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Tang X, Yang J, Lin D, Lin H, Xiao X, Chen S, Huang Y, Qian X. Community assembly of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in pure and mixed Pinus massoniana forests. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121312. [PMID: 38824888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play an important role in nutrient cycling and community ecological dynamics and are widely acknowledged as important components of forest ecosystems. However, little information is available regarding EcM fungal community structure or the possible relationship between EcM fungi, soil properties, and forestry activities in Pinus massoniana forests. In this study, we evaluated soil properties, extracellular enzyme activities, and fungal diversity and community composition in root and soil samples from pure Pinus massoniana natural forests, pure P. massoniana plantations, and P. massoniana and Liquidambar gracilipes mixed forests. The mixed forest showed the highest EcM fungal diversity in both root and bulk soil samples. Community composition and co-occurrence network structures differed significantly between forest types. Variation in the EcM fungal community was significantly correlated with the activities of β-glucuronidase and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, whereas non-EcM fungal community characteristics were significantly correlated with β-1,4-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase activities. Furthermore, stochastic processes predominantly drove the assembly of both EcM and non-EcM fungal communities, while deterministic processes exerted greater influence on soil fungal communities in mixed forests compared to pure forests. Our findings may inform a deeper understanding of how the assembly processes and environmental roles of subterranean fungal communities differ between mixed and pure plantations and may provide insights for how to promote forest sustainability in subtropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Tang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Academy of Forestry Sciences, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - Juanjuan Yang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Danhua Lin
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huazhang Lin
- Fujian Datian Taoyuan State-owned Forest Farm, Sanming, 366199, China
| | - Xiangxi Xiao
- Fujian Academy of Forestry Sciences, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - Sensen Chen
- Fujian Datian Taoyuan State-owned Forest Farm, Sanming, 366199, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Fujian Academy of Forestry Sciences, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Centenaro G, de-Miguel S, Bonet JA, Martínez Peña F, De Gomez REG, Ponce Á, Dashevskaya S, Alday JG. Spatially-explicit effects of small-scale clear-cutting on soil fungal communities in Pinus sylvestris stands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168628. [PMID: 37979846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Clear-cutting is a common silvicultural practice. Although temporal changes in the soil fungal community after clear-cutting have been widely investigated, little is known about stand-level variations in the spatial distribution of soil fungi, particularly at the clear-cut edge. We performed spatial soil sampling in three clear-cuts (0.5 ha), edge habitats, and surrounding forests 8 years after clear-cutting to examine the impact of clear-cutting on the soil fungal community (diversity, composition, guilds, and biomass) and soil properties in a managed Pinus sylvestris forest in northern Spain. Our analyses showed small differences in the composition of the soil fungal community between edge, forest, and clear-cut zones, with <4 % of the species strictly associated with one or two zones. The richness, diversity, and evenness of the fungal community in the edge zone was not significantly different to that in the forest or clear-cut zones, although the clear-cut core had approximately a third fewer ectomycorrhizal species than the edge or the forest. Saprotrophic fungi were widespread across the clear-cut-forest gradient. Soil fungal biomass varied significantly between zones, ranging from 4 to 5 mg g-1 dry soil in the forest and at the forest edge to 1.7 mg g-1 dry soil in the clear-cut area. Soil organic matter, pH, nitrogen, and phosphorus did not differ significantly between edge, forest, and clear-cutting zones and were not significantly related to the fungal community composition. Overall, our study showed that small-scale clear-cut treatments are optimal to guarantee, in the medium-term, soil fungal communities within harvested areas and at the forest edge that are comparable to soil fungal communities in the forest, even though the amount of fungal biomass in the clear-cut zone is lower than at the forest edge or in the forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Centenaro
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez Peña
- Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon CITA, Avda Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain; European Mycological Institute EGTC-EMI, E-42003 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Ponce
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Svetlana Dashevskaya
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Josu G Alday
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
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Berrios L, Yeam J, Holm L, Robinson W, Pellitier PT, Chin ML, Henkel TW, Peay KG. Positive interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria are widespread and benefit plant growth. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00760-1. [PMID: 37369208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi, and land plants have been coevolving for nearly 200 million years, and their interactions presumably contribute to the function of terrestrial ecosystems. The direction, stability, and strength of bacteria-EcM fungi interactions across landscapes and across a single plant host, however, remains unclear. Moreover, the genetic mechanisms that govern them have not been addressed. To these ends, we collected soil samples from Bishop pine forests across a climate-latitude gradient spanning coastal California, fractionated the soil samples based on their proximity to EcM-colonized roots, characterized the microbial communities using amplicon sequencing, and generated linear regression models showing the impact that select bacterial taxa have on EcM fungal abundance. In addition, we paired greenhouse experiments with transcriptomic analyses to determine the directionality of these relationships and identify which genes EcM-synergist bacteria express during tripartite symbioses. Our data reveal that ectomycorrhizas (i.e., EcM-colonized roots) enrich conserved bacterial taxa across climatically heterogeneous regions. We also show that phylogenetically diverse EcM synergists are positively associated with plant and fungal growth and have unique gene expression profiles compared with EcM-antagonist bacteria. In sum, we identify common mechanisms that facilitate widespread and diverse multipartite symbioses, which inform our understanding of how plants develop in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Berrios
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jay Yeam
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Wallis Robinson
- Forestry and Forest Health Program, University of California Cooperative Extension Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, Eureka, CA 95503, USA
| | | | - Mei Lin Chin
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - Terry W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Co-invading ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in pine-invaded mountain grasslands. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Assad R, Reshi ZA, Rashid I. Seedling ectomycorrhization is central to conifer forest restoration: a case study from Kashmir Himalaya. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13321. [PMID: 35922649 PMCID: PMC9349292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, many countries have attempted to carry out forest landscape restoration over millions of hectares of degraded land. Such efforts, however, have met with limited success because of several factors, including a lack of adequate emphasis on ectomycorrhization of the nursery seedlings. A similar scenario is seen in the Kashmir Himalaya, where the natural regeneration of degraded forests is poor despite ample restoration efforts by forest managers. To overcome this challenge, we identified two promising ectomycorrhizal species, namely Clitocybe nuda and Cortinarius distans, for their use in ectomycorrhization of seedlings of three common conifers, namely Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, and Picea smithiana. Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the requirements for optimum mycelial growth of these ectomycorrhizal fungi. Best ECM mycelial growth was obtained in the basic MMN medium containing glucose as the source of carbon and nitrogen in ammonium form. C. distans showed higher growth than C. nuda across all the treatments and also proved significantly more effective in enhancing the survival and growth of the conifer host plant seedlings. The present study resulted in standardizing the requirements for mass inoculum production of the two mycobionts which could help in successful forest restoration programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwana Assad
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | - Zafar Ahmad Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Irfan Rashid
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
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Communities of Mycorrhizal Fungi among Seedlings of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Growing on a Clearcut in Microsites Generated by Different Site-Preparation Methods. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In European forests, the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) most often regenerates on clearcuts, following mechanical site preparation. Both of these silvicultural treatments (the removal of trees and preparation) have an impact on soil properties, and on the mycorrhizal fungi associated with the roots of seedlings. We therefore compared assemblages of mycorrhizal fungi associating with natural-regeneration pine seedlings growing on a clearcut, in relation to six types of microsite created using three mechanical site-preparation tools, i.e., a double-mouldboard forest plough (creating furrow and ridge), an active single-disc plough (establishing another type of furrow and ridge), and a forest mill—developing strips, as well as a non-mechanical site preparation control. A total of 46 taxa of mycorrhizal fungi were detected, with Wilcoxina mikolae being the most abundant species (relative abundance—79.8%), and the one occurring most frequently (96.8%). Other abundant mycorrhizal fungi were Thelephora terrestris (3.8%), Tylospora asterophora (3.2%), Hyaloscypha bicolor (2.2%), and Cenococcum geophilum (1.7%). The roots of seedlings growing in the non-mechanical site preparation control were characterised by a significantly greater presence of mycorrhizal root tips, compared with the roots of seedlings growing at other microsites. The highest percentage of non-mycorrhizal root tips was present on pines growing on the two types of ridge: the microsites which characterized the highest levels of mineral nutrients. Communities of mycorrhizal fungi differed between microsites. The five microsites: both types of furrow, forest plough ridge, forest mill strip, and non-mechanical site preparation control, were not found to differ from each other, but did differ from the active plough ridge treatment. The highest diversity of mycorrhizal fungi (Shannon–Wiener and Simpson indexes) was in the non-mechanical site preparation control. Any method of mechanical site preparation in the clearcut decreases the level of root mycorrhization and the biodiversity of mycorrhizal fungi. The least suitable method from the point of view of mycorrhizal fungal communities is the use of an active plough.
