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Stavish D, Böiers C, Price C, Frith TJR, Halliwell J, Saldaña-Guerrero I, Wray J, Brown J, Carr J, James C, Barbaric I, Andrews PW, Enver T. Generation and trapping of a mesoderm biased state of human pluripotency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4989. [PMID: 33020476 PMCID: PMC7536399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We postulate that exit from pluripotency involves intermediates that retain pluripotency while simultaneously exhibiting lineage-bias. Using a MIXL1 reporter, we explore mesoderm lineage-bias within the human pluripotent stem cell compartment. We identify a substate, which at the single cell level coexpresses pluripotent and mesodermal gene expression programmes. Functionally these cells initiate stem cell cultures and exhibit mesodermal bias in differentiation assays. By promoting mesodermal identity through manipulation of WNT signalling while preventing exit from pluripotency using lysophosphatidic acid, we 'trap' and maintain cells in a lineage-biased stem cell state through multiple passages. These cells correspond to a normal state on the differentiation trajectory, the plasticity of which is evidenced by their reacquisition of an unbiased state upon removal of differentiation cues. The use of 'cross-antagonistic' signalling to trap pluripotent stem cell intermediates with different lineage-bias may have general applicability in the efficient production of cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Stavish
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Charlotta Böiers
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - Christopher Price
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Thomas J R Frith
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jason Halliwell
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ingrid Saldaña-Guerrero
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jason Wray
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - John Brown
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - Jonathon Carr
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Chela James
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - Ivana Barbaric
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter W Andrews
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Tariq Enver
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6AG, UK
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2
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Caterson B, Melrose J. Keratan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan with unique functional capability. Glycobiology 2018; 28:182-206. [PMID: 29340594 PMCID: PMC5993099 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective keratan sulfate (KS) is the newest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) but the least understood. KS is a sophisticated molecule with a diverse structure, and unique functional roles continue to be uncovered for this GAG. The cornea is the richest tissue source of KS in the human body but the central and peripheral nervous systems also contain significant levels of KS and a diverse range of KS-proteoglycans with essential functional roles. KS also displays important cell regulatory properties in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and in bone and in tumor development of diagnostic and prognostic utility. Corneal KS-I displays variable degrees of sulfation along the KS chain ranging from non-sulfated polylactosamine, mono-sulfated and disulfated disaccharide regions. Skeletal KS-II is almost completely sulfated consisting of disulfated disaccharides interrupted by occasional mono-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine residues. KS-III also contains highly sulfated KS disaccharides but differs from KS-I and KS-II through 2-O-mannose linkage to serine or threonine core protein residues on proteoglycans such as phosphacan and abakan in brain tissue. Historically, the major emphasis on the biology of KS has focused on its sulfated regions for good reason. The sulfation motifs on KS convey important molecular recognition information and direct cell behavior through a number of interactive proteins. Emerging evidence also suggest functional roles for the poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions of KS requiring further investigation. Thus further research is warranted to better understand the complexities of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, College of Biological & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Toyoda H, Nagai Y, Kojima A, Kinoshita-Toyoda A. Podocalyxin as a major pluripotent marker and novel keratan sulfate proteoglycan in human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:817-823. [PMID: 28980094 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PC) was first identified as a heavily sialylated transmembrane protein of glomerular podocytes. Recent studies suggest that PC is a remarkable glycoconjugate that acts as a universal glyco-carrier. The glycoforms of PC are responsible for multiple functions in normal tissue, human cancer cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). PC is employed as a major pluripotent marker of hESCs and hiPSCs. Among the general antibodies for human PC, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 recognize the keratan sulfate (KS)-related structures. Therefore, It is worthwhile to summarize the outstanding chemical characteristic of PC, including the KS-related structures. Here, we review the glycoforms of PC and discuss the potential of PC as a novel KS proteoglycan in undifferentiated hESCs and hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Yuko Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Aya Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Akiko Kinoshita-Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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4
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Toyoda H, Nagai Y, Kojima A, Kinoshita-Toyoda A. Podocalyxin as a major pluripotent marker and novel keratan sulfate proteoglycan in human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:139-145. [PMID: 28078490 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PC) was first identified as a heavily sialylated transmembrane protein of glomerular podocytes. Recent studies suggest that PC is a remarkable glycoconjugate that acts as a universal glyco-carrier. The glycoforms of PC are responsible for multiple functions in normal tissue, human cancer cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). PC is employed as a major pluripotent marker of hESCs and hiPSCs. Among the general antibodies for human PC, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 recognize the keratan sulfate (KS)-related structures. Therefore, It is worthwhile to summarize the outstanding chemical characteristic of PC, including the KS-related structures. Here, we review the glycoforms of PC and discuss the potential of PC as a novel KS proteoglycan in undifferentiated hESCs and hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Yuko Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Aya Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Akiko Kinoshita-Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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5
