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Inui N, Miura T. Comparisons of developmental processes of air-breathing organs among terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Oniscidea): implications for their evolutionary origins. EvoDevo 2024; 15:9. [PMID: 39026371 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-024-00229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acquisition of air-breathing organs is one of the key innovations for terrestrialization in animals. Terrestrial isopods, a crustacean lineage, can be interesting models to study the evolution of respiratory organs, as they exhibit varieties of air-breathing structures according to their habitats. However, the evolutionary processes and origins of these structures are unclear, due to the lack of information about their developmental processes. To understand the developmental mechanisms, we compared the developmental processes forming different respiratory structures in three isopod species, i.e., 'uncovered lungs' in Nagurus okinawaensis (Trachelipodidae), 'dorsal respiratory fields' in Alloniscus balssi (Alloniscidae), and pleopods without respiratory structures in Armadilloniscus cf. ellipticus (Detonidae). RESULTS In N. okinawaensis with uncovered lungs, epithelium and cuticle around the proximal hemolymph sinus developed into respiratory structures at post-manca juvenile stages. On the other hand, in Al. balssi with dorsal respiratory fields, the region for the future respiratory structure was already present at manca 1 stage, immediately after hatching, where the lateral protrusion of ventral epithelium occurred, forming the respiratory structure. Furthermore, on pleopods in Ar. cf. ellipticus, only thickened dorsal cuticle and the proximal hemolymph sinus developed during postembryonic development without special morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the respiratory structures in terrestrial isopods develop primarily by postembryonic epithelial modifications, but the epithelial positions developing into respiratory structures differ between uncovered lungs and dorsal respiratory fields. This suggests that these two types of respiratory structures do not result from simple differences in the degree of development. Future analysis of molecular developmental mechanisms will help determine whether these are the result of heterotopic changes or have different evolutionary origins. Overall, this study provides fundamental information for evolutionary developmental studies of isopod respiratory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Inui
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan.
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Marin IN, Tiunov AV. Terrestrial crustaceans (Arthropoda, Crustacea): taxonomic diversity, terrestrial adaptations, and ecological functions. Zookeys 2023; 1169:95-162. [PMID: 38328027 PMCID: PMC10848873 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1169.97812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial crustaceans are represented by approximately 4,900 species from six main lineages. The diversity of terrestrial taxa ranges from a few genera in Cladocera and Ostracoda to about a third of the known species in Isopoda. Crustaceans are among the smallest as well as the largest terrestrial arthropods. Tiny microcrustaceans (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda) are always associated with water films, while adult stages of macrocrustaceans (Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda) spend most of their lives in terrestrial habitats, being independent of liquid water. Various adaptations in morphology, physiology, reproduction, and behavior allow them to thrive in virtually all geographic areas, including extremely arid habitats. The most derived terrestrial crustaceans have acquired highly developed visual and olfactory systems. The density of soil copepods is sometimes comparable to that of mites and springtails, while the total biomass of decapods on tropical islands can exceed that of mammals in tropical rainforests. During migrations, land crabs create record-breaking aggregations and biomass flows for terrestrial invertebrates. The ecological role of terrestrial microcrustaceans remains poorly studied, while omnivorous macrocrustaceans are important litter transformers and soil bioturbators, occasionally occupying the position of the top predators. Notably, crustaceans are the only group among terrestrial saprotrophic animals widely used by humans as food. Despite the great diversity and ecological impact, terrestrial crustaceans, except for woodlice, are often neglected by terrestrial ecologists. This review aims to narrow this gap discussing the diversity, abundance, adaptations to terrestrial lifestyle, trophic relationships and ecological functions, as well as the main methods used for sampling terrestrial crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Marin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, RussiaA.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Alexei V. Tiunov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, RussiaA.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
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Herhold HW, Davis SR, DeGrey SP, Grimaldi DA. Comparative Anatomy of the Insect Tracheal System Part 1: Introduction, Apterygotes, Paleoptera, Polyneoptera. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2023. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.459.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hollister W. Herhold
- Richard Gilder Graduate School and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Steven R. Davis
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History; Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Samuel P. DeGrey
- Kimberly Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly
| | - David A. Grimaldi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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Inui N, Kimbara R, Yamaguchi H, Miura T. Pleopodal lung development in a terrestrial isopod, Porcellio scaber (Oniscidea). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 71:101210. [PMID: 36206666 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, various lineages of arthropods colonized land and independently acquired air-breathing organs. Some taxa of oniscidean isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) are the most successful crustacean lineages on land and possess organs called "lungs" or "pseudotrachea" for air-breathing in their abdominal appendages, i.e., in pleopods. Although these lungs are important for adapting to the terrestrial environment, their developmental process has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the process of lung development in Porcellio scaber, the common rough woodlouse with pleopodal lungs in the first two pairs of pleopods. The lungs in the second pleopods developed at the manca 1 stage (immediately after hatching) and became functional at the manca 2 stage. In the first pleopods, which appear at the manca 3 stage, the lungs were gradually developed during the manca 3 stage and became functional in post-manca juveniles. In the second pleopods, epithelial invaginations led to lung development. These results suggest that some novel developmental mechanisms with epithelial invaginations and cuticle formation were acquired during terrestrialization, resulting in the development of functional lungs in the terrestrial isopod lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Inui
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kimbara
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamaguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan.
