their heterodimeric partners (e.g. sMaf, c-Jun, JunD or c-Fos), to regulate different sets of cognate genes. Among them, NF-E2 p45 and Nrf3 are subject to tissue-specific expression in haemopoietic and placental cell lineages respectively. By contrast, Nrf1 and Nrf2 are two important transcription factors expressed ubiquitously in various vertebrate tissues and hence may elicit putative combinational or competitive functions. Nevertheless, they have de facto distinct biological activities because knockout of their genes in mice leads to distinguishable phenotypes. Of note, Nrf2 is dispensable during development and growth, albeit it is accepted as a master regulator of antioxidant, detoxification and cytoprotective genes against cellular stress. Relative to the water-soluble Nrf2, less attention has hitherto been drawn to the membrane-bound Nrf1, even though it has been shown to be indispensable for embryonic development and organ integrity. The biological discrepancy between Nrf1 and Nrf2 is determined by differences in both their primary structures and topovectorial subcellular locations, in which they are subjected to distinct post-translational processing so as to mediate differential expression of ARE-driven cytoprotective genes. In the present review, we focus on the molecular and cellular basis for Nrf1 and its isoforms, which together exert its essential functions for maintaining cellular homoeostasis, normal organ development and growth during life processes. Conversely, dysfunction of Nrf1 results in spontaneous development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatoma, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases in animal models.
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Network Topology Analysis of Post-Mortem Brain Microarrays Identifies More Alzheimer's Related Genes and MicroRNAs and Points to Novel Routes for Fighting with the Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144052. [PMID: 26784894 PMCID: PMC4718516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Network-based approaches are powerful and beneficial tools to study complex systems in their entirety, elucidating the essential factors that turn the multitude of individual elements into a functional system. In this study we used critical network topology descriptors and guilt-by-association rule to explore and understand the significant molecular players, drug targets and underlying biological mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease. Analyzing two post-mortem brain gene microarrays (GSE4757 and GSE28146) with Pathway Studio software package we constructed and analyzed a set of protein-protein interaction, as well as miRNA-target networks. In a 4-step procedure the expression datasets were normalized using Robust Multi-array Average approach, while the modulation of gene expression by the disease was statistically evaluated by the empirical Bayes method from the limma Bioconductor package. Representative set of 214 seed-genes (p<0.01) common for the three brain sections of the two microarrays was thus created. The Pathway Studio analysis of the networks built identified 15 new potential AD-related genes and 17 novel AD-involved microRNAs. Using KEGG pathways relevant in Alzheimer’s disease we built an integrated mechanistic network from the interactions between the overlapping genes in these pathways. Routes of possible disease initiation process were thus revealed through the CD4, DCN, and IL8 extracellular ligands. DAVID and IPA enrichment analysis uncovered a number of deregulated biological processes and pathways including neuron projection/differentiation, aging, oxidative stress, chemokine/ neurotrophin signaling, long-term potentiation and others. The findings in this study offer information of interest for subsequent experimental studies.
