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Abdelhamid M, Jung CG, Zhou C, Inoue R, Chen Y, Sento Y, Hida H, Michikawa M. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 on Alzheimer's Disease Pathologies in AppNL-G-F Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:538. [PMID: 38398861 PMCID: PMC10893354 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that orally supplemented Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. breve MCC1274) mitigated Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies in both 7-month-old AppNL-G-F mice and wild-type mice; thus, B. breve MCC1274 supplementation might potentially prevent the progression of AD. However, the possibility of using this probiotic as a treatment for AD remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of this probiotic on AD using 17-month-old AppNL-G-F mice with memory deficits and amyloid beta saturation in the brain. B. breve MCC1274 supplementation ameliorated memory impairment via an amyloid-cascade-independent pathway. It reduced hippocampal and cortical levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase as well as heat shock protein 90, which might have suppressed tau hyperphosphorylation and chronic stress. Moreover, B. breve MCC1274 supplementation increased hippocampal synaptic protein levels and upregulated neuronal activity. Thus, B. breve MCC1274 supplementation may alleviate cognitive dysfunction by reducing chronic stress and tau hyperphosphorylation, thereby enhancing both synaptic density and neuronal activity in 17-month-old AppNL-G-F mice. Overall, this study suggests that B. breve MCC1274 has anti-AD effects and can be used as a potential treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdelhamid
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (M.A.); (C.Z.); (R.I.); (Y.C.)
| | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (M.A.); (C.Z.); (R.I.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (M.A.); (C.Z.); (R.I.); (Y.C.)
| | - Rieko Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (M.A.); (C.Z.); (R.I.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (M.A.); (C.Z.); (R.I.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yoshiki Sento
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Hideki Hida
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (M.A.); (C.Z.); (R.I.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Geriatric Medicine School of Life, Dentistry at Niigata, Nippon Dental University, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
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Yoshida M, Hasegawa S, Taniguchi M, Mouri A, Suzuki C, Yoshimi A, Mamiya T, Ozaki N, Noda Y. Memantine ameliorates the impairment of social behaviors induced by a single social defeat stress as juveniles. Neuropharmacology 2022; 217:109208. [PMID: 35926580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, juveniles are more sensitive to stress than adults, and exposure to stress as juveniles prolongs psychiatric symptoms and causes treatment resistance. However, the efficacy of antidepressants for juveniles with psychiatric disorders is unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether the expression or development of impaired social behavior was attenuated by memantine, a NMDA receptor antagonist. In addition, we clarified the molecular mechanisms related to intracellular signal transduction through NMDA receptors and the ameliorating effect of memantine in mice with impaired social behavior. Acute administration of memantine before the social interaction test, but not before exposure to social defeat stress, attenuated social behavioral impairment. A single social defeat stress increased the phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit GluN2A and extracellular-signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Memantine inhibited the increase of phosphorylated GluN2A and ERK1/2 resulting from social interaction behavior. In both GluN2A deficient and pharmacological blockaded mice, social behavioral impairment was not observed in the social interaction test through regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that memantine ameliorates social behavioral impairment in mice exposed to a single social defeat stress as juveniles by regulating the NMDA receptor and subsequent ERK1/2 signaling activation. Memantine may constitute a novel therapeutic drug for stress-related psychiatric disorders in juveniles with adverse juvenile experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Yoshida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sho Hasegawa
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Taniguchi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiharu Suzuki
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan.
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Gonadal hormone trigger the dynamic microglial alterations through Traf6/TAK1 axis that correlate with depressive behaviors. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:128-138. [PMID: 35724494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal hormone deficiency is associated with the development of depression, but what mediates this association is unclear. To test the possibility that it reflects neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory processes, we analyzed how gonadal hormone deficiency and replacement affect microglial activation and inflammatory response during the development of depressive symptomatology in gonadectomized male mice. Testosterone level and the ratio of testosterone to estradiol in the serum and brain tissue of mice exposed to 3-35 days of chronic unpredictable stress were much lower than in control animals. Gonadal hormone sustained deficiency in gonadectomized mice and subsequent led to acute inflammation at day 7 following castration. Activating microglia in mice exposed to 7 days of castration subsequently suppressed the proliferation of microglia, such that their numbers in hippocampus and cortex were lower than the numbers in sham-operated mice after 30 days of castration. Here, we showed that gonadal hormone deficiency induces Traf6-mediated microglia activation, a type of inflammatory mediator. Microglia treated in this way for long time showed down-regulation of activation markers, abnormal morphology and depressive-like behaviors. Restoration and maintenance of a fixed ratio of testosterone to estradiol significantly suppressed microglial activation, neuronal necroptosis, dramatically inducing hippocampal neurogenesis and reducing depressive behaviors via the suppression of Traf6/TAK1 pathway. These findings suggest that activated or immunoreactive microglia contribute to gonadal hormone deficiency-induced depression, as well as testosterone and estradiol exert synergistic anti-depressant effects via suppressing microglial activaton in gonadectomized male mice, possibly through Traf6 signaling.
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Abstract
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Identify the effects of dysregulated opioid signalling in depression• Evaluate the use of opioid compounds and ketamine in patients with depression ABSTRACT: Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains one of the leading causes of disability and functional impairment worldwide. Current antidepressant therapeutics require weeks to months of treatment prior to the onset of clinical efficacy on depressed mood but remain ineffective in treating suicidal ideation and cognitive impairment. Moreover, 30%-40% of individuals fail to respond to currently available antidepressant medications. MDD is a heterogeneous disorder with an unknown etiology; novel strategies must be developed to treat MDD more effectively. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting one or more of the four opioid receptors-mu (MOR), kappa (KOR), delta (DOR), and the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP)-may yield effective therapeutics for stress-related psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the effects of the rapidly acting antidepressant ketamine may involve opioid receptors. This review highlights dysregulated opioid signaling in depression, evaluates clinical trials with opioid compounds, and considers the role of opioid mechanisms in rapidly acting antidepressants.
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Peng R, Li Y. Associations Between Tenascin-C and Testosterone Deficiency in Men with Major Depressive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:897-905. [PMID: 33758529 PMCID: PMC7981168 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s298270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of tenascin-C are linked to increased risk and severity of major depressive disorder (MDD), while testosterone shows a protective effect. The present study explored associations between serum levels of tenascin-C and testosterone in Chinese men with MDD. Methods Testosterone and tenascin-C levels were measured in sera of 412 men with MDD and 237 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum levels of thyroid hormone, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were also quantified. Potential associations were examined using covariance, subgroup analysis, and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results Significantly higher concentrations of tenascin-C were detected in sera of subjects with MDD than in controls. Among subjects with MDD, testosterone concentrations inversely correlated with tenascin-C levels. This relationship was observed when patients were stratified by age at onset; duration or severity of depression; or concentration of thyroid hormones, low- or high-density lipoprotein, or hs-CRP. The negative association remained even when the statistical model was adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol use, and body mass index. Linear regression with bootstrap resampling confirmed that high tenascin-C levels inversely correlated with testosterone levels. Conclusion In men with MDD, high tenascin-C concentrations correlate with testosterone deficiency. The combination of elevated tenascin-C and testosterone deficiency may be associated with MDD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
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Browne CA, Lucki I. Targeting opioid dysregulation in depression for the development of novel therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:51-76. [PMID: 31051197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the serendipitous discovery of the first class of modern antidepressants in the 1950's, all pharmacotherapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for major depressive disorder (MDD) have shared a common mechanism of action, increased monoaminergic neurotransmission. Despite the widespread availability of antidepressants, as many as 50% of depressed patients are resistant to these conventional therapies. The significant length of time required to produce meaningful symptom relief with these medications, 4-6 weeks, indicates that other mechanisms are likely involved in the pathophysiology of depression which may yield more viable targets for drug development. For decades, no viable candidate target with a different mechanism of action to that of conventional therapies proved successful in clinical studies. Now several exciting avenues for drug development are under intense investigation. One of these emerging targets is modulation of endogenous opioid tone. This review will evaluate preclinical and clinical evidence pertaining to opioid dysregulation in depression, focusing on the role of the endogenous ligands endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and their respective receptors, mu (MOR), delta (DOR), kappa (KOR), and the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) in mediating behaviors relevant to depression and anxiety. Finally, putative opioid based antidepressants that are under investigation in clinical trials, ALKS5461, JNJ-67953964 (formerly LY2456302 and CERC-501) and BTRX-246040 (formerly LY-2940094) will be discussed. This review will illustrate the potential therapeutic value of targeting opioid dysregulation in developing novel therapies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Browne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States of America
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States of America.
