1
|
Graziosi S, Puliga F, Iotti M, Amicucci A, Zambonelli A. In vitro interactions between Bradyrhizobium spp. and Tuber magnatum mycelium. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13271. [PMID: 38692852 PMCID: PMC11062863 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Tuber magnatum is the most expensive truffle, but its large-scale cultivation is still a challenge compared to other valuable Tuber species. T. magnatum mycelium has never been grown profitably until now, which has led to difficulties to studying it in vitro. This study describes beneficial interactions between T. magnatum mycelium and never before described bradyrhizobia, which allows the in vitro growth of T. magnatum mycelium. Three T. magnatum strains were co-isolated on modified Woody Plant Medium (mWPM) with aerobic bacteria and characterised through microscopic observations. The difficulties of growing alone both partners, bacteria and T. magnatum mycelium, on mWPM demonstrated the reciprocal dependency. Three bacterial isolates for each T. magnatum strain were obtained and molecularly characterised by sequencing the 16S rRNA, glnII, recA and nifH genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all nine bacterial strains were distributed among five subclades included in a new monophyletic lineage belonging to the Bradyrhizobium genus within the Bradyrhizobium jicamae supergroup. The nifH genes were detected in all bacterial isolates, suggesting nitrogen-fixing capacities. This is the first report of consistent T. magnatum mycelium growth in vitro conditions. It has important implications for the development of new technologies in white truffle cultivation and for further studies on T. magnatum biology and genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Graziosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental ScienceUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomazeli EC, Alfaro M, Zambonelli A, Garde E, Pérez G, Jiménez I, Ramírez L, Salman H, Pisabarro AG. Transcriptome Metabolic Characterization of Tuber borchii SP1-A New Spanish Strain for In Vitro Studies of the Bianchetto Truffle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10981. [PMID: 37446159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles are ascomycete hypogeous fungi belonging to the Tuberaceae family of the Pezizales order that grow in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with tree roots, and they are known for their peculiar aromas and flavors. The axenic culture of truffle mycelium is problematic because it is not possible in many cases, and the growth rate is meager when it is possible. This limitation has prompted searching and characterizing new strains that can be handled in laboratory conditions for basic and applied studies. In this work, a new strain of Tuber borchii (strain SP1) was isolated and cultured, and its transcriptome was analyzed under different in vitro culture conditions. The results showed that the highest growth of T. borchii SP1 was obtained using maltose-enriched cultures made with soft-agar and in static submerged cultures made at 22 °C. We analyzed the transcriptome of this strain cultured in different media to establish a framework for future comparative studies, paying particular attention to the central metabolic pathways, principal secondary metabolite gene clusters, and the genes involved in producing volatile aromatic compounds (VOCs). The results showed a transcription signal for around 80% of the annotated genes. In contrast, most of the transcription effort was concentrated on a limited number of genes (20% of genes account for 80% of the transcription), and the transcription profile of the central metabolism genes was similar in the different conditions analyzed. The gene expression profile suggests that T. borchii uses fermentative rather than respiratory metabolism in these cultures, even in aerobic conditions. Finally, there was a reduced expression of genes belonging to secondary metabolite clusters, whereas there was a significative transcription of those involved in producing volatile aromatic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Chuina Tomazeli
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Bionanoplus, 31194 Oricain, Spain
| | - Manuel Alfaro
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agro-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna (UNIBO), 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edurne Garde
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gumer Pérez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Jiménez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio G Pisabarro
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nasslahsen B, Prin Y, Ferhout H, Smouni A, Duponnois R. Management of Plant Beneficial Fungal Endophytes to Improve the Performance of Agroecological Practices. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1087. [PMID: 36294652 PMCID: PMC9604847 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
By dint of the development of agroecological practices and organic farming, stakeholders are becoming more and more aware of the importance of soil life and banning a growing number of pesticide molecules, promoting the use of plant bio-stimulants. To justify and promote the use of microbes in agroecological practices and sustainable agriculture, a number of functions or services often are invoked: (i) soil health, (ii) plant growth promotion, (iii) biocontrol, (iv) nutrient acquiring, (v) soil carbon storage, etc. In this paper, a review and a hierarchical classification of plant fungal partners according to their ecosystemic potential with regard to the available technologies aiming at field uses will be discussed with a particular focus on interactive microbial associations and functions such as Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB) and nurse plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Nasslahsen
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales & Méditerranéennes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Institut National de Recherche pour L’agriculture, L’alimentation et L’environnement, Institut Agro Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Société Agronutrition, 31390 Carbonne, France
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Yves Prin
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales & Méditerranéennes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Institut National de Recherche pour L’agriculture, L’alimentation et L’environnement, Institut Agro Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Abdelaziz Smouni
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco
- Laboratoire Mixte International—LMI AMIR, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Robin Duponnois