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Choi HS, Kim WT, Ryu CJ. Antibody approaches to prepare clinically transplantable cells from human embryonic stem cells: identification of human embryonic stem cell surface markers by monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:915-20. [PMID: 24616439 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are unique cell populations, possessing both unlimited self-renewal capacity and pluripotency, i.e. the potential to give rise to all kinds of specialized cells in the human body. Marker molecules expressed on the surface of hESCs are important for the identification, characterization, and clinical application of hESCs. Compared with conventional genomics- or proteomics-based approaches, generating monoclonal antibody (mAb) libraries against hESCs using alternative methodologies expands the repertoire of mAbs raised against non-protein markers, for example, glycolipid antigens. Additional information about the conformation and post-translational modification of surface molecules can also be obtained. In this article, we review how mAb libraries against hESC surface markers have been developed using whole-cell and decoy immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seo Choi
- Institute of Bioscience, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Liberski AR, Al-Noubi MN, Rahman ZH, Halabi NM, Dib SS, Al-Mismar R, Billing AM, Krishnankutty R, Ahmad FS, Raynaud CM, Rafii A, Engholm-Keller K, Graumann J. Adaptation of a commonly used, chemically defined medium for human embryonic stem cells to stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3233-45. [PMID: 23734825 DOI: 10.1021/pr400099j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic labeling with stable isotopes is a prominent technique for comparative quantitative proteomics, and stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is the most commonly used approach. SILAC is, however, traditionally limited to simple tissue culture regimens and only rarely employed in the context of complex culturing conditions as those required for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Classic hESC culture is based on the use of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as a feeder layer, and as a result, possible xenogeneic contamination, contribution of unlabeled amino acids by the feeders, interlaboratory variability of MEF preparation, and the overall complexity of the culture system are all of concern in conjunction with SILAC. We demonstrate a feeder-free SILAC culture system based on a customized version of a commonly used, chemically defined hESC medium developed by Ludwig et al. and commercially available as mTeSR1 [mTeSR1 is a trade mark of WiCell (Madison, WI) licensed to STEMCELL Technologies (Vancouver, Canada)]. This medium, together with adjustments to the culturing protocol, facilitates reproducible labeling that is easily scalable to the protein amounts required by proteomic work flows. It greatly enhances the usability of quantitative proteomics as a tool for the study of mechanisms underlying hESCs differentiation and self-renewal. Associated data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD000151.
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7
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James RG, Davidson KC, Bosch KA, Biechele TL, Robin NC, Taylor RJ, Major MB, Camp ND, Fowler K, Martins TJ, Moon RT. WIKI4, a novel inhibitor of tankyrase and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50457. [PMID: 23227175 PMCID: PMC3515623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway controls important cellular events during development and often contributes to disease when dysregulated. Using high throughput screening we have identified a new small molecule inhibitor of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, WIKI4. WIKI4 inhibits expression of ß-catenin target genes and cellular responses to Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in cancer cell lines as well as in human embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that WIKI4 mediates its effects on Wnt/ß-catenin signaling by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of TNKS2, a regulator of AXIN ubiquitylation and degradation. While TNKS has previously been shown to be the target of small molecule inhibitors of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, WIKI4 is structurally distinct from previously identified TNKS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. James
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathryn C. Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Bosch
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Travis L. Biechele
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Robin
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Russell J. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Major
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Camp
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kerry Fowler
- KWF Consulting, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Martins
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Quellos High Throughput Screening Core, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Randall T. Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kolle G, Ho M, Zhou Q, Chy HS, Krishnan K, Cloonan N, Bertoncello I, Laslett AL, Grimmond SM. Identification of human embryonic stem cell surface markers by combined membrane-polysome translation state array analysis and immunotranscriptional profiling. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2446-56. [PMID: 19650036 DOI: 10.1002/stem.