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Paredes D, Morilak DA. A Rodent Model of Exposure Therapy: The Use of Fear Extinction as a Therapeutic Intervention for PTSD. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 30914932 PMCID: PMC6421316 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include cognitive impairment related to medial prefrontal cortical dysfunction. Indeed, a deficit of cognitive flexibility, i.e., an inability to modify previously learned thoughts and behaviors based on changes in the environment, may underlie many of the other symptoms of PTSD, such as changes in mood, hyper-arousal, intrusive thoughts, exaggerated and over-generalized fear, and avoidance behavior. Cognitive-behavioral therapies target the cognitive dysfunction observed in PTSD patients, training them to recalibrate stress-related perceptions, interpretations and responses. Preclinically, the extinction of conditioned fear bears resemblance to one form of cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, whereby an individual learns, through repeated exposure to a fear-provoking stimulus in a safe environment, that the stimulus no longer signals imminent threat, and their fear response is suppressed. In this review article, we highlight recent findings from our lab using fear extinction as a preclinical model of exposure therapy in rodents exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). We specifically focus on the therapeutic effects of extinction on stress-compromised set-shifting as a measure of cognitive flexibility, and active vs. passive coping behavior as a measure of avoidance. Finally, we discuss mechanisms involving activity and plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) necessary for the therapeutic effects of extinction on cognitive flexibility and active coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Paredes
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - David A Morilak
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS), San Antonio, TX, United States
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Park G, Jung YS, Park MK, Yang CH, Kim YU. Melatonin inhibits attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder caused by atopic dermatitis-induced psychological stress in an NC/Nga atopic-like mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14981. [PMID: 30297827 PMCID: PMC6175954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with the hallmark characteristics of pruritus, psychological stress, and sleep disturbance, all possibly associated with an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the etiology of the possible association between AD and ADHD is still not well understood. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene or corticosterone was used to evaluate the atopic symptom and its psychologic stress in the atopic mice model. Melatonin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor, urocortin, proopiomelanocortin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, cAMP, cAMP response element-binding protein, dopamine and noradrenaline were analyzed spectrophotometrically, and the expression of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase were measured by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. AD-related psychological stress caused an increase in the levels of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, degradation of melatonin, hyper-activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and dysregulation of dopamine and noradrenaline levels (ADHD phenomena) in the locus coeruleus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum of the AD mouse brain. Notably, melatonin administration inhibited the development of ADHD phenomena and their-related response in the mouse model. This study demonstrated that AD-related psychological stress increased catecholamine dysfunction and accelerated the development of psychiatric comorbidities, such as ADHD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/chemically induced
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/metabolism
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/pathology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Stress, Psychological/chemically induced
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhyuk Park
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ki Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, 290 Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ung Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, 290 Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea.
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Park G, Lee SH, Oh DS, Kim YU. Melatonin inhibits neuronal dysfunction-associated with neuroinflammation by atopic psychological stress in NC/Nga atopic-like mouse models. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28500766 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is chronic pruritic skin disease. AD can increase psychological stress as well, increasing glucocorticoid release and exacerbating the associated symptoms. Chronic glucocorticoid elevation disturbs neuroendocrine signaling and can induce neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and cognitive impairment; however, it is unclear whether AD-related psychological stress elevates glucocorticoids enough to cause neuronal damage. Therefore, we assessed the effects of AD-induced stress in a mouse AD model. AD-related psychological stress increased astroglial and microglial activation, neuroinflammatory cytokine expression, and markers of neuronal loss. Notably, melatonin administration inhibited the development of skin lesions, scratching behavior, and serum IgE levels in the model mice, and additionally caused a significant reduction in corticotropin-releasing hormone responsiveness, and a significant reduction in neuronal damage. Finally, we produced similar results in a corticosterone-induced AD-like skin model. This is the first study to demonstrate that AD-related psychological stress increases neuroendocrine dysfunction, exacerbates neuroinflammation, and potentially accelerates other neurodegenerative disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhyuk Park
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dal-Seok Oh
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Ung Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Different effects of prenatal stress on ERK2/CREB/Bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of adult offspring rats. Neuroreport 2016; 27:600-4. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Limon A, Mamdani F, Hjelm BE, Vawter MP, Sequeira A. Targets of polyamine dysregulation in major depression and suicide: Activity-dependent feedback, excitability, and neurotransmission. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:80-91. [PMID: 27108532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide characterized by altered neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the control of stress and emotion. Although multiple lines of evidence suggest that altered stress-coping mechanisms underlie the etiology of MDD, the homeostatic control of neuronal excitability in MDD at the molecular level is not well established. In this review, we examine past and current evidence implicating dysregulation of the polyamine system as a central factor in the homeostatic response to stress and the etiology of MDD. We discuss the cellular effects of abnormal metabolism of polyamines in the context of their role in sensing and modulation of neuronal, electrical, and synaptic activity. Finally, we discuss evidence supporting an allostatic model of depression based on a chronic elevation in polyamine levels resulting in self-sustained stress response mechanisms maintained by maladaptive homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agenor Limon
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Firoza Mamdani
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Brooke E Hjelm
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA.
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Combined ampakine and BDNF treatments enhance poststroke functional recovery in aged mice via AKT-CREB signaling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1272-9. [PMID: 25757752 PMCID: PMC4528000 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia results in damage to neuronal circuits and lasting impairment in function. We have previously reported that stimulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors with the ampakine, CX1837, increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and affords significant motor recovery after stroke in young mice. Here, we investigated whether administration of CX1837 in aged (24 months old) mice was equally effective. In a model of focal ischemia, administration of CX1837 from 5 days after stroke resulted in a small gain of motor function by week 6 after stroke. Mice that received a local delivery of BDNF via hydrogel implanted into the stroke cavity also showed a small gain of function from 4 to 6 weeks after stroke. Combining both treatments, however, resulted in a marked improvement in motor function from 2 weeks after insult. Assessment of peri-infarct tissue 2 weeks after stroke revealed a significant increase in p-AKT and p-CREB after the combined drug treatment. Using the pan-AKT inhibitor, GSK-690693, or deletion of CREB from forebrain neurons using the CREB-flox/CAMKii-cre mice, we were able to block the recovery of motor function. These data suggest that combined CX1837 and local delivery of BDNF are required to achieve maximal functional recovery after stroke in aged mice, and is occurring via the AKT-GSK3-CREB signaling pathway.