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales & Méditerranéennes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Institut National de Recherche pour L’agriculture, L’alimentation et L’environnement, Institut Agro Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakano S, Obase K, Nakamura N, Kinoshita A, Kuroda K, Yamanaka T. Mitospore formation on pure cultures of Tuber japonicum (Tuberaceae, Pezizales) in vitro. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:353-360. [PMID: 35641704 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The members of the genus Tuber are Ascomycota that form ectomycorrhizal associations with various coniferous and broadleaf tree species. In the teleomorphic stage, the species of the genus produce fruit bodies known as true truffles. Recent studies have discovered mitosporic structures, including spore mats, of several Tuber species on forest soils, indicating the presence of a cryptic anamorphic stage or an unknown reproductive strategy. Here, we report in vitro mitospore formation on the mycelium of T. japonicum, which belongs to the Japonicum clade, collected in several regions in Japan. Twenty of the 25 strains formed mitospores on modified Melin-Norkrans agar medium, indicating that mitospore formation is likely a common trait among strains of T. japonicum. The fungus forms repeatedly branched conidiophores on aerial hyphae on colonies and generates holoblastic mitospores sympodially on the terminal and near apical parts and/or occasionally on the middle and basal parts of the conidiogenous cells. Mitospores are hyaline and elliptical, obovate, oblong, or occasionally bacilliform, with a vacuole and often distinct hilar appendices. Formation of mitospores by T. japonicum in vitro is useful in understanding the functions of mitospores in the genus Tuber under controlled environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Nakano
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
- Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, 800-8 Shimokomazawa, Nagano, 381-0008, Japan
| | - Keisuke Obase
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Nakamura
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0862, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kuroda
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 92-25 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0123, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Büntgen U, Peter M, Tegel W, Stobbe U, Elburg R, Sproll L, Molinier V, Čejka T, Isaac EL, Egli S. Eco-archaeological excavation techniques reveal snapshots of subterranean truffle growth. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:951-961. [PMID: 34776232 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite its status as a highly-prized and coveted fungi in gastronomy, many aspects of the subterranean life cycle of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) are still unknown, because in situ observations of the formation and maturation of truffle fruitbodies remain difficult. Here, we adopted a suite of archaeological fine-scale excavating techniques to provide unique spatiotemporal snapshots of Burgundy truffle growth at three sites in southern Germany. We also recorded the relative position, fresh weight, maturity level and genotype composition of all excavated fruitbodies. Varying by a factor of thousand, the fresh weight of 73 truffle ranged from 0.1 to 103.2 g, with individual maturity levels likely representing different life cycle stages from completely unripe to fully ripe and even decaying. While only a slightly positive relationship between fruitbody weight and maturity level was found, our results suggest that genetically distinct specimens can exhibit different life cycle stages at the same period of time and under the same environmental conditions. We therefore argue that truffles are likely able to grow, mature and ripe simultaneously between early summer and late winter of the following year. Our case study should encourage further eco-archaeological truffle excavations under different biogeographic settings and at different seasons of the year to gain deeper insights into the fungi's subterranean ecology. The expected cross-disciplinary findings will help truffle hunters and farmers to improve their harvest practices and management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | | | - Rengert Elburg
- Archaeological Heritage Office Saxony, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Čejka
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth L Isaac
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska‐Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon‐Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:973-1122. [PMID: 34608637 PMCID: PMC8518129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T. Freschet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSHCentre PACA, site AgroparcINRAE84914Avignon cedex 9France
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Louise H. Comas
- USDA‐ARS Water Management Research Unit2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320Fort CollinsCO80526USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna1190Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional EcologyInstitute of Botany CASDukelska 13537901TrebonCzech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562‐035KórnikPoland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
| | | | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Plant SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna
- Department of General BotanyInstitute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661-614PoznańPoland
| | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee,DD2 5DAUK
- School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundee,DD1 4HNUK
| | | | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological ScienceFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Functional Forest EcologyUniversity of HamburgHaidkrugsweg 122885BarsbütelGermany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 476700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)Senckenberganlage 2560325Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University935 Ramsey Lake RoadSudburyONP3E 2C6Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesCMLLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAEAMAPCIRAD, IRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34000France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical BotanyDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21-23Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia140 E. Green StreetAthensGA30602USA
| | - Larry M. York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy InnovationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNY12545USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Goiás1974690-900Goiânia, GoiásBrazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley (Perth)WA 6009Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley (Perth)WAAustralia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree ScienceMorton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53LisleIL60532USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leonardi M, Iotti M, Mello A, Vizzini A, Paz-Conde A, Trappe J, Pacioni G. Typification of the Four Most Investigated and Valuable Truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2021. [DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leonardi
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila (Italy)
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila (Italy)
| | - Antonietta Mello
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino (Italy)
| | | | | | - James Trappe
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (United States)
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila (Italy)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