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5
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Gunawardana SL, Larsen KW. Comparative exploratory movements of two terrestrial isopods (suborder: Oniscidea), in response to humidity and availability of food. BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Unfavourable conditions within familiar environments may prompt organisms to make forays into other habitats, at least temporarily. This behaviour is in turn linked to key demographic processes such as immigration, emigration, and eventually, metapopulation dynamics. How such movements are triggered by environmental conditions (much less their interaction effects) has rarely been experimentally tested. To address this, we examined how environmental conditions (3 levels of food and 3 levels of humidity) within a microcosm affect the movements of two species of isopods (Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio scaber) out of their familiar habitat. We used web-camera checkpoints to record the movements of individually marked animals as they conducted forays along corridors that lead to new, unused habitats. Thirty-six trials were run in total for each species, with each trial involving 16 animals (8 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀). Relatively unfavourable conditions of low humidity, low food levels, and their interaction prompted changes to all the foray metrics we measured. However, different levels of mobility and tolerance to desiccation between the two species also appeared linked to the degree of responses, e.g., Porcellio demonstrated a greater tendency to depart from familiar habitat under low humidity, possibly due to their superior mobility and greater susceptibility to desiccation. This study improves our understanding of how different environmental conditions act in concert to affect the exploratory movements away from familiar habitat, and how these responses differ even for closely-related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasindu L. Gunawardana
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Karl W. Larsen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
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Antoł A, Berg MP, Verberk WC. Effects of body size and lung type on desiccation resistance, hypoxia tolerance and thermal preference in two terrestrial isopods species. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104247. [PMID: 33940041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods have evolved adaptations to reduce water loss, which is necessary for life in low humidity environments. However, the evolution of a waterproofed cuticle to prevent loss of water to the environment could also impede oxygen uptake from the environment. We therefore postulate an evolutionary trade-off between water retention and gas exchange in this group of soil animals. The outcome of this trade-off is expected to be affected by both differences across species (different types of lung) and differences within species (body size and resulting surface area to volume ratios). To test these ideas, we compared two sympatric isopods: Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus. While P. scaber possesses covered lungs typical for drier habitats, O. asellus has simple open respiratory fields which are in direct contact with external air. For each species, we assessed how individuals across a broad range in body size differed in their hypoxia and desiccation tolerance. In addition, we assessed how hypoxia and low humidity affected their thermal preference. We found clear effects of species identity and body size on tolerance to hypoxia and low humidity. Desiccation resistance was tightly linked to water loss rates (R2 = 0.96) and strongly resembled the interspecific pattern across 20 isopod species. However, our results did not support the postulated trade-off. Tolerance to hypoxia and low humidity covaried, both increasing with body size and being higher in P. scaber. Thermal preference was affected by both hypoxia and low humidity, but not by body size. Our study increases understanding of the ecophysiology of both species, which can be useful in explaining the geographical distribution and use of microhabitats of isopod species in a climate change context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Matty P Berg
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Post Box 11103 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco Cep Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ernst F, Fabritius HO, Griesshaber E, Reisecker C, Neues F, Epple M, Schmahl WW, Hild S, Ziegler A. Functional adaptations in the tergite cuticle of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri (Milne-Edwards, 1840). J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107570. [PMID: 32650132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To survive in its extreme habitat, the cuticle of the burrowing desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri requires properties distinct from isopods living in moist or mesic habitats. In particular, the anterior tergites are exposed to high mechanical loads and temperatures when individuals guard the entrance of their burrow. We have, therefore, investigated the architecture, composition, calcite texture and local mechanical properties of the tergite cuticle, with particular emphasis on large anterior cuticle tubercles and differences between the anterior and posterior tergite. Unexpectedly, structure and thickness of the epicuticle resemble those in mesic isopod species. The anterior tergite has a thicker endocuticle and a higher local stiffness than the posterior tergite. Calcite distribution in the cuticle is unusual, because in addition to the exocuticle the endocuticle distally also contains calcite. The calcite consists of a distal layer of dense and highly co-oriented crystal-units, followed proximally by irregularly distributed and, with respect to each other, misoriented calcite crystallites. The calcite layer at the tip of the tubercle is thicker relative to the tubercle slopes, and its crystallites are more misoriented to each other. A steep decrease of local stiffness and hardness is observed within a distal region of the cuticle, likely caused by a successive increase in the ACC/calcite ratio rather than changes in the degree of mineralisation. Comparison of the results with other isopods reveals a much lower ACC/calcite ratio in H. reaumuri and a correlation between the degree of terrestriality of isopod species and the magnesium content of the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ernst