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Imbe H, Kimura A. Repeated forced swim stress prior to complete Freund's adjuvant injection enhances mechanical hyperalgesia and attenuates the expression of pCREB and ΔFosB and the acetylation of histone H3 in the insular cortex of rat. Neuroscience 2015; 301:12-25. [PMID: 26047723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stressors causes substantial effects on the perception and response to pain. In several animal models, chronic stress produces hyperalgesia. The insular (IC) and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC) are the regions exhibiting most reliable pain-related activity. And the IC and ACC play an important role in pain modulation via descending pain modulatory system. In the present study we examined the expression of phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) and ΔFosB and the acetylation of histone H3 in the IC and ACC after forced swim stress (FS) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection to clarify changes in the cerebral cortices that affect the activity of the descending pain modulatory system in rats with stress-induced hyperalgesia. CFA injection into the hindpaw or FS (day 1, 10min; days 2-3, 20min) induced a significant increase in the expression of pCREB and ΔFosB and the acetylation of histone H3 in the IC. Quantitative image analysis showed that the numbers of ΔFosB-immunoreactivity (IR) cells in the bilateral anterior and posterior IC (AIC and PIC) were significantly higher in the CFA group (AIC R, 548.0±98.6; AIC L, 433.5±89.4; PIC R, 546.1±72.8; PIC L, 415.5±53.5) than those in the naive group (AIC R, 86.6±14.8; AIC L, 85.5±24.7; PIC R, 124.5±29.9; PIC L, 107.0±19.8, p<0.01). However the FS prior to the CFA injection enhanced the mechanical hyperalgesia and attenuated the expression of pCREB and ΔFosB and the acetylation of histone H3 in the IC. There was no significant difference in the numbers of ΔFosB-IR cells in the bilateral PIC between the FS+CFA and naive groups. These findings suggest neuroplasticity in the IC after the FS, which may be involved in the enhancement of CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia through dysfunction of the descending pain modulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imbe
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan.
| | - A Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan
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Fujii T, Ota M, Hori H, Hattori K, Teraishi T, Sasayama D, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. Association between the common functional FKBP5 variant (rs1360780) and brain structure in a non-clinical population. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 58:96-101. [PMID: 25088286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) is induced by stress and regulates glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity. The T allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) FKBP5 rs1360780 (C/T) is associated with an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reduced hippocampal volume in traumatized or depressed subjects. To examine whether this SNP affects brain structures that regulate stress response, we obtained magnetic resonance imaging data of the brain in 162 healthy subjects using a 1.5 T system. Gray matter volumes and diffusion tensor imaging data were compared between individuals with and without the T allele, using optimized voxel-based morphometry. We found that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) volume was smaller in T carriers than in non-T carriers (P < 0.001). T carriers also showed significantly higher mean diffusivity values in the dACC and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) compared with non-T carriers (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that carrying the T allele of FKBP5 rs1360780 is associated with smaller gray matter volumes in the dACC and altered white matter integrity in the dACC and PCC in the non-clinical population, which might constitute the structural basis of stress-related psychiatric disorders including PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujii
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Higuchi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan; CREST (Core Research of Evolutional Science & Technology), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
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15
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Christianson JP, Flyer-Adams JG, Drugan RC, Amat J, Daut RA, Foilb AR, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Learned stressor resistance requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the prefrontal cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:348. [PMID: 25324750 PMCID: PMC4183187 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviorally controllable stressors confer protection from the neurochemical and behavioral consequences of future uncontrollable stressors, a phenomenon termed “behavioral immunization”. Recent data implicate protein synthesis within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as critical to behavioral immunization. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a series of controllable tailshocks and 1 week later to uncontrollable tailshocks, followed 24 h later by social exploration and shuttlebox escape tests. To test the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade in behavioral immunization, either D-AP5 or the MEK inhibitor U0126 was injected to the prelimbic (PL) or infralimbic (IL) mPFC prior to controllable stress exposure. Phosphorylated ERK and P70S6K, regulators of transcription and translation, were quantified by Western blot or immunohistochemistry after controllable or uncontrollable tailshocks. Prior controllable stress prevented the social exploration and shuttlebox performance deficits caused by the later uncontrollable stressor, and this effect was blocked by injections of D-AP5 into mPFC. A significant increase in phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2, but not P70S6K, occurred within the PL and IL in rats exposed to controllable stress, but not to uncontrollable stress. However, U0126 only prevented behavioral immunization when injected to the PL. We provide evidence that NMDAR and ERK dependent signaling within the PL region is required for behavioral immunization, a learned form of stressor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Christianson
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA ; Department of Psychology, Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Johanna G Flyer-Adams
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert C Drugan
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jose Amat
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rachel A Daut
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Allison R Foilb
- Department of Psychology, Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
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16
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Vitlic A, Lord JM, Phillips AC. Stress, ageing and their influence on functional, cellular and molecular aspects of the immune system. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9631. [PMID: 24562499 PMCID: PMC4082590 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is essential for keeping an organism healthy and for defending it from different types of pathogens. It is a complex system that consists of a large number of components performing different functions. The adequate and controlled interaction between these components is necessary for a robust and strong immune response. There are, however, many factors that interfere with the way the immune response functions. Stress and ageing now consistently appear in the literature as factors that act upon the immune system in the way that is often damaging. This review focuses on the role of stress and ageing in altering the robustness of the immune response first separately, and then simultaneously, discussing the effects that emerge from their interplay. The special focus is on the psychological stress and the impact that it has at different levels, from the whole system to the individual molecules, resulting in consequences for physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitlic
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT England UK
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
- />School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT England UK
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
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17
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Sari DCR, Aswin S, Susilowati R, Ar-Rochmah M, Prakosa D, Romi M, Tranggono U, Arfian N. Ethanol extracts of centella asiatica leaf improves memory performance in rats after chronic stress via reducing nitric oxide and increasing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7603/s40790-014-0009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Tang M, Shi S, Guo Y, Xu W, Wang L, Chen Y, Wang Z, Qiao Z. GSK-3/CREB pathway involved in the gx-50's effect on Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:256-66. [PMID: 24565641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) fragments is one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous study has demonstrated that a novel compound named N-[2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethyl]-3-phenyl-acrylamide (gx-50) can decrease the accumulation of Aβ oligomers in the cerebral cortex and improve the cognitive abilities in transgenic demented mice. To further study the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of gx-50 against AD, we employed microarray to investigate the gene expression profile of the primary cultured neurons treated with gx-50 or/and Aβ. Microarray disclosed 351 genes associated with AD in the gx-50 plus Aβ treated group, out of the 22,523 probes. 217 of the 351 genes were significantly up-regulated, 134 of them were down-regulated. The 351 genes were mainly involved in neurotransmission, signal transduction, nervous system development, protein phosphorylation, transcription and apoptosis. By the Onto-pathway analysis, a network involved two molecules - GSK-3, CREB and another two closely linked proteins - AKT, BDNF was discovered. The GSK/CREB pathway was further studied at the gene and protein level both in vivo and in vitro. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the gx-50 elevated the AKT phosphorylation and inhibited its downstream protein - GSK-3's activity, then restored the CREB's transcriptional activity, and finally enhanced the expression of the CREB target gene - BDNF. In addition, the real-time PCR results displayed the same tendency. In conclusion, studies in this research indicated that the gx-50 may improve the cognitive ability of AD via the GSK-3/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Tang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shi Shi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yubing Guo
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wangjie Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lianyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongdong Qiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China.
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19
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Imbe H, Kimura A, Donishi T, Kaneoke Y. Repeated forced swim stress enhances CFA-evoked thermal hyperalgesia and affects the expressions of pCREB and c-Fos in the insular cortex. Neuroscience 2013; 259:1-11. [PMID: 24291670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stress affects brain activity and promotes long-term changes in multiple neural systems. Exposure to stressors causes substantial effects on the perception and response to pain. In several animal models, chronic stress produces lasting hyperalgesia. The insular (IC) and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC) are the regions exhibiting most reliable pain-related activity. And the IC and ACC play an important role in pain modulation via the descending pain modulatory system. In the present study we examined the expression of phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) and c-Fos in the IC and ACC after forced swim stress (FS) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection to clarify changes in the cerebral cortices that affect the activity of the descending pain modulatory system in the rats with stress-induced hyperalgesia. FS (day 1, 10min; days 2-3, 20min) induced an increase in the expression of pCREB and c-Fos in the anterior IC (AIC). CFA injection into the hindpaw after the FS shows significantly enhanced thermal hyperalgesia and induced a decrease in the expression of c-Fos in the AIC and the posterior IC (PIC). Quantitative image analysis showed that the numbers of c-Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the left AIC and PIC were significantly lower in the FS+CFA group (L AIC, 95.9±6.8; L PIC, 181.9±23.1) than those in the naive group (L AIC, 151.1±19.3, p<0.05; L PIC, 274.2±37.3, p<0.05). These findings suggest a neuroplastic change in the IC after FS, which may be involved in the enhancement of CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia through dysfunction of the descending pain modulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imbe
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan.