López-Legarda X, Rostro-Alanis M, Parra-Saldivar R, Villa-Pulgarín JA, Segura-Sánchez F. Submerged cultivation, characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Schizophyllum radiatum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:919-932. [PMID: 34280450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Production of polysaccharides by white-rot-fungi in submerged cultivation has several advantages due to process control. This work deals with the submerged cultivation, extraction and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from a wild strain of Schizophyllum radiatum isolated from a tropical forest of Colombia. The mushroom was cultivated in laboratory conditions, and classified by classical and molecular taxonomy. Submerged cultivation was performed in a bioreactor of 5 L using a ligninolytic residue as substrate. The fermentation conditions were 30 ± 1 °C, pH 4.5, 300 rpm and 1.5 vvm of air for 4 days. The yields were 16.8 g/L (w/v) of biomass, and after extraction, 0.6 g/L of water-soluble exopolysaccharide (SEPS) and 2.01 % (w/w) of water-soluble intrapolysaccharide (SIPS) were obtained. In each extract total carbohydrate, glucans and protein contents were determined. Also, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), high performance liquid chromatography with refraction index detection (HPLC-RI), high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis were performed. Results indicated that SEPS and SIPS are heteropolysaccharides with amorphous structure and high molecular weights. Antitumor and immunostimulant activity was evaluated in different cancer cell lines. The results suggest these polysaccharides have direct and indirect antitumor activity activating immune cells such as macrophages. These findings enhance our knowledge about new sources of fungal metabolites that serve as adjuvant, cheaper and less harmful alternatives to cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiomara López-Legarda
- Grupo Biopolimer, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52 - 21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Magdalena Rostro-Alanis
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldivar
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
| | - Janny A Villa-Pulgarín
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Calle 51 # 51 27, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Freimar Segura-Sánchez
- Grupo Biopolimer, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52 - 21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Obase K, Yamanaka S, Kinoshita A, Tamai Y, Yamanaka T. Phylogenetic placements and cultural characteristics of Tuber species isolated from ectomycorrhizas. MYCOSCIENCE 2021; 62:124-131. [PMID: 37089255 PMCID: PMC9157752 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pure cultures of Tuber were isolated from ectomycorrhizal root tips in Abies sachalinensis plantations in Hokkaido, Japan. Their phylogenetic relationships as well as vegetative hyphal characteristics on culture media were reported. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer within ribosomal DNA settled well-supported eight lineages within Puberulum, Latisporum, and Maculatum clades in Tuber. Three and one lineages were grouped with undescribed species of Puberulum clade in Japan and that of the Latisporum group in China, respectively. Two lineages were closely associated to but distinct from an undescribed species of Puberulum clade in Japan. One lineage did not group with any sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database (INSD), proposing a new taxon in the Latisporum group. One lineage was grouped with T. foetidum in Maculatum clade. All strains in each lineage displayed yellowish white, thin, filamentous colonies on Melin-Norkrans agar medium. Various differences in morphological characteristics of hyphae on pure cultures of various strains were noted, but they were frequently uncommon among strains of the same taxa. Isolation from ectomycorrhizal root tips can be among the effective ways to acquire pure cultures of Tuber strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Obase
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | - Satoshi Yamanaka
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | - Yutaka Tamai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
López-Legarda X, Arboleda-Echavarría C, Parra-Saldívar R, Rostro-Alanis M, Alzate JF, Villa-Pulgarín JA, Segura-Sánchez F. Biotechnological production, characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from a native strain of Lentinus crinitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3133-3144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
12
|
Leonardi P, Murat C, Puliga F, Iotti M, Zambonelli A. Ascoma genotyping and mating type analyses of mycorrhizas and soil mycelia of Tuber borchii in a truffle orchard established by mycelial inoculated plants. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:964-975. [PMID: 31393668 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuber borchii (the Bianchetto truffle) is a heterothallic Ascomycete living in symbiotic association with trees and shrubs. Maternal and paternal genotype dynamics have already been studied for the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum but not yet for T. borchii. In this study, we analysed maternal and paternal genotypes in the first truffle orchard realized with plants inoculated with five different T. borchii mycelia. Our aims were to test the persistence of the inoculated mycelia, if maternal and/or paternal genotypes correspond to inoculated mycelia and to assess the hermaphroditism of T. borchii. The mating type of each isolate as well as those of mycorrhizas, ascomata and extraradical soil mycelia was determined. Moreover, simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiles of maternal and paternal genotypes were assessed in 18 fruiting bodies to investigate the sexual behaviour of this truffle. The maternal genotypes of the fruiting bodies corresponded to those of the inoculated mycelia with only two exceptions. This confirmed that the inoculated mycelia persisted 9 years after plantation. As regards paternal partner, only two had the same genotype as those of the inoculated mycelia, suggesting hermaphroditism. Most of the new paternal genotypes originated from a recombination of those of inoculated mycelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leonardi M, Paz-Conde A, Guevara G, Salvi D, Pacioni G. Two new species of Tuber previously reported as Tuber malacodermum. Mycologia 2019; 111:676-689. [PMID: 31107638 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1603777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent collections of Tuber malacodermum from Spain, Corsica, and Mexico were compared in an integrative morphological and molecular phylogenetic framework, including study of type material. Phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA (28S) regions showed that specimens from Spain and Corsica form a monophyletic group closely related to T. melosporum and T. rufum, whereas Mexican specimens form a clade within the T. lyonii species complex. Peridium and ascospore morphology contribute clear morphological distinctions among specimens from Spain and Corsica, Mexico, and the type specimen of T. malacodermum. Based on results of the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, we assigned the specimens from Spain and Corsica to Tuber pustulatum, sp. nov., and the Mexican specimens to Tuber theleascum, sp. nov. We restrict T. malacodermum to the sole type material. Formal descriptions and illustrations of these taxa are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leonardi
- a Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Aurelia Paz-Conde
- b Carrer Vall-Ter 791, apdo. correos 6, Caldes de Malavella , 17455, Girona , Spain
| | - Gonzalo Guevara
- c Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria, Bldv. Emilio, Portel Gil No. 1301 Pte., C.P. 87010, Cd. Victoria , Tamaulipas , México
| | - Daniele Salvi
- a Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.,d CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto , Campus de Vairão , Vairão , Portugal