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Tuo Y, Rong N, Hu J, Zhao G, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Qi Z, Li Y, Zhang B. Exploring the Relationships between Macrofungi Diversity and Major Environmental Factors in Wunvfeng National Forest Park in Northeast China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020098. [PMID: 35205853 PMCID: PMC8880546 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the macrofungi communities of five forest types in Wunvfeng National Forest Park (Jilin, China) by collecting fruiting bodies from 2019–2021. Each forest type had three repeats and covered the main habitats of macrofungi. In addition, we evaluate selected environmental variables and macrofungi communities to relate species composition to potential environmental factors. We collected 1235 specimens belonging to 283 species, 116 genera, and 62 families. We found that Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae, and Tricholomataceae were the most diverse family; further, Amanita, Cortinarius, Lactarius, Russula, and Tricholoma were the dominant genera in the area. The macrofungi diversity showed increasing trends from Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini forests to Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour forests. The cumulative species richness was as follows: Q. mongolica forest A > broadleaf mixed forest B > Q. mongolica, P. koraiensis mix forest D (Q. mongolica was the dominant species) > Q. mongolica and P. koraiensis mix forest C (P. koraiensis was the dominant species) > P. koraiensis forest (E). Ectomycorrhizal fungi were the dominant functional group; they were mainly in forest type A and were influenced by soil moisture content and Q. mongolica content (p < 0.05). The wood-rotting fungus showed richer species diversity than other forest types in broadleaf forests A and B. Overall, we concluded that most fungal communities preferred forest types with a relatively high Q. mongolica content. Therefore, the deliberate protection of Q. mongolica forests proves to be a better strategy for maintaining fungal diversity in Wunvfeng National Forest Park.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Li
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
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Effects of Early, Small-Scale Nitrogen Addition on Germination and Early Growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings and on the Recruitment of the Root-Associated Fungal Community. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most economically important species to the Swedish forest industry, and cost-efficient planting methods are needed to ensure successful reestablishment after harvesting forest stands. While the majority of clear-cuts are replanted with pre-grown seedlings, direct seeding can be a viable option on poorer sites. Organic fertilizer has been shown to improve planted seedling establishment, but the effect on direct seeding is less well known. Therefore, at a scarified (disc trencher harrowed) clear-cut site in northern Sweden, we evaluated the effect of early, small-scale nitrogen addition on establishment and early recruitment of fungi from the disturbed soil community by site-planted Scots pine seeds. Individual seeds were planted using a moisture retaining germination matrix containing 10 mg nitrogen in the form of either arginine phosphate or ammonium nitrate. After one growing season, we collected seedlings and assessed the fungal community of seedling roots and the surrounding soil. Our results demonstrate that early, small-scale N addition increases seedling survival and needle carbon content, that there is rapid recruitment of ectomycorrhizal fungi to the roots and rhizosphere of the young seedlings and that this rapid recruitment was modified but not prevented by N addition.
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Retention of Matured Trees to Conserve Fungal Diversity and Edible Sporocarps from Short-Rotation Pinus radiata Plantations in Ethiopia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090702. [PMID: 34575740 PMCID: PMC8471983 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is conducted in the short-rotation plantations from the Afromontane Region of Ethiopia. Sporocarps were sampled weekly in a set of permanent plots (100 m2) in young, medium-aged, and mature Pinus radiata (Don) plantations. Fungal richness, diversity, and sporocarp yields were estimated. Composite soil samples were also collected from each plot to determine explanatory edaphic variables for taxa composition. We collected 92 fungal taxa, of which 8% were ectomycorrhizal (ECM). Taxa richness, the Shannon diversity index, and ECM species richness were higher in mature stands. Interestingly, 26% of taxa were classified as edible. Sporocarp yield showed increasing trends towards matured stands. OM and C/N ratio significantly affected fungal composition and sporocarp production. The deliberate retention of mature trees in a patch form rather than clear felling of the plantations could be useful to conserve and promote fungal diversity and production, including valuable taxa such as Morchella, Suillus, and Tylopilus in older stands. This approach has important implications for forest floor microhabitats, which are important for macrofungal occurrence and production. Thus, this strategy could improve the economic outputs of these plantations in the Afromontane Region, while the mature trees could serve as a bridge for providing fungal inocula to the new plantations.
