1
|
Lao A, Wu H, Huang X, Huang K, Luo X, Zheng Z. Sustained and enhanced inhibitory effects of allelochemicals on Microcystis Aeruginosa during its recruitment stage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173904. [PMID: 38885712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is the main toxic strain in cyanobacterial blooms, and the recruitment stage in its temperature-dependent seasonal succession is considered as the key to its subsequent growth. In this study, a protocol with specific temperature settings was developed as the simulated recruitment stage in order to investigate and confirm the superior inhibitory effects of allelochemicals on M. aeruginosa at that stage of recruitment. One of the most common allelochemicals, gallic acid (GA) (10 mg/L, 20 mg/L) was employed to treat M. aeruginosa under initially low temperature condition (15 °C), then intermediate (20 °C) and last normal (26 °C), which corresponds to the critical temperatures for cyanobacterial recruitment and growth. Growth, metabolism, photosynthetic activity, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and microcystins (MCs) release were analyzed and discussed in this study, and a more sustained and better inhibitory effect over a 20-day period was achieved. Notably, GA (10 mg/L) markedly delayed the recruitment of M. aeruginosa from low temperature, with an inhibition efficiency of 85.71 %, and suppressing Fv/Fm and photosynthetic pigments production. It is also observed that M. aeruginosa at recruitment stage exhibited higher sensitivity and poorer resistance to allelochemical treatment, with variable responses suggesting that optimal dosages may alter. The antioxidant enzyme activities remained high under prolonged stress, and the secretion of EPS was stimulated, indicating that cyanobacteria were more inclined to form colonies. While the laboratory-based inhibitory mechanism appeared to increase the release of microcystins in individual cells, the actual concentration of microcystins in natural aquatic environments requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Lao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hanqi Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Kaili Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xingzhang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo Y, Dao G, Zhou G, Wang Z, Xu Z, Lu X, Pan X. Effects of low concentration of gallic acid on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169765. [PMID: 38181948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is an allelochemical that has been utilized in high concentrations for the management of harmful algal blooms (HABs). However, there is limited knowledge regarding its impact on the growth of M. aeruginosa as the GA concentration transitions from high to low during the HABs control process. This study has revealed that as the GA concentration decreases (from 10 mg/L to 0.001 μg/L), a dose-response relationship becomes apparent in the growth of M. aeruginosa and microcystin production, characterized by high-dose inhibition and low-dose stimulation. Notably, at the concentration of 0.1 μg/L GA, the most significant growth-promoting effect on both growth and MCs synthesis was observed. The growth rate and maximum cell density were increased by 1.09 and 1.16 times, respectively, compared to those of the control group. Additionally, the contents of MCs synthesis saw a remarkable increase, up by 1.85 times. Furthermore, lower GA concentrations stimulated the viability of cyanobacterial cells, resulting in substantially higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl a) compared to other concentrations. Most importantly, the expression of genes governing MCs synthesis was significantly upregulated, which appears to be the primary driver behind the significantly higher MCs levels compared to other conditions. The ecological risk quotient (RQ) value of 0.1 μg/L GA was the highest of all experimental groups, which was approximately 30 times higher than that of the control, indicating moderate risk. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the effect of M. aeruginosa growth, metabolism and water ecological risk under the process of reducing GA concentration after dosing during the HABs control process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Management of Plateau Lake-Watershed, Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Kunming 650034, Yunnan, China
| | - Guohua Dao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guoquan Zhou
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Teneva I, Velikova V, Belkinova D, Moten D, Dzhambazov B. Allelopathic Potential of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin on Green Algae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1403. [PMID: 36987092 PMCID: PMC10057654 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic interactions are widespread in all aquatic habitats, among all groups of aquatic primary biomass producers, including cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are producers of potent toxins called cyanotoxins, whose biological and ecological roles, including their allelopathic influence, are still incompletely understood. The allelopathic potential of the cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYL) on green algae (Chlamydomonas asymmetrica, Dunaliella salina, and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus) was established. Time-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth and motility of the green algae exposed to cyanotoxins were detected. Changes in their morphology (cell shape, granulation of the cytoplasm, and loss of flagella) were also observed. The cyanotoxins MC-LR and CYL were found to affect photosynthesis to varying degrees in the green algae Chlamydomonas asymmetrica, Dunaliella salina, and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus, affecting chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as the maximum photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ), and the quantum yield of the unregulated energy dissipation Y(NO) in PSII. In the context of ongoing climate change and the associated expectations of the increased frequency of cyanobacterial blooms and released cyanotoxins, our results demonstrated the possible allelopathic role of cyanotoxins on competing autotrophs in the phytoplankton communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Teneva
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Detelina Belkinova
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dzhemal Moten
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tanvir RU, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Lu J. Cyanobacterial community succession and associated cyanotoxin production in hypereutrophic and eutrophic freshwaters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118056. [PMID: 34488165 PMCID: PMC8547520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) in freshwater bodies are mainly attributed to excess loading of nutrients [nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)]. This study provides a comprehensive review of how the existing nutrient (i.e., N and P) conditions and microbial ecological factors affect cyanobacterial community succession and cyanotoxin production in freshwaters. Different eutrophic scenarios (i.e., hypereutrophic vs. eutrophic conditions) in the presence of (i) high levels of N and P, (ii) a relatively high level of P but a low level of N, and (iii) a relatively high level of N but a low level of P, are discussed in association with cyanobacterial community succession and cyanotoxin production. The seasonal cyanobacterial community succession is mostly regulated by temperature in hypereutrophic freshwaters, where both temperature and nitrogen fixation play a critical role in eutrophic freshwaters. While the early cyanoHAB mitigation strategies focus on reducing P from water bodies, many more studies show that both N and P have a profound contribution to cyanobacterial blooms and toxin production. The availability of N often shapes the structure of the cyanobacterial community (e.g., the relative abundance of N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing cyanobacterial genera) and is positively linked to the levels of microcystin. Ecological aspects of cyanotoxin production and release, related functional genes, and corresponding nutrient and environmental conditions are also elucidated. Research perspectives on cyanoHABs and cyanobacterial community succession are discussed and presented with respect to the following: (i) role of internal nutrients and their species, (ii) P- and N-based control vs. solely P-based control of cyanoHABs, and (iii) molecular investigations and prediction of cyanotoxin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahamat Ullah Tanvir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Omidi A, Pflugmacher S, Kaplan A, Kim YJ, Esterhuizen M. Reviewing Interspecies Interactions as a Driving Force Affecting the Community Structure in Lakes via Cyanotoxins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1583. [PMID: 34442662 PMCID: PMC8401979 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The escalating occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms worldwide is a matter of concern. Global warming and eutrophication play a major role in the regularity of cyanobacterial blooms, which has noticeably shifted towards the predomination of toxic populations. Therefore, understanding the effects of cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic ecosystems and their advantages to the producers are of growing interest. In this paper, the current literature is critically reviewed to provide further insights into the ecological contribution of cyanotoxins in the variation of the lake community diversity and structure through interspecies interplay. The most commonly detected and studied cyanobacterial toxins, namely the microcystins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine, and their ecotoxicity on various trophic levels are discussed. This work addresses the environmental characterization of pure toxins, toxin-containing crude extracts and filtrates of single and mixed cultures in interspecies interactions by inducing different physiological and metabolic responses. More data on these interactions under natural conditions and laboratory-based studies using direct co-cultivation approaches will provide more substantial information on the consequences of cyanotoxins in the natural ecosystem. This review is beneficial for understanding cyanotoxin-mediated interspecies interactions, developing bloom mitigation technologies and robustly assessing the hazards posed by toxin-producing cyanobacteria to humans and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Wallace Bldg., 125 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