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Bionics and Materials Development, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany; Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Christian Reisecker
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Neues
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Theresienstr. 41, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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Transcriptomes reveal expression of hemoglobins throughout insects and other Hexapoda. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234272. [PMID: 32502196 PMCID: PMC7274415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have long been thought to largely not require hemoglobins, with some notable exceptions like the red hemolymph of chironomid larvae. The tubular, branching network of tracheae in hexapods is traditionally considered sufficient for their respiration. Where hemoglobins do occur sporadically in plants and animals, they are believed to be either convergent, or because they are ancient in origin and their expression is lost in many clades. Our comprehensive analysis of 845 Hexapod transcriptomes, totaling over 38 Gbases, revealed the expression of hemoglobins in all 32 orders of hexapods, including the 29 recognized orders of insects. Discovery and identification of 1333 putative hemoglobins were achieved with target-gene BLAST searches of the NCBI TSA database, verifying functional residues, secondary- and tertiary-structure predictions, and localization predictions based on machine learning. While the majority of these hemoglobins are intracellular, extracellular ones were recovered in 38 species. Gene trees were constructed via multiple-sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses. These indicate duplication events within insects and a monophyletic grouping of hemoglobins outside other globin clades, for which we propose the term insectahemoglobins. These hemoglobins are phylogenetically adjacent and appear structurally convergent with the clade of chordate myoglobins, cytoglobins, and hemoglobins. Their derivation and co-option from early neuroglobins may explain the widespread nature of hemoglobins in various kingdoms and phyla. These results will guide future work involving genome comparisons to transcriptome results, experimental investigations of gene expression, cell and tissue localization, and gas binding properties, all of which are needed to further illuminate the complex respiratory adaptations in insects.
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Antoł A, Labecka AM, Horváthová T, Zieliński B, Szabla N, Vasko Y, Pecio A, Kozłowski J, Czarnoleski M. Thermal and oxygen conditions during development cause common rough woodlice (Porcellio scaber) to alter the size of their gas-exchange organs. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Antoł A, Rojek W, Singh S, Piekarski D, Czarnoleski M. Hypoxia causes woodlice (Porcellio scaber) to select lower temperatures and impairs their thermal performance and heat tolerance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220647. [PMID: 31369635 PMCID: PMC6675064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperatures and oxygen availability are important for the balance between oxygen supply and demand. Terrestrial organisms are generally perceived to be less limited by access to oxygen than their aquatic counterparts. Nevertheless, even terrestrial environments can be deficient in oxygen, especially for organisms occurring in soil, litter, wood, rotten fruit or at high elevations. While isopods are the best adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle among crustaceans, many species, including woodlice, occupy environmental gradients of temperature and oxygen. To investigate whether mismatches between oxygen supply and demand can result in a loss of performance in a terrestrial organism, we studied the effects of atmospheric oxygen concentration on the thermal performance of the common rough woodlouse (Porcellio scaber). We compared the thermal preference, thermal sensitivity of running speed, and tolerance to extreme temperatures of woodlice exposed to one of two oxygen concentrations (21% - normoxia, 7% - hypoxia). Under hypoxia, P. scaber preferred microhabitats with temperatures that were on average 3°C lower than those preferred under normoxia. The running speed tended to reach its maximum at a lower temperature under hypoxia than under normoxia (25.13°C vs 28.87°C, respectively, although p was equal to 0.09), and normoxic woodlice ran approximately 1.5-fold faster than hypoxic woodlice at the point of maximum speed. Heat tolerance was significantly lower under hypoxia (38.9°C) than under normoxia (40.7°C), but there was no difference in cold tolerance (5.81°C under normoxia and 5.44°C under hypoxia). Overall, our results indicate that environmental gradients of temperature and oxygen may shape the physiological performance of terrestrial ectotherms, likely via their effects on the balance between oxygen supply and demand, which may have fitness consequences for these organisms in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Wiktoria Rojek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Damian Piekarski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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Hassall M, Moss A, Dixie B, Gilroy JJ. Interspecific variation in responses to microclimate by terrestrial isopods: implications in relation to climate change. Zookeys 2018:5-24. [PMID: 30564030 PMCID: PMC6288266 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.24934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of