| | - A Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan
| | - T Donishi
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan
| | - Y Kaneoke
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama City 641-8509, Japan
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20
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Kerner B, Rao AR, Christensen B, Dandekar S, Yourshaw M, Nelson SF. Rare Genomic Variants Link Bipolar Disorder with Anxiety Disorders to CREB-Regulated Intracellular Signaling Pathways. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:154. [PMID: 24348429 PMCID: PMC3842585 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a common, complex, and severe psychiatric disorder with cyclical disturbances of mood and a high suicide rate. Here, we describe a family with four siblings, three affected females and one unaffected male. The disease course was characterized by early-onset bipolar disorder and co-morbid anxiety spectrum disorders that followed the onset of bipolar disorder. Genetic risk factors were suggested by the early onset of the disease, the severe disease course, including multiple suicide attempts, and lack of adverse prenatal or early life events. In particular, drug and alcohol abuse did not contribute to the disease onset. Exome sequencing identified very rare, heterozygous, and likely protein-damaging variants in eight brain-expressed genes: IQUB, JMJD1C, GADD45A, GOLGB1, PLSCR5, VRK2, MESDC2, and FGGY. The variants were shared among all three affected family members but absent in the unaffected sibling and in more than 200 controls. The genes encode proteins with significant regulatory roles in the ERK/MAPK and CREB-regulated intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways are central to neuronal and synaptic plasticity, cognition, affect regulation and response to chronic stress. In addition, proteins in these pathways are the target of commonly used mood-stabilizing drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, and valproic acid. The combination of multiple rare, damaging mutations in these central pathways could lead to reduced resilience and increased vulnerability to stressful life events. Our results support a new model for psychiatric disorders, in which multiple rare, damaging mutations in genes functionally related to a common signaling pathway contribute to the manifestation of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Kerner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aliz R. Rao
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sugandha Dandekar
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Yourshaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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GAVRILOVIC LJUBICA, STOJILJKOVIC VESNA, KASAPOVIC JELENA, POPOVIC NATASA, PAJOVIC SNEZANAB, DRONJAK SLADJANA. Treadmill exercise does not change gene expression of adrenal catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in chronically stressed rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:999-1012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013005000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic isolation of adult animals represents a form of psychological stress that produces sympatho-adrenomedullar activation. Exercise training acts as an important modulator of sympatho-adrenomedullary system. This study aimed to investigate physical exercise-related changes in gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-ß-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding (CREB) in the adrenal medulla, concentrations of catecholamines and corticosterone (CORT) in the plasma and the weight of adrenal glands of chronically psychosocially stressed adult rats exposed daily to 20 min treadmill running for 12 weeks. Also, we examined how additional acute immobilization stress changes the mentioned parameters. Treadmill running did not result in modulation of gene expression of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and it decreased the level of CREB mRNA in the adrenal medulla of chronically psychosocially stressed adult rats. The potentially negative physiological adaptations after treadmill running were recorded as increased concentrations of catecholamines and decreased morning CORT concentration in the plasma, as well as the adrenal gland hypertrophy of chronically psychosocially stressed rats. The additional acute immobilization stress increases gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in the adrenal medulla, as well as catecholamines and CORT levels in the plasma. Treadmill exercise does not change the activity of sympatho-adrenomedullary system of chronically psychosocially stressed rats.
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Kuipers SD, Trentani A, van der Zee EA, den Boer JA. Chronic stress-induced changes in the rat brain: role of sex differences and effects of long-term tianeptine treatment. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:426-36. [PMID: 23994757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests neuroplasticity changes are pivotal in both the occurrence and treatment of affective disorders. Abnormal expression and/or phosphorylation of numerous plasticity-related proteins have been observed in depression, while prolonged antidepressant treatment has been associated with the attenuation of stress-mediated effects on dendritic remodeling and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in experimental animals. This study explores the neurobiological adaptations induced by chronic stress and/or long-term tianeptine treatment. Male and female rats were studied to determine the potential contributory role of sex differences on stress-induced pathology and antidepressant-mediated actions. Our results confirm chronic stress-induced HPA axis disturbance and neuroplasticity impairment in both sexes (i.e. reduced CREB phosphorylation and hippocampal BrdU labeling). Commonly ensuing neurobiological alterations were accompanied by unique sex-specific adaptations. When the antidepressant tianeptine was administered, HPA axis hyperactivity was attenuated and specific neuronal defects were ameliorated in both sexes. These findings provide novel insight into sex-related influences on the neurobiological substrates mediating chronic stress-induced actions on neuroplasticity and the mechanisms underlying tianeptine-mediated therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje D Kuipers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrea Trentani
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Eddy A van der Zee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A den Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
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23
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Perrotti LI, Dennis TS, Jiao X, Servatius RJ, Pang KCH, Beck KD. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and ΔFosB in emotion-associated neural circuitry after asymptotic levels of active avoidance behavior are attained. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:102-10. [PMID: 23932962 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Avoidance susceptibility may constitute a vulnerability to develop anxiety disorders, and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats exhibit unique features in their acquisition of avoidance behavior that appear to promote susceptibility to this form of learning, namely the absence of the commonly observed "warm-up" effect. The present study sought to determine if strain differences in acquired avoidance behavior, between WKY and Sprague Dawley rats, could be attributed to differences in dopamine-related plasticity, represented by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity, and prolonged neuronal activation, represented by ΔFosB accumulation, in three key areas of the brain: the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum (DS), and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Consistent with earlier work, WKY rats exhibited a higher level of asymptotic performance of avoidance behavior, which included an absence of warm-up in the first few trials of later training sessions, and they exhibited more non-reinforced anticipatory responses in the single minute prior to the initiation of the first warning signal presentation of each training session. In the brain, phosyphorylated ERK2 (pERK2) activation was higher in avoidance trained rats in both the mPFC and DS, although the difference in DS was mostly observed in WKY rats. Avoidance-training was associated with higher levels of ΔFosB expression in the mPFC of SD rats, but not WKY rats. The strain differences in pERK2 activation in the DS and ΔFosB levels in the mPFC may underlie the strain-specific differences observed in warm-up, the emission of non-reinforced anticipatory responses, and general differences in asymptotic performance of active avoidance behavior. The mPFC and DS require further study as potential neural targets for understanding avoidance susceptibility and, as a result, anxiety vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda I Perrotti
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Exposure to various forms of stress is a common daily occurrence in the lives of most individuals, with both positive and negative effects on brain function. The impact of stress is strongly influenced by the type and duration of the stressor. In its acute form, stress may be a necessary adaptive mechanism for survival and with only transient changes within the brain. However, severe and/or prolonged stress causes overactivation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis thus inflicting detrimental changes in the brain structure and function. Therefore, chronic stress is often considered a negative modulator of the cognitive functions including the learning and memory processes. Exposure to long-lasting stress diminishes health and increases vulnerability to mental disorders. In addition, stress exacerbates functional changes associated with various brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for neuroscientists who are seeking a concise account of the effects of stress on learning and memory and associated signal transduction mechanisms. This review discusses chronic mental stress and its detrimental effects on various aspects of brain functions including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and cognition-related signaling enabled via key signal transduction molecules.