- Finland and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duchnik K, Bialczyk J, Chrapusta-Srebrny E, Bober B. Inhibition of growth rate and cylindrospermopsin synthesis by Raphidiopsis raciborskii upon exposure to macrophyte Lemna trisulca (L). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:470-477. [PMID: 33710451 PMCID: PMC7987710 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Impact of macrophyte Lemna trisulca on the growth rate and synthesis of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) by cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii was determined. The presence of L. trisulca inhibited the biomass accumulation of the cyanobacterium by 25% compared to the control during co-cultivation. The simultaneous cultivation of these organisms slightly affected the inhibition of macrophyte growth rate by 5.5% compared to the control. However, no morphological changes of L. trisulca after incubation with cyanobacteria were observed. It was also shown that the long-term (35 days) co-cultivation of R. raciborskii and L. trisulca led to a decrease in CYN concentration in media and cyanobacterial cells by 32 and 38%, respectively, compared to the values obtained for independent cultivation of cyanobacterium. Excessive absorption of phosphate ions by L. trisulca from the medium compared to nitrate ions led to a significant increase in the nitrate:phosphate ratio in the media, which inhibits the development of cyanobacterium. The obtained results indicate that L. trisulca in the natural environment may affect the physiology of cyanobacteria. The presented study is the first assessment of the allelopathic interaction of macrophyte and R. raciborskii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Duchnik
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jan Bialczyk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Chrapusta-Srebrny
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Bober
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zu Y, Hong S, Xu C, Li W, Chen S, Li J. Cell wall surface layer (S-layer) promotes colony formation in Microcystis: comparison of S-layer characteristics between colonial and unicellular forms of Microcystis and function conformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42254-42263. [PMID: 32222924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colony is a key to Microcystis becoming a dominant population and forming blooms. To find the mechanism of colony formation, we investigated cell wall structures of colonial and unicellular strains. Results showed that colonial strains had significant surface layer protein (S-layer) on the surface of cells than unicellular strains by transmission electron microscopy. Western blot showed colonial strains had more S-layer than the unicellular strains. When the S-layer gene (GenBank accession number CAO89090.1) of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 was expressed in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, PCC6803 aggregated into colonial morphology. The results indicated that the S-layer could promote colony formation in Microcystis. Based on the S-layer sequences of PCC6803 and PCC7806, nine S-layer genes in other Microcystis strains were screened from the GenBank. Sequence comparing showed that the S-layers conserved regions were all located in N-terminal. The S-layers contain repeats-in-toxin (RTX) sequences with Ca2+-binding site, and their amino acid composition, hydrophobicity, isoelectric point, etc. were consistent with the characteristics of RTX-type S-layer in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Sujuan Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Chongxin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Higher-Order Interaction between Species Inhibits Bacterial Invasion of a Phototroph-Predator Microbial Community. Cell Syst 2019; 9:521-533.e10. [PMID: 31838145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The composition of an ecosystem is thought to be important for determining its resistance to invasion. Studies of natural ecosystems, from plant to microbial communities, have found that more diverse communities are more resistant to invasion. In some cases, more diverse communities resist invasion by more completely consuming the resources necessary for the invader. We show that Escherichia coli can successfully invade cultures of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (phototroph) or the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila (predator) but cannot invade a community where both are present. The invasion resistance of the algae-ciliate community arises from a higher-order interaction between species (interaction modification) that is unrelated to resource consumption. We show that the mode of this interaction is the algal inhibition of bacterial aggregation, which leaves bacteria vulnerable to predation. This mode requires both the algae and the ciliate to be present and provides an example of invasion resistance through an interaction modification.
Collapse
|
9
|
Banerji A, Bagley MJ, Shoemaker JA, Tettenhorst DR, Nietch CT, Allen HJ, Santo Domingo JW. Evaluating putative ecological drivers of microcystin spatiotemporal dynamics using metabarcoding and environmental data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 86:84-95. [PMID: 31358280 PMCID: PMC7877229 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin is a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin of global concern. Understanding the environmental factors that cause high concentrations of microcystin is crucial to the development of lake management strategies that minimize harmful exposures. While the literature is replete with studies linking cyanobacterial production of microcystin to changes in various nutrients, abiotic stressors, grazers, and competitors, no single biotic or abiotic factor has been shown to be reliably predictive of microcystin concentrations in complex ecosystems. We performed random forest regression analyses with 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing data and environmental data to determine which putative ecological drivers best explained spatiotemporal variation in total microcystin and several individual congeners in a eutrophic freshwater reservoir. Model performance was best for predicting concentrations of the congener MC-LR, with ca. 88% of spatiotemporal variance explained. Most of the variance was associated with changes in the relative abundance of the cyanobacterial genus Microcystis. Follow-up RF regression analyses revealed that factors that were the most important in predicting MC-LR were also the most important in predicting Microcystis population dynamics. We discuss how these results relate to prevailing ecological hypotheses regarding the function of microcystin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Banerji
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - M J Bagley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - J A Shoemaker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - D R Tettenhorst
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - C T Nietch
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - H J Allen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Briand E, Reubrecht S, Mondeguer F, Sibat M, Hess P, Amzil Z, Bormans M. Chemically mediated interactions between Microcystis and Planktothrix: impact on their growth, morphology and metabolic profiles. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1552-1566. [PMID: 30485643 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria are known for their ability to produce bioactive compounds, some of which have been described as allelochemicals. Using a combined approach of co-cultures and analyses of metabolic profiles, we investigated chemically mediated interactions between two cyanobacterial strains, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and Planktothrix agardhii PCC 7805. More precisely, we evaluated changes in growth, morphology and metabolite production and release by both interacting species. Co-culture of Microcystis with Planktothrix resulted in a reduction of the growth of Planktothrix together with a decrease of its trichome size and alterations in the morphology of its cells. The production of intracellular compounds by Planktothrix showed a slight decrease between monoculture and co-culture conditions. Concerning Microcystis, the number of intracellular compounds was higher under co-culture condition than under monoculture. Overall, Microcystis produced a lower number of intracellular compounds under monoculture than Planktothrix, and a higher number of intracellular compounds than Planktothrix under co-culture condition. Our investigation did not allow us to identify specifically the compounds causing the observed physiological and morphological changes of Planktothrix cells. However, altogether, these results suggest that co-culture induces specific compounds as a response by Microcystis to the presence of Planktothrix. Further studies should be undertaken for identification of such potential allelochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enora Briand
