1
|
Gilliard G, Huby E, Cordelier S, Ongena M, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Deleu M. Protoplast: A Valuable Toolbox to Investigate Plant Stress Perception and Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:749581. [PMID: 34675954 PMCID: PMC8523952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.749581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly facing abiotic and biotic stresses. To continue to thrive in their environment, they have developed many sophisticated mechanisms to perceive these stresses and provide an appropriate response. There are many ways to study these stress signals in plant, and among them, protoplasts appear to provide a unique experimental system. As plant cells devoid of cell wall, protoplasts allow observations at the individual cell level. They also offer a prime access to the plasma membrane and an original view on the inside of the cell. In this regard, protoplasts are particularly useful to address essential biological questions regarding stress response, such as protein signaling, ion fluxes, ROS production, and plasma membrane dynamics. Here, the tools associated with protoplasts to comprehend plant stress signaling are overviewed and their potential to decipher plant defense mechanisms is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eloïse Huby
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Laboratory, Terra Teaching and Research Center, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swartzwelter BJ, Mayall C, Alijagic A, Barbero F, Ferrari E, Hernadi S, Michelini S, Navarro Pacheco NI, Prinelli A, Swart E, Auguste M. Cross-Species Comparisons of Nanoparticle Interactions with Innate Immune Systems: A Methodological Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1528. [PMID: 34207693 PMCID: PMC8230276 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many components of the innate immune system are evolutionarily conserved and shared across many living organisms, from plants and invertebrates to humans. Therefore, these shared features can allow the comparative study of potentially dangerous substances, such as engineered nanoparticles (NPs). However, differences of methodology and procedure between diverse species and models make comparison of innate immune responses to NPs between organisms difficult in many cases. To this aim, this review provides an overview of suitable methods and assays that can be used to measure NP immune interactions across species in a multidisciplinary approach. The first part of this review describes the main innate immune defense characteristics of the selected models that can be associated to NPs exposure. In the second part, the different modes of exposure to NPs across models (considering isolated cells or whole organisms) and the main endpoints measured are discussed. In this synergistic perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of important cross-disciplinary immunological models to study NP-immune interactions and identify future research needs. As such, this paper could be used as a methodological reference point for future nano-immunosafety studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Mayall
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Liubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Andi Alijagic
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanosciència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eleonora Ferrari
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology–ZMBP Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Szabolcs Hernadi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Sara Michelini
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | | | | | - Elmer Swart
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK;
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pasternak T, Lystvan K, Betekhtin A, Hasterok R. From Single Cell to Plants: Mesophyll Protoplasts as a Versatile System for Investigating Plant Cell Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4195. [PMID: 32545519 PMCID: PMC7348876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that have a remarkable developmental plasticity, which ensures their optimal adaptation to environmental stresses. Plant cell totipotency is an extreme example of such plasticity, whereby somatic cells have the potential to form plants via direct shoot organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis in response to various exogenous and/or endogenous signals. Protoplasts provide one of the most suitable systems for investigating molecular mechanisms of totipotency, because they are effectively single cell populations. In this review, we consider the current state of knowledge of the mechanisms that induce cell proliferation from individual, differentiated somatic plant cells. We highlight initial explant metabolic status, ploidy level and isolation procedure as determinants of successful cell reprogramming. We also discuss the importance of auxin signalling and its interaction with stress-regulated pathways in governing cell cycle induction and further stages of plant cell totipotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Centre for BioSystems Analysis, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kateryna Lystvan
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Alexander Betekhtin