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Ferlian O, Goldmann K, Eisenhauer N, Tarkka MT, Buscot F, Heintz-Buschart A. Distinct effects of host and neighbour tree identity on arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi along a tree diversity gradient. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:40. [PMID: 37938639 PMCID: PMC9723774 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant diversity and plant-related ecosystem functions have been important in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning studies. However, biotic interactions with mycorrhizal fungi have been understudied although they are crucial for plant-resource acquisition. Here, we investigated the effects of tree species richness and tree mycorrhizal type on arbuscular (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities. We aimed to understand how dissimilarities in taxa composition and beta-diversity are related to target trees and neighbours of the same or different mycorrhizal type. We sampled a tree diversity experiment with saplings (~7 years old), where tree species richness (monocultures, 2-species, and 4-species mixtures) and mycorrhizal type were manipulated. AMF and EMF richness significantly increased with increasing tree species richness. AMF richness of mixture plots resembled that of the sum of the respective monocultures, whereas EMF richness of mixture plots was lower compared to the sum of the respective monocultures. Specialisation scores revealed significantly more specialised AMF than EMF suggesting that, in contrast to previous studies, AMF were more specialised, whereas EMF were not. We further found that AMF communities were little driven by the surrounding trees, whereas EMF communities were. Our study revealed drivers of mycorrhizal fungal communities and further highlights the distinct strategies of AMF and EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Stephens RB, Frey SD, D'Amato AW, Rowe RJ. Functional, temporal and spatial complementarity in mammal‐fungal spore networks enhances mycorrhizal dispersal following forest harvesting. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Stephens
- Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA
| | - Anthony W. D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
| | - Rebecca J. Rowe
- Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA
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Veselá P, Vašutová M, Edwards-Jonášová M, Holub F, Fleischer P, Cudlín P. Management After Windstorm Affects the Composition of Ectomycorrhizal Symbionts of Regenerating Trees but Not Their Mycorrhizal Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641232. [PMID: 34054889 PMCID: PMC8160286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to ongoing climate change, forests are expected to face significant disturbances more frequently than in the past. Appropriate management is intended to facilitate forest regeneration. Because European temperate forests mostly consist of trees associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, understanding their role in these disturbances is important to develop strategies to minimize their consequences and effectively restore forests. Our aim was to determine how traditional (EXT) and nonintervention (NEX) management in originally Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests with an admixture of European larch (Larix decidua) affect ECM fungal communities and the potential to interconnect different tree species via ECM networks 15 years after a windstorm. Ten plots in NEX and 10 plots in EXT with the co-occurrences of Norway spruce, European larch, and silver birch (Betula pendula) were selected, and a total of 57 ECM taxa were identified using ITS sequencing from ECM root tips. In both treatments, five ECM species associated with all the studied tree species dominated, with a total abundance of approximately 50% in the examined root samples. Because there were no significant differences between treatments in the number of ECM species associated with different tree species combinations in individual plots, we concluded that the management type did not have a significant effect on networking. However, management significantly affected the compositions of ECM symbionts of Norway spruce and European larch but not those of silver birch. Although this result is explained by the occurrence of seedlings and ECM propagules that were present in the original forest, the consequences are difficult to assess without knowledge of the ecology of different ECM symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Veselá
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Vašutová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Magda Edwards-Jonášová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Filip Holub
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Peter Fleischer
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Soil Microbiome Composition along the Natural Norway Spruce Forest Life Cycle. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stand-replacing disturbances are a key element of the Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest life cycle. While the effect of a natural disturbance regime on forest physiognomy, spatial structure and pedocomplexity was well described in the literature, its impact on the microbiome, a crucial soil component that mediates nutrient cycling and stand productivity, remains largely unknown. For this purpose, we conducted research on a chronosequence of sites representing the post-disturbance development of a primeval Norway spruce forest in the Calimani Mts., Romania. The sites were selected along a gradient of duration from 16 to 160 years that ranges from ecosystem regeneration phases of recently disturbed open gaps to old-growth forest stands. Based on DNA amplicon sequencing, we followed bacterial and fungal community composition separately in organic, upper mineral and spodic horizons of present Podzol soils. We observed that the canopy opening and subsequent expansion of the grass-dominated understorey increased soil N availability and soil pH, which was reflected in enlarged bacterial abundance and diversity, namely due to the contribution of copiotrophic bacteria that prefer nutrient-richer conditions. The fungal community composition was affected by the disturbance as well but, contrary to our expectations, with no obvious effect on the relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Once the mature stand was re-established, the N availability was reduced, the pH gradually decreased and the original old-growth forest microbial community dominated by acidotolerant oligotrophs recovered. The effect of the disturbance and forest regeneration was most evident in organic horizons, while the manifestation of these events was weaker and delayed in deeper soil horizons.
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14
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Wang H, Wang Y, Humphris S, Nie W, Zhang P, Wright F, Campbell E, Hu B, Fan J, Toth I. Pectobacterium atrosepticum KDPG aldolase, Eda, participates in the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and independently inhibits expression of virulence determinants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:271-283. [PMID: 33301200 PMCID: PMC7814964 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium carotovorum has an incomplete Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, including enzyme 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase (Eda) but lacking phosphogluconate dehydratase (Edd), while P. atrosepticum (Pba) has a complete pathway. To understand the role of the ED pathway in Pectobacterium infection, mutants of these two key enzymes, Δeda and Δedd, were constructed in Pba SCRI1039. Δeda exhibited significant decreased virulence on potato tubers and colonization in planta and was greatly attenuated in pectinase activity and the ability to use pectin breakdown products, including polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and galacturonic acid. These reduced phenotypes were restored following complementation with an external vector expressing eda. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that expression of the pectinase genes pelA, pelC, pehN, pelW, and pmeB in Δeda cultured in pyruvate, with or without PGA, was significantly reduced compared to the wild type, while genes for virulence regulators (kdgR, hexR, hexA, and rsmA) remained unchanged. However, Δedd showed similar phenotypes to the wild type. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that disruption of eda has a feedback effect on inhibiting pectin degradation and that Eda is involved in building the arsenal of pectinases needed during infection by Pectobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Institute of Agricultural Science of Taihu Lake DistrictSuzhouChina
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Sonia Humphris
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Weihua Nie
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Frank Wright
- Bioinformatics and StatisticsJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Emma Campbell
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Baishi Hu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiaqin Fan
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ian Toth
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
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15
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Rodriguez-Ramos JC, Cale JA, Cahill JF, Simard SW, Karst J, Erbilgin N. Changes in soil fungal community composition depend on functional group and forest disturbance type. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1105-1117. [PMID: 32557647 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances have altered community dynamics in boreal forests with unknown consequences for belowground ecological processes. Soil fungi are particularly sensitive to such disturbances; however, the individual response of fungal guilds to different disturbance types is poorly understood. Here, we profiled soil fungal communities in lodgepole pine forests following a bark beetle outbreak, wildfire, clear-cut logging, and salvage-logging. Using Illumina MiSeq to sequence ITS1 and SSU rDNA, we characterized communities of ectomycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal, saprotrophic, and pathogenic fungi in sites representing each disturbance type paired with intact forests. We also quantified soil fungal biomass by measuring ergosterol. Abiotic disturbances changed the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi and shifted the dominance from ectomycorrhizal to saprotrophic fungi compared to intact forests. The disruption of the soil organic layer with disturbances correlated with the decline of ectomycorrhizal and the increase of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Wildfire changed the community composition of pathogenic fungi but did not affect their proportion and diversity. Fungal biomass declined with disturbances that disrupted the forest floor. Our results suggest that the disruption of the forest floor with disturbances, and the changes in C and nutrient dynamics it may promote, structure the fungal community with implications for fungal biomass-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan A Cale