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surface marker expression forms the basis for characterization and isolation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Currently, there are few well-defined protein epitopes that definitively mark hESCs. Here we combine immunotranscriptional profiling of hESC lines with membrane-polysome translation state array analysis (TSAA) to determine the full set of genes encoding potential hESC surface marker proteins. Three independently isolated hESC lines (HES2, H9, and MEL1) grown under feeder and feeder-free conditions were sorted into subpopulations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on coimmunoreactivity to the hESC surface markers GCTM-2 and CD9. Colony-forming assays confirmed that cells displaying high coimmunoreactivity to GCTM-2 and CD9 constitute an enriched subpopulation displaying multiple stem cell properties. Following microarray profiling, 820 genes were identified that were common to the GCTM-2(high)/CD9(high) stem cell-like subpopulation. Membrane-polysome TSAA analysis of hESCs identified 1,492 mRNAs encoding actively translated plasma membrane and secreted proteins. Combining these data sets, 88 genes encode proteins that mark the pluripotent subpopulation, of which only four had been previously reported. Cell surface immunoreactivity was confirmed for two of these markers: TACSTD1/EPCAM and CDH3/P-Cadherin, with antibodies for EPCAM able to enrich for pluripotent hESCs. This comprehensive listing of both hESCs and spontaneous differentiation-associated transcripts and survey of translated membrane-bound and secreted proteins provides a valuable resource for future study into the role of the extracellular environment in both the maintenance of pluripotency and directed differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kolle
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Wright AJ, Andrews PW. Surface marker antigens in the characterization of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2009; 3:3-11. [PMID: 19398226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cell surface antigens to characterise embryonic stem (ES) cells, and to monitor their differentiation, has had a long history, stretching back to the early studies of differentiation antigens in the haematopoietic system, and their application to teratocarcinomas and embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells in the laboratory mouse. A wide series of such antigens, which include both glycolipids and glycoproteins are now extensively used in studies of human ES cells. Many of these were first identified using both mouse and human EC cells, although the cell surface antigen phenotype of human EC and ES cells has proved to be significantly different from that of murine EC and ES cells.
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10
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Transcriptional analysis of early lineage commitment in human embryonic stem cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:12. [PMID: 17335568 PMCID: PMC1829156 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells, and those that drive their commitment into particular differentiation lineages, are poorly understood. In fact, even our knowledge of the phenotype of hESC is limited, because the immunological and molecular criteria presently used to define this phenotype describe the properties of a heterogeneous population of cells. Results We used a novel approach combining immunological and transcriptional analysis (immunotranscriptional profiling) to compare gene expression in hESC populations at very early stages of differentiation. Immunotranscriptional profiling enabled us to identify novel markers of stem cells and their differentiated progeny, as well as novel potential regulators of hESC commitment and differentiation. The data show clearly that genes associated with the pluripotent state are downregulated in a coordinated fashion, and that they are co-expressed with lineage specific transcription factors in a continuum during the early stages of stem cell differentiation. Conclusion These findings, that show that maintenance of pluripotency and lineage commitment are dynamic, interactive processes in hESC cultures, have important practical implications for propagation and directed differentiation of these cells, and for the interpretation of mechanistic studies of hESC renewal and commitment. Since embryonic stem cells at defined stages of commitment can be isolated in large numbers by immunological means, they provide a powerful model for studying molecular genetics of stem cell commitment in the embryo.
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11
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Schopperle WM, DeWolf WC. The TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 human pluripotent stem cell markers are expressed on podocalyxin in embryonal carcinoma. Stem Cells 2006; 25:723-30. [PMID: 17124010 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified the cell adhesion protein podocalyxin expressed in a human pluripotent stem cell, embryonal carcinoma (EC), which is a malignant germ cell. Podocalyxin is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein with amino acid sequence homology to the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34. Since the initial discovery of podocalyxin in a cancerous stem cell, numerous new studies have identified podocalyxin in many different human cancers and in embryonic stem cells lines (ES) derived from human embryos. Embryonal carcinoma, as do all human pluripotent stem cells, expresses TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antigens, and although their molecular identities are unknown, they are commonly used as markers of undifferentiated pluripotent human stem cells. We report here that purified podocalyxin from embryonal carcinoma has binding activity with the TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antibodies. Embryonal carcinoma cells treated with retinoic acid undergo differentiation and lose the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 markers from their plasma membrane surface. We show that podocalyxin is modified in the retinoic acid-treated cells and has an apparent molecular mass of 170 kDa on protein blots as compared with the apparent 200-kDa molecular weight form of podocalyxin expressed in untreated cells. Furthermore, the modified form of podocalyxin no longer reacts with the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 antibodies. Thus, embryonal carcinoma expresses two distinct forms of podocalyxin, and the larger version is a molecular carrier of the human stem cell-defining antigens TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Schopperle
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, RW-875, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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12