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France.,UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes 1 University, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Hess
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes 1 University, F-35042 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qian ZY, Ma J, Sun CL, Li ZG, Xian QM, Gong TT, Xu B. Using stable isotope labeling to study the nitrogen metabolism in Anabaena flos-aquae growth and anatoxin biosynthesis. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 127:223-229. [PMID: 29055827 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater resources are under stress around the world due to rapid urbanization and excessive water consumption. Cyanobacterial blooms have occurred frequently in surface waters, which produced toxic secondary metabolites causing a potential harm to aquatic ecosystems and humans. In this study, the relationship between different types of nitrogen source and the algal growth of Anabaena flos-aquae, which was isolated from Dianchi Lake in southern China, was investigated. Experiments were accomplished by using four types of isotope tracers including 15N-ammonium chloride, 15N-sodium nitrate, 15N-urea, 15N-l-alanine in culture medium to characterize the biosynthesis of 15N-anatoxin-a (ATX-A), which is a major algal toxin from A. flos-aquae, through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that all these four types of nitrogen can be incorporated into algal cells. The ATX-A production with urea as the nitrogen source was much higher than that with the other three types of nitrogen. The 15N labeling experiments further demonstrated that the uptake of organic nitrogen nutrients was significantly greater than that of inorganic nitrogen. These results provide new evidence and deeper insight to explore the biosynthesis of ATX-A in the specific strain of A. flos-aquae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Yao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Xinjiang 830091, PR China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chun-Lei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qi-Ming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Ting-Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bi X, Dai W, Zhang S, Dong S, Zhang D. Effects of toxic Microcystis genotypes on natural colony formation and mechanism involved. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:885-894. [PMID: 28799935 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Microcystis occurs as colonies of different sizes with varying abundance of toxic genotypes versus non-toxic genotypes under natural conditions. To investigate the effects of toxic Microcystis genotypes on natural colony formation, samples collected from the mainstream of Haihe River from July to October 2015 were sieved into four colony classes with sizes of <8 μm, 8-20 μm, 20-90 μm and >90 μm. Each colony size class was analyzed for the proportion of toxic Microcystis genotypes, and microcystins (MCs) cellular production of toxic genotypes. The results showed the smallest size class of Microcystis colonies (<8 μm) showed the lowest proportion of toxic genotypes and the highest MC-RR and MC-YR cellular production. With the increasing colony sizes, the proportion of toxic Microcystis genotypes increased but the MC-RR and MC-YR cellular production decreased. A negative correlation between the MCs cellular production and the proportion of toxic genotypes was observed in all four colony size classes, suggesting that the less there were toxic Microcystis cells able to produce MCs, the more each toxic cell needed to produce that molecule. Toxic Microcystis played an important role in the colony formation in natural waters via producing MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, Department of Fisheries Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail: ; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, Department of Fisheries Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, Department of Fisheries Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Shaojie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, Department of Fisheries Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| | - Dajuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, Department of Fisheries Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Du Y, Ye J, Wu L, Yang C, Wang L, Hu X. Physiological effects and toxin release in Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis exposed to herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7752-7763. [PMID: 28127689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FPE) was studied for possible ecotoxicity on two representative toxigenic cyanobacteria including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis. Growth curves, chlorophyll a content, protein content, microcystin levels, oxidative stress, and apoptosis rates were measured for the two cyanobacteria after exposure to different concentrations of FPE. Results showed that the changes in chlorophyll a content and protein content were consistent with cell density, and M. viridis was more sensitive than M. aeruginosa to FPE. The results of oxidative stress indicated that FPE induced the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in these two cyanobacteria. To further explore the toxicity of FPE, apoptosis rates and toxin levels were measured for the two cyanobacteria. Different degrees of apoptosis rates were observed in the two cyanobacteria, and the apoptosis rates increased with the increase concentration of FPE. The intracellular and extracellular MC-LR were both affect by FPE. The presence of FPE in aquatic ecosystem may stimulate the synthesis and release of MC-LR, which may cause serious water pollution and pose threats to human health. These results may be useful for the ecotoxicity assessment of FPE and guiding the rational use of pesticides in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Du
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Chuyao Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Lumei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology and Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Spasiano D, Russo D, Vaccaro M, Siciliano A, Marotta R, Guida M, Reis NM, Li Puma G, Andreozzi R. Removal of benzoylecgonine from water matrices through UV254/H2O2 process: Reaction kinetic modeling, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:515-525. [PMID: 27450344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzoylecgonine (BE), the main cocaine metabolite, has been detected in numerous surface water and treatment plants effluents in Europe and there is urgent need for effective treatment methods. In this study, the removal of BE by the UV254/H2O2 process from different water matrices was investigated. By means of competition kinetics method, the kinetic constant of reaction between BE and the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals (OH) was estimated resulting in kOH/BE=5.13×10(9)M(-1)s(-1). By-products and water matrices scavengers effects were estimated by numerical modeling of the reaction kinetics for the UV254/H2O2 process and validated in an innovative microcapillary film (MCF) array photoreactor and in a conventional batch photoreactor. The ecotoxicity of the water before and after treatment was evaluated with four organisms Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Vicia faba. The results provided evidence that BE and its transformation by-products do not have significant adverse effects on R. subcapitata, while D. magna underwent an increase of lipid droplets. C. elegans was the most sensitive to BE and its by-products. Furthermore, a genotoxicity assay, using V. faba, showed cytogenic damages during the cell mitosis of primary roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Spasiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - D Russo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Vaccaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - A Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Marotta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Guida
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - N M Reis
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - G Li Puma