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Costa NLB, Carvalho CR, Clarindo WR. Improved Procedures to Assess Plant Protoplast Viability: Evidencing Cytological and Genomic Damage. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Layane Badaró Costa
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa
| | - Carlos Roberto Carvalho
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa
| | - Wellington Ronildo Clarindo
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Biologia, Campus de Alegre, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tiwari A, Singh P, Asthana RK. Role of calcium in the mitigation of heat stress in the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 199:67-75. [PMID: 27302007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exogenously added CaCl2 (0.25mM) on photopigments, photosynthetic O2-evolution, antioxidative enzyme activity, membrane damage, expression of two heat shock genes (groEL and groES) and apoptotic features in Anabaena 7120 under heat stress (45°C) for up to 24h were investigated. Heat stress lowered the level of photopigments; however, Ca2+--supplemented cultures showed a low level reduction in Chl a but induced accumulation of carotenoids and phycocyanin under heat stress. Photosynthetic O2-evolving capacity was maintained at a higher level in cells from Ca2+-supplemented medium. Among the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase activity was unaffected by the presence or absence of Ca2+ in contrast to increases in catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in cells grown in Ca2+-supplemented medium. Lower levels of lipid peroxidation were recorded in Anabaena cells grown in Ca2+-supplemented medium in comparison to cells from Ca2+--deprived medium. Target cells grown in Ca2+-deprived medium developed apoptotic features in the early stages of heat shock, while Ca2+ application seemed to interfere with apoptosis because only a few cells showed such features after 24 h of heat exposure, indicating a role for Ca2+ in maintaining cell viability under heat stress. There was also continuous up regulation of two important heat shock genes (groEL and groES) in Ca2+-supplemented cultures, exposed to heat shock, again indicating a role for Ca2+ in stress management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Tiwari
- R.N. Singh Memorial Lab, Centre of Advanced study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- R.N. Singh Memorial Lab, Centre of Advanced study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Asthana
- R.N. Singh Memorial Lab, Centre of Advanced study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tewari RK, Satoh M, Kado S, Mishina K, Anma M, Enami K, Hanaoka M, Watanabe M. Overproduction of stromal ferredoxin:NADPH oxidoreductase in H2O 2-accumulating Brassica napus leaf protoplasts. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:627-639. [PMID: 25255860 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of Brassica napus leaf protoplasts induces reactive oxygen species generation and accumulation in the chloroplasts. An activated isoform of NADPH oxidase-like protein was detected in the protoplasts and the protoplast chloroplasts. The purpose of this study is to define the NADH oxidase-like activities in the H2O2-accumulating protoplast chloroplasts. Proteomic analysis of this protein revealed an isoform of ferredoxin:NADPH oxidoreductase (FNR1). While leaves highly expressed the LFNR1 transcript, protoplasts decreased the expression significantly. The protoplast chloroplasts predominantly expressed soluble FNR1 proteins. While the albino leaves of white kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala f. tricolor cv. white pigeon) expressed FNR1 protein at the same level as B. napus leaves, the protoplasts of albino leaves displayed reduced FNR1 expression. The albino leaf protoplasts of white kale generated and accumulated H2O2 in the cytoplasm and on the plasma membrane. Intracellular pH showed that the chloroplasts were acidic, which suggest that excess H(+) was generated in chloroplast stroma. NADPH content of the protoplast chloroplasts increased by over sixfold during the isolation of protoplasts. This study reports a possibility of mediating electrons to oxygen by an overproduced soluble FNR, and suggests that the FNR has a function in utilizing any excess reducing power of NADPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Tewari
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Solís MT, Chakrabarti N, Corredor E, Cortés-Eslava J, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Biggiogera M, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Epigenetic changes accompany developmental programmed cell death in tapetum cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:16-29. [PMID: 24151205 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tapetum, the nursing tissue inside anthers, undergoes cellular degradation by programmed cell death (PCD) during late stages of microspore-early pollen development. Despite the key function of tapetum, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating this cell death process in which profound nuclear and chromatin changes occur. Epigenetic features (DNA methylation and histone modifications) have been revealed as hallmarks that establish the functional status of chromatin domains, but no evidence on the epigenetic regulation of PCD has been reported. DNA methylation is accomplished by DNA methyltransferases, among which DNA methyl transferase 1 (MET1) constitutes one of the CG maintenance