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Modi D, Simard S, Bérubé J, Lavkulich L, Hamelin R, Grayston SJ. Long-term effects of stump removal and tree species composition on the diversity and structure of soil fungal communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5818759. [PMID: 32275308 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stump removal is a common forest management practice used to reduce the mortality of trees affected by the fungal pathogen-mediated root disease, Armillaria root rot, but the impact of stumping on soil fungal community structure is not well understood. This study analyzed the long-term impact of stumping and tree species composition on the abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition of soil fungal communities using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker-based DNA metabarcoding in a 48-year-old trial at Skimikin, British Columbia. A total of 108 samples were collected from FH (fermented and humus layers), and soil mineral horizons (A and B) from stumped and unstumped plots of six tree species treatments (pure stands and admixtures of Douglas-fir, western red-cedar and paper birch). Fungal α-diversity in the A horizon significantly increased with stumping regardless of tree species composition, while β-diversity was significantly affected by stumping in all the horizons. We also observed that the relative abundance of the saprotrophic fungal community declined while that of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community increased with stumping. In conclusion, increase in ectomycorrhizal fungal associations, which are positively associated with tree productivity, suggests that stumping can be considered a good management practice for mitigating root disease and promoting tree regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixi Modi
- Department of Soil Science, Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Suzanne Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jean Bérubé
- Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 Du P.E.P.S. Street, P.O. Box 10380 Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Les Lavkulich
- Department of Soil Science, Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sue J Grayston
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Gómez-Molina E, Sánchez S, Parladé J, Cirujeda A, Puig-Pey M, Marco P, Garcia-Barreda S. Glyphosate treatments for weed control affect early stages of root colonization by Tuber melanosporum but not secondary colonization. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:725-733. [PMID: 33047180 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum has considerably spread in recent years throughout the world. During the first years of truffle cultivation, weed control is a key practice to improve the establishment of host trees and the proliferation of the fungus in the soil. Glyphosate is nowadays the most commonly used herbicide in Spanish truffle orchards. We explored the effect of glyphosate on the proliferation of T. melanosporum mycorrhizae, on extraradical mycelium and on the inoculum potential of T. melanosporum spores in greenhouse experiments using Quercus ilex seedlings as host plants. No detrimental effect on the secondary infection of T. melanosporum was found after three sequential glyphosate applications in young seedlings during one vegetative period. Instead, a change in the distribution of fine roots and T. melanosporum mycorrhizae along soil depth was observed. On the other hand, results indicate that high application rates of glyphosate hinder the infectivity of T. melanosporum spore inoculum, without apparent impact on the host performance. Our results suggest that glyphosate has the potential to jeopardise the role of the soil spore bank as inoculum source for the colonisation of new roots, also raising the question of whether glyphosate could hinder the presumed role of spores in sexual mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gómez-Molina
- Centro de Investigación y Experimentación en Truficultura (CIET), Diputación Provincial de Huesca, Polígono Fabardo s/n, 22430, Graus, Spain.
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - A2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Parladé
- IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. de Cabrils km. 2, Cabrils, 08348, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Cirujeda
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - A2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Meritxell Puig-Pey
- Centro de Investigación y Experimentación en Truficultura (CIET), Diputación Provincial de Huesca, Polígono Fabardo s/n, 22430, Graus, Spain
| | - Pedro Marco
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - A2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Barreda
- Centro de Investigación y Experimentación en Truficultura (CIET), Diputación Provincial de Huesca, Polígono Fabardo s/n, 22430, Graus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - A2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
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Beck JL, Cale JA, Rodriguez‐Ramos JC, Kanekar SS, Karst J, Cahill JF, Simard SW, Erbilgin N. Changes in soil fungal communities following anthropogenic disturbance are linked to decreased lodgepole pine seedling performance. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L. Beck
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Jonathan A. Cale
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | - Sanat S. Kanekar
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - James F. Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Suzanne W. Simard
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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19
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Klein A, Eisenhauer N, Schaefer I. Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America - different life-histories but common dispersal? JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2020; 47:674-685. [PMID: 32572303 PMCID: PMC7308166 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Lumbricid earthworms are invasive across northern North America, causing notable changes in forest ecosystems. During their range expansion they encountered harsher climatic conditions compared to their native ranges in evolutionary short time. This study investigated if (1) dispersal barriers, (2) climatic selection, or (3) anthropogenic activities, such as fishing bait disposal, structure the dispersal of free-living earthworm populations. LOCATION North America, forest habitats along former Wisconsinan glaciation line. TAXON Lumbricus terrestris, L. rubellus. METHODS Lumbricus terrestris and L. rubellus co-occur in the same habitats but differ in ecology and use Conservation approach for goblin species were sampled in five transects ranging from the east to the west coast of northern North America, including major dispersal barriers, three different climate zones, and bait shops near sampling locations. Genetic diversity and structure were compared between the two species, and the presence of free-living bait shop genotypes was assessed using four markers (COI, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, H3). RESULTS Populations of both species were genetically diverse with some geographic structure, which was more pronounced in L. terrestris than in L. rubellus. Common haplotypes were present in all regions, but locally restricted haplotypes also occurred. Further, two distinct genetic clades of L. terrestris co-occurred only in the two most distant transects (Alberta and Minnesota). Genotypes identical to bait individuals were omnipresent in field populations of L. terrestris. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Genetic diversity was high in both species, and invasive populations represented a genetic subset of European earthworms. Geographic and climatic dispersal barriers affected the less mobile species, L. rubellus, resulting in differences in genetic structure between the two species. Our results indicate common long-distance dispersal vectors and specific vectors affecting only L. terrestris. The roles of climate and anthropogenic activities are discussed, providing additional explanations of dispersal and new insights into establishment of invasive earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klein
- University of Göttingen, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ina Schaefer
- University of Göttingen, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Goldmann K, Ammerschubert S, Pena R, Polle A, Wu BW, Wubet T, Buscot F. Early stage root-Associated fungi show a high temporal turnover, but Are independent of beech progeny. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E210. [PMID: 32033191 PMCID: PMC7074820 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between trees and root-associated fungal communities is complex. By specific root deposits and other signal cues, different tree species are able to attract divergent sets of fungal species. Plant intraspecific differences can lead to variable fungal patterns in the root's proximity. Therefore, within the Beech Transplant Experiment, we analyzed the impact of three different European beech ecotypes on the fungal communities in roots and the surrounding rhizosphere soil at two time points. Beech nuts were collected in three German sites in 2011. After one year, seedlings of the different progenies were out-planted on one site and eventually re-sampled in 2014 and 2017. We applied high-throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS2 to determine the correlation between tree progeny, a possible home-field advantage, plant development and root-associated fungal guilds under field conditions. Our result showed no effect of beech progeny on either fungal OTU richness or fungal community structure. However, over time the fungal OTU richness in roots increased and the fungal communities changed significantly, also in rhizosphere. In both plant compartments, the fungal communities displayed a high temporal turnover, indicating a permanent development and functional adaption of the root mycobiome of young beeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Goldmann
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Silke Ammerschubert
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (S.A.); (R.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Rodica Pena
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (S.A.); (R.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (S.A.); (R.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Bin-Wei Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Hassan MIA, Cseresnyes Z, Al-Zaben N, Dahse HM, Vilela de Oliveira RJ, Walther G, Voigt K, Figge MT. The geographical region of origin determines the phagocytic vulnerability of Lichtheimia strains. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4563-4581. [PMID: 31330072 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycoses are life-threatening infections that affect patients suffering from immune deficiencies. We performed phagocytosis assays confronting various strains of Lichtheimia species with alveolar macrophages, which form the first line of defence of the innate immune system. To investigate 17 strains from four different continents in a comparative fashion, transmitted light and confocal fluorescence microscopy was applied in combination with automated image analysis. This interdisciplinary approach enabled the objective and quantitative processing of the big volume of image data. Applying machine-learning supported methods, a spontaneous clustering of the strains was revealed in the space of phagocytic measures. This clustering was not driven by measures of fungal morphology but rather by the geographical origin of the fungal strains. Our study illustrates the crucial contribution of machine-learning supported automated image analysis to the qualitative discovery and quantitative comparison of major factors affecting host-pathogen interactions. We found that the phagocytic vulnerability of Lichtheimia species depends on their geographical origin, where strains within each geographic region behaved similarly, but strongly differed amongst the regions. Based on this clustering, we were able to also classify clinical isolates with regard to their potential geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Abdelwahab Hassan