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - R Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liaimer A, Jensen JB, Dittmann E. A Genetic and Chemical Perspective on Symbiotic Recruitment of Cyanobacteria of the Genus Nostoc into the Host Plant Blasia pusilla L. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1693. [PMID: 27847500 PMCID: PMC5088731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Liverwort Blasia pusilla L. recruits soil nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of genus Nostoc as symbiotic partners. In this work we compared Nostoc community composition inside the plants and in the soil around them from two distant locations in Northern Norway. STRR fingerprinting and 16S rDNA phylogeny reconstruction showed a remarkable local diversity among isolates assigned to several Nostoc clades. An extensive web of negative allelopathic interactions was recorded at an agricultural site, but not at the undisturbed natural site. The cell extracts of the cyanobacteria did not show antimicrobial activities, but four isolates were shown to be cytotoxic to human cells. The secondary metabolite profiles of the isolates were mapped by MALDI-TOF MS, and the most prominent ions were further analyzed by Q-TOF for MS/MS aided identification. Symbiotic isolates produced a great variety of small peptide-like substances, most of which lack any record in the databases. Among identified compounds we found microcystin and nodularin variants toxic to eukaryotic cells. Microcystin producing chemotypes were dominating as symbiotic recruits but not in the free-living community. In addition, we were able to identify several novel aeruginosins and banyaside-like compounds, as well as nostocyclopeptides and nosperin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Liaimer
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
| | - John B. Jensen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chia MA, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Lorenzi AS, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC. Does anatoxin-a influence the physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa and Acutodesmus acuminatus under different light and nitrogen conditions? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23092-23102. [PMID: 27590628 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to changing global climatic conditions, a lot of attention has been given to cyanobacteria and their bioactive secondary metabolites. These conditions are expected to increase the frequency of cyanobacterial blooms, and consequently, the concentrations of cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems. Unfortunately, there are very few studies that address the effects of cyanotoxins on the physiology of phytoplankton species under different environmental conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a (ATX-A) on Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) and Acutodesmus acuminatus (chlorophyta) under varying light and nitrogen conditions. Low light (LL) and nitrogen limitation (LN) resulted in significant cell density reduction of the two species, while the effect of ATX-A on M. aeruginosa was not significant. However, under normal (NN) and high nitrogen (HN) concentrations, exposure to ATX-A resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower cell density of A. acuminatus. Pigment content of M. aeruginosa significantly (p < 0.05) declined in the presence of ATX-A, regardless of the light condition. Under each light condition, exposure to ATX-A caused a reduction in total microcystin (MC) content of M. aeruginosa. The detected MC levels varied as a function of nitrogen and ATX-A concentrations. The production of reactive oxygen species (H2O2) and antioxidant enzyme activities of both species were significantly altered by ATX-A under different light and nitrogen conditions. Our results revealed that under different light and nitrogen conditions, the response of M. aeruginosa and A. acuminatus to ATX-A was variable, which demonstrated the need for different endpoints of environmental factors during ecotoxicological investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- Botany Graduate Program, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP, Recife, PE, 52171-030, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Sao Dimas, CEP, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fan J, Rao L, Chiu YT, Lin TF. Impact of chlorine on the cell integrity and toxin release and degradation of colonial Microcystis. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:394-404. [PMID: 27393964 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in drinking water sources is problematic for water authorities as they can impair drinking water quality. Chlorine as a commonly used oxidant in water treatment plants has shown the potential to lyse cyanobacterial cells, resulting in the release of secondary metabolites which are hard to be removed during conventional water treatment processes. The majority of cyanobacterial species such as Microcystis, often occur in colonial forms under natural conditions. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the influence of chlorination on individual cyanobacterial cells due to technique limitations. A syringe dispersion method combined with a fluorescence technique (SYTOX Green stain with flow cytometry), was successfully developed for the evaluation of cell integrity of colonial Microcystis. Chlorination of Microcystis-laden water was conducted at different chlorine dosages for different colonial sizes (<37, 37-270 and 270-550 μm). The results indicated that colonial Microcystis cells were more resistant to chlorine oxidation than individual cells, which may be attributed to protection from the cell-bound mucilage. There was a lag phase before cell rupture occurred and a Delayed Chick Watson Model describes the experimental data very well for the kinetics of cyanobacterial cell rupture. The growing colonial size caused increases in the lag phases but decreases in the cell lysis rates. Chlorination also induced the release of microcystins (MCs) from colonial Microcystis cells. In particular, increased levels of dissolved MCs were observed in Cheng Kung Lake (CKL) water. In summary, the reaction of chlorine with colonial cyanobacteria is more complicated than with individual cells. The efficiency of chlorine oxidation could be reduced by the cell-bound mucilage and natural water matrix. These observations may provide insights for water authorities to assess the risk to drinking water quality posed by chlorination under natural conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Fan
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - La Rao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsair-Fuh Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kaminski A, Chrapusta E, Adamski M, Bober B, Zabaglo K, Bialczyk J. Determination of the time-dependent response of Lemna trisulca to the harmful impact of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Pinheiro C, Azevedo J, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Loureiro S. The interactive effects of microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth rate of the freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:745-758. [PMID: 26910533 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are the most representative cyanobacterial cyanotoxins. They have been simultaneously detected in aquatic systems, but their combined ecotoxicological effects to aquatic organisms, especially microalgae, is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of these cyanotoxins individually and as a binary mixture on the growth rate of the freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris. Using the MIXTOX tool, the reference model concentration addition (CA) was selected to evaluate the combined effects of MC-LR and CYN on the growth of the freshwater green algae due to its conservative prediction of mixture effect for putative similar or dissimilar acting chemicals. Deviations from the CA model such as synergism/antagonism, dose-ratio and dose-level dependency were also assessed. In single exposures, our results demonstrated that MC-LR and CYN had different impacts on the growth rates of C. vulgaris at the highest tested concentrations, being CYN the most toxic. In the mixture exposure trial, MC-LR and CYN showed a synergistic deviation from the conceptual model CA as the best descriptive model. MC-LR individually was not toxic even at high concentrations (37 mg L(-1)); however, the presence of MC-LR at much lower concentrations (0.4-16.7 mg L(-1)) increased the CYN toxicity. From these results, the combined exposure of MC-LR and CYN should be considered for risk assessment of mixtures as the toxicity may be underestimated when looking only at the single cyanotoxins and not their combination. This study also represents an important step to understand the interactions among MC-LR and CYN detected previously in aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Rua Valente Perfeito, 322, 440-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ni L, Li D, Hu S, Wang P, Li S, Li Y, Li Y, Acharya K. Effects of artemisinin sustained-release granules on mixed alga growth and microcystins production and release. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18637-18644. [PMID: 26432265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To safely and effectively apply artemisinin sustained-release granules to control and prevent algal water-blooms, the effects of artemisinin and its sustained-release granules on freshwater alga (Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) and Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa)), as well as the production and release of microcystins (MCs) were studied. The results showed that artemisinin sustained-release granules inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa (above 95% IR) and S. obliquus (about 90% IR), with M. aeruginosa more sensitive. The artemisinin sustained-release granules had a longer inhibition effect on growth of pure algae and algal coexistence than direct artemisinin dosing. The artemisinin sustained-release granules could decrease the production and release of algal toxins due to the continued stress of artemisinin released from artemisinin sustained-release granules. There was no increase in the total amount of MC-LR in the algal cell culture medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE; School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China.