methyltransferase in plants, also showing de novo methyltransferase activity. In this work, the changes in epigenetic marks during the PCD of tapetal cells have been investigated by a multidisciplinary approach to reveal the dynamics of DNA methylation and the pattern of expression of MET1 in relation to the main cellular changes of this PCD process which have also been characterized in two species, Brassica napus and Nicotiana tabacum. The results showed that tapetum PCD progresses with the increase in global DNA methylation and MET1 expression, epigenetic changes that accompanied the reorganization of the nuclear architecture and a high chromatin condensation, activity of caspase 3-like proteases and Cyt c release. The reported data indicate a relationship between the PCD process and the DNA methylation dynamics and MET1 expression in tapetal cells, suggesting a possible new role for the epigenetic marks in the nuclear events occurring during this cell death process and providing new insights into the epigenetic control of plant PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Tewari RK, Hadacek F, Sassmann S, Lang I. Iron deprivation-induced reactive oxygen species generation leads to non-autolytic PCD in Brassica napus leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 91:74-83. [PMID: 23825883 PMCID: PMC3661939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using iron-deprived (-Fe) chlorotic as well as green iron-deficient (5 μM Fe) and iron-sufficient supplied (50 μM Fe) leaves of young hydroponically reared Brassica napus plants, we explored iron deficiency effects on triggering programmed cell death (PCD) phenomena. Iron deficiency increased superoxide anion but decreased hydroxyl radical (•OH) formation (TBARS levels). Impaired photosystem II efficiency led to hydrogen peroxide accumulation in chloroplasts; NADPH oxidase activity, however, remained on the same level in all treatments. Non-autolytic PCD was observed especially in the chlorotic leaf of iron-deprived plants, to a lesser extent in iron-deficient plants. It correlated with higher DNAse-, alkaline protease- and caspase-3-like activities, DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and higher superoxide dismutase activity. A significant decrease in catalase activity together with rising levels of dehydroascorbic acid indicated a strong disturbance of the redox homeostasis, which, however, was not caused by •OH formation in concordance with the fact that iron is required to catalyse the Fenton reaction leading to •OH generation. This study documents the chain of events that contributes to the development of non-autolytic PCD in advanced stages of iron deficiency in B. napus leaves.
Collapse
Key Words
- AA, ascorbic acid
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- Brassica napus
- CAT, catalase
- Caspase
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride
- DHA, dehydroascorbic acid
- DNAse, deoxyribonuclease
- DTT, 1,4-dithio-dl-threitol
- Deficiency
- Deprivation
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ETR, electron transport rate
- ETS, electron transport system
- Iron
- NBT, p-nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride
- PCD, programmed cell death
- POD, peroxidase
- Programmed cell death
- Reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- Y(II), effective quantum yield
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Tewari
- Department of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research (TER), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Hadacek
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Sassmann
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research (CIUS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Lang
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research (CIUS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tewari RK, Prommer J, Watanabe M. Endogenous nitric oxide generation in protoplast chloroplasts. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:31-44. [PMID: 22971939 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : NO generation is studied in the protoplast chloroplasts. NO, ONOO ( - ) and ROS (O ( 2 ) ( - ) and H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) ) are generated in chloroplasts. Nitric oxide synthase-like protein appears to be involved in NO generation. Nitric oxide stimulates chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast differentiation. The present study was conducted to better understand the process of NO generation in the leaf chloroplasts and protoplasts. NO, peroxynitrite and superoxide anion were investigated in the protoplasts and isolated chloroplasts using specific dyes, confocal laser scanning and light microscopy. The level of NO was highest after protoplast isolation and subsequently decreased during culture. Suppression of NO signal in the presence of PTIO, suggests that diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) detected NO. Detection of peroxynitrite, a reaction product of NO and superoxide anion, further suggests NO generation. Moreover, generation of NO and peroxynitrite in the chloroplasts of wild-type Arabidopsis and their absence or weak signals in the leaf-derived protoplasts of Atnoa1 mutants confirmed the reactivity of DAF-2DA and aminophenyl fluorescein to NO and peroxynitrite, respectively. Isolated chloroplasts also showed signal of NO. Suppression of NO signal in the presence of 100 μM nitric oxide synthase inhibitors [L-NNA, Nω-nitro-L-arginine and PBIT, S,S'-1,3-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-isothiourea] revealed that nitric oxide synthase-like system is involved in NO synthesis. Suppression of NO signal in the protoplasts isolated in the presence of cycloheximide suggests de novo synthesis of NO generating protein during the process of protoplast isolation. Furthermore, the lack of inhibition of NO production by sodium tungstate (250 μM) and inhibition by L-NNA, and PBIT suggest involvement NOS-like protein, but not nitrate reductase, in NO generation in the leaf chloroplasts and protoplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Tewari