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Reichelt AC, Maniam J, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ. Dietary-induced obesity disrupts trace fear conditioning and decreases hippocampal reelin expression. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 43:68-75. [PMID: 25043993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both obesity and over-consumption of palatable high fat/high sugar "cafeteria" diets in rats has been shown to induce cognitive deficits in executive function, attention and spatial memory. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet that supplemented standard lab chow with a range of palatable foods eaten by people for 8 weeks, or regular lab chow. Memory was assessed using a trace fear conditioning procedure, whereby a conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented for 10s and then 30s after its termination a foot shock (US) is delivered. We assessed freezing to the CS (flashing light) in a neutral context, and freezing in the context associated with footshock. A dissociation was observed between levels of freezing in the context and to the CS associated with footshock. Cafeteria diet fed rats froze less than control chow fed rats in the context associated with footshock (P<0.01), indicating that encoding of a hippocampus-dependent context representation was impaired in these rats. Conversely, cafeteria diet fed rats froze more (P<0.05) to the CS than chow fed rats, suggesting that when hippocampal function was compromised the cue was the best predictor of footshock, as contextual information was not encoded. Dorsal hippocampal mRNA expression of inflammatory and neuroplasticity markers was analysed at the end of the experiment, 10 weeks of diet. Of these, mRNA expression of reelin, which is known to be important in long term potentiation and neuronal plasticity, was significantly reduced in cafeteria diet fed rats (P=0.003). This implicates reductions in hippocampal plasticity in the contextual fear memory deficits seen in the cafeteria diet fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reichelt
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jayanthi Maniam
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Beilharz JE, Maniam J, Morris MJ. Short exposure to a diet rich in both fat and sugar or sugar alone impairs place, but not object recognition memory in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:134-41. [PMID: 24309633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High energy diets have been shown to impair cognition however, the rapidity of these effects, and the dietary component/s responsible are currently unclear. We conducted two experiments in rats to examine the effects of short-term exposure to a diet rich in sugar and fat or rich in sugar on object (perirhinal-dependent) and place (hippocampal-dependent) recognition memory, and the role of inflammatory mediators in these responses. In Experiment 1, rats fed a cafeteria style diet containing chow supplemented with lard, cakes, biscuits, and a 10% sucrose solution performed worse on the place, but not the object recognition task, than chow fed control rats when tested after 5, 11, and 20 days. In Experiment 2, rats fed the cafeteria style diet either with or without sucrose and rats fed chow supplemented with sucrose also performed worse on the place, but not the object recognition task when tested after 5, 11, and 20 days. Rats fed the cafeteria diets consumed five times more energy than control rats and exhibited increased plasma leptin, insulin and triglyceride concentrations; these were not affected in the sucrose only rats. Rats exposed to sucrose exhibited both increased hippocampal inflammation (TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA) and oxidative stress, as indicated by an upregulation of NRF1 mRNA compared to control rats. In contrast, these markers were not significantly elevated in rats that received the cafeteria diet without added sucrose. Hippocampal BDNF and neuritin mRNA were similar across all groups. These results show that relatively short exposures to diets rich in both fat and sugar or rich in sugar, impair hippocampal-dependent place recognition memory prior to the emergence of weight differences, and suggest a role for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayanthi Maniam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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15
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Digaleh H, Kiaei M, Khodagholi F. Nrf2 and Nrf1 signaling and ER stress crosstalk: implication for proteasomal degradation and autophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4681-94. [PMID: 23800989 PMCID: PMC11113484 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is chemically complex and crowded with polypeptides in different stages of assembly. ER quality control monitors chaperone-assisted protein folding, stochastic errors and off-pathway intermediates. In acute conditions, potentially toxic polypeptides overflow the capacity of the chaperone system and lead to ER stress. Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) following ER stress buys time for non-native polypeptides to refold or be eliminated; otherwise cell death occurs. The clearance routes for deleterious proteins are endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and ER stress-activated autophagy. The ERAD pathway is a chaperone and proteasome-mediated polypeptide degradation, while autophagy applies to wider range of substances. ER stress signal transduction recruits diverse molecules and pathways upon UPR induction to compensate stress condition. NF-E2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) and Nrf2 are two transcription factors mostly known by their induction through an antioxidant response; they can also be activated by UPR machinery. Discovery of diverse molecules downstream of Nrf1 and Nrf2 has expanded our understanding of the biological impacts of these transcription factors beyond classic antioxidant activation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of mutual relationships between Nrf1, Nrf2, and ER stress clearance mechanisms and highlight the crosstalk of specific molecules mediating these correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Digaleh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Kiaei