considering species-specific biotic interactions when predicting feedbacks between the effects of climate change and ecosystem functions is becoming widely recognised. The responses of soil animals to predicted changes in global climate could potentially have far-reaching consequences for fluxes of soil carbon, including climatic feedbacks resulting from increased emissions of carbon dioxide from soils. The responses of soil animals to different microclimates can be summarised as norms of reaction, in order to compare phenotypic differences in traits along environmental gradients. Thermal and moisture reaction norms for physiological, behavioural and life history traits of species of terrestrial isopods differing in their morphological adaptations for reducing water loss are presented. Gradients of moisture reaction norms for respiratory rates and thermal reaction norms for water loss, for a species from the littoral zone were steeper than those for species from mesic environments. Those for mesic species were steeper than for those from xeric habitats. Within mesic species, gradients of thermal reaction norms for aggregation were steeper for Oniscusasellus than for Porcellioscaber or Armadilliumvulgare, and moisture reaction norms for sheltering and feeding behaviours were steeper for Philosciamuscorum than for either P.scaber or A.vulgare. These differences reflect differences in body shape, permeability of the cuticle, and development of pleopodal lungs. The implications of differences between different species of soil animals in response to microclimate on the possible influence of the soil fauna on soil carbon dynamics under future climates are discussed. In conclusion a modelling approach to bridging the inter-disciplinary gap between carbon cycling and the biology of soil animals is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hassall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom
| | - Anna Moss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom.,School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK University of Dundee Dundee United Kingdom
| | - Bernice Dixie
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom
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12
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Konno A, Okazaki S. Aqueous-based tissue clearing in crustaceans. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:13. [PMID: 29930867 PMCID: PMC5991465 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of the internal tissues and organs of a macroscopic organism usually requires destructive processes, such as dissection or sectioning. These processes are inevitably associated with the loss of some spatial information. Recently, aqueous-based tissue clearing techniques, which allow whole-organ or even whole-body clearing of small rodents, have been developed and opened a new method of three-dimensional histology. It is expected that these techniques will be useful tools in the field of zoology, in which organisms with highly diverse morphology are investigated and compared. However, most of these new methods are optimized for soft, non-pigmented organs in small rodents, especially the brain, and their applicability to non-model organisms with hard exoskeletons and stronger pigmentation has not been tested. RESULTS We explored the possible application of an aqueous-based tissue clearing technique, advanced CUBIC, on small crustaceans. The original CUBIC procedure did not clear the terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium vulgare. Therefore, to apply the whole-mount clearing method to isopods with strong pigmentation and calcified exoskeletons, we introduced several pretreatment steps, including decalcification and bleaching. Thereafter, the clearing capacity of the procedure was dramatically improved, and A. vulgare became transparent. The internal organs, such as the digestive tract and male reproductive organs, were visible through sclerites using an ordinary stereomicroscope. We also found that fluorescent nuclear staining using propidium iodide (PI) helped to visualize the internal organs of cleared specimens. Our procedure was also effective on the marine crab, Philyra sp. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we developed a method to clear whole tissues of crustaceans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of whole-mount clearing applied to crustaceans using an aqueous-based technique. This technique could facilitate morphological studies of crustaceans and other organisms with calcified exoskeletons and pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alu Konno
- Department of Medical Spectroscopy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-City, Shizuoka-Pref 431-3192 Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Department of Medical Spectroscopy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu-City, Shizuoka-Pref 431-3192 Japan
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13
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Heinrich EC, Gray EM, Ossher A, Meigher S, Grun F, Bradley TJ. Aerobic function in mitochondria persists beyond death by heat stress in insects. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:267-274. [PMID: 29037393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of insects can be determined using flow-through thermolimit respirometry. It has been demonstrated that respiratory patterns cease and insects do not recover once the CTmax temperature has been reached. However, if high temperatures are maintained following the CTmax, researchers have observed a curious phenomenon whereby the insect body releases a large burst of carbon dioxide at a rate and magnitude that often exceed that of the live insect. This carbon dioxide release has been termed the post-mortal peak (PMP). We demonstrate here that the PMP is observed only at high temperatures, is oxygen-dependent, is prevented by cyanide exposure, and is associated with concomitant consumption of oxygen. We conclude that the PMP derives from highly active, aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria. The insect tracheal system contains air-filled tubes that reach deep into the tissues and allow mitochondria access to oxygen even upon organismal death. This unique condition permits the investigation of mitochondrial function during thermal failure in a manner that cannot be achieved using vertebrate organisms or in vitro preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Heinrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
