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Queudeville M, Ebinger M. Blinatumomab in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia-From Salvage to First Line Therapy (A Systematic Review). J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122544. [PMID: 34201368 PMCID: PMC8230017 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is by far the most common malignancy in children, and new immunotherapeutic approaches will clearly change the way we treat our patients in future years. Blinatumomab is a bispecific T-cell-engaging antibody indicated for the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R-ALL). The use of blinatumomab in R/R ALL has shown promising effects, especially as a bridging tool to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. For heavily pretreated patients, the response to one or two cycles of blinatumomab ranges from 34% to 66%. Two randomized controlled trials have very recently demonstrated an improved reduction in minimal residual disease as well as an increased survival for patients treated with blinatumomab compared to standard consolidation treatment in first relapse. Current trials using blinatumomab frontline for high-risk patients or as a consolidation treatment post-transplant will show whether efficacy is even higher in less heavily pretreated patients. Due to the distinct pattern of adverse events compared to high-dose conventional chemotherapy, blinatumomab could play an important role for patients with a risk for severe chemotherapy-associated toxicities. This systematic review discusses all published results for blinatumomab in children as well as all ongoing clinical trials.
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Dai Q, Zhang G, Yang H, Wang Y, Ye L, Peng L, Shi R, Guo S, He J, Jiang Y. Clinical features and outcome of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with low peripheral blood blast cell count at diagnosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24518. [PMID: 33530278 PMCID: PMC7850651 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood (PB) blast cell count on day 8 of prednisone therapy has been considered one of the strongest predictors of outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, little is known about the clinical features and prognostic impact of PB blast cell count at diagnosis in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between initial PB blast cell count and clinical prognosis of pediatric ALL.The study comprised 367 patients with ALL, aged 0 to 14 years, enrolled and treated using the Chinese Children's Leukemia Group-ALL 2008 protocol between 2011 and 2015. The majority (91.6%) of patients were B-cell precursor ALL (BCP ALL), and 8.4% were T-cell ALL (T-ALL).Patients with BCP ALL in the low PB blast cell count group (<1 × 109/L) had significantly superior survival rates to those in the high count group (≥30 × 109/L). In T-ALL, the low count group showed significantly inferior survival rates compared to both the intermediate count group (1-29.9 × 109/L) and high count group. Multivariate analysis revealed that the initial white blood cell count and minimal residual disease at the end of induction therapy were independently predictive of BCP ALL outcome, while risk stratification was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for T-ALL outcome.These results indicated that low blast cell count in PB at diagnosis was associated with different clinical outcomes in patients with BCP ALL and T-ALL, although it was not an independent outcome predictor by multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkai Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuefang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luyun Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siqi Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiajing He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongmei Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Queudeville M, Schlegel P, Heinz AT, Lenz T, Döring M, Holzer U, Hartmann U, Kreyenberg H, von Stackelberg A, Schrappe M, Zugmaier G, Feuchtinger T, Lang P, Handgretinger R, Ebinger M. Blinatumomab in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2021; 106:473-483. [PMID: 33320384 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia have a poor prognosis. We here assess the response rates, adverse events, and long-term follow-up of pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving blinatumomab. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a single-center experience with blinatumomab in 38 patients over a period of 10 years. RESULTS The median age at onset of therapy was 10 years (1-21 years). Seventy-one percent of patients had undergone at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) prior to treatment with blinatumomab. We observed a response to blinatumomab in 13/38 patients (34%). The predominant side effect was febrile reactions, nearly half of the patients developed a cytokine release syndrome. Eight events of neurotoxicity were registered over the 78 cycles (15%). To date, nine patients (24%) are alive and in complete molecular remission. All survivors underwent haploidentical HSCT after treatment with blinatumomab. CONCLUSIONS Despite heavy pretreatment of most of our patients, severe adverse events were rare and response rates encouraging. Blinatumomab is a valuable bridging salvage therapy for relapsed or refractory patients to a second or even third HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Queudeville
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlegel
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amadeus T Heinz
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Lenz
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Döring
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Holzer
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hartmann
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Arend von Stackelberg
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Medical Center, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics I, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zugmaier
- Research and Development, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lang
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Department I - General Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ebrahimi-Rad M, Khatami S, Ansari S, Jalylfar S, Valadbeigi S, Saghiri R. Adenosine Deaminase 1 as a Biomarker for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Med Biochem 2018; 37:128-133. [PMID: 30581348 PMCID: PMC6294093 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is known as the most prevalent pediatric malignancy all around the world. Identification of specific biomarker is necessary for early diagnosis and effective therapy. It is believed that Adenosine deaminase (ADA) as an enzyme involved in the purine salvage pathway increases in ALL patients. Herein, the quantity and pattern of ADA isoenzymes were surveyed among ALL patients in comparison to healthy subjects. METHODS Serum and RBC samples of three different groups of ALL patients, including newly diagnosed cases without any drugs administration, subjects with the relapsed disease, patients in the remission stage after therapy, and the healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Then, the activity and pattern of ADA1, ADA2 and ADA1+cp were determined using ADA kit and electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE, respectively. To confirm the presence of ADA enzyme, the fresh serums, extractions from erythrocytes, JM cell line as a human T lymphocyte line and J774 A.1 as mouse monocyte line were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose gel and stained with the specific dye. RESULTS The activities of ADA1 isoenzyme and total ADA in new cases and subjects with the relapsed disease were significantly higher than their activities in the patients in the remission stage and healthy controls (p<0.001). The unbounded ADA1 isoenzyme was found to exist in the erythrocyte, lymphocyte and monocyte. But in serum, all the ADA1 was bounded to the cp protein. CONCLUSIONS ADA1 is the key isoenzyme elevating in ALL patients, therefore this isoenzyme could be a useful biomarker to diagnose ALL patients and monitor their therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- Biochemistry Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranIran
| | - Shahla Ansari
- Department of Hematology-Oncology Ali Asghar Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, TehranIran
| | | | | | - Reza Saghiri
- Biochemistry Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranIran
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Su W, Thompson M, Sheu RD, Steinberg A, Isola L, Stock R, Bakst RL. Low-dose cranial boost in high-risk adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplant. Pract Radiat Oncol 2016; 7:103-108. [PMID: 28274393 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has a predilection for CNS involvement. Patients with high-risk ALL are often managed with transplant using a radiation-based conditioning regimen. Historically, a high-dose prophylactic cranial boost (CB) of ≥12 Gy was given to reduce risk of central nervous system (CNS) recurrence. However, the use of CB has fallen out of favor because of toxicity concerns. In high-risk adults undergoing transplant at our institution, we have used a low-dose 6 Gy CB to reduce toxicity while conditioning adults with fully developed brains. The safety, efficacy, and utility of a low-dose CB in adults are poorly studied; herein, we report their outcomes and toxicity. METHODS AND MATERIALS We identified all high-risk ALL patients undergoing total body irradiation as part of their conditioning regimen. Those who received 6 Gy CB or no CB were included (55 total). Their charts were reviewed and statistical analyses were completed with R, version 2.15.2. RESULTS In patients undergoing CB, 3-year CNS disease-free survival and overall survival were 94.7% and 62.7%. In those not undergoing CBs, survivals were 81.8% and 51.5%. Notably, within the CB cohort, patients without prior CNS involvement had no CNS failures. In contrast, in the non-CB cohort, there were 2 CNS failures in patients with no history of CNS involvement. In the CB cohort, the only notable acute toxicity was parotitis (2.8%). Late toxicity in the CB cohort included 1 instance of cataracts (2.8%) without any evidence of cognitive impairment or potential radiation induced secondary malignancy. CONCLUSIONS A dose of 6 Gy CB is well-tolerated in the adult ALL population as part of a radiation-based conditioning regimen. Low-dose CB may be considered in adult patients with high-risk ALL without prior CNS involvement to reduce the likelihood of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Su
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marcher Thompson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ren-Dih Sheu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amir Steinberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Luis Isola
- Department of Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Richard Stock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Richard L Bakst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Song J, Shao H. SNP Array in Hematopoietic Neoplasms: A Review. MICROARRAYS 2015; 5:microarrays5010001. [PMID: 27600067 PMCID: PMC5003446 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis is essential for the diagnosis and prognosis of hematopoietic neoplasms in current clinical practice. Many hematopoietic malignancies are characterized by structural chromosomal abnormalities such as specific translocations, inversions, deletions and/or numerical abnormalities that can be identified by karyotype analysis or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays offer high-resolution identification of copy number variants (CNVs) and acquired copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH)/uniparental disomy (UPD) that are usually not identifiable by conventional cytogenetic analysis and FISH studies. As a result, SNP arrays have been increasingly applied to hematopoietic neoplasms to search for clinically-significant genetic abnormalities. A large numbers of CNVs and UPDs have been identified in a variety of hematopoietic neoplasms. CNVs detected by SNP array in some hematopoietic neoplasms are of prognostic significance. A few specific genes in the affected regions have been implicated in the pathogenesis and may be the targets for specific therapeutic agents in the future. In this review, we summarize the current findings of application of SNP arrays in a variety of hematopoietic malignancies with an emphasis on the clinically significant genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Song
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Haipeng Shao
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Erdogan A, Koytepe S, Ates B, Yilmaz I, Seckin T. Preparation of the L-Asparaginase-Based Biosensor With Polyimide Membrane Electrode for Monitoring L-Asparagine Levels in Leukemia. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.886228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Unusual T-lymphoblastic blast phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Case Rep Hematol 2014; 2014:304359. [PMID: 25057418 PMCID: PMC4095643 DOI: 10.1155/2014/304359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) presenting as blast phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML-BP) is rare. In patients without history of CML, it is difficult to differentiate between CML-BP or de novo T-ALL. Here we reported 2 unusual cases of T-ALL presenting as CML-BP. Case 1 was a 24-year-old female with leukocytosis. Besides T-lymphoblasts (32%), her marrow exhibited some morphologic features of CML. Multiple remission or relapsing marrow had never demonstrated morphologic features of CML. Despite of imatinib treatment and stem cell transplant, she died 2.5 years later. Case 2, a 66-year-old male with diffuse lymphadenopathy, showed T-ALL in a lymph node and concurrent CML chronic phase (CML-CP) in his marrow. Same BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript with minor breakpoint was present in both the lymph node and marrow specimens. Although both cases did not have a history of CML, both cases represented T-lymphoblastic CML-BP with unusual features: Case 1 is unusual in that it presented as T-ALL with some CML morphologic feature but never showed CML-CP in her subsequent marrows biopsies; Case 2 is the first reported case of T-lymphoblastic CML-BP harboring BCR-ABL1 transcript with a minor breakpoint.
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Uppuluri KB, V. R. Dasari RK, Sajja V, Jacob AS, Sri Rami Reddy D. Optimization of l-Asparaginase Production by Isolated Aspergillus niger C4 from Sesame (black) Oil Cake under SSF using Box–Behnken Design in Column Bioreactor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2012-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
l-Asparaginase production was investigated in the isolated Aspergillus niger C4 on sesame (black) oil cake using solid state fermentation in a column bioreactor. The main objective of the present study is optimizing the environmental conditions for l-Asparaginase production in a column bioreactor. In order to determine the effect of process variables on the yield of l-Asparaginase, by the way of response surface methodology, an experimental plan (Box–Behnken design) involving a design matrix of 15 trails was sketched. The design results were fitted with response surfaces. Empirical quadratic equations were fitted to the experimental data (BBD) relevant to the yields of l-Asparaginase, with three chosen variables (aeration, bed thickness and temperature). The statistical analysis revealed a maximum l-Asparaginase yield of 310 U/gds at the points where aeration, bed thickness and temperature were 0.44 vvm, 17.35 cm and 29.31°C, respectively.