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Lu J, Wu DM, Zheng YL, Hu B, Cheng W, Zhang ZF. Purple sweet potato color attenuates domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits by promoting estrogen receptor-α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis signaling in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:646-659. [PMID: 22178976 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of domoic acid-induced neurodegeneration. Purple sweet potato color, a class of naturally occurring anthocyanins, has beneficial health and biological effects. Recent studies have also shown that anthocyanins have estrogenic activity and can enhance estrogen receptor-α expression. In this study, we evaluated the effect of purple sweet potato color on cognitive deficits induced by hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction in domoic acid-treated mice and explored the potential mechanisms underlying this effect. Our results showed that the oral administration of purple sweet potato color to domoic acid-treated mice significantly improved their behavioral performance in a step-through passive avoidance task and a Morris water maze task. These improvements were mediated, at least in part, by a stimulation of estrogen receptor-α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis signaling and by decreases in the expression of p47phox and gp91phox. Decreases in reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation were also observed, along with a blockade of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Furthermore, purple sweet potato color significantly suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis, which prevented neuron loss and restored the expression of memory-related proteins. However, knockdown of estrogen receptor-α using short hairpin RNA only partially blocked the neuroprotective effects of purple sweet potato color in the hippocampus of mice cotreated with purple sweet potato color and domoic acid, indicating that purple sweet potato color acts through multiple pathways. These results suggest that purple sweet potato color could be a possible candidate for the prevention and treatment of cognitive deficits in excitotoxic and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Rummel C, Gerstberger R, Roth J, Hübschle T. Parthenolide attenuates LPS-induced fever, circulating cytokines and markers of brain inflammation in rats. Cytokine 2011; 56:739-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lewerenz J, Maher P. Control of redox state and redox signaling by neural antioxidant systems. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1449-65. [PMID: 20812872 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) redox pair forms the major redox couple in cells and as such plays a critical role in regulating redox-dependent cellular functions. Not only does GSH act as an antioxidant but it can also modulate the activity of a variety of different proteins. An impairment in GSH status is thought to be the precipitating event in a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding how to maintain GSH in the CNS could provide a valuable therapeutic approach. Intracellular GSH levels are regulated by a complex series of pathways that include substrate transport and availability, rates of synthesis and regeneration, GSH utilization, and GSH efflux. To date, the most effective approaches for maintaining GSH levels in the CNS include enhancing cyst(e)ine uptake both directly and indirectly via transcriptional upregulation of system x(c)(-), increasing GSH synthesis via transcriptional upregulation of the rate limiting enzyme in GSH biosynthesis, and decreasing GSH utilization. Among the transcription factors that play critical roles in GSH metabolism are NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Thus, compounds that can upregulate these transcription factors may be particularly useful in promoting the functional maintenance of the CNS through their effects on GSH metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lewerenz
- Department for Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Mendelev N, Witherspoon S, Li PA. Overexpression of human selenoprotein H in neuronal cells ameliorates ultraviolet irradiation-induced damage by modulating cell signaling pathways. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:328-34. [PMID: 19766117 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein H (SelH) is one of the 25 so far identified selenoproteins. Selenoproteins may function as antioxidants, heavy metal antidotes, and neural survival factors. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of SelH in HT22 cells protected the cells from UVB irradiation-induced death by reducing superoxide formation. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of SelH on cell signaling pathways after UVB irradiation. We exposed both human SelH- and vector-transfected HT22 cells to UVB irradiation and collected samples at 5 and 17 h of recovery. Cell viability was assessed, as well as protein levels of caspase-3, -8, -9, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), P53, nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) and heat shock protein 40 (HSP40). Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by flow cytometry. Overexpression of SelH protected cells against UVB-induced injury by blockade of the mitochondria-initiated cell death pathway, prevention of mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and suppression of the increase of p53. Furthermore, overexpression of SelH increased levels of NRF-1, an antioxidant, and HSP40, a protein chaperone that repairs denatured protein. We conclude that SelH protects neurons against UVB-induced damage by inhibiting apoptotic cell death pathways, by preventing mitochondrial depolarization, and by promoting cell survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mendelev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 302 East Lawson Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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20
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Biswas M, Chan JY. Role of Nrf1 in antioxidant response element-mediated gene expression and beyond. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 244:16-20. [PMID: 19665035 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important part in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. The ability to mount an efficient response against the continuous threat posed by exogenous and endogenous oxidants is essential for cellular homeostasis and survival. Oxidative stress activates transcription of a variety of antioxidant genes through cis-acting sequence known as antioxidant response element (ARE). Members of the Cap-N-Collar family of transcription factors, including Nrf1 and Nrf2, that bind ARE have been identified. Nrf1 and Nrf2 are expressed in a wide range of tissues and cell types, and both bind the ARE as heterodimers with small Maf proteins. Numerous studies indicate a pivotal role of Nrf2 in ARE function. Herein, we review data derived from cell-based studies and knockout mice in an attempt to define the role and regulation of Nrf1 in oxidative stress response and other functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Biswas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences 1, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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21