| | - Emilie M Gray
- Department of Organismal Biology & Ecology, Colorado College, 14 East Cache La Poudre St., Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - Ashley Ossher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Stephen Meigher
- Department of Organismal Biology & Ecology, Colorado College, 14 East Cache La Poudre St., Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - Felix Grun
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, 2620 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697-2280, USA
| | - Timothy J Bradley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
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14
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Broly P, Devigne C, Deneubourg JL. Body shape in terrestrial isopods: A morphological mechanism to resist desiccation? J Morphol 2015; 276:1283-9. [PMID: 26289755 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Woodlice are fully terrestrial crustaceans and are known to be sensitive to water loss. Their half-ellipsoidal shapes represent simple models in which to investigate theoretical assumptions about organism morphology and rates of exchange with the environment. We examine the influence of surface area and mass on the desiccation rates in three eco-morphologically different species of woodlice: Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber, and Armadillidium vulgare. Our analysis indicates that the rate of water loss of an individual depends on both the initial weight and the body surface area. Interspecific and intraspecific analyses show that the mass-specific water loss rate of a species decreases along with the ratio of surface area to volume. In particular, we show that body shape explains the difference in mass-specific water loss rates between A. vulgare and P. scaber. This observation also explains several known ecological patterns, for example, the distribution and survivorship of individuals. However, in addition to body size and shape, water loss in terrestrial isopods depends also on the coefficient of permeability (i.e., a measure of water loss rate per surface unit), which is high in O. asellus and lower (and at similar levels) in P. scaber and A. vulgare. We discuss morphological, physiological, and behavioral aspects of water loss avoidance in terrestrial isopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Broly
- Unité d'Ecologie Sociale, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Campus De La Plaine CP231, Boulevard Du Triomphe, Bruxelles, 1050, Belgium
| | - Cédric Devigne
- Laboratoire Ecologie & Biodiversité, Faculté De Gestion, Economie & Sciences, UCLILLE, 58 rue du Port, 59016 Lille cedex, France.,University Lille Nord de France - UDSL, Forensic Taphonomy Unit, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Deneubourg
- Unité d'Ecologie Sociale, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Campus De La Plaine CP231, Boulevard Du Triomphe, Bruxelles, 1050, Belgium
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15
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Javidkar M, Cooper SJB, King RA, Humphreys WF, Austin AD. Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal a new southern hemisphere oniscidean family (Crustacea : Isopoda) with a unique water transport system. INVERTEBR SYST 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/is15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A significant diversity of terrestrial oniscidean isopods was recently discovered in the subterranean ‘calcrete islands’ of Western Australia, but the species and higher-level systematic status of much of the fauna are currently uncertain. Here we focus on one group of species that was initially assigned to the genus Trichorhina (Platyarthridae), based on several shared characters, and investigate the phylogenetic relationships of these species to 21 oniscidean genera, including 13 known families, using 18S rDNA sequence data. We then present phylogenetic analyses using 28S-only and combined 18S, 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data for a more restricted sampling of taxa, and present results for a detailed morphological study of the antennae and other cephalic structures of exemplar taxa. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of the extended 18S-only, the 28S-only and multi-gene datasets provide strong evidence for a distinct well-supported monophyletic group comprising the new Western Australian and one South American taxon. This clade is unrelated to all included members of Platyarthridae, which appears to be polyphyletic, and it forms a distinct group relative to other oniscidean families. Given these findings and the results of the morphological study, a new southern hemisphere oniscidean family, Paraplatyarthridae Javidkar & King, fam. nov. is erected based on Paraplatyarthrus subterraneus Javidkar & King, gen. & sp. nov. (type genus and species), and several undescribed taxa which occur in the arid (terrestrial and subterranean) regions of Western Australia and subtropical South America. Paraplatyarthridae is distinguishable from all other oniscidian families on a combination of character states including, among others, the presence of fan-like scale setae on the dorsal body, and the ventral second antenna with leaf-like scale setae and a furrow containing elongated hair-like capillary setae that form part of a water conducting system unique within Oniscidea. This study has important implications for the higher-level classification of oniscidean crustaceans and points to the need for a more detailed molecular phylogeny that includes a comprehensive sampling of southern hemisphere taxa.