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25
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Phosphodiesterase-2 inhibitor reverses corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity and related behavioural changes via cGMP/PKG dependent pathway. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:835-47. [PMID: 22850435 DOI: 10.1017/s146114571200065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is an enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to restrict intracellular signalling of these second messenger molecules. This study investigated how PDE2 inhibitor Bay 60-7550 affects the dysregulated glucocorticoid signalling in neuronal cells and regulates depressive behaviours after chronic stress in mice. We found that exposure of hippocampal neurons to corticosterone resulted in time- and concentration-dependent increases in PDE2 expression. These intriguing findings were confirmed in the hippocampal cell line HT-22. After corticosterone exposure for 24 h, HT-22 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase in mRNA levels for PDE2 subtypes, PDE2A1 and 2A3, as well as for the total PDE2A protein expression. Bay 60-7550 was found to reverse the cell lesion induced by corticosterone (50 μm). This neuroprotective effect was blocked by pretreatment with protein kinase G inhibitor KT5823, but not protein kinase A inhibitor H89, suggesting the involvement of cGMP-dependent signalling. Although Bay 60-7550 treatment for 24 h did not change the levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 (pERK) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB), it down-regulated pERK at 2 h and up-regulated a CREB co-activator, CREB-binding protein, at 24 h. Both of these effects were blocked by KT 5823. Furthermore, Bay 60-7550 reversed corticosterone-induced down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels 24 h after corticosterone exposure. In behavioural testing, Bay 60-7550 produced antidepressant-like effects and reduced corticosterone levels in stressed mice, further supporting the involvement of a PDE2-dependent pathway in mediating Bay 60-7550's effect during stress hormone insults.
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Acute antidepressant treatment differently modulates ERK/MAPK activation in neurons and astrocytes of the adult mouse prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2012; 232:161-8. [PMID: 23238574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The onset of action of antidepressants (ADs) usually takes several weeks, but first molecular responses to these drugs may appear already after acute administration. The Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway is a target of ADs and an important pathway involved in cellular plasticity. In major depressive disorder (MDD), especially the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (Hip) are most likely affected in depressive patients and recent work revealed a hyperactivated ERK signaling in the rat PFC after chronic stress, a precipitating factor for MDD. Strong evidences support that not only neurons but also astrocytes participate in neuronal activity and may therefore additionally be a substrate of AD action. In this study, we show by Western blot that neither fluoxetine (FLX) nor desipramine (DMI) preferentially affects the activation of one of the two ERK isoforms, ERK1 and ERK2, with respect to the other. Further immunohistochemical analysis in the PFC revealed that basal levels of phospho-activated ERK (pERK) are mostly found in neurons in contrast to very few astrocytes. Both ADs can inhibit neuronal pERK as early as 15 min after drug administration with peculiar regional and layer specificities. Contrarily, at this time point none of the two ADs shows a clear modulation of astrocytic pERK. We propose that this mechanism of action of ADs may be protective against an exacerbated cortical ERK activity that may exert detrimental effects on susceptible neuronal populations. Our findings on acute effects of AD treatment in the adult mouse PFC encourage to examine further how this treatment might influence pERK in animal models of depression to identify early targets of AD action.
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Hypothermia-dependent and -independent effects of forced swim on the phosphorylation states of signaling molecules in mouse hippocampus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:475-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Charney DS, Dejesus G, Manji HK. Cellular plasticity and resilience and the pathophysiology of severe mood disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033657 PMCID: PMC3181794 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2004.6.2/dcharney] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the identification of the neural circuits, neurochemicals, and signal transduction mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders have led to much progress toward understanding the roles of genetic factors and psychosocial stressors. The monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems have received the most attention, partly because of the observation that effective antidepressant drugs exert their primary biochemical effects by regulating intrasynaptic concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine. Furthermore, the monoaminergic systems are extensively distributed throughout the network of limbic, striatal, and prefrontal cortical neuronal circuits thought to support the behavioral and visceral manifestations of mood disorders. Increasing numbers of neuroimaging, neuropathological, and biochemical studies indicate impairments in cellular plasticity and resilience in patients who suffer from severe, recurrent mood disorders. In this paper, we describe studies identifying possible structural, functional, and cellular abnormalities associated with depressive disorders, which are potentially the cellular underpinnings of these diseases. We suggest that drugs designed to enhance cellular plasticity and resilience, and attenuate the activity of maladaptive stress-responsive systems, may be useful for the treatment of severe mood disorders.
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Duman RS. Neural plasticity: consequences of stress and actions of antidepressant treatment. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22034207 PMCID: PMC3181800 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2004.6.2/rduman] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural plasticity is emerging as a fundamental and critical mechanism of neuronal function, which allows the brain to receive information and make the appropriate adaptive responses to subsequent related stimuli. Elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neural plasticity is a major goal of neuroscience research, and significant advances have been made in recent years. These mechanisms include regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and also structural alterations of neuronal spines and processes, and even the birth of new neurons in the adult brain. Altered plasticity could thereby contribute to psychiatric and neurological disorders. This article revievi/s the literature demonstrating altered plasticity in response to stress, and evidence that chronic antidepressant treatment can reverse or block the effects, and even induce neural piasiicity-iike responses. Continued elucidation of the mechanisms underlying neural plasticity will lead to novel drug targets that could prove to be effective and rapidly acting therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Duman
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Hasler R, Perroud N, Baud P, Olié E, Guillaume S, Malafosse A, Courtet P. CREB1 modulates the influence of childhood sexual abuse on adult's anger traits. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:720-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Elbatsh MM, Moklas MAA, Marsden CA, Kendall DA. Antidepressant-like effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and rimonabant in the olfactory bulbectomised rat model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:357-65. [PMID: 22634064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid signalling system is widely accepted to play a role in controlling the affective state. Plant cannabinoids are well known to have behavioural effects in animals and humans and the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant has recently been shown to precipitate depression-like symptoms in clinical trial subjects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the behavioural and neurochemical effects of chronic administration of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and rimonabant on intact and olfactory bulbectomised (OB) rats used as a model of depression. As expected, OB rats were hyperactive in the open field. Repeated THC (2 mg/kg, i.p. once every 48 h for 21 days) and rimonabant (5 mg/kg, i.p. once every 48 h for 21 days) reduced this hyperactivity, which is typical of clinically effective antidepressant drugs. In intact animals, chronic THC increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex but rimonabant had no effect. Rimonabant increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinases (p-ERKs(1/2)) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and THC also increased expression in frontal cortex. OB did not affect BDNF or p-ERK(1/2) expression in the hippocampus or frontal cortex and in, contrast to the intact animals, neither THC nor rimonabant altered expression in the OB rats. These findings indicate antidepressant-like behavioural properties of both THC and rimonabant in OB rats although additional studies are required to clarify the relationship between the chronic effects of cannabinoids in other pre-clinical models and in human depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Elbatsh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Nikulina EM, Lacagnina MJ, Fanous S, Wang J, Hammer RP. Intermittent social defeat stress enhances mesocorticolimbic ΔFosB/BDNF co-expression and persistently activates corticotegmental neurons: implication for vulnerability to psychostimulants. Neuroscience 2012; 212:38-48. [PMID: 22521816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent social defeat stress exposure augments behavioral response to psychostimulants in a process termed cross-sensitization. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates synaptic plasticity and cellular responses to stress and drugs of abuse. We previously showed that repeated social defeat stress persistently alters BDNF and activates ΔFosB expression in mesocorticolimbic regions. Here, we hypothesized that social defeat stress would increase ΔFosB expression in BDNF-containing mesocorticolimbic neurons at a time when cross-sensitization is evident. Because the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is critical for cross-sensitization, we similarly hypothesized that repeated social defeat stress would induce ΔFosB in neurons of mesocorticolimbic terminal regions that innervate the VTA. We induced social defeat stress in rats by short confrontations with an aggressive resident rat every third day for 10 days. Control rats were handled according to the same schedule. Defeated rats exhibited sensitized locomotor response to amphetamine (1.0mg/kg, i.p.) 10 days after termination of stress exposure. Separate rats, which underwent stress procedures without amphetamine challenge, were used for histological assessments. Rats received intra-VTA infusion of the retrograde tracer, Fluorogold (FG), and brain tissue was collected 10 days after stress or handling for immunohistochemistry. Stress exposure increased BDNF immunoreactivity in anterior cingulate, prelimbic and infralimbic regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), medial amygdala (AMY), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and VTA; ΔFosB labeling in anterior cingulate cortex (ACG) and nucleus accumbens; and ΔFosB/BDNF co-expression in prelimbic cortex (PL), nucleus accumbens and medial amygdala. Infralimbic ΔFosB-labeling was enhanced by stress in neurons innervating the VTA. Increased ΔFosB/BDNF co-expression and persistent functional activation of corticolimbic neurons after stress may contribute to mechanisms underlying cross-sensitization to psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Nikulina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Lee KY, Miki T, Yokoyama T, Ueki M, Warita K, Suzuki S, Ohta KI, Wang ZY, Jamal M, Yakura T, Liu JQ, Hosomi N, Takeuchi Y. Neonatal repetitive maternal separation causes long-lasting alterations in various neurotrophic factor expression in the cerebral cortex of rats. Life Sci 2012; 90:578-84. [PMID: 22365961 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was carried out to examine the effects of early postnatal maternal separation stress on the development of the cerebral cortex with respect to time-dependent fluctuations of neurotrophic factor ligand and receptor expression. MAIN METHODS Wistar rats were separated from their mothers for 3h per day during postnatal days (PND) 10 to 15. The cerebral cortex was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR for the evaluation of the expression of mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), TrkB, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) on PND16, 20, 30, and 60. KEY FINDINGS The expression of these neurotrophic factor ligands and receptors in the cerebral cortex was enhanced on PND16 and PND20, and then it returned to baseline levels on PND30. By PND60, however, the expression levels were attenuated. SIGNIFICANCE The important implication of this study is the persistent abnormal fluctuation of neurotrophic factor expression for a prolonged period, triggered even after the brain growth spurt. Given that neurotrophic factors play important roles in brain development, it can be speculated that the altered expression of these factors induced by maternal separation may interrupt normal brain development and ultimately lead to functional disruption. However, the possibility of such changes leading to various functional disruptions and the underlying mechanisms involved require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Youl Lee
- Department of Health Science, Kongju National University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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Leão RM, Cruz FC, Marin MT, Planeta CDS. Stress induces behavioral sensitization, increases nicotine-seeking behavior and leads to a decrease of CREB in the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:434-42. [PMID: 22330674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence shows that exposure to stress engenders behavioral sensitization and increases drug-seeking and leads to intense drug taking. However the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes is not well known yet. The present experiments examined the effects of exposure to variable stress on nicotine-induced locomotor activation, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and nicotine intravenous self-administration in rats. Male Wistar rats were exposed to variable stress that consisted of the exposure to different stressors twice a day in random order for 10 days. During this period the control group was left undisturbed except for cage cleaning. Ten days after the last stress episode, rats were challenged with either saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kgs.c.) and the locomotor activity was recorded for 20 min. Immediately after behavioral recordings rats were sacrificed and their brains were removed to posterior western blotting analysis of CREB, phosphoCREB, ERK and phosphoERK in the nucleus accumbens. An independent set of control and stressed animals were subjected to an intravenous nicotine self-administration protocol. The break point during a progressive ratio schedule and nicotine intake patterns during a 24-hour binge was analyzed. Repeated variable stress caused a sensitized motor response to a single challenge of nicotine and decreased CREB in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, in the self-administration experiments previous stress exposure caused an increase in the break point and nicotine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Molini Leão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xiao L, Shu C, Tang J, Wang H, Liu Z, Wang G. Effects of different CMS on behaviors, BDNF/CREB/Bcl-2 expression in rat hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Dagyte G, Luiten PG, De Jager T, Gabriel C, Mocaër E, Den Boer JA, Van der Zee EA. Chronic stress and antidepressant agomelatine induce region-specific changes in synapsin I expression in the rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1646-57. [PMID: 21688292 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant agomelatine acts as a melatonergic receptor (MT(1)/MT(2)) agonist and 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist. Agomelatine has demonstrated efficacy in treating depression, but its neurobiological effects merit further investigation. Preclinical studies reported that agomelatine enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and increases expression of several neuroplasticity-associated molecules. Recently, we showed that agomelatine normalizes hippocampal neuronal activity and promotes neurogenesis in the stress-compromised brain. To characterize further the effects of this antidepressant in the stressed brain, here we investigated whether it induces changes in the expression of synapsin I (SynI), a regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Adult male rats were subjected to daily footshock stress and agomelatine treatment for 3 weeks. Their brains were subsequently stained for total and phosphorylated SynI. Chronic footshock and agomelatine induced region-specific changes in SynI expression. Whereas chronic stress increased total SynI expression in all layers of the medial prefrontal cortex, agomelatine treatment abolished some of these effects. Furthermore, chronic agomelatine administration decreased total SynI expression in the hippocampal subregions of both stressed and nonstressed rats. Importantly, chronic stress decreased the fraction of phosphorylated SynI in all layers of the medial prefrontal cortex as well as selectively in the outer and middle molecular layers of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These stress effects were at least partially abolished by agomelatine. Altogether, our data show that chronic stress and agomelatine treatment induce region-specific changes in SynI expression and its phosphorylation. Moreover, agomelatine partially counteracts the stress effects on SynI, suggesting a modulation of synaptic function by this antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girstaute Dagyte
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Devoize L, Alvarez P, Monconduit L, Dallel R. Representation of dynamic mechanical allodynia in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex of trigeminal neuropathic rats. Eur J Pain 2011; 15:676-82. [PMID: 21316272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuropathic pain is due to lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system. Dynamic mechanical allodynia is a widespread symptom of neuropathic pain for which mechanisms are still poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrate that forebrain neurons, including neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are important for the perception of acute and chronic pain. Using the phosphorylation of the extracellular-signal regulated kinase (pERK-1/2) as an anatomical marker of neuronal activation, the present study investigated how dynamic mechanical allodynia is processed in the rat ventral mPFC (prelimbic and infralimbic cortex) after chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve (IoN-CCI). Two weeks after unilateral IoN-CCI, rats showed a dramatic bilateral trigeminal dynamic mechanical allodynia. Light, moving stroking of the infraorbital skin resulted in strong, bilateral upregulation of pERK-1/2 in the ventral mPFC of IoN-CCI animals. pERK-1/2 was located in neuronal cells only. Stimulus-evoked pERK-1/2 immunopositive cell bodies displayed a rostrocaudal gradient and layer-selective distribution in the ventral mPFC, being predominant in the rostral ventral mPFC and in layers II-III and V-VI of the ventral mPFC. In layers II-III, intense pERK-1/2 also extended into distal dendrites, up to layer I. These results demonstrate that trigeminal nerve injury induces a significant alteration in the ventral mPFC processing of tactile stimuli and suggest that ERK phosphorylation contributes to the mechanisms underlying abnormal pain perception under this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Devoize
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Neurobiologie de douleur trigémiale, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in descending pain modulatory system. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2010; 2011:468061. [PMID: 21637376 PMCID: PMC3101953 DOI: 10.1155/2011/468061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The descending pain modulatory system is thought to undergo plastic changes following peripheral tissue injury and exerts bidirectional (facilitatory and inhibitory) influence on spinal nociceptive transmission. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) superfamily consists of four main members: the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), the p38 MAPKs, and the ERK5. MAPKs not only regulate cell proliferation and survival but also play important roles in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that noxious stimuli activate MAPKs in several brain regions that are components of descending pain modulatory system. They are involved in pain perception and pain-related emotional responses. In addition, psychophysical stress also activates MAPKs in these brain structures. Greater appreciation of the convergence of mechanisms between noxious stimuli- and psychological stress-induced neuroplasticity is likely to lead to the identification of novel targets for a variety of pain syndromes.