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Bodnar MS, Meneses JJ, Rodriguez RT, Firpo MT. Propagation and maintenance of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 13:243-53. [PMID: 15186720 DOI: 10.1089/154732804323099172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells, like other stem cells, have the capacity to self-renew without differentiation. Although hES cells can be differentiated to many different tissue types in vitro, clinical uses have not yet been realized from the study of hES cells. Anticipation that these cells would be immediately useful for creating models of human disease has not yet been fulfilled. However, because of their self-renewing and pluripotential nature, hES cells indeed hold unique promise for many areas of research and medicine. A major problem complicating developments in hES cell research is the difficulty of propagating and maintaining these cells in vitro without differentiation. This review addresses this problem and potential solutions in detail. In addition, the current state of research regarding the growth and maintenance of hES cells is summarized, along with basic protocols utilized by our laboratory for the successful propagation, characterization, and investigation of hES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Bodnar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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13
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Pébay A, Wong RCB, Pitson SM, Wolvetang EJ, Peh GSL, Filipczyk A, Koh KLL, Tellis I, Nguyen LTV, Pera MF. Essential roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate and platelet-derived growth factor in the maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:1541-8. [PMID: 16081668 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great potential for use in research and regenerative medicine, but very little is known about the factors that maintain these cells in the pluripotent state. We investigated the role of three major mitogenic agents present in serum--sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)--in maintaining hESCs. We show here that although LPA does not affect hESC growth or differentiation, coincubation of S1P and PDGF in a serum-free culture medium successfully maintains hESCs in an undifferentiated state. Our studies indicate that signaling pathways activated by tyrosine kinase receptors act synergistically with those downstream from lysophospholipid receptors to maintain hESCs in the undifferentiated state. This study is the first demonstration of a role for lysophospholipid receptor signaling in the maintenance of stem cell pluri-potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pébay
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Biology, Australian Stem Cell Centre, STRIP Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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14
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Venable A, Mitalipova M, Lyons I, Jones K, Shin S, Pierce M, Stice S. Lectin binding profiles of SSEA-4 enriched, pluripotent human embryonic stem cell surfaces. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2005; 5:15. [PMID: 16033656 PMCID: PMC1182361 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to form every cell type in the body. These cells must be appropriately characterized prior to differentiation studies or when defining characteristics of the pluripotent state. Some developmentally regulated cell surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies in a variety of species and stem cell types have proven to be side chains of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. Therefore, to examine hESC surfaces for other potential pluripotent markers, we used a panel of 14 lectins, which were chosen based on their specificity for a variety of carbohydrates and carbohydrate linkages, along with stage specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4), to determine binding quantitation by flow cytometry and binding localization in adherent colonies by immunocytochemistry. Results Enriching cells for SSEA-4 expression increased the percentage of SSEA-4 positive cells to 98–99%. Using enriched high SSEA-4-expressing hESCs, we then analyzed the binding percentages of selected lectins and found a large variation in binding percentages ranging from 4% to 99% binding. Lycopersicon (tomato)esculetum lectin (TL), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), and Concanavalin A (Con A) bound to SSEA-4 positive regions of hESCs and with similar binding percentages as SSEA-4. In contrast, we found Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL) did not bind to hESCs while Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L), Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA), Phaseolus vulgaris erythro-agglutinin (PHA-E), and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) bound partially to hESCs. These binding percentages correlated well with immunocytochemistry results. Conclusion Our results provide information about types of carbohydrates and carbohydrate linkages found on pluripotent hESC surfaces. We propose that TL, RCA and Con A may be used as markers that are associated with the pluripotent state of hESCs because binding percentages and binding localization of these lectins are similar to those of SSEA-4. Non-binding lectins, DBA and LTL, may identify differentiated cell types; however, we did not find these lectins to bind to pluripotent SSEA-4 positive hESCs. This work represents a fundamental base to systematically classify pluripotent hESCs, and in future studies these lectins may be used to distinguish differentiated hESC types based on glycan presentation that accompanies differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Venable
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Maisam Mitalipova
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Karen Jones
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Soojung Shin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Stice
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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15
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Draper JS, Moore HD, Ruban LN, Gokhale PJ, Andrews PW. Culture and characterization of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 13:325-36. [PMID: 15345125 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2004.13.