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Pests & Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, 33rd El Buhouth St., 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zoltan Cseresnyes
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Naim Al-Zaben
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Rafael J Vilela de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Course in the Biology of Fungi, Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, Recife, Prince Edward Island, Brazil
| | - Grit Walther
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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22
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Pec GJ, Scott NM, Hupperts SF, Hankin SL, Landhäusser SM, Karst J. Restoration of belowground fungal communities in reclaimed landscapes of the Canadian boreal forest. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Pec
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E3
| | - Natalie M. Scott
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E3
| | - Stefan F. Hupperts
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E3
| | - Shanon L. Hankin
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E3
| | - Simon M. Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E3
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E3
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Pec GJ, Cahill, Jr. JF. Large-scale insect outbreak homogenizes the spatial structure of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6895. [PMID: 31123638 PMCID: PMC6512761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (plant symbionts) are diverse and exist within spatially variable communities that play fundamental roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the underlying ecological mechanisms that maintain and regulate the spatial structuring of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities are both complex and remain poorly understood. Here, we use a gradient of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) induced tree mortality across eleven stands in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of western Canada to investigate: (i) the degree to which spatial structure varies within this fungal group, and (ii) how these patterns may be driven by the relative importance of tree mortality from changes in understory plant diversity, productivity and fine root biomass following tree death. We found that the homogeneity of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community increased with increasing tree death, aboveground understory productivity and diversity. Whereas, the independent effect of fine root biomass, which declined along the same gradient of tree mortality, increased the heterogeneity of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community. Together, our results demonstrate that large-scale biotic disturbance homogenizes the spatial patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Pec
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Grove S, Saarman NP, Gilbert GS, Faircloth B, Haubensak KA, Parker IM. Ectomycorrhizas and tree seedling establishment are strongly influenced by forest edge proximity but not soil inoculum. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01867. [PMID: 30710404 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reforestation is challenging when timber harvested areas have been degraded, invaded by nonnative species, or are of marginal suitability to begin with. Conifers form mutualistic partnerships with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to obtain greater access to soil resources, and these partnerships may be especially important in degraded areas. However, timber harvest can impact mycorrhizal fungi by removing or compacting topsoil, removing host plants, and warming and drying the soil. We used a field experiment to evaluate the role of EMF in Douglas-fir reforestation in clearcuts invaded by Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) where traditional reforestation approaches have repeatedly failed. We tested how planting distance from intact Douglas-fir forest edges influenced reforestation success and whether inoculation with forest soils can be used to restore EMF relationships. We used an Illumina DNA sequencing approach to measure the abundance, richness and composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi on Douglas-fir roots, and assessed differences in Douglas-fir seedling survival and growth near to and far from forest edges with and without forest soil inoculum. Planting Douglas-fir seedlings near forest edges increased seedling survival, growth, and EMF root colonization. Edge proximity had no effect on EMF richness but did change fungal community composition. Inoculations with forest soil did not increase EMF abundance or richness or change community composition, nor did it improve seedling establishment. With Illumina sequencing, we identified two to three times greater species richness than described in previous edge effects studies. Of the 95 EMF species we identified, 40% of the species occurred on less than 5% of the seedlings. The ability to detect fungi at low abundance may explain why we did not detect differences in EMF richness with distance to hosts as previous studies. Our findings suggest that forest edges are suitable for reforestation, even when the interiors of deforested areas are not. We advocate for timber harvest designs that maximize edge habitat where ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to tree establishment. However, this study does not support the use of inoculation with forest soil as a simple method to enhance EMF and seedling survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grove
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
- Biological Sciences and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Norah P Saarman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Brant Faircloth
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Karen A Haubensak
- Biological Sciences and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Ingrid M Parker
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
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Sterkenburg E, Clemmensen KE, Lindahl BD, Dahlberg A. The significance of retention trees for survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi in clear‐cut Scots pine forests. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sterkenburg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Karina E. Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Björn D. Lindahl
- Department of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anders Dahlberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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Bogar L, Peay K, Kornfeld A, Huggins J, Hortal S, Anderson I, Kennedy P. Plant-mediated partner discrimination in ectomycorrhizal mutualisms. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:97-111. [PMID: 30617861 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-00879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although ectomycorrhizal fungi have well-recognized effects on ecological processes ranging from plant community dynamics to carbon cycling rates, it is unclear if plants are able to actively influence the structure of these fungal communities. To address this knowledge gap, we performed two complementary experiments to determine (1) whether ectomycorrhizal plants can discriminate among potential fungal partners, and (2) to what extent the plants might reward better mutualists. In experiment 1, split-root Larix occidentalis seedlings were inoculated with spores from three Suillus species (S. clintonianus, S. grisellus, and S. spectabilis). In experiment 2, we manipulated the symbiotic quality of Suillus brevipes isolates on split-root Pinus muricata seedlings by changing the nitrogen resources available, and used carbon-13 labeling to track host investment in fungi. In experiment 1, we found that hosts can discriminate in multi-species settings. The split-root seedlings inhibited colonization by S. spectabilis whenever another fungus was available, despite similar benefits from all three fungi. In experiment 2, we found that roots and fungi with greater nitrogen supplies received more plant carbon. Our results suggest that plants may be able to regulate this symbiosis at a relatively fine scale, and that this regulation can be integrated across spatially separated portions of a root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bogar
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kabir Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ari Kornfeld
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julia Huggins
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sara Hortal
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ian Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Ectomycorrhizal Colonisation in Declining Oak Stands on the Krotoszyn Plateau, Poland. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips and the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal species at three English oak (Quercus robur) sites (two 120 year old sites and one 60 year old site). The three oak stands in decline, located in western Poland, were characterized by a low degree of vital ECM colonization: 30.2%, 29.1% and 25.6% at Krotoszyn (K), Piaski (P) and Karczma Borowa (KB), respectively. DNA (ITS) barcoding revealed a total of 18 ECM fungal species. Based on exploration types, ectomycorrhizae were classified with respect to ecologically relevant features. The contact type was significantly correlated with C:N and Corg, while the short distance type was correlated with Ca, phosphorus (P2O5) and pH. The medium distance exploration type was significantly correlated with fine-grained soil particle size fractions: coarse silt (0.05–0.02 mm) and fine silt (0.02–0.002 mm), and clay (<0.002 mm). The long distance type showed a similar pattern to the medium distance smooth type, but was also correlated with nitrate (N). The values of biometric root parameters of oak trees at the analysed forest sites were arranged as follows: K > P > KB, and were opposite to the condition of the tree crowns. A negative correlation of vital ECM root tip abundance with the crown health status of oaks was observed, whereas higher ECM diversity reflected better crown health in the oak stands studied.