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Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA, Manji HK. Novel insights into lithium's mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Neuropsychobiology 2010; 62:50-60. [PMID: 20453535 PMCID: PMC2889681 DOI: 10.1159/000314310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The monovalent cation lithium partially exerts its effects by activating neurotrophic and neuroprotective cellular cascades. Here, we discuss the effects of lithium on oxidative stress, programmed cell death (apoptosis), inflammation, glial dysfunction, neurotrophic factor functioning, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial stability. In particular, we review evidence demonstrating the action of lithium on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated signal transduction, cAMP response element binding activation, increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the phosphatidylinositide cascade, protein kinase C inhibition, glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition, and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression. Notably, we also review data from clinical studies demonstrating neurotrophic effects of lithium. We expect that a better understanding of the clinically relevant pathophysiological targets of lithium will lead to improved treatments for those who suffer from mood as well as neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Quiroz
- Hoffman-La Roche Inc., Pharma Development and Exploratory Neuroscience, Nutley, N.J
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Husseini K. Manji
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Titusville, N.J., USA,*Husseini K. Manji, MD, FRCPC, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals Group, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, E32000, Titusville, NJ 08560 (USA), Tel. +1 609 730 2968, Fax +1 609 730 2940, E-Mail
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Dagyte G, Trentani A, Postema F, Luiten PG, Den Boer JA, Gabriel C, Mocaër E, Meerlo P, Van der Zee EA. The novel antidepressant agomelatine normalizes hippocampal neuronal activity and promotes neurogenesis in chronically stressed rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16:195-207. [PMID: 20236141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Agomelatine is a novel antidepressant which acts as a melatonergic (MT1/MT2) receptor agonist and serotonergic (5-HT2C) receptor antagonist. The antidepressant properties of agomelatine have been demonstrated in animal models as well as in clinical studies. Several preclinical studies reported agomelatine-induced effects on brain plasticity, mainly under basal conditions in healthy animals. Yet, it is important to unravel agomelatine-mediated changes in the brain affected by psychopathology or exposed to conditions that might predispose to mood disorders. Since stress is implicated in the etiology of depression, it is valid to investigate antidepressant-induced effects in animals subjected to chronic stress. In this context, we sought to determine changes in the brain after agomelatine treatment in chronically stressed rats. Adult male rats were subjected to footshock stress and agomelatine treatment for 21 consecutive days. Rats exposed to footshock showed a robust increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Chronic agomelatine treatment did not markedly influence this HPA-axis response. Whereas chronic exposure to daily footshock stress reduced c-Fos expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, agomelatine treatment reversed this effect and normalized neuronal activity to basal levels. Moreover, chronic agomelatine administration was associated with enhanced hippocampal cell proliferation and survival in stressed but not in control rats. Furthermore, agomelatine reversed the stress-induced decrease in doublecortin expression in the dentate gyrus. Taken together, these data show a beneficial action of agomelatine in the stress-compromised brain, where it restores stress-affected hippocampal neuronal activity and promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girstaute Dagyte
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sun Z, Fan Y, Zha Q, Zhu MY. Corticosterone up-regulates expression and function of norepinephrine transporter in SK-N-BE(2)C cells. J Neurochem 2010; 113:105-16. [PMID: 20070865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids affect cellular and molecular events in brains by modulating the expression of many genes during stress. In the present study, we examined the regulatory effect of corticosterone on the expression and function of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in vitro. The results show that exposure of SK-N-BE(2)C cells to corticosterone for 14 days significantly increased mRNA (up to 43%) and protein (up to 71%) levels of NET in the concentration-dependent manner. Longer exposure (21 days) resulted in greater increases in the levels of mRNAs (up to about 160%) and proteins (up to about 250%) of the NET. The up-regulatory effect of corticosterone on NET expression lasted a persistent period after cessation of exposure. Associated with the corticosterone-induced enhancement in NET expression, there was a parallel increase in the uptake of [(3)H]norepinephrine by SK-N-BE(2)C cells. Increased NET expression and function were abolished after exposure of cells to corticosterone in combination with mifepristone or spironolactone, two specific antagonists of corticosteroid receptors. This is consistent with the hypothesis that corticosterone-induced NET up-regulation is mediated by corticosteroid receptors. Nevertheless, there was no synergistic effect for a combination of both corticosteroid receptor antagonists. A similar up-regulation of NET protein levels was also observed after exposing PC12 cells to corticosterone. The present findings demonstrate that corticosterone up-regulates the expression and function of NET in vitro, indicating the action of corticosterone on the noradrenergic phenotype may play an important role in the correlation between stress and the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37604, USA
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Briand LA, Blendy JA. Molecular and genetic substrates linking stress and addiction. Brain Res 2009; 1314:219-34. [PMID: 19900417 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is one of the top three health concerns in the United States in terms of economic and health care costs. Despite this, there are very few effective treatment options available. Therefore, understanding the causes and molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from casual drug use to compulsive drug addiction could aid in the development of treatment options. Studies in humans and animal models indicate that stress can lead to both vulnerability to develop addiction, and increased drug taking and relapse in addicted individuals. Exposure to stress or drugs of abuse results in long-term adaptations in the brain that are likely to involve persistent alterations in gene expression or activation of transcription factors, such as the cAMP Response Element Binding (CREB) protein. The signaling pathways controlled by CREB have been strongly implicated in drug addiction and stress. Many potential CREB target genes have been identified based on the presence of a CRE element in promoter DNA sequences. These include, but are not limited to CRF, BDNF, and dynorphin. These genes have been associated with initiation or reinstatement of drug reward and are altered in one direction or the other following stress. While many reviews have examined the interactions between stress and addiction, the goal of this review was to focus on specific molecules that play key roles in both stress and addiction and are therefore posed to mediate the interaction between the two. Focus on these molecules could provide us with new targets for pharmacological treatments for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Briand
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, TRL, 125 South 31(st) Street, USA
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Zhang XJ, Chen HL, Li Z, Zhang HQ, Xu HX, Sung JJY, Bian ZX. Analgesic effect of paeoniflorin in rats with neonatal maternal separation-induced visceral hyperalgesia is mediated through adenosine A(1) receptor by inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 94:88-97. [PMID: 19664651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Paeoniflorin (PF), a chief active ingredient in the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall (family Ranunculaceae), is effective in relieving colorectal distention (CRD)-induced visceral pain in rats with visceral hyperalgesia induced by neonatal maternal separation (NMS). This study aimed at exploring the underlying mechanisms of PF's analgesic effect on CRD-evoked nociceptive signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) and investigating whether the adenosine A(1) receptor is involved in PF's anti-nociception. RESULTS CRD-induced visceral pain as well as phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (p-ERK) and phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) expression in the CNS structures of NMS rats were suppressed by NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) and ERK phosphorylation inhibitor U0126. PF could similarly inhibit CRD-evoked p-ERK and c-Fos expression in laminae I-II of the lumbosacral dorsal horn and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). PF could also reverse the CRD-evoked increased glutamate concentration by CRD as shown by dynamic microdialysis monitoring in ACC, whereas, DPCPX, an antagonist of adenosine A(1) receptor, significantly blocked the analgesic effect of PF and PF's inhibition on CRD-induced p-ERK and p-CREB expression. These results suggest that PF's analgesic effect is possibly mediated by adenosine A(1) receptor by inhibiting CRD-evoked glutamate release and the NMDA receptor dependent ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Desipramine prevents stress-induced changes in depressive-like behavior and hippocampal markers of neuroprotection. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:273-85. [PMID: 19424057 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32832c70d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are widely implicated in multiple physiological processes. Although ERK1/2 has been proposed as a common mediator of antidepressant action in naive rodents, it remains to be determined whether the ERK1/2 pathway plays a role in depressive disorder. Here, we investigated whether chronic restraint stress (14 days) and antidepressant treatment [desipramine (DMI), 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally] induce changes in animal behavior and hippocampal levels of phospho-ERK1/2 and its substrate phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The results indicated that stress-induced depressive-like behaviors were correlated with an increase in P-ERK1/2 and P-CREB in the hippocampus evaluated by immunoblot analysis. As an indication of CREB activity, we evaluated changes in mRNA levels of its target genes. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA was reduced by stress, an effect prevented by DMI only in the CA3 area of hippocampus. Bcl-2 mRNA was reduced in all hippocampal regions by stress, an effect independent of DMI treatment. However, immunoblot from hippocampal extracts revealed that stress increased BCL-2 levels, an effect prevented by chronic DMI. These results suggest that ERKs and BDNF may be altered in depressive disorder, modifications that are sensitive to DMI action. In contrast, the stress-induced increase in BCL-2 may correspond to a neuroprotective response.