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- a Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vahdatzadeh M, Splivallo R. Improving truffle mycelium flavour through strain selection targeting volatiles of the Ehrlich pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9304. [PMID: 29915180 PMCID: PMC6006436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles (Tuber spp.) are the fruiting bodies of symbiotic fungi, which are prized food delicacies. The marked aroma variability observed among truffles of the same species has been attributed to a series of factors that are still debated. This is because factors (i.e. genetics, maturation, geographical location and the microbial community colonizing truffles) often co-vary in truffle orchards. Here, we removed the co-variance effect by investigating truffle flavour in axenic cultures of nine strains of the white truffle Tuber borchii. This allowed us to investigate the influence of genetics on truffle aroma. Specifically, we quantified aroma variability and explored whether strain selection could be used to improve human-sensed truffle flavour. Our results illustrate that aroma variability among strains is predominantly linked to amino acid catabolism through the Ehrlich pathway, as confirmed by 13C labelling experiments. We furthermore exemplified through sensory analysis that the human nose is able to distinguish among strains and that sulfur volatiles derived from the catabolism of methionine have the strongest influence on aroma characteristics. Overall, our results demonstrate that genetics influences truffle aroma much more deeply than previously thought and illustrate the usefulness of strain selection for improving truffle flavour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Álvarez-Lafuente A, Benito-Matías LF, Peñuelas-Rubira JL, Suz LM. Multi-cropping edible truffles and sweet chestnuts: production of high-quality Castanea sativa seedlings inoculated with Tuber aestivum, its ecotype T. uncinatum, T. brumale, and T. macrosporum. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:29-38. [PMID: 29101543 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The plantation and management of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) orchards is a common and traditional land use system in many areas of Europe that offers the advantage of simultaneous production of nuts and timber. During the last decades, sweet chestnut has declined dramatically in many regions because of the profound social changes in rural areas coupled with pathogen attacks. Truffles, the hypogeous ascocarps of the ectomycorrhizal genus Tuber, are currently cultivated using host trees inoculated with these fungi for improving production in truffle orchards. The production of good forestry quality chestnut seedlings inoculated with European truffles in nurseries is essential for multi-cropping plantation establishment, but so far, it has not been implemented in agroforestry practices. Moreover, it is necessary to assess the physiological condition of the seedlings due to the high calcium amendment needed for the growth of Tuber spp. mycelium that can become toxic for the host plants. In this study, seedlings of C. sativa were inoculated with Tuber aestivum and its ecotypes T. uncinatum, T. brumale, and T. macrosporum and were grown in a greenhouse using culture conditions favorable for the production of high-quality plants for forestry purposes. At the end of the assay, levels of root colonization and morphological and physiological parameters of the seedlings were measured. The colonization of C. sativa with T. aestivum, its ecotype T. uncinatum, and T. brumale was successful, and the seedlings showed normal growth. Inoculation protocols with T. macrosporum need to be improved. Tuber species formed well-developed ectomycorrhizae on C. sativa in nursery conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Álvarez-Lafuente
- TRAGSA CNRGF "El Serranillo," Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 19080, Guadalajara, Spain.
| | | | - Juan L Peñuelas-Rubira
- TRAGSA CNRGF "El Serranillo," Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 19080, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, England
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Picceri GG, Leonardi P, Iotti M, Gallo M, Baldi F, Zambonelli A, Amicucci A, Vallorani L, Piccoli G, Ciccimarra G, Arshakyan M, Burattini S, Falcieri E, Chiarantini L. Bacteria-produced ferric exopolysaccharide nanoparticles as iron delivery system for truffles (Tuber borchii). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1429-1441. [PMID: 29189902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron exopolysaccharide nanoparticles were biogenerated during ferric citrate fermentation by Klebsiella oxytoca DSM 29614. Before investigating their effects on Tuber borchii ("bianchetto" truffle) mycelium growth and morphology, they were tested on human K562 cell line and Lentinula edodes pure culture and shown to be non-toxic. Using these nanoparticles as iron supplement, the truffles showed extremely efficient iron uptake of over 300 times that of a commercial product. This avoided morphological changes in T. borchii due to lack of iron during growth and, with optimum nanoparticle dosage, increased growth without cell wall disruption or alteration of protoplasmatic hyphal content, the nuclei, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticula being preserved. No significant modifications in gene expression were observed. These advantages derive from the completely different mechanism of iron delivery to mycelia compared to commercial iron supplements. The present data, in fact, show the nanoparticles attached to the cell wall, then penetrating it non-destructively without damage to cell membrane, mitochondria, chromatin, or ribosome. Low dosage significantly improved mycelium growth, without affecting hyphal morphology. Increases in hyphal diameter and septal distance indicated a healthier state of the mycelia compared to those grown in the absence of iron or with a commercial iron supplement. These positive effects were confirmed by measuring fungal biomass as mycelium dry weight, total protein, and ergosterol content. This "green" method for biogenerating iron exopolysaccharide nanoparticles offers many advantages, including significant economic savings, without toxic effects on the ectomycorrhizal fungus, opening the possibility of using them as iron supplements in truffle plantations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Giusi Picceri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio (Coppito), 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Gallo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Franco Baldi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Amicucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Luciana Vallorani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciccimarra