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16
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Campos-Filho IS, Araujo PB, Bichuette ME, Trajano E, Taiti S. Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves. Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal; Departamento de Zoologia; Laboratório de Carcinologia; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia 91510-070 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Paula Beatriz Araujo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal; Departamento de Zoologia; Laboratório de Carcinologia; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia 91510-070 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Maria Elina Bichuette
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva; Rodovia Washington Luis; Km 235 13565-905 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eleonora Trajano
- Universidade de São Paulo; Instituto de Biociências; Departamento de Zoologia; Rua do Matão, trav. 14, n°. 321, Cidade Universitária 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Stefano Taiti
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
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17
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Raupach MJ, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Knebelsberger T, Laakmann S, Pfaender J, Leese F. Phylogeographical analysis ofLigia oceanica(Crustacea: Isopoda) reveals two deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Raupach
- Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung; Senckenberg am Meer; Südstrand 44 26382 Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds
- AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie; Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften (IBU) - Fakultät V; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Thomas Knebelsberger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung; Senckenberg am Meer; Südstrand 44 26382 Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Silke Laakmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung; Senckenberg am Meer; Südstrand 44 26382 Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Jobst Pfaender
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160-162 53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Florian Leese
- Lehrstuhl für Evolutionsökologie und Biodiversität der Tiere; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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18
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Lee TRC, Ho SYW, Wilson GDF, Lo N. Phylogeography and diversity of the terrestrial isopodSpherillo grossus(Oniscidea: Armadillidae) on the Australian East Coast. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. C. Lee
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Simon Y. W. Ho
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | | | - Nathan Lo
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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19
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Csonka D, Halasy K, Szabó P, Mrak P, Strus J, Hornung E. Eco-morphological studies on pleopodal lungs and cuticle in Armadillidium species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2013; 42:229-235. [PMID: 23376766 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) have adapted to land life by diverse morphological, physiological and behavioral changes. Woodlice species exhibit a large variety in this respect, their preferences ranging from moist to dry habitats. These moisture preference values are related to various morphological adaptations, rendering terrestrial isopods amenable to studying morphological adaptations to terrestrial life. We performed a comparison of four Armadillidium species (Armadillidium zenckeri, Armadillidium nasatum, Armadillidium versicolor, Armadillidium vulgare), by quantifying two morphological traits: the extent of the interfacial endothelium between the respiratory space and the hemolymph within pleopodal lungs and the thickness of tergite cuticle, which are 'key factors' in determining protection from desiccation. These values were measured from light micrographs of cross-sectioned lungs. The cosmopolitan A. vulgare, as a habitat generalist, seems to be the most resistant against desiccation and other environmental conditions, while A. zenckeri is the most sensitive one. Light microscopic studies revealed that the four species can be ordered similarly, if we compare them by the extension of the endothelial interface and cuticle thickness, suggesting that these morphological traits are important determinants of their distribution on habitat, microhabitat scales and through the existence of suitable habitats - together with many other factors - the geographical pattern of species occurence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Csonka
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Rottenbiller str. 50, H-1077 Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Hsia CCW, Schmitz A, Lambertz M, Perry SF, Maina JN. Evolution of air breathing: oxygen homeostasis and the transitions from water to land and sky. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:849-915. [PMID: 23720333 PMCID: PMC3926130 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Life originated in anoxia, but many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for acquiring oxygen from the environment. Ambient oxygen tension (PO2) fluctuated through the ages in correlation with biodiversity and body size, enabling organisms to migrate from water to land and air and sometimes in the opposite direction. Habitat expansion compels the use of different gas exchangers, for example, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs, and their intermediate stages, that may coexist within the same species; coexistence may be temporally disjunct (e.g., larval gills vs. adult lungs) or simultaneous (e.g., skin, gills, and lungs in some salamanders). Disparate systems exhibit similar directions of adaptation: toward larger diffusion interfaces, thinner barriers, finer dynamic regulation, and reduced cost of breathing. Efficient respiratory gas exchange, coupled to downstream convective and diffusive resistances, comprise the "oxygen cascade"-step-down of PO2 that balances supply against toxicity. Here, we review the origin of oxygen homeostasis, a primal selection factor for all respiratory systems, which in turn function as gatekeepers of the cascade. Within an organism's lifespan, the respiratory apparatus adapts in various ways to upregulate oxygen uptake in hypoxia and restrict uptake in hyperoxia. In an evolutionary context, certain species also become adapted to environmental conditions or habitual organismic demands. We, therefore, survey the comparative anatomy and physiology of respiratory systems from invertebrates to vertebrates, water to air breathers, and terrestrial to aerial inhabitants. Through the evolutionary directions and variety of gas exchangers, their shared features and individual compromises may be appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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21