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Hewitt RE, Taylor DL, Hollingsworth TN, Anderson CB, Martínez Pastur G. Variable retention harvesting influences belowground plant-fungal interactions of Nothofagus pumilio seedlings in forests of southern Patagonia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5008. [PMID: 30002952 PMCID: PMC6037133 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The post-harvest recovery and sustained productivity of Nothofagus pumilio forests in Tierra del Fuego may be affected by the abundance and composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Timber harvesting alters EMF community structure in many managed forests, but the impacts of harvesting can vary with the management strategy. The implementation of variable retention (VR) management can maintain, increase, or decrease the diversity of many species, but the effects of VR on EMF in the forests of southern Patagonia have not been studied, nor has the role of EMF in the regeneration process of these forests. METHODS We evaluated the effects of VR management on the EMF community associated with N. pumilio seedlings. We quantified the abundance, composition, and diversity of EMF across aggregate (AR) and dispersed (DR) retention sites within VR managed areas, and compared them to primary forest (PF) unmanaged stands. EMF assemblage and taxonomic identities were determined by ITS-rDNA sequencing of individual root tips sampled from 280 seedlings across three landscape replicates. To better understand seedling performance, we tested the relationships between EMF colonization, EMF taxonomic composition, seedling biomass, and VR treatment. RESULTS The majority of EMF taxa were Basidiomycota belonging to the families Cortinariaceae (n = 29), Inocybaceae (n = 16), and Thelephoraceae (n = 8), which was in agreement with other studies of EMF diversity in Nothofagus forests. EMF richness and colonization was reduced in DR compared to AR and PF. Furthermore, EMF community composition was similar between AR and PF, but differed from the composition in DR. EMF community composition was correlated with seedling biomass and soil moisture. The presence of Peziza depressa was associated with higher seedling biomass and greater soil moisture, while Inocybe fibrillosibrunnea and Cortinarius amoenus were associated with reduced seedling biomass and lower soil moisture. Seedling biomass was more strongly related to retention type than EMF colonization, richness, or composition. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate reduced EMF attributes and altered composition in VR treatments relative to PF stands, with stronger impacts in DR compared to AR. This suggests that VR has the potential to improve the conservation status of managed stands by supporting native EMF in AR. Our results also demonstrate the complex linkages between retention treatments, fungal community composition, and tree growth at individual and stand scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Hewitt
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska—Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States of America
| | - Donald Lee Taylor
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska—Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Teresa N. Hollingsworth
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, Boreal Ecology Cooperative Research Unit, US Forest Service, Fairbanks, AK, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Anderson
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTDF), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Martínez Pastur
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
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Huang J, Han Q, Li J. Soil propagule bank of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) grown in a manganese mine wasteland. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198628. [PMID: 29870548 PMCID: PMC5988271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal propagule bank could facilitate the regeneration and plantation of seedlings in disturbed area. In this study, Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) seedlings were used to bait the ECM fungal propagule bank buried in the soils collected from a manganese (Mn) mine wasteland and a non-polluted area in China. After 6-month growth, we found the seedlings grown in the Mn mine soil (Mn:3200 mg kg-1) did not display any toxicity symptoms. Based on morphotyping and ITS-PCR sequencing, we identified a total of 16 ECM fungal OTUs (operative taxonomic units) at 97% similarity threshold, among which 11 OTUs were recovered in the Mn mine soils and 14 in the non-polluted soil. Two soil types shared 9 OTUs and both of them were dominated by a Tylospora sp. Based on those soil propagule banks in Masson pine forests reported in previous, we speculated that some Atheliaceae species may be preferred in the soil propagule bank of some pine species, such as Masson pine. In addition, NMDS ordination displayed geographical position effects on soil propagule banks in five Masson pine forest from three sites at regional scale. In conclusion, Masson pine ECM seedlings could grow well in the Mn wasteland as a suitable tree species used for reforestation application in Mn mineland, in addition, Mn pollution did not alter the dominant ECM fungal species in the soil propagule banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qisheng Han
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junjian Li
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Effects of Management Practices and Topography on Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Maritime Pine during Seedling Recruitment. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vašutová M, Edwards-Jonášová M, Veselá P, Effenberková L, Fleischer P, Cudlín P. Management regime is the most important factor influencing ectomycorrhizal species community in Norway spruce forests after windthrow. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:221-233. [PMID: 29352412 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0820-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, as symbionts of many tree species in temperate forests, are thought to play an important role in forest regeneration processes after large disturbances. Their reaction to different disturbance and management regimes was studied in spruce forests (Lariceto-Piceetum) 10 years after a severe windthrow in the Tatra National Park (Slovak Republic). ECM community structure was compared between different "management types″-cleared area (EXT), area affected by wildfire (FIRE), uncleared area left for natural development (NEX), and mature forest as a control (REF). Based on Illumina sequencing of soil samples, we determined that the percentage of sequences assigned to ECM fungi decreased with increasing disturbance and management intensity (REF → NEX → EXT → FIRE). Similarly, the total number of ECM species per each of ten sampling points per plot (100 ha) differed between managed (EXT-11 species, FIRE-9) and unmanaged (NEX-16, REF-14) treatments. On the other hand, the percentage of sequences belonging to ericoid mycorrhizal fungi increased. Management type significantly influenced the composition of the ECM community, while vegetation and soil characteristics explained less data variation. The ECM species assemblage of the unmanaged site (NEX) was the most similar to the mature forest, while that of the burnt site was the most different. Thelephora terrestris dominated in all treatments affected by windthrow, accompanied by Tylospora fibrillosa (NEX) and Tylospora asterophora (EXT and FIRE). Management regime was also the most important factor affecting ECM species composition on the roots of spruce seedlings assessed by Sanger sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vašutová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lipová 1789/9, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Magda Edwards-Jonášová
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lipová 1789/9, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lipová 1789/9, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Effenberková
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lipová 1789/9, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Fleischer
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 2117/24, 960 53, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Research Station of TANAP, State Forest of TANAP, 059 60, Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lipová 1789/9, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Kohout P, Charvátová M, Štursová M, Mašínová T, Tomšovský M, Baldrian P. Clearcutting alters decomposition processes and initiates complex restructuring of fungal communities in soil and tree roots. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:692-703. [PMID: 29335638 PMCID: PMC5864242 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Forest management practices often severely affect forest ecosystem functioning. Tree removal by clearcutting is one such practice, producing severe impacts due to the total reduction of primary productivity. Here, we assessed changes to fungal community structure and decomposition activity in the soil, roots and rhizosphere of a Picea abies stand for a 2-year period following clearcutting compared to data from before tree harvest. We found that the termination of photosynthate flow through tree roots into soil is associated with profound changes in soil, both in decomposition processes and fungal community composition. The rhizosphere, representing an active compartment of high enzyme activity and high fungal biomass in the living stand, ceases to exist and starts to resemble bulk soil. Decomposing roots appear to separate from bulk soil and develop into hotspots of decomposition and important fungal biomass pools. We found no support for the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the decomposition of roots, but we found some evidence that root endophytic fungi may have an important role in the early stages of this process. In soil, activity of extracellular enzymes also decreased in the long term following the end of rhizodeposition by tree roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Institute of Botany of the CAS, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Charvátová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Štursová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Mašínová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tomšovský