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Grossmann V, Haferlach C, Weissmann S, Roller A, Schindela S, Poetzinger F, Stadler K, Bellos F, Kern W, Haferlach T, Schnittger S, Kohlmann A. The molecular profile of adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: mutations in RUNX1 and DNMT3A are associated with poor prognosis in T-ALL. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:410-22. [PMID: 23341344 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive and heterogeneous disease. The diagnosis is predominantly based on immunophenotyping. In addition to known cytogenetic abnormalities molecular mutations were recently identified. Here, 90 adult T-ALL cases were investigated for mutations in NOTCH1, FBXW7, PHF6, CDKN2A, DNMT3A, FLT3, PTEN, and RUNX1 using 454 next-generation amplicon sequencing and melting curve analyses. These data were further complemented by FISH, chromosome banding, array CGH, and CDKN2B promoter methylation analyses. NOTCH1 was the most frequently mutated gene with a 71.1% frequency followed by FBXW7 (18.9%), PHF6 (39.5%), DNMT3A (17.8%), RUNX1 (15.5%), PTEN (10.0%), CDKN2A (4.4%), FLT3-ITD (2.2%), and FLT3-TKD (1.1%). In total, 84/90 (93.3%) cases harbored at least one mutation. Combining these data with CDKN2A/B deletions and CDKN2B methylation status, we detected minimum one aberration in 89/90 (98.9%) patients. Survival analyses revealed the subtype as defined by the immunophenotype as the strongest independent prognostic factor. When restricting the survival analysis to the early T-ALL subtype, a strong association of RUNX1 (P = 0.027) and DNMT3A (P = 0.005) mutations with shorter overall survival was observed. In conclusion, RUNX1 and DNMT3A are frequently mutated in T-ALL and are associated with poor prognosis in early T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Grossmann
- MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Raponi S, De Propris MS, Intoppa S, Milani ML, Vitale A, Elia L, Perbellini O, Pizzolo G, Foá R, Guarini A. Flow cytometric study of potential target antigens (CD19, CD20, CD22, CD33) for antibody-based immunotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: analysis of 552 cases. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1098-107. [PMID: 21348573 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.559668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (MoAb)-based therapies have opened innovative treatment avenues that have impacted on the management of patients with both neoplastic and non-neoplastic hematological diseases. The aim of our study was to evaluate in a large series of cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) the expression of specific antigens, CD19, CD20, CD22, and CD33, for which MoAbs are available for clinical use. For each antigen, evaluation was based on the percentage of positive leukemic cells and the degree of antigen expression by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and antibody binding capacity (ABC) that were correlated with age, immunophenotype, and presence/absence of particular molecular markers. We can document that some of the analyzed antigens showed a degree of expression related to the B-cell maturation profile, and that the antigen expression intensity appeared to vary according to the presence of specific genetic markers. These findings suggest that the possible clinical use of a given MoAb in patients with ALL should take into account both the maturation profile of the leukemic cells and the presence of a given molecular transcript. Only clinical studies will conclusively demonstrate whether the differences in antigenic expression truly correlate with the different therapeutic efficacies of the various clinical grade MoAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raponi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Division of Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Tai WM, Chung J, Tang PL, Koo YX, Hou X, Tay KW, Quek R, Tao M, Lim ST. Central nervous system (CNS) relapse in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL): pre- and post-rituximab. Ann Hematol 2011; 90:809-18. [PMID: 21229246 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-1150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS)-directed prophylactic intrathecal (IT) therapy is indicated in patients with Burkitt and acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Its role in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a heterogeneous subtype, is less well defined. While addition of rituximab to standard cyclophosphamide-hydroxydaunorubicin-oncovin-prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy (R-CHOP) has improved the outcomes of DLBCL patients, its role in reducing CNS relapse is unclear. We aim to (1) evaluate the clinical risk factors predictive of CNS relapse, (2) the role of rituximab in influencing CNS relapse, and (3) role of intrathecal prophylaxis. Four hundred ninety-nine patients with DLBCL from 2000 to 2008 were included (CHOP 179 vs. R-CHOP 320). IT prophylaxis was administered to 82 patients based on our institution's guidelines. Baseline characteristics between CHOP- and R-CHOP-treated patients were similar. Although R-CHOP significantly increased the complete remission rate from 71% to 81% (P < 0.01), CNS relapse rates remained unchanged (R-CHOP 6% vs. CHOP 5.1%). On multivariate analysis, poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group >1; hazard ratio (HR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-3.14), failure to attain remission (non-complete response (CR) vs. CR: HR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.03 to 5.51), testicular (HR = 6.67, 95% CI = 1.62 to 27.53), kidney (HR = 20.14, 95% CI = 5.23 to 77.46), and breast involvement (HR = 6.14, 95% CI = 1.61 to 23.37) were each independently predictive of CNS relapse. Use of IT prophylaxis did not appear to decrease CNS relapse. Median survival after CNS relapse was 3.2 months. CNS relapse, a fatal event, remains a challenge in R-CHOP-treated patients. IT prophylaxis may not be sufficient to reduce CNS relapse, and strategies including systemic agents with high CNS penetration should be evaluated in high-risk patients identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Tai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
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Labar B, Suciu S, Willemze R, Muus P, Marie JP, Fillet G, Berneman Z, Jaksic B, Feremans W, Bron D, Sinnige H, Mistrik M, Vreugdenhil G, De Bock R, Nemet D, Gilotay C, Amadori S, de Witte T. Dexamethasone compared to prednisolone for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma: final results of the ALL-4 randomized, phase III trial of the EORTC Leukemia Group. Haematologica 2010; 95:1489-95. [PMID: 20378563 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.018580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroids are a standard component of the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Our aim was to determine whether dexamethasone results in a better outcome than prednisolone. DESIGN AND METHODS Adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma were randomized to receive, as part of their induction therapy on days 1-8 and 15-22, either dexamethasone 8 mg/m(2) or prednisolone 60 mg/m(2). Those who reached complete remission were given two courses of consolidation therapy with high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone and methotrexate and asparaginase. Subsequently patients younger than 50 years, with a suitable donor, were to undergo allogeneic stem cell transplantation, whereas the others were planned to receive either an autologous stem cell transplant or high-dose maintenance chemotherapy with prophylactic central nervous system irradiation. Randomization was done with a minimization technique. The primary endpoint was event-free survival and the analyses was conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS Between August 1995 and October 2003, 325 patients between 15 to 72 years of age were randomized to receive either dexamethasone (163 patients) or prednisolone (162 patients). After induction and the course of first consolidation therapy, 131 (80.4%) patients in the dexamethasone group and 124 (76.5%) in the prednisolone group achieved complete remission. No significant difference was observed between the two treatment groups with regards to 6-year event-free survival rates (+/-SE) which were 25.9% (3.6%) and 28.7% (3.5%) in the dexamethasone and prednisolone groups, respectively (P=0.82, hazard ratio 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.25). Disease-free survival after complete remission was also similar in the dexamethasone and prednisolone groups, the 6-year rates being 32.3% and 37.5%, respectively (hazard ratio 1.03; 95% confidence interval 0.76-1.40). The 6-year cumulative incidences of relapse were 49.8% and 53.5% (Gray's test: P=0.30) while the 6-year cumulative incidences of death were 18% and 9% (Gray's test: P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS In the ALL-4 trial in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma, treatment with dexamethasone did not show any advantage over treatment with prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Labar