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells offer substantial opportunities for providing well-defined differentiated cells for drug discovery, toxicology, and regenerative medicine, but the development of efficient techniques for their large-scale culture under defined conditions, and for controlling and directing their differentiation, presents a substantial challenge. Markers for defining the undifferentiated cells are well established, based upon previous studies of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, their malignant counterparts from teratocarcinomas. These provide valuable tools for monitoring human ES cultures and their state of differentiation. However, current culture techniques are suboptimal and involve the use of poorly defined culture media and the use of feeder cells. Over time, the cells may also acquire karyotypic changes, reflecting genetic selection and adaptation to in vitro culture conditions. Nevertheless, progress is being made. Originally, human ES cells were derived and maintained in medium containing fetal calf serum. They are now widely cultured in a proprietary serum-free formulation (serum replacement from Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA), and recently we have derived a new human ES line in this medium without fetal calf serum. Human fibroblasts can also be used to replace mouse embryo fibroblasts as feeder cells. We have now found it possible to culture a subline of human ES cells on Matrigel, or purified collagen type IV, laminin, and fibronectin, without feeders or feeder-conditioned medium. These cells nevertheless retain the features of undifferentiated human ES cells, including a capacity for differentiation. Although these cells also carried karyotypic changes, further research focused upon understanding the mechanisms that control self-renewal, apoptosis, and commitment to differentiation will facilitate the development of defined culture conditions that minimize genetic change and optimize the maintenance of the undifferentiated stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Draper
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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16
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Pera MF, Andrade J, Houssami S, Reubinoff B, Trounson A, Stanley EG, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Mummery C. Regulation of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by BMP-2 and its antagonist noggin. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:1269-80. [PMID: 14996946 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells differentiate spontaneously in vitro into a range of cell types, and they frequently give rise to cells with the properties of extra-embryonic endoderm. We show here that endogenous signaling by bone morphogenetic protein-2 controls the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into this lineage. Treatment of embryonic stem cell cultures with the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist noggin blocks this form of differentiation and induces the appearance of a novel cell type that can give rise to neural precursors. These findings indicate that bone morphogenetic protein-2 controls a key early commitment step in human embryonic stem cell differentiation, and show that the conservation of developmental mechanisms at the cellular level can be exploited in this system--in this case, to provide a facile route for the generation of neural precursors from pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Pera
- Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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17
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Schopperle WM, Kershaw DB, DeWolf WC. Human embryonal carcinoma tumor antigen, Gp200/GCTM-2, is podocalyxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:285-90. [PMID: 12504081 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously characterized a peanut agglutinin-binding tumor antigen, gp200, a surface membrane glycoprotein expressed on human embryonal carcinoma, a malignant stem cell of testicular tumors. Gp200 is remarkably similar to another embryonal carcinoma antigen, GCTM-2, a cell differentiation marker that is also detected in blood of testis cancer patients, yet neither molecular identity is known. We now report the identity of gp200 as podocalyxin. Protein sequence results of gp200 peptides match with podocalyxin sequence. Furthermore, two distinct monoclonal antibodies, specific for podocalyxin, react positively with gp200. Therefore, gp200 is a testicular tumor form of podocalyxin, a surface membrane glycoprotein that was originally discovered as a scaffolding extracellular matrix protein of kidney podocyte cells. Podocalyxin is also expressed on subsets of hematopoietic cells where it has a putative function as a cell adhesion protein. This is the first report of podocalyxin expression on malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Schopperle
- Division of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana 838, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Pera MF, Filipczyk AA, Hawes SM, Laslett AL. Isolation, characterization, and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Methods Enzymol 2003; 365:429-46. [PMID: 14696363 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)65030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Pera
- Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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19
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Verfaillie CM, Pera MF, Lansdorp PM. Stem cells: hype and reality. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2002; 2002:369-391. [PMID: 12446433 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This update discusses what is known regarding embryonic and adult tissue-derived pluripotent stem cells, including the mechanisms underlying self-renewal without senescence, differentiation in multiple cell types both in vitro and in vivo, and future potential clinical uses of such stem cells. In Section I, Dr. Lansdorp reviews the structure and function of telomerase, the enzyme that restores telomeric ends of chromosomes upon cell division, highly present in embryonic stem cells but not adult stem cells. He discusses the structure and function of telomerase and signaling pathways activated by the enzyme, with special emphasis on normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells. In Section II, Dr. Pera reviews the present understanding of mammalian pluripotent embryonic stem cells. He discusses the concept of pluripotentiality in its embryonic context, derivation of stem cells from embryonic or fetal tissue, the basic properties of the stem cells, and methods to produce specific types of differentiated cell from stem cells. He examines the potential applications of stem cells in research and medicine and some of the barriers that must be crossed to achieve these goals. In Section III, Dr. Verfaillie reviews the present understanding of pluripotency of adult stem cells. She discusses the concept of stem cell plasticity, a term used to describe the greater potency described by several investigators of adult tissue-derived stem cells, critically reviews the published studies demonstrating stem cell plasticity, and possible mechanisms underlying such plasticity, and examines the possible role of pluripotent adult stem cells in research and medicine.
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