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NICHOLAS AH, HYSON RL. Afferent regulation of oxidative stress in the chick cochlear nucleus. Neuroscience 2006; 140:1359-68. [PMID: 16650604 PMCID: PMC1847353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chick auditory brain stem has been a useful model system for examining the afferent-dependent signals that regulate postsynaptic neurons. Like other sensory systems, compromised afferent input results in rapid death and atrophy of postsynaptic neurons. The present paper explores the possible contributions of an oxidative stress pathway in determining neuronal fate following deafferentation. Levels of reactive oxygen species, lipid damage measured by 4-hydroxynonenal formation, and a compensatory reactive oxygen species-induced response regulated by glutathione s transferase M1 and the reactive oxygen species-sensitive transcriptional factor, nuclear respiratory factor 1 were examined. Unilateral cochlea removal surgery was performed on young posthatch chicks. Labeling in the cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis, on opposite sides of the same tissue sections were compared by densitometry. The results showed a dramatic increase in reactive oxygen species in the deafferented nucleus magnocellularis by 6 h following cochlea removal. This increase in reactive oxygen species was accompanied by lipid damage and a compensatory upregulation of both glutathione s transferase M1 and nuclear respiratory factor 1. Double-labeling revealed that glutathione s transferase M1 expression was highest in neurons that were likely to survive deafferentation, as assessed immunocytochemically with Y10b, a marker for ribosomal integrity. Together, these data suggest reactive oxygen species are generated and a compensatory detoxifying pathway is upregulated in the first few hours following deafferentation. This is consistent with the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a role in determining whether a given neuron survives following deafferentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. L. HYSON
- *Corresponding author. Tel: +1-850-644-5824; fax: +1-850-644-7739. E-mail address: (R. L. Hyson)
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Stringer JL, Gaikwad A, Gonzales BN, Long DJ, Marks LM, Jaiswal AK. Presence and induction of the enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 in the central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2004; 471:289-97. [PMID: 14991562 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyzes a reductive detoxification that is thought to protect cells against the adverse effects of quinones and related compounds. NQO1 activity is present in all tissues. Absence of the enzyme produces abnormalities in the redox state and seizures, suggesting an important role of the protein in the central nervous system. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the protein was found throughout the brain of the adult rat and mouse, with complete absence of the protein in brains from NQO1-/- mice. NQO1 was not seen in any neuronal population, but was localized to Bergmann glial in the cerebellum and a subset of the oligodendrocytes throughout the brain. Prolonged seizures induced in adult rats with kainic acid resulted in an increase in activity of the enzyme throughout the brain, most prominently in the cerebellum, but immunoreactivity did not appear in neurons. Comparison of the axons in the corpus callosum from a wild-type mouse to a knockout mouse showed that myelin is produced in the absence of NQO1, but there appears to be more small-diameter axons in the knockout animal. These results suggest that NQO1 has a role in myelination in the central nervous system or in the insulating/wrapping function of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Stringer
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3498, USA.
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Braun S, Hanselmann C, Gassmann MG, auf dem Keller U, Born-Berclaz C, Chan K, Kan YW, Werner S. Nrf2 transcription factor, a novel target of keratinocyte growth factor action which regulates gene expression and inflammation in the healing skin wound. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:5492-505. [PMID: 12101242 PMCID: PMC133949 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.15.5492-5505.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Accepted: 04/29/2002] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a potent mitogen for epithelial cells, and it promotes survival of these cells under stress conditions. In a search for KGF-regulated genes in keratinocytes, we identified the gene encoding the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 is a key player in the cellular stress response. This might be of particular importance during wound healing, where large amounts of reactive oxygen species are produced as a defense against invading bacteria. Therefore, we studied the wound repair process in Nrf2 knockout mice. Interestingly, the expression of various key players involved in wound healing was significantly reduced in early wounds of the Nrf2 knockout animals, and the late phase of repair was characterized by prolonged inflammation. However, these differences in gene expression were not reflected by obvious histological abnormalities. The normal healing rate appears to be at least partially due to an up-regulation of the related transcription factor Nrf3, which was also identified as a target of KGF and which was coexpressed with Nrf2 in the healing skin wound. Taken together, our results reveal novel roles of the KGF-regulated transcription factors Nrf2 and possibly Nrf3 in the control of gene expression and inflammation during cutaneous wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Braun
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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