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Radomir M, Mesud A, Žaklina M. Conservation and trade of wild edible mushrooms of Serbia – history, state of the art and perspectives. NATURE CONSERVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.25.21919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Philpott TJ, Barker JS, Prescott CE, Grayston SJ. Limited Effects of Variable-Retention Harvesting on Fungal Communities Decomposing Fine Roots in Coastal Temperate Rainforests. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02061-17. [PMID: 29180362 PMCID: PMC5772223 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02061-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine root litter is the principal source of carbon stored in forest soils and a dominant source of carbon for fungal decomposers. Differences in decomposer capacity between fungal species may be important determinants of fine-root decomposition rates. Variable-retention harvesting (VRH) provides refuge for ectomycorrhizal fungi, but its influence on fine-root decomposers is unknown, as are the effects of functional shifts in these fungal communities on carbon cycling. We compared fungal communities decomposing fine roots (in litter bags) under VRH, clear-cut, and uncut stands at two sites (6 and 13 years postharvest) and two decay stages (43 days and 1 year after burial) in Douglas fir forests in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Fungal species and guilds were identified from decomposed fine roots using high-throughput sequencing. Variable retention had short-term effects on β-diversity; harvest treatment modified the fungal community composition at the 6-year-postharvest site, but not at the 13-year-postharvest site. Ericoid and ectomycorrhizal guilds were not more abundant under VRH, but stand age significantly structured species composition. Guild composition varied by decay stage, with ruderal species later replaced by saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizal abundance on decomposing fine roots may partially explain why fine roots typically decompose more slowly than surface litter. Our results indicate that stand age structures fine-root decomposers but that decay stage is more important in structuring the fungal community than shifts caused by harvesting. The rapid postharvest recovery of fungal communities decomposing fine roots suggests resiliency within this community, at least in these young regenerating stands in coastal British Columbia.IMPORTANCE Globally, fine roots are a dominant source of carbon in forest soils, yet the fungi that decompose this material and that drive the sequestration or respiration of this carbon remain largely uncharacterized. Fungi vary in their capacity to decompose plant litter, suggesting that fungal community composition is an important determinant of decomposition rates. Variable-retention harvesting is a forestry practice that modifies fungal communities by providing refuge for ectomycorrhizal fungi. We evaluated the effects of variable retention and clear-cut harvesting on fungal communities decomposing fine roots at two sites (6 and 13 years postharvest), at two decay stages (43 days and 1 year), and in uncut stands in temperate rainforests. Harvesting impacts on fungal community composition were detected only after 6 years after harvest. We suggest that fungal community composition may be an important factor that reduces fine-root decomposition rates relative to those of above-ground plant litter, which has important consequences for forest carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Philpott
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason S Barker
- Forest Inventory and Analysis, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cindy E Prescott
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sue J Grayston
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dang P, Yu X, Le H, Liu J, Shen Z, Zhao Z. Effects of stand age and soil properties on soil bacterial and fungal community composition in Chinese pine plantations on the Loess Plateau. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186501. [PMID: 29049349 PMCID: PMC5648195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) on soil variables after afforestation have been established, but microbial community changes still need to be explored. Using high-throughput sequencing technology, we analyzed bacterial and fungal community composition and diversity in soils from three stands of different-aged, designated 12-year-old (PF1), 29-year-old (PF2), and 53-year-old (PF3), on a Chinese pine plantation and from a natural secondary forest (NSF) stand that was almost 80 years old. Abandoned farmland (BL) was also analyzed. Shannon index values of both bacterial and fungal community in PF1 were greater than those in PF2, PF3 and NSF. Proteobacteria had the lowest abundance in BL, and the abundance increased with stand age. The abundance of Actinobacteria was greater in BL and PF1 soils than those in other sites. Among fungal communities, the dominant taxa were Ascomycota in BL and PF1 and Basidiomycota in PF2, PF3 and NSF, which reflected the successional patterns of fungal communities during the development of Chinese pine plantations. Therefore, the diversity and dominant taxa of soil microbial community in stands 12 and 29 years of age appear to have undergone significant changes; afterward, the soil microbial community achieved a relatively stable state. Furthermore, the abundances of the most dominant bacterial and fungal communities correlated significantly with organic C, total N, C:N, available N, and available P, indicating the dependence of these microbes on soil nutrients. Overall, our findings suggest that the large changes in the soil microbial community structure of Chinese pine plantation forests may be attributed to the phyla present (e.g., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) which were affected by soil carbon and nutrients in the Loess Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hien Le
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Collado-Vides L, Duran A, Armenis E, Cassano V, Burkepile D, Shantz AA, Palma L, Díaz-Larrea J, Sentíes A, Fujii MT. Seasonal recruitment and survival strategies of Palisada cervicornis comb. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) in coral reefs. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:1087-1096. [PMID: 28733994 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As marine tropical ecosystems deteriorate and lose biodiversity, their communities are shifting to being dominated by a few species, altering ecosystem's functioning and services. Macroalgae are becoming dominant on coral reefs, and are frequently observed outcompeting corals. Turf algal assemblages are the base of energy flow in these systems and one of the most abundant types of macroalgae on coral reefs, but little is known about their biology and diversity. Through molecular and morphological analyses, we identified the turf-forming species Laurencia cervicornis, and by studying seasonal recruitment and the impact of herbivorous fishes on its abundance, we describe its survival strategy. The molecular analyses used a total of 45 rbcL gene sequences including eight current genera within the Laurencia complex and two new sequences of L. cervicornis and strongly support the new combination of Palisada cervicornis comb. nov. In addition, a detailed morphological characterization including the description of reproductive structures is provided. Palisada cervicornis was seen recruiting in all seasons but was typically in low abundance. Specimens grown on tiles in fish exclosure cages were devoured in less than 4 h when offered to fishes. Even though many species of the Laurencia complex have chemicals that deter herbivory, species within the genus Palisada lack feeding deterrents and thus are highly palatable. We suggest that P. cervicornis is a palatable species that seems to survive in the community by obtaining a size-refuge from herbivory within turf communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Collado-Vides
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Alain Duran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Elizabeth Armenis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Valéria Cassano
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Deron Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Andrew A Shantz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Laura Palma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Jhoana Díaz-Larrea
- Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55-535, México D.F, 09340, México
| | - Abel Sentíes
- Departamento de Hidrobiología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apdo. Postal 55-535, México D.F, 09340, México
| | - Mutue Toyota Fujii
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ficologia, Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687, São Paulo, 04301-902, Brazil
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Flores-Rentería D, Barradas VL, Álvarez-Sánchez J. Ectomycorrhizal pre-inoculation of Pinus hartwegii and Abies religiosa is replaced by native fungi in a temperate forest of central Mexico. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ectomycorrhizal community composition and structure of a mature red alder ( Alnus rubra ) stand. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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39