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Andrade-Vieira LF, de Campos JMS, Davide LC. Effects of Spent Pot Liner on mitotic activity and nuclear DNA content in meristematic cells of Allium cepa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 107:140-146. [PMID: 22634111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Industrial waste usually contains complex mixtures of mutagenic chemicals. Spent Pot Liner (SPL) is a complex solid waste from the aluminum industry, which is composed of organics, fluoride salts, inorganic cyanides, metals, and sodium. Due to the toxicity of these compounds, this study sought to use cytogenetics and flow cytometry to assess the effects of SPL on cell cycle parameters and DNA content in meristematic cells of Allium cepa. Three concentrations of leachates from SPL-soil mixtures were used for the study: 0, 10, and 25%. Roots were collected and analyzed after 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 h of exposure to the above SPL leachates. The results showed an overall mitodepressive effect accompanied by an increased percentage of condensed nuclei and genomic instability as evidenced by the presence of cellular/chromosomal abnormalities. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling revealed nuclei with fragmented DNA, a marker of programmed cell death. This study also addressed the question of reversibility of the effects of SPL and found that 36 h of exposure to 25% SPL seemed to be the point at which the effects on the induction of apoptosis became irreversible.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tewari RK, Watanabe D, Watanabe M. Chloroplastic NADPH oxidase-like activity-mediated perpetual hydrogen peroxide generation in the chloroplast induces apoptotic-like death of Brassica napus leaf protoplasts. PLANTA 2012; 235:99-110. [PMID: 21853253 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research over the past years, regeneration from protoplasts has been observed in only a limited number of plant species. Protoplasts undergo complex metabolic modification during their isolation. The isolation of protoplasts induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in Brassica napus leaf protoplasts. The present study was conducted to provide new insight into the mechanism of ROS generation in B. napus leaf protoplasts. In vivo localization of H(2)O(2) and enzymes involved in H(2)O(2) generation and detoxification, molecular antioxidant-ascorbate and its redox state and lipid peroxidation were investigated in the leaf and isolated protoplasts. Incubating leaf strips in the macerating enzyme (ME) for different duration (3, 6, and 12 h) induced accumulation of H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation, an index of membrane damage) in protoplasts. The level of H(2)O(2) was highest just after protoplast isolation and subsequently decreased during culture. Superoxide generating NADPH oxidase (NOX)-like activity was enhanced, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased in the protoplasts compared to leaves. Diaminobenzidine peroxidase (DAB-POD) activity was also lower in the protoplasts compared to leaves. Total ascorbate content, ascorbate to dehydroascorbate ratio (redox state), were enhanced in the protoplasts compared to leaves. Higher activity of NOX-like enzyme and weakening in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, and DAB-POD) in protoplasts resulted in excessive accumulation of H(2)O(2) in chloroplasts of protoplasts. Chloroplastic NADPH oxidase-like activity mediated perpetual H(2)O(2) generation probably induced apoptotic-like cell death of B. napus leaf protoplasts as indicated by parallel DNA laddering and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Tewari
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Farage-Barhom S, Burd S, Sonego L, Mett A, Belausov E, Gidoni D, Lers A. Localization of the Arabidopsis senescence- and cell death-associated BFN1 nuclease: from the ER to fragmented nuclei. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:1062-73. [PMID: 21665915 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant senescence- or PCD-associated nucleases share significant homology with nucleases from different organisms. However, knowledge of their function is limited. Intracellular localization of the Arabidopsis senescence- and PCD-associated nuclease BFN1 was investigated. Analysis of BFN1-GFP localization in transiently transformed tobacco protoplasts revealed initial localization in filamentous structures spread throughout the cytoplasm, which then clustered around the nuclei as the protoplasts senesced. These filamentous structures were identified as being of ER origin. In BFN1-GFP-transgenic Arabidopsis plants, similar localization of BFN1-GFP was observed in young leaves, that is, in filamentous structures that reorganized around the nuclei only in senescing cells. In late senescence, BFN1-GFP was localized with fragmented nuclei in membrane-wrapped vesicles. BFN1's postulated function as a nucleic acid-degrading enzyme in senescence and PCD is supported by its localization pattern. Our results suggest the existence of a dedicated compartment mediating nucleic acid degradation in senescence and PCD processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Farage-Barhom