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marselina Arshakyan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Burattini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Falcieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molinier V, Murat C, Baltensweiler A, Büntgen U, Martin F, Meier B, Moser B, Sproll L, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Egli S, Peter M. Fine-scale genetic structure of natural Tuber aestivum sites in southern Germany. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:895-907. [PMID: 27460217 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of important economic value, its subterranean life cycle and population biology are still poorly understood. Here, we determine mating type and simple sequence repeat (SSR) maternal genotypes of mapped fruiting bodies to assess their genetic structure within two naturally colonized forest sites in southern Germany. Forty-one genotypes were identified from 112 fruiting bodies. According to their mating types, the maternal genotypes were aggregated only in one population. Genotypic diversity of individuals that mostly were small and occurred in 1 out of 2 years of sampling was high. Although these results suggested a ruderal colonization strategy, some genets spread several hundred meters. This result indicates that, besides sexual spore dispersal, vegetative growth or spreading by mycelial propagules contributes to dissemination. In one site, fewer individuals with a tendency to expand genets belonging to only one genetic group were observed. In the second site, numerous small individuals were found and were grouped into two clearly differentiated genetic groups that were spatially intermingled. Forest characteristics and disturbances are possible reasons for the observed genetic patterns. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the biology of one of the most widespread and commercially important truffle species. This knowledge is critical for establishing and maintaining sustainable long-term truffle cultivations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Murat
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Andri Baltensweiler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Barbara Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Willy Tegel
- Institute of Forest Sciences IWW, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Belfiori B, Riccioni C, Paolocci F, Rubini A. Characterization of the reproductive mode and life cycle of the whitish truffle T. borchii. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:515-527. [PMID: 26968742 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Truffles are the fruiting structures of ascomycetes in the genus Tuber. Because of their economic importance, truffles have been cultivated for many years using artificially inoculated host plants. Nevertheless, the life cycle and reproductive mode of Tuber spp. are still poorly understood. In filamentous ascomycetes, sexual reproduction is genetically controlled by the mating-type (MAT) locus. Among Tuber spp., the MAT locus has been recently characterized in the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber indicum. Here, by using sequence information derived from these species and from a Tuber borchii expressed sequence tag (EST) showing similarity to the mat1 gene of Alternaria brassicicola, we embarked on a chromosome-walking procedure to sequence the complete MAT region of T. borchii. This fungus produces highly commercialized whitish truffles and represents a model species for addressing basic questions concerning the life cycle of Tuber spp. We show that T. borchii is heterothallic, as its MAT locus is organized into two idiomorphs, each harbored by different mycelial strains. The alignment of the MAT locus from black truffles and T. borchii reveals that extensive sequence rearrangements and inversions occurred between these species. Moreover, by coupling mating-type analyses to karyological observation, we show that mycelia isolated from ascocarps and mycorrhizae are formed by homokaryotic hyphae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Belfiori
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - Perugia Division, Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Riccioni
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - Perugia Division, Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - Perugia Division, Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Rubini
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - Perugia Division, Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Le Roux C, Tournier E, Lies A, Sanguin H, Chevalier G, Duponnois R, Mousain D, Prin Y. Bacteria of the genus Rhodopseudomonas (Bradyrhizobiaceae): obligate symbionts in mycelial cultures of the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber brumale. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1085. [PMID: 27468385 PMCID: PMC4947074 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work aimed at characterizing 12 isolates of the genus Tuber including Tuber melanosporum (11 isolates) and Tuber brumale (one isolate). This was done using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, confirming their origin. RESULTS Analysis of their mating type revealed that both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 exist within these isolates (with 3 and 8 of each, respectively). We observed that each of these cultures was consistently associated with one bacterium that was intimately linked to fungal growth. These bacterial associates failed to grow in the absence of fungus. We extracted DNA from bacterial colonies in the margin of mycelium and sequenced a nearly complete 16S rDNA gene and a partial ITS fragment. We found they all belonged to the genus Rhodopseudomonas, fitting within different phylogenetic clusters. No relationships were evidenced between bacterial and fungal strains or mating types. Rhodopseudomonas being a sister genus to Bradyrhizobium, we tested the nodulation ability of these bacteria on a promiscuously nodulating legume (Acacia mangium), without success. We failed to identify any nifH genes among these isolates, using two different sets of primers. CONCLUSIONS While the mechanisms of interaction between Tuber and Rhodopseudomonas remain to be elucidated, their interdependency for in vitro growth seems a novel feature of this fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrien Lies
- />CIRAD, UMR LSTM, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hervé Sanguin
- />CIRAD, UMR LSTM, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gérard Chevalier
- />INRA Centre de Recherche de Clermont-Theix, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | | | - Daniel Mousain
- />Société d’Horticulture et d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Hérault, Parc à Ballon 1, bâtiment B, 125 rue du Moulin de Sémalen, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Prin
- />CIRAD, UMR LSTM, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Burgundy Truffle (Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum): A Truffle Species with a Wide Habitat Range over Europe. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Taxonomy, Biology and Ecology of Tuber macrosporum Vittad. and Tuber mesentericum Vittad. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
25
|
Benucci GMN, Raggi L, Albertini E, Csorbai AG, Donnini D. Assessment of ectomycorrhizal biodiversity in Tuber macrosporum productive sites. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:281-292. [PMID: 24232503 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuber macrosporum Vittad. is a truffle with superb organoleptic properties, whose cultivation is still in its infancy. For the first time we have aimed to provide information on ectomycorrhizal communities in natural and cultivated T. macrosporum sites. Ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were identified using ITS nrDNA sequencing and sorted into molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU). We detected 16 MOTUs in the T. macrosporum cultivated plantation. Ascomycota were the most abundant (86.4%) with Helvellaceae, Pyronemataceae and Pezizaceae the most common. Twenty-two MOTUs were collected in the natural T. macrosporum site. Basidiomycota morphotypes were plentiful (70.6%) and Thelephoraceae dominated. Each site had different taxa belowground with only T. macrosporum in common, being more abundant in the natural (18.2%) than in the cultivated (14.4%) site. Species richness, Simpson and Shannon diversity indices, taxonomic diversity, distinctness and variation of taxonomic distinctness were lower in the cultivated than in the natural site.