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Center Rebro, Kispatic street 12 1000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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15
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Dudler C, Bargetzi M, Tichelli A, Gratwohl A, Passweg JR, Wernli M. DV-ICE, intensive induction and early transplantation for adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a phase II study. Eur J Haematol 2009; 83:512-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Elliott MA, Wolf RC, Hook CC, Pruthi RK, Heit JA, Letendre LL, Tefferi A, Kaufmann SH, Mesa RA, Litzow MR. Thromboembolism in Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia During Induction with L-Asparaginase-containing Multi-agent Regimens: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Possible Role of Antithrombin. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:1545-9. [PMID: 15370205 DOI: 10.1080/10428190410001693588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolism (TE) is a known complication of L-asparaginase (ASP) therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), possibly attributable to reduced synthesis of natural anticoagulants, in particular antithrombin (AT). This retrospective single institution study was performed to determine the TE incidence among adults undergoing induction with contemporary, ASP-containing regimens. Ten of 54 (18.5%) consecutive adults developed symptomatic, objectively confirmed TE, at a median of 5.5 days after the first ASP dose. These were notable for CNS and upper extremity localization, varied significantly according to ALL immunophenotype (precursor B: 11% vs. T cell: 33%), without apparent effect of schedule or total dose of ASP. Median baseline AT level was 94% and fell to a nadir of 47% (P < 0.0001) during ASP therapy. Prophylactic AT had been given to 17 during ASP therapy. None of these developed TE vs. 10/37 (27%) without replacement (P = 0.021). These observations merit further study to gain insight into disease and/or therapy-specific pathogenesis of TE in this population and call for the prospective evaluation of appropriate prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Elliott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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17
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Maggio R, Peragine N, Calabrese E, De Propris MS, Intoppa S, Della Starza I, Ariola C, Vitale A, Foà R, Guarini A. Generation of functional dendritic cells (DC) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: rationale for a DC-based vaccination program for patients in complete hematological remission. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:302-10. [PMID: 17325890 DOI: 10.1080/10428190601101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to generate effective dendritic cells (DC) from adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients in complete remission (CR) and off-therapy was investigated. Monocyte-derived DC cultured in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin (IL)-4 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expressed maturation markers, produced IL-12 and loaded apoptotic bodies to a similar extent to normal DC. Patients' circulating T and NK lymphocytes were normally represented and, after stimulation, were capable of producing TNF-alpha and interferon-gamma to a similar extent to control lymphocytes. DC loaded with leukemia-derived apoptotic bodies increased their ability to stimulate both allogeneic and autologous lymphocytes, and to generate specific anti-leukemic CD3 + cells. These findings offer a rationale for the design of DC-based vaccine programs for adult ALL patients in CR with the aim of controlling/eradicating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Maggio
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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18
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Kazemi T, Asgarian-Omran H, Memarian A, Shabani M, Sharifian RA, Vossough P, Ansaripour B, Rabbani H, Shokri F. Low representation of Fc receptor-like 1-5 molecules in leukemic cells from Iranian patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:989-96. [PMID: 18802695 PMCID: PMC11030136 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated expression of Fc receptor-like (FCRL) molecules, a newly identified family with preferential B-cell lineage expression, in some chronic B-cell leukemias with possible implication for classification and/or targeted immunotherapy. In this study, the expression pattern of FCRL1-5 genes was studied in 73 Iranian ALL patients and 35 normal subjects using semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. FCRL protein expression was also investigated by flow cytometry. Our results indicate significant down-regulation of all FCRL genes in ALL compared to normal subjects. Although, FCRL mRNA expression was almost exclusively confined to normal isolated B-cells compared to T-cells, but these genes were similarly expressed in B-ALL, T-ALL and different B-ALL immunophenotypic subtypes. Surface protein expression of FCRL1, 2, 4, and 5 molecules in 10 ALL and 5 normal samples confirmed the PCR results. Expression profile of FCRL molecules in different subtypes of ALL argues against their potential implication as suitable targets for classification and/or immunotherapy of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramazan A. Sharifian
- Clinic of Hematology and Oncology, Vali-Asr Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Vossough
- Clinic of Hematology, Ali-Asghar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Ansaripour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hodjatallah Rabbani
- Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155 Tehran, Iran
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Adult precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia in Shanghai, China: characterization of phenotype, cytogenetics and outcome for 137 consecutive cases. Int J Hematol 2009; 89:431-437. [PMID: 19322628 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-009-0283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for 20-30% of adult leukemia in the West. However, detailed studies of B-cell-specific ALL in adult Asian populations are lacking. We diagnosed and characterized 137 consecutive cases of precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia (precursor B-cell ALL) presented to our laboratory in Shanghai using the WHO 2001 classification system. Patient clinical, phenotypic and cytogenetic characteristics were correlated with outcome. In contrast to Western studies, females (71) outnumbered males (66) partly due to an increased prevalence of the CD10- pro B-cell phenotype. Females with a CD10- pro B-cell phenotype exhibited significantly better overall survival than males. The most common cytogenetic abnormality was the Philadelphia chromosome (PH/BCR/ABL) which was found in approximately 37% of the cases. Cases of precursor B cell ALL lacking the PH/BCR/ABL genotype exhibited a pronounced age-dependent, gender prevalence with a modal age in the sixth decade for females compared to the second decade for males. These findings suggest significant geographic heterogeneity in precursor B-cell ALL which may be of both etiological and therapeutic significance.