| | - Danye Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE; School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuzhen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE; School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE; School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210097, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE; School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE; School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Kumud Acharya
- Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sinang SC, Reichwaldt ES, Ghadouani A. Could the presence of larger fractions of non-cyanobacterial species be used as a predictor of microcystin production under variable nutrient regimes? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:476. [PMID: 26122127 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystin is highly dynamic in natural environments and poses one of the biggest challenges to water resource management. While a number of drivers are known to be responsible for the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, the drivers of microcystin production are not adequately known. This study aims to quantify the effects of the changes in the structures of phytoplankton and cyanobacterial communities on the dynamics of microcystin production under highly variable nutrient concentration. In our study, nutrient variability could explain 64% of the variability in microcystin production. When changes in the fractions of non-cyanobacteria versus cyanobacteria genera were additionally included, 80% of the variability in microcystin production could be explained; under high nutrient concentrations, non-cyanobacterial phytoplankton groups were dominant over cyanobacteria and cyanobacteria produced more toxins. In contrast, changes in the cyanobacterial community structures could only explain a further 4% of the dynamics of microcystin production. As such, the dominance of non-cyanobacterial groups appears to be a useful factor to explain microcystin occurrence in addition to traditionally used factors such as absolute cyanobacterial cell numbers, especially when the nutrient regime is taken into account. This information could help to further refine the risk assessment frameworks which are currently used to manage the risk posed by cyanobacterial blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Som Cit Sinang
- Aquatic Ecology and Ecosystem Studies, School of Civil, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M015, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brutemark A, Vandelannoote A, Engström-Öst J, Suikkanen S. A less saline Baltic Sea promotes cyanobacterial growth, hampers intracellular microcystin production, and leads to strain-specific differences in allelopathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128904. [PMID: 26042598 PMCID: PMC4456099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the main factors that explain the distribution of species in the Baltic Sea. Increased precipitation and consequent increase in freshwater inflow is predicted to decrease salinity in some areas of the Baltic Sea. Clearly such changes may have profound effects on the organisms living there. Here we investigate the response of the commonly occurring cyanobacterium Dolichospermum spp. to three salinities, 0, 3 and 6. For the three strains tested we recorded growth, intracellular toxicity (microcystin) and allelopathic properties. We show that Dolichospermum can grow in all the three salinities tested with highest growth rates in the lowest salinity. All strains showed allelopathic potential and it differed significantly between strains and salinities, but was highest in the intermediate salinity and lowest in freshwater. Intracellular toxin concentration was highest in salinity 6. In addition, based on monitoring data from the northern Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Finland, we show that salinity has decreased, while Dolichospermum spp. biomass has increased between 1979 and 2013. Thus, based on our experimental findings it is evident that salinity plays a large role in Dolichospermum growth, allelopathic properties and toxicity. In combination with our long-term data analyses, we conclude that decreasing salinity is likely to result in a more favourable environment for Dolichospermum spp. in some areas of the Baltic Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brutemark
- ARONIA Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Sciences & Åbo Akademi University, Ekenäs, Finland
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | | | - Jonna Engström-Öst
- ARONIA Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Sciences & Åbo Akademi University, Ekenäs, Finland
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Sanna Suikkanen
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gleason FH, Jephcott TG, Küpper FC, Gerphagnon M, Sime-Ngando T, Karpov SA, Guillou L, van Ogtrop FF. Potential roles for recently discovered chytrid parasites in the dynamics of harmful algal blooms. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
Ma J, Qin B, Paerl HW, Brookes JD, Wu P, Zhou J, Deng J, Guo J, Li Z. Green algal over cyanobacterial dominance promoted with nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a mesocosm study at Lake Taihu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5041-5049. [PMID: 25516247 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of waterways with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) has accelerated eutrophication and promoted cyanobacterial blooms worldwide. An understanding of whether cyanobacteria maintain their dominance under accelerated eutrophication will help predict trends and provide rational control measures. A mesocosm experiment was conducted under natural light and temperature conditions in Lake Taihu, China. It revealed that only N added to lake water promoted growth of colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria (Microcystis, Pseudoanabaena and Planktothrix) and single-cell green algae (Cosmarium, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus). Adding P alone promoted neither cyanobacteria nor green algae significantly. N plus P additions promoted cyanobacteria and green algae growth greatly. The higher growth rates of green algae vs. cyanobacteria in N plus P additions resulted in the biomass of green algae exceeding that of cyanobacteria. This indicates that further enrichment with N plus P in eutrophic water will enhance green algae over cyanobacterial dominance. However, it does not mean that eutrophication problems will cease. On the contrary, the risk will increase due to increasing total phytoplankton biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ni L, Jie X, Wang P, Li S, Wang G, Li Y, Li Y, Acharya K. Effect of linoleic acid sustained-release microspheres on Microcystis aeruginosa antioxidant enzymes activity and microcystins production and release. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 121:110-116. [PMID: 25496741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to identify the optimal dose range for good anti-algal effect of linoleic acid (LA) sustained-release microspheres and investigate their impact on the antioxidant enzymes (super oxide dismutase, Catalase and Peroxidase) activity changes of Microcystis aeruginosa, as well as the production and release of microcystins (MCs). Based on measured changes in algal cell density and inhibitory ratio (IR), the optimal dose of LA microspheres was 0.3 g L(-1) with over 90% of IR in this study. The Chlorophyll a content and antioxidant enzymes activity in the LA microspheres group decreased markedly until beyond the minimal detection limit after 16 d and 9 d, respectively. In addition, LA microspheres demonstrated no significant impact on the extracellular release of MCs during the culturing period. The amount of intracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR) per 10(6) algal cells in LA microspheres group was highest among all groups during the whole experimental process. Under the sustained stress of LA released from LA microspheres, the LA microspheres could decrease the production and release of algal toxins. There was no increase in the total amount of MC-LR in the algal cell culture medium. These indicated that LA sustained-release microspheres represent a high degree of ecological safety and their practical applications for the treatment of water undergoing algal blooms need further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoting Jie
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210097 Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210097 Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, MOE, School of Environment, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kaminski A, Bober B, Chrapusta E, Bialczyk J. Phytoremediation of anatoxin-a by aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca L. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:305-310. [PMID: 25048920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxin anatoxin-a (ANTX-a), one of the most common cyanotoxin, poses a health risk to people and can be lethal to aquatic organisms. This paper presents results on its bioremediation by the aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca. We show that the plant is resistant to the harmful impact of toxin and is capable of removing ANTX-a from water. Some of the ANTX-a concentrations which were used in our experiments were much higher than those found in natural conditions. The exposition of L. trisulca to 2.5 μg ANTX-a/mL did not affect its biomass accumulation within 24 d. Significant decreases in biomass content by 21% and 30% were demonstrated in samples cultivated in media containing 12.5 μg ANTX-a/mL after 18 and 24 day of experiment, respectively. One gram of fresh weight (f.w.) of L. trisulca cultured for 14 d in the media containing 50 μg ANTX-a removed 95% of the initial toxin concentration; for media with 250 μg ANTX-a, 86% was removed. In tests of ANTX-a binding stability and degradation we transferred the macrophyte to fresh media without added toxin; within 14 d the content of accumulated ANTX-a in the macrophyte decreased by 76% (from initial 19.3 μg ANTX-a/gf.w.), 71% (from 37.3 μg ANTX-a/g f.w.) and 47% (from 63.7 μg ANTX-a/g f.w.). The quantity of ANTX-a released to media was minimal: from 3.5% to 5.1% of the initial bioaccumulated value. The data show that part of the ANTX-a was degraded. Mass spectra analyses did not indicate transformation of ANTX-a to already known forms. These findings suggest that L. trisulca has much potential as a phytoremediation agent for stabilization of aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kaminski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysic and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Beata Bober