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Machado-Vieira R, Manji HK, Zarate CA. The role of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder: convergent evidence for neurotrophic effects as a unifying hypothesis. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11 Suppl 2:92-109. [PMID: 19538689 PMCID: PMC2800957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lithium has been and continues to be the mainstay of bipolar disorder (BD) pharmacotherapy for acute mood episodes, switch prevention, prophylactic treatment, and suicide prevention. Lithium is also the definitive proof-of-concept agent in BD, although it has recently been studied in other psychoses as well as diverse neurodegenerative disorders. Its neurotrophic effects can be viewed as a unifying model to explain several integrated aspects of the pathophysiology of mood disorders and putative therapeutics for those disorders. Enhancing neuroprotection (which directly involves neurotrophic effects) is a therapeutic strategy intended to slow or halt the progression of neuronal loss, thus producing long-term benefits by favorably influencing outcome and preventing either the onset of disease or clinical decline. The present article: (i) reviews what has been learned regarding lithium's neurotrophic effects since Cade's original studies with this compound; (ii) presents human data supporting the presence of cellular atrophy and death in BD as well as neurotrophic effects associated with lithium in human studies; (iii) describes key direct targets of lithium involved in these neurotrophic effects, including neurotrophins, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), and mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum key proteins; and (iv) discusses lithium's neurotrophic effects in models of apoptosis and excitotoxicity as well as its potential neurotrophic effects in models of neurological disorders. Taken together, the evidence reviewed here suggests that lithium's neurotrophic effects in BD are an example of an old molecule acting as a new proof-of-concept agent. Continued work to decipher lithium's molecular actions will likely lead to the development of not only improved therapeutics for BD, but to neurotrophic enhancers that could prove useful in the treatment of many other illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Husseini K Manji
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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Dagyte G, Van der Zee EA, Postema F, Luiten PGM, Den Boer JA, Trentani A, Meerlo P. Chronic but not acute foot-shock stress leads to temporary suppression of cell proliferation in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2009; 162:904-13. [PMID: 19482059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stressful experiences, especially when prolonged and severe are associated with psychopathology and impaired neuronal plasticity. Among other effects on the brain, stress has been shown to negatively regulate hippocampal neurogenesis, and this effect is considered to be exerted via glucocorticoids. Here, we sought to determine the temporal dynamics of changes in hippocampal neurogenesis after acute and chronic exposure to foot-shock stress. Rats subjected to a foot-shock procedure showed strong activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, even after exposure to daily stress for 3 weeks. Despite a robust release of corticosterone, acute foot-shock stress did not affect the rate of hippocampal cell proliferation. In contrast, exposure to foot-shock stress daily for 3 weeks led to reduced cell proliferation 2 hours after the stress procedure. Interestingly, this stress-induced effect did not persist and was no longer detected 24 hours later. Also, while chronic foot-shock stress had no impact on survival of hippocampal cells that were born before the stress procedure, it led to a decreased number of doublecortin-positive granule neurons that were born during the chronic stress period. Thus, whereas a strong activation of the HPA axis during acute foot-shock stress is not sufficient to reduce hippocampal cell proliferation, repeated exposure to stressful stimuli for prolonged period of time ultimately results in dysregulated neurogenesis. In sum, this study supports the notion that chronic stress may lead to cumulative changes in the brain that are not seen after acute stress. Such changes may indicate compromised brain plasticity and increased vulnerability to neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dagyte
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren, The Netherlands.
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48
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Sex differences in stress responses: focus on ovarian hormones. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:239-49. [PMID: 19275910 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Women in the reproductive age are more vulnerable to develop affective disorders than men. This difference may attribute to anatomical differences, hormonal influences and environmental factors such as stress. However, the higher prevalence in women normalizes once menopause is established, suggesting that ovarian hormones may play an important role in the development of depression in women. Ovarian hormones such as estrogen can pass the brain-blood barrier and bind to cytoplasmatic estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta in different areas of the limbic system. During stress, estrogen can modulate the behavioral and neurobiological response depending on the concentrations of estrogen. In this review we present evidence for disparate effects of chronic stress on neuroplasticity and brain activity in male and female rats. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that effects of social support on coping with stress can be mimicked by social housing of rats and that this model can be used for identification of underlying neurobiological mechanisms, including behavior, phosphorylation of CREB and ERK1/2, and brain activity changes as measured with fos expression. Using cyclic administration of estrogen in ovariectomized female rats we could specifically address effects of different plasma estrogen levels and antidepressants on stress-induced neuroplasticity and activity changes. In this model we also studied effects of estrogen on recovery after chronic stress. We conclude that the female brain has a different innate strategy to handle stress than the male brain and that female animal models are necessary for studying the underlying mechanisms and options for treatment.
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Nakagawasai O, Oba A, Sato A, Arai Y, Mitazaki S, Onogi H, Wakui K, Niijima F, Tan-No K, Tadano T. Subchronic stress-induced depressive behavior in ovariectomized mice. Life Sci 2009; 84:512-6. [PMID: 19302813 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mood disorders including depression are more common in women than men, particularly in times of lower estradiol levels. In this study, we investigated the effect of estrogen on emotional behavior in mice in a stress environment. MAIN METHODS Female mice were divided into four groups: two groups were ovariectomized (OVX) and two were sham-operated. One group each of OVX and sham mice was kept in a normal environment and the other groups were assigned to a daily stress (1 h/day) for 7 days from 5 days after operation. On the 14th day after operation, subjects were measured to assess behavioral specificity, locomotor activity, elevated plus-maze (EPM) behavior, passive avoidance (PA) behavior and forced swimming behavior. KEY FINDINGS The OVX plus stress (OVX+S) group showed a significant prolongation of immobility compared with the other groups. In all the groups there were no changes in locomotor activity, EPM behavior or PA behavior. We further examined the effect of estrogen against depressive behavior in the OVX+S group. The vehicle or 17beta-estradiol (E2) was administered s.c. to OVX+S mice for 4 days beginning on post-operative day 11. Subchronic E2 treatment decreased the stress response and improved depressive behavior relative to the vehicle group. SIGNIFICANCE These data have important implications regarding the prevention of depression in postmenopausal women undergoing estrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nakagawasai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
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50
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Gourley SL, Kedves AT, Olausson P, Taylor JR. A history of corticosterone exposure regulates fear extinction and cortical NR2B, GluR2/3, and BDNF. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:707-16. [PMID: 18719621 PMCID: PMC3679657 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A history of exposure to stressors may be a predisposing factor for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma. Extinction of conditioned fear appears to be impaired in PTSD, but the consequences of prior stress or excess glucocorticoid exposure for extinction learning are not known. We report that prior chronic exposure to the stress hormone, corticosterone (CORT), decreases endogenous CORT secretion upon context reexposure and impairs extinction after contextual fear conditioning in rats, while leaving fear memory acquisition and expression intact. Posttraining administration of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist, RU38486, partially mimicked prior CORT exposure effects on freezing during fear extinction training. Extinction of conditioned fear is an active learning process thought to involve glutamatergic targets--including specific NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits--in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which includes the prelimbic, infralimbic, and medial orbitofrontal cortices. After CORT exposure, decreases in the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit and AMPA receptor subunits, GluR2/3, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, were detected in cortical regions, but not dorsal hippocampus (CA1). Receptor subunit expression levels in the vmPFC correlated with freezing during training. In addition, prior CORT selectively decreased sucrose preference, consistent with established models of anhedonia and with blunted affect in PTSD. Together, these data suggest a cellular mechanism by which chronically elevated glucocorticoid exposure--as may be experienced during repeated exposure to stressors--interferes with the neural systems that modulate behavioral flexibility and may thereby contribute to psychopathological fear states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Gourley
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexia T Kedves
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Olausson
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Correspondence: Dr JR Taylor, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, Ribicoff Labs, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06508, USA, Tel: + 1 203 974 7727, Fax: + 1 203 974 7724,
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