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20
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A prospective study of 728 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma from a single laboratory in Shanghai, China. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:165-173. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Zhao YM, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Lai XY, Huang H. Antiproliferative effect of rapamycin on human T-cell leukemia cell line Jurkat by cell cycle arrest and telomerase inhibition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:481-8. [PMID: 18358095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the ability of rapamycin to suppress growth and regulate telomerase activity in the human T-cell leukemia cell line Jurkat. METHODS Cell proliferation was assessed after exposure to rapamycin by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. The proteins important for cell cycle progression and Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling cascade were assessed by Western blotting. Telomerase activity was quantified by telomeric repeat amplication protocol assay. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Rapamycin inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat, induced G1 phase arrest, unregulated the protein level of p21 as well as p27, and downregulated cyclinD3, phospho-p70s6k, and phospho-s6, but had no effect on apoptosis. Treatment with rapamycin reduced telomerase activity, and reduced hTERT mRNA and protein expression. CONCLUSION Rapamycin displayed a potent antileukemic effect in the human Tcell leukemia cell line by inhibition of cell proliferation through G1 cell cycle arrest and also through the suppression of telomerase activity, suggesting that rapamycin may have potential clinical implications in the treatment of some leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-min Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 310003, China
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review focuses on the most recent advances in the diagnostic and prognostic work-up of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and its implications in the clinical management of the disease. RECENT FINDINGS ALL can be identified on the basis of morphologic, cytochemical and immunophenotypic criteria; modern management of ALL is also based on cytogenetic and genetic evaluations. New technologies, such as gene expression profile analysis, may allow us to further unravel the intrinsic biology of the disease, to improve diagnostic and prognostic stratification, and to design innovative therapeutic strategies. In potentially all cases, specific markers of the disease can be found and utilized together with the rearrangement of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes to monitor minimal residual disease during clinical follow-up. These biologically-defined subgroups of patients may have a different clinical course, response to treatment and variable prognosis. SUMMARY Recent biologic advancements are progressively realising the possibility of designing targeted and individualized therapeutic strategies according to the more refined, molecularly defined features of leukemic cells and the presence or absence of residual disease in adult ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Vitale
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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23
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Alvarado Y, Apostolidou E, Swords R, Giles FJ. Emerging therapeutic options for Philadelphia-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12:165-79. [PMID: 17355221 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.12.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous group of disorders that are associated with a cure rate of > 80% in children. The prognosis in adults is considerably inferior, with age, disease bulk, leukemia karyotype and immune phenotype being prognostically relevant. Adult ALL treatment programs include induction, intensified consolidation and maintenance phases with CNS prophylaxis. The addition of imatinib in patients with BCR-ABL-positive ALL has improved the prognosis of this subgroup, but their survival is still poor. Initial data on the second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors, dasatinib and nilotinib, indicate a potentially greater efficacy than imatinib, but the improvement is likely to be modest. The overall efforts in terms of developmental therapeutics in ALL are very modest and not in keeping with the urgent need for improvement. Most agents being investigated have mechanisms of action similar to those of existing agents for ALL therapy and thus represent modest opportunities to improve results. Of such agents, data on BCR-ABL inhibitors, sphingosomal vincristine, pemetrexed, talotrexin, annamycin and ABT-751 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Alvarado
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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24
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Velikova G, Weis J, Hjermstad MJ, Kopp M, Morris P, Watson M, Sezer O. The EORTC QLQ-HDC29: A supplementary module assessing the quality of life during and after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:87-94. [PMID: 17081744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy followed by haematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be associated with high physical and emotional distress levels and reduced quality of life. Systematic prospective measurement of impact of therapy on patient quality of life can aid treatment choices and provide better patient information. We describe the development of a high-dose chemotherapy questionnaire module to supplement the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). Phases 1-3 of module development were conducted in United Kingdom, Germany, Austria and Norway, according to EORTC QOL Group guidelines. Forty-eight quality of life (QOL) issues were generated from the literature searches and interviews with health care professionals (n=24) and patients (n=92). This produced a 50 item provisional module. Further testing in 169 patients resulted in the QLQ-HDC29 module, containing 29 items, conceptualised into six multi-item scales and eight single items. The EORTC QLQ-C30, supplemented by QLQ-HDC29 will provide a comprehensive QOL measure for the international clinical trials of high-dose chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velikova
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre - Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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25
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Baldus CD, Burmeister T, Martus P, Schwartz S, Gökbuget N, Bloomfield CD, Hoelzer D, Thiel E, Hofmann WK. High Expression of the ETS Transcription FactorERGPredicts Adverse Outcome in Acute T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:4714-20. [PMID: 16954520 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.06.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeIn adult T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) disease-free survival remains limited to 32% to 46%. The adverse prognosis in T-ALL has not been attributed to cytogenetic or molecular aberrations. We have determined the prognostic impact of the oncogenic transcription factor ERG in T-ALL.Patients and MethodsERG expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 105 adults with newly diagnosed T-ALL treated on the German ALL protocols. Patients were dichotomized at ERG′s median expression into low (n = 52) and high (n = 53) expressers. Homeobox (HOX) 11 and HOX11L2 expression was determined by real-time PCR.ResultsHigh ERG expressers compared with low ERG expressers had an inferior overall survival (OS, P = .02; 5-year OS: high ERG 26% v low ERG 58%) and relapse-free survival (RFS, P = .003; 5-year RFS: high ERG 34% v low ERG 72%). On multivariable analysis high ERG expression (P = .005), immunophenotypic subgroups (early v mature v thymic T-ALL; overall P = .04), HOX11L2 positivity (P = .055), and absence of HOX11 (P = .017) were independent adverse risk factors predicting RFS. Patients with high ERG expression had a hazard ratio (HR) for relapse of 3.2. Within the good prognostic subgroup of thymic T-ALL (n = 57), high ERG (HR, 4.1; P = .02) and presence of HOX11L2 (HR, 6.6; P = .008) were independent adverse factors for RFS.ConclusionHigh expression of ERG is an adverse risk factor in adult T-ALL. Within thymic T-ALL, otherwise classified as standard-risk, high ERG expression-identified patients that were four times more likely to fail long-term RFS. The prognostic impact of ERG may assist treatment stratification and suggest the need of alternative regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Baldus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, University Hospital Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Narta UK, Kanwar SS, Azmi W. Pharmacological and clinical evaluation of L-asparaginase in the treatment of leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 61:208-21. [PMID: 17011787 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase is an effective antineoplastic agent, used in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia chemotherapy. It has been an integral part of combination chemotherapy protocols of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia for almost 3 decades. The potential of L-asparaginase as a drug of leukemia has been a matter of discussion due to the high rate of allergic reactions exhibited by the patients receiving the medication of this enzyme drug. Frequent need of intramuscular injection has been another disadvantage associated with the native preparation. However, of late these clinical complications seem to have been addressed by modified versions of L-asparaginase. PEG-L-asparaginase proves to be most effective in this regard. It becomes important to discuss the efficacy of L-asparaginase as an antileukemic drug vis-a-vis these disadvantages. In this review, an attempt has been made to critically evaluate the pharmacological and clinical potential of various preparations of L-asparaginase as a drug. Advantages of PEG-L-asparaginase over native preparations and historical developments of therapy with l-asparaginase have also been outlined in the review below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K Narta
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, India
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27
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Giebel S, Krawczyk-Kulis M, Adamczyk-Cioch M, Jakubas B, Palynyczko G, Lewandowski K, Dmoszynska A, Skotnicki A, Nowak K, Holowiecki J. Fludarabine, cytarabine, and mitoxantrone (FLAM) for the treatment of relapsed and refractory adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A phase study by the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG). Ann Hematol 2006; 85:717-22. [PMID: 16832677 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-006-0121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Outcome of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who fail to achieve complete remission (CR) or who relapse soon after initial response is poor. The goal of this phase II study by the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) was to evaluate safety and efficacy of a new salvage regimen (FLAM) consisting of sequential fludarabine, cytarabine, and mitoxantrone. Fifty patients were included with primary (n = 13) or secondary (n = 5) refractoriness, early (<12 months) first relapse (n = 15), first relapse after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) regardless CR duration (n = 13), and second or subsequent relapse (n = 4). Median age was 31(18-60) years, 28% of patients were bcr/abl-positive. CR rate equaled 50% and was significantly higher for patients in whom FLAM was administered as a second-line therapy compared to those more heavily pre-treated (66 vs 13%, p = 0.02). Seventeen patients had leukemia regrowth after initial cytoreduction, whereas, eight patients died in aplasia. The incidence of early death was higher in patients aged > or =40 years compared to the younger subgroup (33 vs 8%, p=0.03). Septic infections were the most frequent severe complication. At 3 years, the probability of disease-free survival for patients who achieved CR equaled 16%. Seven patients underwent allogeneic HCT. FLAM regimen is feasible for relapsed and refractory adults with ALL and could be recommended in particular for younger patients as a second-line treatment. However, as the remission duration is short, allogeneic HCT (alloHCT) should be considered as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Giebel
- Department of Haematology and BMT, Silesian Medical University, Reymonta 8 St., 40-038, Katowice, Poland.
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28
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Plasschaert SLA, de Bont ESJM, Boezen M, vander Kolk DM, Daenen SMJG, Faber KN, Kamps WA, de Vries EGE, Vellenga E. Expression of Multidrug Resistance–Associated Proteins Predicts Prognosis in Childhood and Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8661-8. [PMID: 16361551 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are treated with a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs, which can be transported by six multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP). These MRPs have strongly overlapping functional activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of MRP1 to MRP6 and study their effect on prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The mRNA expression levels of MRP1 to MRP6 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in leukemic blasts of 105 de novo ALL patients (adults, n=49; children, n=56) including 70% B-lineage and 30% T-lineage ALL patients. RESULTS Adults showed a higher expressions of MRP1 (P=0.008), MRP2 (P=0.026), and MRP3 (P=0.039) than children. Interestingly, this difference disappeared when patients were categorized based on clinical outcome. Relapsed patients showed a higher expression of all MRP genes, except MRP4. For the total group of ALL patients, the expressions of MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP5, and MRP6 predicted relapse. Moreover, high expression of all MRP genes, except MRP4, was associated with a reduced relapse-free survival in children and adults (MRP1, P=0.005; MRP2, P=0.008; MRP3, P=0.001; MRP5, P=0.016; MRP6, P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that a subset of ALL patients with high MRP expression has an unfavorable prognosis independently of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L A Plasschaert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Abstract
Much progress has been made in understanding the biology of and therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This progress has translated into the recognition of several subgroups of ALL and the institution of risk-adapted therapies. New therapies are emerging based on the definition of specific cytogenetic-molecular abnormalities. Changes in the pathologic classification of ALL have led to therapeutic consequences. Adaptation of successful treatment strategies in children with ALL has resulted in similar complete remission rates in adults. Prognosis has Improved especially in mature B-cell ALL and T-cell lineage ALL. However, regardless of ALL subgroup, long-term survival in adults is still inferior to that in children. Development of new drugs and agents tailored to subset-specific cytogenetic-molecular characteristics is vital to the therapeutic success in adult ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias J Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Teachey DT, Obzut DA, Cooperman J, Fang J, Carroll M, Choi JK, Houghton PJ, Brown VI, Grupp SA. The mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 induces apoptosis and inhibits growth in preclinical models of primary adult human ALL. Blood 2005; 107:1149-55. [PMID: 16195324 PMCID: PMC1895910 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adult patients is often resistant to current therapy, making the development of novel therapeutic agents paramount. We investigated whether mTOR inhibitors (MTIs), a class of signal transduction inhibitors, would be effective in primary human ALL. Lymphoblasts from adult patients with precursor B ALL were cultured on bone marrow stroma and were treated with CCI-779, a second generation MTI. Treated cells showed a dramatic decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic cells, compared to untreated cells. We also assessed the effect of CCI-779 in a NOD/SCID xenograft model. We treated a total of 68 mice generated from the same patient samples with CCI-779 after establishment of disease. Animals treated with CCI-779 showed a decrease in peripheral-blood blasts and in splenomegaly. In dramatic contrast, untreated animals continued to show expansion of human ALL. We performed immunoblots to validate the inhibition of the mTOR signaling intermediate phospho-S6 in human ALL, finding down-regulation of this target in xenografted human ALL exposed to CCI-779. We conclude that MTIs can inhibit the growth of adult human ALL and deserve close examination as therapeutic agents against a disease that is often not curable with current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Deconinck E, Hunault M, Milpied N, Bernard M, Renaud M, Desablens B, Delain M, Witz F, Lioure B, Pignon B, Guyotat D, Berthou C, Jouet JP, Casassus P, Ifrah N, Boiron JM. Intensive Therapy before or during the Conditioning Regimen of Allogeneic Marrow Transplantation in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients: We Must Choose to Reduce Toxicity—A Groupe Ouest-Est d’Etude des Leucémies et Autres Maladies du Sang Study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11:448-54. [PMID: 15931633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To improve the results in the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, different strategies have been proposed. The intensification could concern the induction and early consolidation phases, the conditioning regimen before allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT), or both. We analyzed 2 consecutive trials for adult patients in first remission and with the same prognostic features. The Leucemie Aigue Lymphoblastique Paris-Ouest-France (LALPOF) protocol proposed alloBMT with standard conditioning after a classic induction and intensified consolidation scheme; the Groupe Ouest Est des Leucemies Aigues Lymphoblastiques (GOLEAL1) protocol tested an intensified induction and consolidation course before alloBMT with a reinforced conditioning regimen. The 4-year survival rates after alloBMT for LALPOF and GOELAL1 were, respectively, 71% +/- 12% and 36% +/- 13% ( P = .009). The 4-year disease-free survival reached 75% +/- 11% in the LALPOF study and 69% +/- 13% in the GOELAL1 study ( P = .30). The toxic death rate was significantly lower in the LALPOF (2/18) than in the GOELAL1 (6/15) group. Event-free survival at 4 years was significantly higher in LALPOF than in GOELAL1: 66% +/- 11% and 35% +/- 11%, respectively ( P = .02). For adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in first remission, the intensification of chemotherapy before a reinforced conditioning regimen before alloBMT may lead to an increased toxic death rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Deconinck