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysic and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Chrapusta
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysic and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Bialczyk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysic and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou Q, Han S, Yan S, Guo J, Song W, Liu G. Impacts of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms stress on the physiological characteristics, microcystin production and release of Microcystis aeruginosa. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Boopathi T, Ki JS. Impact of environmental factors on the regulation of cyanotoxin production. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1951-78. [PMID: 24967641 PMCID: PMC4113735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6071951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of thriving in almost all environments. Recent changes in climatic conditions due to increased human activities favor the occurrence and severity of harmful cyanobacterial bloom all over the world. Knowledge of the regulation of cyanotoxins by the various environmental factors is essential for effective management of toxic cyanobacterial bloom. In recent years, progress in the field of molecular mechanisms involved in cyanotoxin production has paved the way for assessing the role of various factors on the cyanotoxin production. In this review, we present an overview of the influence of various environmental factors on the production of major group of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins and saxitoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ma J, Brookes JD, Qin B, Paerl HW, Gao G, Wu P, Zhang W, Deng J, Zhu G, Zhang Y, Xu H, Niu H. Environmental factors controlling colony formation in blooms of the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in Lake Taihu, China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2014; 31:136-142. [PMID: 28040102 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) over-enrichment has accelerated eutrophication and promoted cyanobacterial blooms worldwide. The colonial bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus Microcystis is covered by sheaths which can protect cells from zooplankton grazing, viral or bacterial attack and other potential negative environmental factors. This provides a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton species. However, the mechanism of Microcystis colony formation is not clear. Here we report the influence of N, P and pH on Microcystis growth and colony formation in field simulation experiments in Lake Taihu (China). N addition to lake water maintained Microcystis colony size, promoted growth of total phytoplankton, and increased Microcystis proportion as part of total phytoplankton biomass. Increases in P did not promote growth but led to smaller colonies, and had no significant impact on the proportion of Microcystis in the community. N and P addition together promoted phytoplankton growth much more than only adding N. TN and TP concentrations lower than about TN 7.75-13.95mgL-1 and TP 0.41-0.74mgL-1 mainly promoted the growth of large Microcystis colonies, but higher concentrations than this promoted the formation of single cells. There was a strong inverse relationship between pH and colony size in the N&P treatments suggesting CO2 limitation may have induced colonies to become smaller. It appears that Microcystis colony formation is an adaptation to provide the organisms adverse conditions such as nutrient deficiencies or CO2 limitation induced by increased pH level associated with rapidly proliferating blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Justin D Brookes
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Boqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Guang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Hailin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu X, Wu H, Chen J, Ye J. Effects of allelochemical extracted from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes Linn.) on the growth, microcystin production and release of Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8192-8201. [PMID: 23653319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the optimisation of a method of extracting allelochemicals from Pistia stratiotes Linn., identified the optimal dose range for the allelochemicals' anti-algal effect and investigated their impact on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa, as well as the production and release of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Based on measured changes in algal cell density and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content, the allelochemicals were confirmed to have the strongest anti-algal effect with the lowest half-effect concentration of 65 mg L(-1) when they were extracted using ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent, 1:20 g mL(-1) as the extraction ratio and 1 h as the extraction time. The allelochemicals extracted from P. stratiotes using this optimal method exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of algae when used within a dose range of 60-100 mg L(-1); the relative inhibitory ratio reached 50-90%, and Chl-a content reduced 50-75% in algae cell cultures within 3-7 days. In addition, the extracted allelochemical compounds demonstrated no significant impact on the extracellular release of MC-LR during the culturing period. The amount of intracellular MC-LR per 10(6) algal cells increased depending on the increasing dose of allelochemicals from P. stratiotes after 7 days of culturing and maintained stability after 16 days. There was no increase in the total amount of MC-LR in the algal cell culture medium. Therefore, the application of allelochemicals from P. stratiotes to inhibit M. aeruginosa has a high degree of ecological safety and can be adopted in practical applications for treating water subjected to algae blooms because the treatment can effectively inhibit the proliferation of algal cells without increasing the release of cyanotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Holland A, Kinnear S. Interpreting the possible ecological role(s) of cyanotoxins: compounds for competitive advantage and/or physiological aide? Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2239-58. [PMID: 23807545 PMCID: PMC3736421 DOI: 10.3390/md11072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, most research on freshwater cyanotoxin(s) has focused on understanding the dynamics of toxin production and decomposition, as well as evaluating the environmental conditions that trigger toxin production, all with the objective of informing management strategies and options for risk reduction. Comparatively few research studies have considered how this information can be used to understand the broader ecological role of cyanotoxin(s), and the possible applications of this knowledge to the management of toxic blooms. This paper explores the ecological, toxicological, and genetic evidence for cyanotoxin production in natural environments. The possible evolutionary advantages of toxin production are grouped into two main themes: That of "competitive advantage" or "physiological aide". The first grouping illustrates how compounds produced by cyanobacteria may have originated from the need for a cellular defence mechanism, in response to grazing pressure and/or resource competition. The second grouping considers the contribution that secondary metabolites make to improved cellular physiology, through benefits to homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiencies, and accelerated growth rates. The discussion also includes other factors in the debate about possible evolutionary roles for toxins, such as different modes of exposures and effects on non-target (i.e., non-competitive) species. The paper demonstrates that complex and multiple factors are at play in driving evolutionary processes in aquatic environments. This information may provide a fresh perspective on managing toxic blooms, including the need to use a "systems approach" to understand how physico-chemical conditions, as well biological stressors, interact to trigger toxin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleicia Holland
- Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4700, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
El-Shehawy R, Gorokhova E, Fernández-Piñas F, del Campo FF. Global warming and hepatotoxin production by cyanobacteria: what can we learn from experiments? WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1420-9. [PMID: 22178305 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Global temperature is expected to rise throughout this century, and blooms of cyanobacteria in lakes and estuaries are predicted to increase with the current level of global warming. The potential environmental, economic and sanitation repercussions of these blooms have attracted considerable attention among the world's scientific communities, water management agencies and general public. Of particular concern is the worldwide occurrence of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria posing a serious threat to global public health. Here, we highlight plausible effects of global warming on physiological and molecular changes in these cyanobacteria and resulting effects on hepatotoxin production. We also emphasize the importance of understanding the natural biological function(s) of hepatotoxins, various mechanisms governing their synthesis, and climate-driven changes in food-web interactions, if we are to predict consequences of the current and projected levels of global warming for production and accumulation of hepatotoxins in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
|
33
|