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Broly P, Deville P, Maillet S. The origin of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Dias ATC, Krab EJ, Mariën J, Zimmer M, Cornelissen JHC, Ellers J, Wardle DA, Berg MP. Traits underpinning desiccation resistance explain distribution patterns of terrestrial isopods. Oecologia 2012; 172:667-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Wolff C. The embryonic development of the malacostracan crustacean Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea). Dev Genes Evol 2010; 219:545-64. [PMID: 20111872 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-010-0316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the evolution of development and put it into a phylogenetic context, it is important to have, in addition to a model organism like Drosophila, more insights into the huge diversity of arthropod morphologies. In recent years, the malacostracan crustacean Porcellio scaber Latreille, 1804 has become a popular animal for studies in evolutionary and developmental biology, but a detailed and complete description of its embryonic development is still lacking. Therefore, the embryonic development of the woodlouse P. scaber is described in a series of discrete stages easily identified by examination of living animals and the widely used technique of nuclei staining on fixed specimens. It starts with the first cleavage of the zygote and ends with a hatched manca that eventually leaves the mother's brood pouch. Classical methods like normal light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy are used, in addition to confocal LCM and computer-aided 3D reconstruction in order to visualise important processes during ontogeny. The purpose of these studies is to offer an easy way to define the different degrees of development for future comparative analyses of embryonic development amongst crustaceans in particular, as well as between different arthropod groups. In addition, several aspects of Porcellio embryonic development, such as the mouth formation, limb differentiations and modifications or the formation of the digestive tract, make this species particularly interesting for future studies in evolutionary and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wolff
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Schilman PE, Kaiser A, Lighton JRB. Breathe softly, beetle: continuous gas exchange, water loss and the role of the subelytral space in the tenebrionid beetle, Eleodes obscura. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:192-203. [PMID: 17936295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flightless, diurnal tenebrionid beetles are commonly found in deserts. They possess a curious morphological adaptation, the subelytral cavity (an air space beneath the fused elytra) the function of which is not completely understood. In the tenebrionid beetle Eleodes obscura, we measured abdominal movements within the subelytral cavity, and the activity of the pygidial cleft (which seals or unseals the subelytral cavity), simultaneously with total CO2 release rate and water loss rate. First, we found that E. obscura has the lowest cuticular permeability measured in flow-through respirometry in an insect (0.90 microg H2O cm(-2) Torr(-1) h(-1)). Second, it does not exhibit a discontinuous gas exchange cycle. Third, we describe the temporal coupling between gas exchange, water loss, subelytral space volume, and the capacity of the subelytral space to exchange gases with its surroundings as indicated by pygidial cleft state. Fourth, we suggest possible mechanisms that may reduce respiratory water loss rates in E. obscura. Finally, we suggest that E. obscura cannot exchange respiratory gases discontinuously because of a morphological constraint (small tracheal or spiracular conductance). This "conductance constraint hypothesis" may help to explain the otherwise puzzling phylogenetic patterns of continuous vs. discontinuous gas exchange observed in tracheate arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Schilman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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25
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26
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Horiguchi H, Hironaka M, Meyer-Rochow VB, Hariyama T. Water uptake via two pairs of specialized legs in Ligia exotica (Crustacea, Isopoda). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2007; 213:196-203. [PMID: 17928526 DOI: 10.2307/25066635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When individuals of Ligia exotica were exposed to dry environments, their weight decreased within 3 h to 90% of the initial weight. When the animals were subsequently presented with wet paper, pereiopods VI and VII were firmly apposed and moved around until their tips were stationary for some seconds. Subsequently the pleopods became soaked in water and the body weight recovered. Morphological observations revealed hollow structures on the surface of the dactylus and propodus of pereiopods VI and VII, and a series of thin cuticular protrusions, oriented in several parallel lines, from the propodite to the ischiopodite of pereiopod VI and on the basipodite of pereiopod VII. The width between the parallel lines varied little, but the total width of the regular lines increased linearly with increasing body size. When isolated caudal pereiopods were immersed, beginning at the distal end, in water, water flowed along pereiopod VI as far as the proximal end of the ischiopodite, but water flow along pereiopod VII occurred only in conjunction with the basipodite. This means that water uptake with the legs requires both pereiopods VI and VII and can be achieved only when these legs are closely apposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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27