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Hôpital J. Minjoz, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U645, University Besançon, Establissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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32
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Raanani P, Trakhtenbrot L, Rechavi G, Rosenthal E, Avigdor A, Brok-Simoni F, Leiba M, Amariglio N, Nagler A, Ben-Bassat I. Philadelphia-chromosome-positive T-lymphoblastic leukemia: acute leukemia or chronic myelogenous leukemia blastic crisis. Acta Haematol 2005; 113:181-9. [PMID: 15870488 DOI: 10.1159/000084448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ph1 chromosome has rarely been reported in T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), and the clinical relevance of this translocation in T-ALL is currently unknown. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) some data indicate derivation of T-cells from the leukemic clone and only a few cases of T-derived blastic crisis have been reported and quite often disputed. Particularly in cases identified initially in blastic crisis it may be difficult to distinguish those from Ph1-positive T-ALL. We herein report 2 patients who presented with a clinical picture of Ph1-positive T-ALL and who raised a differential diagnosis from T-cell blastic crisis of CML. We review the literature and suggest clinical and laboratory features that can help in the diagnosis. According to our literature review, 23 cases of Ph1-positive T-ALL and 44 cases of T-cell blastic crisis of CML, including ours, were reported. Some major differences between the two entities could help in establishing a diagnosis of Ph1-positive T-cell blastic crisis of CML vs. Ph1-positive T-ALL: Male sex and younger age was more predominant in T-ALL. While in most cases of CML blastic crisis there was a history of CML there was no such history in the T-ALL cases. Medullary involvement with lymphoblastic leukemia was present in all cases of T-ALL but only in about half of the cases of CML blastic crisis. None of the CML-blastic crisis cases tested by RT-PCR showed the minor breakpoint transcript, while 2 cases with T-ALL had the minor breakpoint transcript and 1 had both transcripts. Combined morphologic and FISH analysis can help to distinguish between the two entities and was applied in one of our cases. Although both entities carry a severe prognosis, differentiating between them might have clinical relevance, especially in the imatinib era.
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MESH Headings
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Raanani
- Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Harder H, Van Gool AR, Cornelissen JJ, Duivenvoorden HJ, Eijkenboom WMH, Barge RMY, van den Bent MJ. Assessment of pre-treatment cognitive performance in adult bone marrow or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: A comparative study. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1007-16. [PMID: 15862749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine cognitive performance in patients prior to bone marrow or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and in haematological patients who received non-myeloablative cancer therapies. A consecutive sample of 101 SCT patients and 82 haematological patients completed a neuropsychological test battery and five questionnaires assessing subjective cognitive complaints, psychological functioning, health-related quality of life and fatigue. Results were compared with normative data. Percentages of cognitively impaired patients were equally divided between groups. Most deficits were observed in visual memory, visuospatial and constructional ability and psychomotor functions. The SCT group showed a higher rate of anxiety cases and reported lower cognitive, emotional and social functioning. Results of neuropsychological testing were not associated with outcome of the questionnaires. This study showed impaired cognitive performance prior to SCT. Haematological patients treated with non-myeloablative cancer therapies proved to be a reliable reference group for longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Harder
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, PO Box 5201, 3008 AE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Plasschaert SLA, Kamps WA, Vellenga E, de Vries EGE, de Bont ESJM. Prognosis in childhood and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a question of maturation? Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30:37-51. [PMID: 14766125 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(03)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a disease diagnosed in children as well as adults. Progress in the treatment of ALL has led to better survival rates, however, children have benefited more from improved treatment modalities than adults. Recent evidence has underscored that the difference in characteristics and biology of adult versus childhood ALL might be the result of a different origin. According to the two-hit paradigm of Knudson, to develop cancer two genetic events are necessary. It has been suggested, that in childhood ALL the first genetic event happens in the more mature lymphoid committed progenitor cells, whereas in adult ALL the first hit occurs in multipotent stem cells. This review compares patient characteristics, the extent of the disease, leukaemic cell characteristics and treatment between childhood and adult ALL. This is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the maturation stage of the cells, from which the leukaemia arises, is responsible for the differential behaviour of adult and childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L A Plasschaert
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a rare disease in the elderly. The prevalence of ALL in patients >60 years of age is reported to be between 16% and 31% of all adult cases. The biology of ALL in older patients seems to be significantly different from that in younger patients and may, at least in part, explain poor treatment outcome. Immunophenotyping and cytogenetic characteristics are among the most important biological differences in comparison with younger adults. The frequency of pre B-cell ALL and common ALL is higher and T-cell ALL subtype is under-represented in elderly populations compared with younger patients. The frequency of the Philadelphia chromosome also seems to increase with age and adversely influences complete remission rate and survival. Few reports on the effectiveness and toxicity of therapeutic programmes concerning exclusively older patients with ALL have been published so far and only some of them were prospective studies. In some of the studies age-adapted approaches have been applied in which protocols processed earlier for younger patients have been adopted for older patients. In such modified protocols chemotherapy was usually less aggressive, especially if it was given for patients with comorbidities and poor performance status. Consequently, in several studies elderly patients received suboptimal treatment. Death during induction chemotherapy was observed in 7-42% of the patients in particular reports. The overall response rate varied from 12% to 85%. The median overall survival (OS) durations in patients who received a curative approach ranged from 3 to 14 months and from 1 to 14 months in patients treated palliatively. Poor performance status, comorbidities and high early mortality during intensive chemotherapy are the main reasons for poor treatment results and short OS time. New therapeutic approaches are necessary to improve the outcome in this age group of patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz and Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.