Neilan BA, Pearson LA, Muenchhoff J, Moffitt MC, Dittmann E. Environmental conditions that influence toxin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:1239-53. [PMID: 22429476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, the genetic basis for production of many cyanobacterial bioactive compounds has been described. This knowledge has enabled investigations into the environmental factors that regulate the production of these toxins at the molecular level. Such molecular or systems level studies are also likely to reveal the physiological role of the toxin and contribute to effective water resource management. This review focuses on the environmental regulation of some of the most relevant cyanotoxins, namely the microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, anatoxins and jamaicamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun Y, Xu S, Li W, Zhang J, Wang C. Antialgal Substances from Isochrysis galbana and Its Effects on the Growth of Isochrysis galbana and Six Species of Feed Microalgae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27537-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
35
|
Krüger T, Hölzel N, Luckas B. Influence of cultivation parameters on growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae) isolated from Lake Chao (China). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:199-209. [PMID: 21710225 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa isolated in 2005 from the shallow eutrophic Lake Chao (Anhui, China) was investigated in terms of growth parameters and microcystin production under varying nutrient concentrations (P, N) and pH values (abiotic factors) as well as under the influence of spent medium of the non-toxic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. (biotic factors). Stimulating effects on growth were observed at the alkaline pH value (10.5), whereas toxin production was significantly increased under phosphate-P limitation (0.6 mg L(-1) medium). Within a broad range of nitrate-N concentrations (41.2-247.2 mg L(-1) medium), no significant influence on cell growth and microcystin production was observed; however, N-starvation resulted in a typical decrease of growth and toxicity. In addition, cryopreservation of M. aeruginosa evidenced the decrease of toxin production by time-dependent exposure with the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide under thawing conditions without affecting the growth of the cyanobacterial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krüger
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bártová K, Hilscherová K, Babica P, Maršálek B, Bláha L. Effects of microcystin and complex cyanobacterial samples on the growth and oxidative stress parameters in green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and comparison with the model oxidative stressor--herbicide paraquat. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:641-648. [PMID: 20549631 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the biochemical mechanisms involved in toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins microcystins (MC), but its role in the effects of complex water blooms is elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of pure MCs and different complex mixtures of cyanobacterial metabolites on the growth and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and detoxification in green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Pure MCs at high concentrations (300 μg/L) had no effects on the growth of P. subcapitata (up to 10 day exposures) but stimulated activity of glutathione reductase (GR) after short 3 and 24 h exposures. Other biomarkers (levels of glutathione, GSH, and activities of glutathione-S-transferase, GST, and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) were not affected by pure MCs). Crude extract of the laboratory culture of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (containing 300 μg/L of MCs) had no effects on algal growth or any of the biomarkers. Weak growth stimulations after 4-7 days were observed after exposures to the growth-spent medium of the M. aeruginosa culture, which also inhibited activities of GST after prolonged exposures. Other investigated parameters (reduced GSH and activity of GPx) were not affected by any of the cyanobacterial samples. The results were compared with effects of model oxidative stressor herbicide paraquat, which exhibited variable effects on both algal growth and biomarkers (decrease in reduced GSH, stimulations of GR). Taken together, although pure MCs induce oxidative stress in green alga, the effects of cyanobacterial mixtures, which are more relevant to the natural situation, are more complex and they differ from the pure toxin. High variability in the biochemical responses to the oxidative stress makes the interpretation of results complicated, which limits the use of these biomarkers as early warnings of toxicity under natural conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Bártová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno CZ62500, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gan N, Xiao Y, Zhu L, Wu Z, Liu J, Hu C, Song L. The role of microcystins in maintaining colonies of bloom-forming Microcystis spp. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:730-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
38
|
Lopes VR, Vasconcelos VM. Bioactivity of benthic and picoplanktonic estuarine cyanobacteria on growth of photoautotrophs: inhibition versus stimulation. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:790-802. [PMID: 21673889 PMCID: PMC3111182 DOI: 10.3390/md9050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding potential biochemical interactions and effects among cyanobacteria and other organisms is one of the main keys to a better knowledge of microbial population structuring and dynamics. In this study, the effects of cyanobacteria from benthos and plankton of estuaries on other cyanobacteria and green algae growth were evaluated. To understand how the estuarine cyanobacteria might influence the dynamics of phytoplankton, experiments were carried out with the freshwater species Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella sp., and the marine Synechocystis salina and Nannochloropsis sp. exposed to aqueous and organic (70% methanol) crude extracts of cyanobacteria for 96 h. The most pronounced effect observed was the growth stimulation. Growth inhibition was also observed for S. salina and M. aeruginosa target-species at the highest and lowest concentrations of cyanobacterial extracts. The methanolic crude extract of Phormidium cf. chalybeum LEGE06078 was effective against S. salina growth in a concentration-dependent manner after 96 h-exposure. All of the cyanobacterial isolates showed some bioactivity on the target-species growth, i.e., inhibitory or stimulating effects. These results indicate that the analyzed cyanobacterial isolates can potentially contribute to blooms' proliferation of other cyanobacteria and to the abnormal growth of green algae disturbing the dynamic of estuarine phytoplankton communities. Since estuaries are transitional ecosystems, the benthic and picoplanktonic estuarine cyanobacteria can change both freshwater and marine phytoplankton succession, competition and bloom formation. Furthermore, a potential biotechnological application of these isolates as a tool to control cyanobacteria and microalgae proliferation can be feasible. This work is the first on the subject of growth responses of photoautotrophs to cyanobacteria from Atlantic estuarine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana R. Lopes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Genomic and Evolution-Centre of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (V.R.L.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +351-223401814; Fax: +351 223380609
| | - Vitor M. Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Genomic and Evolution-Centre of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (V.R.L.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +351-223401814; Fax: +351 223380609
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
More and more toxins around–analysis of cyanobacterial strains isolated from Lake Chao (Anhui Province, China). Toxicon 2010; 56:1520-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
40
|
Eder M, Lütz-Meindl U. Analyses and localization of pectin-like carbohydrates in cell wall and mucilage of the green alga Netrium digitus. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 243:25-38. [PMID: 19340523 PMCID: PMC2892062 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular, simply shaped desmid Netrium digitus inhabiting acid bog ponds grows in two phases. Prior to division, the cell elongates at its central zone, whereas in a second phase, polar tip growth occurs. Electron microscopy demonstrates that Netrium is surrounded by a morphologically homogeneous cell wall, which lacks pores. Immunocytochemical and biochemical analyses give insight into physical wall properties and, thus, into adaptation to the extreme environment. The monoclonal antibodies JIM5 and JIM7 directed against pectic epitopes with different degrees of esterification label preferentially growing wall zones in Netrium. In contrast, 2F4 marks the cell wall only after experimental de-esterification. Electron energy loss spectroscopy reveals Ca-binding capacities of pectins and gives indirect evidence for the degree of their esterification. An antibody raised against Netrium mucilage is not only specific to mucilage but also recognizes wall components in transmission electron microscopy and dot blots. These results indicate a smooth transition between mucilage and the cell wall in Netrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Eder
- Cell Biology Department, Plant Physiology Division, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, Salzburg, A-5020 Austria
- Present Address: Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, Saarbrücken, D-66123 Germany