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Wang Y, Brune A, Zimmer M. Bacterial symbionts in the hepatopancreas of isopods: diversity and environmental transmission. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 61:141-52. [PMID: 17506824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The midgut glands (hepatopancreas) of terrestrial isopods contain bacterial symbionts. We analysed the phylogenetic diversity of hepatopancreatic bacteria in isopod species from various suborders colonizing marine, semiterrestrial, terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Hepatopancreatic bacteria were absent in the marine isopod Idotea balthica (Valvifera). The symbiotic bacteria present in the midgut glands of the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus (Asellota) were closely related to members of the proteobacterial genera Rhodobacter, Burkholderia, Aeromonas or Rickettsiella, but differed markedly between populations. By contrast, species of the suborder Oniscidea were consistently colonized by the same phylotypes of hepatopancreatic bacteria. While symbionts in the semiterrestrial isopod Ligia oceanica (Oniscidea) were close relatives of Pseudomonas sp. (Gammaproteobacteria), individuals of the terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus (Oniscidea) harboured either 'Candidatus Hepatoplasma crinochetorum' (Mollicutes) or 'Candidatus Hepatincola porcellionum' (Rickettsiales), previously described as symbionts of another terrestrial isopod, Porcellio scaber. These two uncultivated bacterial taxa were consistently present in each population of six and three different species of terrestrial isopods, respectively, collected in different geographical locations. However, infection rates of individuals within a population ranged between 10% and 100%, rendering vertical transmission unlikely. Rather, feeding experiments suggest that 'Candidatus Hepatoplasma crinochetorum' is environmentally transmitted to the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wang
- Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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28
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Wright JC, Ting K. Respiratory physiology of the Oniscidea: Aerobic capacity and the significance of pleopodal lungs. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:235-44. [PMID: 16875858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The radiation of the terrestrial isopods (sub-order Oniscidea) has been accompanied by evolution of pleopodal lungs in the sections Tylida and Crinocheta. To understand the significance of such lungs for aerobic respiration, comparative studies were conducted using 6 species. Ligia occidentalis, lacking lungs, behaved as a metabolic conformer in reduced PO(2), and showed decreased V(.-)O(2) in low humidity and following dehydration. In species possessing lungs, metabolism was insensitive to dehydration. However, lung development did not show a clear relationship to metabolic regulation: Porcellio dilatatus was a metabolic conformer while Tylos punctatus and Armadillidium vulgare were efficient regulators. The metabolic conformers did not accumulate lactate during moderate hypoxia (10% O(2)), indicating that reduced V(.-)O(2) is not compensated with anaerobic glycolysis. In contrast, Alloniscus perconvexus, a littoral species with limited metabolic regulation, showed the largest lactate accumulation during hypoxia and also possessed the highest tissue LDH activity. It is hypothesized that these are adaptations to periodic hypoxia in sand burrows and the high metabolic cost of burrowing. Differences in lactate accumulation during immersion were curious, with the largest increases occurring in L. occidentalis and A. perconvexus that tolerate prolonged immersion in seawater. Possible functions of this lactate accumulation may include modulation of hemocyanin oxygen affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Wright
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, 609 N. College Ave, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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29
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Bitsch C, Bitsch J. Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods among the mandibulate arthropods: a cladistic analysis based on comparative morphological characters. ZOOL SCR 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Schmitz A, Harrison JF. Hypoxic tolerance in air-breathing invertebrates. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 141:229-42. [PMID: 15288596 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial invertebrates experience hypoxia in many habitats and under a variety of physiological conditions. Some groups (at least insects) are much more capable of recovery from anoxia than most vertebrates, but there is still a tremendous unexplained variation in hypoxia/anoxia tolerance among terrestrial invertebrates. Crustaceans and arachnids may be less often confronted with hypoxic environments than insects and myriapods and also seem to be less hypoxia/anoxia tolerant. Tracheated groups, especially those that are able to ventilate their tracheal system like many insects, cope with lower critical PO2 than nontracheated groups. Modulation of oxygen carrier proteins is normally not important in hypoxia resistance. Recent application of genetic and cellular tools are revealing that many of the same pathways documented for mammals (e.g. HIF, nitric oxide) function to regulate morphological and biochemical responses to hypoxia/anoxia in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schmitz
- Institute for Zoology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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31
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Klok CJ, Sinclair BJ, Chown SL. Upper thermal tolerance and oxygen limitation in terrestrial arthropods. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:2361-70. [PMID: 15159440 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe hypothesis of oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance proposes that critical temperatures are set by a transition to anaerobic metabolism, and that upper and lower tolerances are therefore coupled. Moreover, this hypothesis has been dubbed a unifying general principle and extended from marine to terrestrial ectotherms. By contrast, in insects the upper and lower limits are decoupled, suggesting that the oxygen limitation hypothesis might not be as general as proposed. However, no direct tests of this hypothesis or its predictions have been undertaken in terrestrial species. We use a terrestrial isopod (Armadillidium vulgare) and a tenebrionid beetle(Gonocephalum simplex) to test the prediction that thermal tolerance should vary with oxygen partial pressure. Whilst in the isopod critical thermal maximum declined with declining oxygen concentration, this was not the case in the beetle. Efficient oxygen delivery via a tracheal system makes oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance, at a whole organism level,unlikely in insects. By contrast, oxygen limitation of thermal tolerances is expected to apply to species, like the isopod, in which the circulatory system contributes significantly to oxygen delivery. Because insects dominate terrestrial systems, oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance cannot be considered pervasive in this habitat, although it is a characteristic of marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jaco Klok
- Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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