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Iida H, Sao H, Kitaori K, Gotoh S, Yazaki M, Kojima S, Wakita A, Morishima Y, Kodera Y, Morishita Y. Twenty Years’ Experience in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Philadelphia Chromosome—Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the Nagoya Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group. Int J Hematol 2004; 79:79-84. [PMID: 14979483 DOI: 10.1007/bf02983538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Between October 1981 and December 2000, 46 patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the Nagoya Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group. The median age was 28.5 years (range, 4-51 years). All but one patient achieved engraftment. Grade II-to-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) developed in 32.5% of patients, and chronic GVHD developed in 40.5%. The incidences of relapse and treatment-related mortality (TRM) at 5 years were 65% and 26%, respectively. The estimated overall survival rate at 5 years was 23%. Univariate analysis showed that improved disease-free survival (DFS) was independently associated with complete remission (CR) at transplantation (39%), compared with non-CR (8%) (P = .023). Non-CR at transplantation was associated with a higher risk of relapse. Donor type, acute GVHD, and time from diagnosis to HSCT all had a significant effect on TRM. In a multivariate analysis, 9 months or more from diagnosis to HSCT was the only variable statistically significant for DFS (relative risk, 3.22; P = .01). This study demonstrates that allogeneic HSCT cures a significant population of patients with Ph+ ALL. Relapse is the major obstacle limiting the success of HSCT. Early transplantation during CR from donors, including unrelated persons or mismatched relatives, may offer improved long-term DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroatsu Iida
- Department of Hematology, Meitetsu Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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38
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Wassmann B, Scheuring U, Pfeifer H, Binckebanck A, Käbisch A, Lübbert M, Leimer L, Gschaidmeier H, Hoelzer D, Ottmann OG. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate (Glivec™) in combination with interferon-α (IFN-α) in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). Leukemia 2003; 17:1919-24. [PMID: 14513038 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib has marked antileukemic activity in advanced Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL), but secondary resistance develops rapidly, reflecting the limitations of single-agent therapy. Experimental data suggest that interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) enhances the antileukemic activity of imatinib. We therefore examined combined imatinib and low-dose IFN-alpha in six patients with Ph+ALL who were ineligible for stem cell transplantation. All patients had received imatinib for 0.5-4.8 months prior to IFN-alpha, for relapsed (n=3) or refractory (n=1) Ph+ALL or as an alternative to chemotherapy following severe treatment-related toxicity (n=2). Five patients were in hematologic remission (CR) with minimal residual disease (MRD+), one patient was refractory to imatinib. Four of the five MRD+ patients are alive in CR after a median treatment duration of 20 (11-21) months. Two of these patients are in continuous CR 21 months after imatinib was initiated, while the other two patients experienced an isolated meningeal relapse that was successfully treated with additional intrathecal chemotherapy. Sustained molecular remissions were achieved in three patients and are ongoing 13 and 10.5 months after central nervous system (CNS) relapse and 6 months after starting concurrent IFN-alpha and imatinib, respectively. Marrow relapse occurred in one of the five MRD+ patients. Combination treatment was associated with a complete marrow response of 5 months duration in the imatinib-refractory patient. Imatinib combined with low-dose IFN-alpha may achieve prolonged hematologic and molecular remissions in a subset of patients with advanced Ph+ALL, who are not candidates for allogeneic SCT. CNS prophylaxis is necessary and may enhance the antileukemic activity of imatinib and IFN-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wassmann
- Department of Hematology, Medizinische Klinik III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Much progress has been made in understanding the biology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This has translated into the recognition of several subgroups of ALL and the institution of risk-adapted therapies. New therapies are emerging based on the definition of specific cytogenetic-molecular abnormalities. METHODS A review from the English literature, including original articles and related reviews from Medline (Pubmed) and abstracts based on publication of meeting material, was performed. RESULTS Changes in the pathologic classification of ALL have led to therapeutic consequences. Adaptation of successful treatment strategies in children with ALL has resulted in similar complete response rates in adults. Prognosis has especially improved in mature-B-cell and T-lineage ALL. The role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL was evaluated in the current study. However, regardless of the ALL subgroup, long-term survival of adults is still inferior to that in children. CONCLUSIONS Intense clinical and laboratory research is attempting to close the gap in outcome between children and adults with ALL. Investigations are focusing on 1) refinement of the basic treatment stratagem of induction, consolidation, and maintenance; 2) expansion of risk-based, subgroup-oriented therapies; 3) assessment of minimal residual disease, its impact on disease recurrence, and its practical implications in clinical practice; 4) salvage strategies; 5) the role of stem cell transplantation in ALL; and 6) the development of new drugs based on a better understanding of disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Faderl
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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40
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Lister A, Abrey LE, Sandlund JT. Central nervous system lymphoma. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2003:283-96. [PMID: 12446428 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system involvement with malignant lymphoma whether primary or secondary is an uncommon but not rare complication observed in the management of patients with hematological malignancy. Its importance lies in the considerable morbidity and mortality with which it is associated and the inadequacy of therapy. In Section I, Dr. Lauren Abrey addresses the totality of the problem of primary central nervous system lymphoma, with emphasis on strategies increasingly dependent on systemic chemotherapy. In Section II, Dr. John Sandlund reviews the success of sequential clinical trials of overall therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood, identifying those patients at high risk of central nervous system leukemia and the development of a rational therapeutic strategy for prevention. In Section III, Dr. Andrew Lister discusses the issue of secondary central nervous system involvement with lymphoma and the indications for prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lister
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom
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