Collapse
|
26
|
López-Nicolás JM, Pérez-Gilabert M, García-Carmona F, Lozano-Carrillo MC, Morte A. Mycelium growth stimulation of the desert truffleTerfezia claveryichatin by β-cyclodextrin. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1558-64. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Dept. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A; Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Manuela Pérez-Gilabert
- Dept. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A; Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Dept. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A; Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - María Cecilia Lozano-Carrillo
- Dept. Biología Vegetal (Botánica); Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo; 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Asunción Morte
- Dept. Biología Vegetal (Botánica); Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo; 30100 Murcia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The phylogenetic position of Tuber glabrum sp. nov. and T. sinomonosporum nom. nov., two Paradoxa-like truffle species from China. Mycol Prog 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-013-0908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Pereira G, Palfner G, Chávez D, Suz LM, Machuca A, Honrubia M. Using common mycorrhizal networks for controlled inoculation of Quercus spp. with Tuber melanosporum: the nurse plant method. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:373-380. [PMID: 23318650 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The high cost and restricted availability of black truffle spore inoculum for controlled mycorrhiza formation of host trees produced for truffle orchards worldwide encourage the search for more efficient and sustainable inoculation methods that can be applied globally. In this study, we evaluated the potential of the nurse plant method for the controlled inoculation of Quercus cerris and Quercus robur with Tuber melanosporum by mycorrhizal networks in pot cultures. Pine bark compost, adjusted to pH 7.8 by liming, was used as substrate for all assays. Initially, Q. robur seedlings were inoculated with truffle spores and cultured for 12 months. After this period, the plants presenting 74 % mycorrhizal fine roots were transferred to larger containers. Nurse plants were used for two treatments of two different nursling species: five sterilized acorns or five 45-day-old, axenically grown Q. robur or Q. cerris seedlings, planted in containers around the nurse plant. After 6 months, colonized nursling plant root tips showed that mycorrhiza formation by T. melanosporum was higher than 45 % in the seedlings tested, with the most successful nursling combination being Q. cerris seedlings, reaching 81 % colonization. Bulk identification of T. melanosporum mycorrhizae was based on morphological and anatomical features and confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA of selected root tips. Our results show that the nurse plant method yields attractive rates of mycorrhiza formation by the Périgord black truffle and suggest that establishing and maintaining common mycorrhizal networks in pot cultures enables sustained use of the initial spore inoculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Pereira
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Vegetal, Campus Los Ángeles, Universidad de Concepción, J A Coloma 0201, Casilla 341, Los Ángeles, Chile.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Parladé J, De la Varga H, De Miguel AM, Sáez R, Pera J. Quantification of extraradical mycelium of Tuber melanosporum in soils from truffle orchards in northern Spain. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:99-106. [PMID: 22772310 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of extraradical mycelium of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) has been carried out in a natural truffle ground and in seven truffle orchards (around 20 years old) established in Tierra Estella and Valdorba sites, within the natural distribution area of the black truffles in Navarre (northern Spain). Specific primers and a Taqman® probe were designed to perform real-time PCR with DNA extracted from soil samples. Amplification of T. melanosporum DNA was obtained from 131 out of the 160 soil samples. The detection limit of the technique was 1.48 μg mycelium/g of soil. The extraradical mycelium biomass detected in the soil from the natural truffle ground was significantly greater (up to ten times higher) than the mycelium biomass detected in any of the orchards. Soil from productive, nonirrigated orchards in the Tierra Estella site contained significantly more extraradical mycelium than the rest of orchards irrigated, productive of T. brumale, or nonproductive. The comparison of soil mycelium biomass in nonirrigated evergreen oak orchards in both sites showed significantly more mycelium biomass in the Tierra Estella site. This study is the first attempt to quantify extraradical mycelium of T. melanosporum in the soil using Taqman® probes. The obtained quantitative results are of special interest to evaluate the fungal response to cultural treatments and to monitor the dynamics of the extraradical mycelium of T. melanosporum in the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Parladé
- IRTA, Sustainable Plant Protection, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Benucci GMN, Gógán Csorbai A, Baciarelli Falini L, Bencivenga M, Di Massimo G, Donnini D. Mycorrhization of Quercus robur L., Quercus cerris L. and Corylus avellana L. seedlings with Tuber macrosporum Vittad. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:639-646. [PMID: 22565651 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tuber macrosporum Vittad. is not a common truffle species, but with remarkable organoleptic qualities and much economic interest. After the addition of truffle spore slurry, 30 seedlings of Quercus robur L., Quercus cerris L. and Corylus avellana L. were grown inside a greenhouse for 11 months before evaluation of the mycorrhizal level. Two different potting mixes were used: a natural soil-based potting mix for Q. robur, Q. cerris and C. avellana and a peat-based potting mix for Q. robur. Quercus robur planted in soil potting mix was the most receptive towards the truffle spore inoculum, with a level of formation of T. macrosporum ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) of approximately 14 %, ranging from a minimum of ∼4 % to a maximum of ∼44 % in different seedlings. No T. macrosporum ECMs developed on Q. cerris (soil potting mix) or on Q. robur (peat potting mix), whereas a low percentage of ECMs was detected on only three C. avellana (soil potting mix) seedlings. The fungus Sphaerosporella brunnea (Alb. & Schwein.) Svrček & Kubička was also detected as a contaminant on almost half the truffle-inoculated seedlings. A new detailed description of the morphological and anatomical characteristics of T. macrosporum ECMs and their DNA-based verification with species-specific markers were also reported.