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Watanabe M, Yumi O, Itoh Y, Yasuda K, Kamachi K, Ratcliffe RG. Deamination role of inducible glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 7 in Brassica napus leaf protoplasts. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:587-93. [PMID: 21353684 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the reversible amination of 2-oxoglutarate to glutamate. In Brassica napus, GDH isoenzymes 1 and 7 are hexamers of β and α subunits, respectively and the isoenzyme profile in leaves is known to change on wounding. Here, parallels were sought between the effects of wounding and protoplast isolation because of the possible relevance of changes in GDH activity to the perturbed metabolism in recalcitrant B. napus protoplasts. When leaf protoplasts of B. napus were isolated, GDH7 isoforms predominated. Transcription of GDH2, which encodes the GDH α subunit, was activated and translation of the GDH2 mRNA was also activated to synthesize α subunit polypeptides. When detached leaves absorbed either acidic 5mM jasmonic acid or salicylic acid solutions via petioles, GDH7 isoenzymes were activated and the GDH isoenzyme patterns were similar to those of protoplasts. Salicylic acid β-glycosides were generated soon after treatment with the pectinase-cellulase enzyme solution and peaked at 1h. NMR spectroscopic analysis of protoplasts and unstressed leaves incubated with 5mM (15)NH(4)Cl showed that the change in GDH isoenzyme profile had no effect on ammonium assimilation. Protoplast isolation changed the redox state with NAD(P)H and oxidized glutathione levels increasing, and ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, NAD(P) and glutathione decreasing. ATP content in protoplasts declined to 2.6% of that in leaves, while that in wounded leaves increased by twofold. It is concluded that GDH7 does not support net amination in vivo and it is suggested that the increase in GDH7 activity is a response to oxidative stress during protoplast isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Watanabe
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Andrade-Vieira LF, Gedraite LS, Campos JMS, Davide LC. Spent Pot Liner (SPL) induced DNA damage and nuclear alterations in root tip cells of Allium cepa as a consequence of programmed cell death. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:882-888. [PMID: 21232797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There are various toxic effects of environmental pollutants, including apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Spent Pot Liner (SPL) is solid waste from the aluminum industry. It has a highly variable composition, including cyanide, fluoride, organics and metals. Preliminary characterizations of the effect of SPL on Allium cepa show the presence of condensed nuclei. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the toxic effect of SPL in A. cepa root meristem in the context of programmed cell death (PCD). A lot of specific features of this process such as DNA fragmentation, condensed chromatin, spherical nuclei and the formation of apoptotic-like bodies were observed in root meristem after SPL treatment. Root meristem treated with SPL 25% solution exhibited an alteration in antioxidant enzyme activities; a reduction in NCR as a consequence of high percentage of condensed nuclei; DNA fragmentation, detected by electrophoresis and TUNEL assay; cytoplasm vacuolization and also a disturbance in root morphology. These features are associated with programmed cell death (PCD) under abiotic stress. Therefore, these data show that SPL induces apoptosis-like PCD in root meristem cells of A. cepa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Box 3730, CEP 37200-000 Lavras-MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peters J, Chin CK. Potassium loss is involved in tobacco cell death induced by palmitoleic acid and ceramide. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:180-6. [PMID: 17662229 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco cell death induced by palmitoleic acid (16:1), ceramide, and KCN was found to possess features associated with program cell death (PCD), including cell volume decrease, loss of membrane integrity, DNA damage, nuclear and plastid disorganization, and chromatin condensation. Cell volume decrease was found to be caused by loss of intracellular K(+). Ba(2+) was able to prevent the K(+) loss and it also protected the cells from death induced by 16:1 and ceramide but not KCN. The results suggest that K(+) loss is a critical step in plant PCD. The inability of Ba(2+) to prevent cell death was most likely due to its other effects of KCN, i.e., inhibition of cytochrome oxidase in the respiratory chain and generation of reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Peters
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological, Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|