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Cell Biology Department, Plant Physiology Division, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, Salzburg, A-5020 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Leão PN, Pereira AR, Liu WT, Ng J, Pevzner PA, Dorrestein PC, König GM, Vasconcelos VM, Gerwick WH. Synergistic allelochemicals from a freshwater cyanobacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11183-8. [PMID: 20534563 PMCID: PMC2895120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914343107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cyanobacteria to produce complex secondary metabolites with potent biological activities has gathered considerable attention due to their potential therapeutic and agrochemical applications. However, the precise physiological or ecological roles played by a majority of these metabolites have remained elusive. Several studies have shown that cyanobacteria are able to interfere with other organisms in their communities through the release of compounds into the surrounding medium, a phenomenon usually referred to as allelopathy. Exudates from the freshwater cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. had previously been shown to inhibit the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris. In this study, we observed that maximal allelopathic activity is highest in early growth stages of the cyanobacterium, and this provided sufficient material for isolation and chemical characterization of active compounds that inhibited the growth of C. vulgaris. Using a bioassay-guided approach, we isolated and structurally characterized these metabolites as cyclic peptides containing several unusually modified amino acids that are found both in the cells and in the spent media of Oscillatoria sp. cultures. Strikingly, only the mixture of the two most abundant metabolites in the cells was active toward C. vulgaris. Synergism was also observed in a lung cancer cell cytotoxicity assay. The binary mixture inhibited other phytoplanktonic organisms, supporting a natural function of this synergistic mixture of metabolites as allelochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N. Leão
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography
| | | | | | - Julio Ng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and
| | | | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636
| | - Gabriele M. König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Vitor M. Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oberhaus L, Briand JF, Humbert JF. Allelopathic growth inhibition by the toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 66:243-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
43
|
Husain S. Literature overview: Emerging organic contaminants in water and their remediation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
44
|
Pegram RA, Nichols T, Etheridge S, Humpage A, LeBlanc S, Love A, Neilan B, Pflugmacher S, Runnegar M, Thacker R. Cyanotoxins Workgroup report. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 619:317-81. [PMID: 18461775 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
45
|
Gantar M, Berry JP, Thomas S, Wang M, Perez R, Rein KS. Allelopathic activity among Cyanobacteria and microalgae isolated from Florida freshwater habitats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 64:55-64. [PMID: 18266743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated allelopathic interactions between strains of Cyanobacteria and green algae isolated from south and central Florida. Allelopathy, including inhibition or stimulation of growth, was assessed by cocultivation of each of the isolated strains, as well as by evaluation of extracts prepared from the isolates. All of the strains of Cyanobacteria, and four of the six isolates of green algae, showed some allelopathic activity (i.e. inhibition or stimulation of the growth of other strains). Of these, the most pronounced activity was observed for the cyanobacterial isolate Fischerella sp. strain 52-1. In the cocultivation experiments this cyanobacterium inhibited the growth of all tested green algae and Cyanobacteria. The crude lipophilic extracts from Fischerella sp. strain 52-1 isolated from both the biomass and the culture liquid inhibited photosynthesis of the green alga Chlamydomonas sp. in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and caused extensive loss of ultrastructural cell organization. Preliminary chemical characterization of compounds extracted from Fischerella sp. strain 52-1 indicated the presence of indole alkaloids, and further characterization has confirmed that these compounds belong to the hapalindoles previously isolated from other species of Fischerella and related genera. Further chemical characterization of these compounds, and further investigation of their apparent role in allelopathy is ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Gantar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Osswald J, Rellán S, Gago A, Vasconcelos V. Toxicology and detection methods of the alkaloid neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, anatoxin-a. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:1070-89. [PMID: 17673293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater resources are under stress due to naturally occurring conditions and human impacts. One of the consequences is the proliferation of cyanobacteria, microphytoplankton organisms that are capable to produce toxins called cyanotoxins. Anatoxin-a is one of the main cyanotoxins. It is a very potent neurotoxin that was already responsible for some animal fatalities. In this review we endeavor to divulgate much of the internationally published information about toxicology, occurrence and detection methods of anatoxin-a. Cyanobacteria generalities, anatoxin-a occurrence and production as well as anatoxin-a toxicology and its methods of detection are the aspects focused in this review. Remediation of anatoxin-a occurrence will be addressed with a public health perspective. Final remarks call the attention for some important gaps in the knowledge about this neurotoxin and its implication to public health. Alterations of aquatic ecosystems caused by anatoxin-a is also addressed. Although anatoxin-a is not the more frequent cyanotoxin worldwide, it has to be regarded as a health risk that can be fatal to terrestrial and aquatic organisms because of its high toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ting ZHANG, Lirong SONG. Allelopathic effect between Microcystis aeruginosa and three filamentous cyanobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.18307/2006.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
48
|
Wiegand C, Pflugmacher S. Ecotoxicological effects of selected cyanobacterial secondary metabolites: a short review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 203:201-18. [PMID: 15737675 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are one of the most diverse groups of gram-negative photosynthetic prokaryotes. Many of them are able to produce a wide range of toxic secondary metabolites. These cyanobacterial toxins can be classified in five different groups: hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatotoxins, and irritant toxins (lipopolysaccharides). Cyanobacterial blooms are hazardous due to this production of secondary metabolites and endotoxins, which could be toxic to animals and plants. Many of the freshwater cyanobacterial blooms include species of the toxigenic genera Microcystis, Anabaena, or Plankthotrix. These compounds differ in mechanisms of uptake, affected organs, and molecular mode of action. In this review, the main focus is the aquatic environment and the effects of these toxins to the organisms living there. Some basic toxic mechanisms will be discussed in comparison to the mammalian system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wiegand
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Padovesi-Fonseca C, Philomeno MG. Effects of algicide (Copper Sulfate) application on short-term fluctuations of phytoplankton in Lake Paranoá, Central Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2004; 64:819-26. [PMID: 15744422 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842004000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term fluctuations and structure of phytoplankton were examined for two months in the dry season (August-September/1997) in a eutrophic reservoir of central Brazil. Algicide treatment for the control of Microcystis aeruginosa bloom influenced the short-term variation pattern of the phytoplankton community. Algicide treatment was effective in controlling M. aeruginosa bloom, but it also influenced the Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii population. These species retained low densities, showing small colonies and trichomes, respectively. Drops in Cyanobacteria populations following algicide treatment were succeeded by progressive increase in Chlorophyta. The shifts in environmental conditions may have allowed the development of this group. In this study correspondence analysis of abundance data for phytoplankton assemblage in lake Paranoá revealed that available light, rather than chlorophyll-a, total suspended material, and water temperature, accounted for most of the short-term fluctuation in phytoplankton structure during algicide application. Canonical correspondance analysis (CCA) showed the primary importance of water transparency changes in abundance of taxa in the community. Algicide treatment for the control of nuisance blooms is discussed as a contribution to improved efficiency in reservoir management.
Collapse
|
50
|
Matz CJ, Christensen MR, Bone AD, Gress CD, Widenmaier SB, Weger HG. Only iron-limited cells of the cyanobacteriumAnabaena flos-aquaeinhibit growth of the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocultivation of iron-limited cells of the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyng.) Brèb. and the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard resulted in growth of Anabaena but not Chlamydomonas, even in the presence of excess exogenous iron. This effect was also observed during the cultivation of Chlamydomonas in a medium in which iron-limited Anabaena cells had been growing, but were removed prior to culture of Chlamydomonas. Conversely, iron-limited Chlamydomonas cells grew very well in medium from iron (nutrient)-sufficient, phosphate-limited, and nitrogen-limited Anabaena cultures. Iron-limited Anabaena cultures produced siderophores, while the other types of Anabaena cultures did not. Treatment of Anabaena iron-limited medium with activated charcoal completely removed the inhibitory effect on Chlamydomonas growth, and boiling the medium removed most of the inhibitory effect. Both the charcoal and the boiling treatments also removed siderophores from the medium. Partially purified Anabaena siderophore preparations were also inhibitory to Chlamydomonas growth. The inhibitory effect of iron-limited Anabaena medium could be partially overcome by addition of excess micronutrients (especially cobalt copper) but not by addition of iron. We suggest that Anabaena-derived siderophores, present only in iron-limited Anabaena medium, inhibit the growth of Chlamydomonas cells via a previously uncharacterized toxicity. This effect is different from previously described experiments in which cyanobacterial siderophores suppressed green algal growth via competition for limiting amounts of iron.Key words: Anabaena, Chlamydomonas, cocultivation, iron limitation, micronutrients; siderophores.
Collapse
|