Collapse
|
31
|
Genomics of Tuber melanosporum: New Knowledge Concerning Reproductive Biology, Symbiosis, and Aroma Production. SOIL BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
32
|
Iotti M, Piattoni F, Zambonelli A. Techniques for Host Plant Inoculation with Truffles and Other Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms. SOIL BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
33
|
Iotti M, Rubini A, Tisserant E, Kholer A, Paolocci F, Zambonelli A. Self/nonself recognition in Tuber melanosporum is not mediated by a heterokaryon incompatibility system. Fungal Biol 2011; 116:261-75. [PMID: 22289772 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vegetative incompatibility is a widespread phenomenon in filamentous ascomycetes, which limits formation of viable heterokaryons. Whether this phenomenon plays a role in maintaining the homokaryotic state of the hyphae during the vegetative growth of Tuber spp. Gene expression, polymorphism analysis as well as targeted in vitro experiments allowed us to test whether a heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) system operates in Tuber melanosporum. HI is controlled by different genetic systems, often involving HET domain genes and their partners whose interaction can trigger a cell death reaction. Putative homologues to HI-related genes previously characterized in Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina were identified in the T. melanosporum genome. However, only two HET domain genes were found. In many other ascomycetes HET domains have been found within different genes including some members of the NWD (NACHT and WD-repeat associated domains) gene family of P. anserina. More than 50 NWD homologues were found in T. melanosporum but none of these contain a HET domain. All these T. melanosporum paralogs showed a conserved gene organization similar to the microexon genes only recently characterized in Schistosoma mansoni. Expression data of the annotated HI-like genes along with low allelic polymorphism suggest that they have cellular functions unrelated to HI. Moreover, morphological analyses did not provide evidence for HI reactions between pairs of genetically different T. melanosporum strains. Thus, the maintenance of the genetic integrity during the vegetative growth of this species likely depends on mechanisms that act before hyphal fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Iotti
- Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare, University of Bologna, Via Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kües U, Martin F. On the road to understanding truffles in the underground. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:555-60. [PMID: 21354318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the ectomycorrhizal ascomycete Tubermelanosporum has recently been published and this has given researchers unique opportunities to learn more about the biology of this precious edible fungus. The epigeous ascomycete lives in Mediterranean countries in symbiotic interaction with roots of broad-leaf trees such as oaks and hazel. A most important new finding was the single mating type locus in the genome that occurs with two alleles in natural populations. The life cycle is now confirmed to be heterothallic and the species is outcrossing. Unlike sexual development in the soil, mycorrhization of the roots by homokaryotic haploid mycelia is mating-type-independent. Gene regulation during mycorrhization and fruiting and environmental influences on it is now genome-wide addressed. Genome profiling for functions in specific metabolic pathways is undertaken. Insights in most enthralling features of tubers such as on odor formation are thus gained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Kües
- Büsgen-Institute, Division of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Benucci GMN, Raggi L, Di Massimo G, Baciarelli-Falini L, Bencivenga M, Falcinelli M, Albertini E. Species-specific primers for the identification of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber macrosporum Vittad. Mol Ecol Resour 2010; 11:378-81. [PMID: 21429148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limitations in the use of morphological traits to identify ectomycorrhizae have led to the development of species-specific molecular markers. Herein, we report a PCR-based technique for the reliable molecular identification of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber macrosporum Vittad. Species-specific primers were designed from an alignment of internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequences from Tuber spp. and from the most common ectomycorrhizal contaminants found in the root systems of truffle-infected plants. The primers were tested for selective amplification using both different truffles and different ectomycorrhizae and were found to identify T. macrosporum successfully. The application of the primers in certifying the quality of truffle-inoculated seedlings is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M N Benucci
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Multilocus phylogenetic and coalescent analyses identify two cryptic species in the Italian bianchetto truffle, Tuber borchii Vittad. CONSERV GENET 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-009-9972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
37
|
Cryptic species in the Terfezia boudieri complex. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 95:351-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Tang YJ, Zhu LL, Liu RS, Li HM, Li DS, Mi ZY. Quantitative response of cell growth and Tuber polysaccharides biosynthesis by medicinal mushroom Chinese truffle Tuber sinense to metal ion in culture medium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:7606-7615. [PMID: 18353636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During the submerged fermentation of medicinal mushroom Chinese truffle Tuber sinense, there was no significant effect of metal ion on the cell growth and the production of intracellular polysaccharides, while metal ion and its concentration significantly affected the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). By using the approach of "one-variable-at-a-time", 50 mM Mg2+ was identified to be the most favorable for EPS production, and the next was 10 mM K+. A mathematical model, constructed by response surface methodology combination with full factorial design, was applied to study the synergic effect of Mg2+ and K+. EPS production reached its peak value of 5.86 g/L under their optimal combination of 30 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM K+ predicted by the model, which was higher by 130.7% compared with the basal fermentation medium without metal ion. The validation experiment showed the experimental values agreed with the predicted values well. EPS production obtained in this work was the highest reported in the culture of T. sinense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tang YJ, Zhu LL, Li DS, Mi ZY, Li HM. Significance of inoculation density and carbon source on the mycelial growth and Tuber polysaccharides production by submerged fermentation of Chinese truffle Tuber sinense. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Iotti M, Amicucci A, Bonito G, Bonuso E, Stocchi V, Zambonelli A. Selection of a set of specific primers for the identification of Tuber rufum: a truffle species with high genetic variability. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 277:223-31. [PMID: 18031344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuber rufum is a truffle widely distributed throughout Europe, which forms mycorrhizal associations with numerous species of broadleaf and coniferous trees. The possibility of T. rufum contamination in commercial truffle-infected plants makes its detection important. To facilitate the identification of T. rufum from mycorrhiza and fruitbodies, species-specific primers were designed and tested. To overcome the high intraspecific genetic variability within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of T. rufum, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis, two forward primers, Ru1f and Ru2f, located on the ITS1 region were designed to be used in concert with the reverse primer ITS4. Only T. rufum was amplified with this primer combination, while DNA of Tuber magnatum, Tuber brumale, Tuber maculatum, Tuber borchii, Tuber excavatum and Tuber melanosporum was not. These primers give a specific amplicon ranging between 566 and 572 bp and are able to discriminate between T. rufum, T. borchii and T. magnatum in multiplex PCR. In addition, T. rufum-specific amplicons were obtained from both spore suspensions and mycorrhiza by direct PCR. Tuber rufum mycorrhiza obtained in the greenhouse using mycelial inoculation techniques had morphological features similar to those of other species of Tuber, stressing the importance of molecular tools for their identification.
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Sbrana C, Nuti MP, Giovannetti M. Self-anastomosing ability and vegetative incompatibility of Tuber borchii isolates. MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:667-675. [PMID: 17721790 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different mycelial isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii were analysed for their ability to form self-anastomoses, which were monitored by time-lapse live-cell imaging, providing a description of the anastomosis process. Self-fusions were evidenced in three out of five isolates, with frequencies ranging between 50 and 88% of hyphal contacts. Time-lapse video microscopy evidenced that during pre-contact events, hyphae were capable of growth re-orientation functional to hyphal contact: the time elapsed between hyphal growth re-direction and complete fusion ranged from 115 to 200 min. After anastomosis, protoplasmic flow occurred between fused hyphae and nuclei could be detected in fusion bridges. Vegetative incompatibility was also assessed by analysing macroscopic and microscopic hyphal interactions between paired T. borchii mycelia. Both plate-pairing tests and microscopic analyses showed vegetative compatibility only within the same isolate, whereas different degrees of incompatible responses were observed in inter-isolate pairings. The diversity of T. borchii strains revealed by cytomorphological approaches is consistent with their genetic diversity obtained by molecular methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Sbrana
- Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology C.N.R., UO Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco P Nuti
- Department of Crop Plant Biology, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Crop Plant Biology, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Splivallo R, Bossi S, Maffei M, Bonfante P. Discrimination of truffle fruiting body versus mycelial aromas by stir bar sorptive extraction. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:2584-98. [PMID: 17574637 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was applied in head space mode (HS), coupled with GC/MS, to compare the aroma profile of three truffle species. A total of 119 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified from the fruiting bodies, of which 70 were not yet described in truffles and 60 in fungi. VOCs profile showed a high intra- and inter-specific variability, with alcohols and sulfur compounds dominating the HS of Tuber borchii and, alcohols, aldehydes and aromatic compounds the HS of T. melanosporum and T. indicum. Despite these variations, eight VOCs markers could be identified allowing the discrimination of the three species. Additionally, T. borchii and T. melanosporum both distinguished themselves from T. indicum due to higher aroma content and larger variety of sulfur containing compounds. Mycelial VOCs production was also investigated under two cultural conditions and led to the identification of eight VOCs. On one side, seven of them were also detected in the fruiting body, confirming their mycelial origin. On the other side, the total absence of some class of compounds (i.e. sulfur) in the mycelium raises questions about their origins in the fruiting bodies and confirms deep metabolic changes between the reproductive (fruiting body) and vegetative (mycelium) stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Splivallo
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Torino, Centre of Excellence CEBIOVEM, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Truffles are hypogeous fungi which live in symbiosis with plant host roots in order to accomplish their life cycle. Some species, such as Tuber magnatum Pico, the 'white truffle', and Tuber melanosporum Vittad., the 'black truffle', are highly appreciated in many countries because of their special taste and smell. The great demand for the black and white truffles, the increasing attention towards other species of local interest for the rural economy (such as T. aestivum) together with a drop in productivity, have stimulated researchers to develop projects for a better understanding of the ecology of truffles by exploiting the new approaches of environmental microbiology and molecular ecology. Specific primers have been developed to identify many morphologically similar species, the distribution of T. magnatum has been followed in a selected truffle-ground, the phylogeography of T. melanosporum and T. magnatum has been traced, and the microorganisms associated with the truffles and their habitats have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Mello
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante del CNR, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Barbieri E, Gioacchini AM, Zambonelli A, Bertini L, Stocchi V. Determination of microbial volatile organic compounds from Staphylococcus pasteuri against Tuber borchii using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:3411-5. [PMID: 16259047 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mycelium of Tuber borchii Vittad., a commercial truffle species, is used as a model system for in vitro ectomycorrhizal synthesis, infected seedling production and biotechnological applications. Our fungal cultures were accidentally contaminated with a Staphylococcus pasteuri strain, showing a strong antifungal activity against T. borchii mycelium. In order to identify the antifungal volatile agents produced by S. pasteuri, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used. Using this method 65 microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs), synthesized by this bacterium in either single or in fungal-bacterial dual culture, were identified. SPME combined with GC/MS may be a useful method for the determination of MVOCs involved in the antifungal activity. These results showed that bacteria with unusual biological activities could be a major problem during large-scale production of inoculum for truffle-infected seedling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Barbieri
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica Giorgio Fornaini, Via Saffi 2, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Urban A, Neuner-Plattner I, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Haselwandter K. Molecular studies on terricolous microfungi reveal novel anamorphs of two Tuber species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 108:749-58. [PMID: 15446707 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study reports novel terricolous mitosporic fungal morphs nested in the genus Tuber according to molecular phylogenetic analysis. Fungal DNA was amplified directly from field-collected anamorph samples. Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences including the ITS regions and the D1 and D2 domains of the LSU identify the anamorphs as mitosporic Tuber borchii and Tuber oligospermum. The link of the novel anamorphs to the genus Tuber is confirmed by the comparative analysis of five collections from four sampling sites. Ectomycorrhizas with characteristic features of Tuber borchii ectomycorrhizas were found in the soil volume collected with one of the mitosporic T. borchii collections. A nrDNA sequence amplified from these ectomycorrhizae is identical with the corresponding anamorph sequence. The possible role of the newly discovered anamorphs in the Tuber life-cycle and the potential significance of anamorphs for the propagation of ectomycorrhizal fungi are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Urban
- Department of Mycology and Cryptogamic Botany, Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Wien, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|