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Maghnia FZ, Sanguin H, Abbas Y, Verdinelli M, Kerdouh B, El Ghachtouli N, Lancellotti E, Bakkali Yakhlef SE, Duponnois R. [Impact of cork oak management on the ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity associated with Quercus suber in the Mâamora forest (Morocco)]. C R Biol 2017; 340:298-305. [PMID: 28506468 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cork oak forest is an ecosystem playing a major role in Moroccan socio-economy and biodiversity conservation. However, this ecosystem is negatively impacted by extensive human- and climate-driven pressures, causing a strong decrease in its distribution and a worsening of the desertification processes. This study aims at characterising the impact of cork oak forest management on a major actor of its functioning, the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal community associated with Quercus suber, and the determination of EcM bio-indicators. The EcM fungal community has been monitored during spring and winter seasons in two sites of the Moroccan Mâamora forest, corresponding to a forest site either impacted by human activities or protected. A significant impact of cork oak forest management on the EcM fungal community has been revealed, with major differences during the summer season. The results confirmed the potential ecological significance of several EcM fungi (e.g., Cenococcum) in the sustainability of the cork oak forest functioning, but also the significant association of certain EcM fungi (Pachyphloeus, Russula, Tomentella) with a perturbation or a season, and consequently to the cork oak forest status or to climatic conditions, respectively. The development of study at the Mediterranean scale may improve the robustness of ecological models to predict the impact of global changes on this emblematic ecosystem of Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Z Maghnia
- CIRAD, UMR LSTM, 34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de la recherche forestière, Rabat, Maroc; Laboratoire de biotechnologie microbienne, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah, Fès, Maroc
| | | | - Younes Abbas
- Centre de la recherche forestière, Rabat, Maroc; Département de biologie-géologie, faculté polydisciplinaire, université Sultan-Moulay-Slimane, Béni Mellal, Maroc
| | | | | | - Naima El Ghachtouli
- Laboratoire de biotechnologie microbienne, faculté des sciences et techniques, université Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah, Fès, Maroc
| | | | - Salah Eddine Bakkali Yakhlef
- Direction de l'enseignement, de la formation et de la recherche, ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche maritime, Rabat, Maroc
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Nicholson BA, Jones MD. Early-successional ectomycorrhizal fungi effectively support extracellular enzyme activities and seedling nitrogen accumulation in mature forests. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:247-260. [PMID: 27900594 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After stand-replacing disturbance, regenerating conifer seedlings become colonized by different ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) than the locally adapted EMF communities present on seedlings in mature forests. We studied whether EMF species that colonized subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) seedlings in clearcuts differed from those that colonized seedlings in adjacent mature forests with respect to mycorrhizoplane extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) and N status of the seedlings. We tested two alternate hypotheses: (1) that EEAs would differ between the two EMF communities, with higher activities associated with forest-origin communities, and (2) that acclimation to soil environment was considerable enough that EEAs would be determined primarily by the soil type in which the ectomycorrhizas were growing. Naturally colonized fir seedlings were reciprocally transplanted between clearcuts and forests, carrying different EMF communities with them. EEAs were influenced more by destination environment than by EMF community. EEAs were as high in early-successional as in late-successional communities in both destination environments. Buds of clearcut-origin seedlings had the same or higher N contents as forest seedlings after a growing season in either environment. These results indicate that (i) symbiotic EMF and/or their associated microbial communities demonstrate substantial ability to acclimate to new field environments; (ii) the ability to produce organic matter-degrading enzymes is not a trait that necessarily distinguishes early- and late-successional EMF communities in symbiosis; (iii) early-successional EMF are as capable of supporting seedling N accumulation in forest soils as late-successional EMF; and (iv) disturbed ecosystems where early-successional EMF are present should have high resilience for organic matter degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Nicholson
- Biology Department, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Sci 385 - 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Biology Department, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Sci 385 - 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Kyaschenko J, Clemmensen KE, Hagenbo A, Karltun E, Lindahl BD. Shift in fungal communities and associated enzyme activities along an age gradient of managed Pinus sylvestris stands. THE ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:863-874. [PMID: 28085155 PMCID: PMC5364365 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Forestry reshapes ecosystems with respect to tree age structure, soil properties and vegetation composition. These changes are likely to be paralleled by shifts in microbial community composition with potential feedbacks on ecosystem functioning. Here, we assessed fungal communities across a chronosequence of managed Pinus sylvestris stands and investigated correlations between taxonomic composition and extracellular enzyme activities. Not surprisingly, clear-cutting had a negative effect on ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance and diversity. In contrast, clear-cutting favoured proliferation of saprotrophic fungi correlated with enzymes involved in holocellulose decomposition. During stand development, the re-establishing ectomycorrhizal fungal community shifted in composition from dominance by Atheliaceae in younger stands to Cortinarius and Russula species in older stands. Late successional ectomycorrhizal taxa correlated with enzymes involved in mobilisation of nutrients from organic matter, indicating intensified nutrient limitation. Our results suggest that maintenance of functional diversity in the ectomycorrhizal fungal community may sustain long-term forest production by retaining a capacity for symbiosis-driven recycling of organic nutrient pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kyaschenko
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karina E Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hagenbo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Karltun
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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42
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Pec GJ, Karst J, Taylor DL, Cigan PW, Erbilgin N, Cooke JEK, Simard SW, Cahill JF. Change in soil fungal community structure driven by a decline in ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:864-873. [PMID: 27659418 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Western North American landscapes are rapidly being transformed by forest die-off caused by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), with implications for plant and soil communities. The mechanisms that drive changes in soil community structure, particularly for the highly prevalent ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine forests, are complex and intertwined. Critical to enhancing understanding will be disentangling the relative importance of host tree mortality from changes in soil chemistry following tree death. Here, we used a recent bark beetle outbreak in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of western Canada to test whether the effects of tree mortality altered the richness and composition of belowground fungal communities, including ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. We also determined the effects of environmental factors (i.e. soil nutrients, moisture, and phenolics) and geographical distance, both of which can influence the richness and composition of soil fungi. The richness of both groups of soil fungi declined and the overall composition was altered by beetle-induced tree mortality. Soil nutrients, soil phenolics and geographical distance influenced the community structure of soil fungi; however, the relative importance of these factors differed between ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. The independent effects of tree mortality, soil phenolics and geographical distance influenced the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, while the community composition of saprotrophic fungi was weakly but significantly correlated with the geographical distance of plots. Taken together, our results indicate that both deterministic and stochastic processes structure soil fungal communities following landscape-scale insect outbreaks and reflect the independent roles tree mortality, soil chemistry and geographical distance play in regulating the community composition of soil fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Pec
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 104, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Paul W Cigan
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre #3601-2424 Main Hall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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43
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Baldrian P. Forest microbiome: diversity, complexity and dynamics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 41:109-130. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Sturge RJ, Cortés-Rodríguez MN, Rojas-Soto OR, Omland KE. Nuclear locus divergence at the early stages of speciation in the Orchard Oriole complex. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4307-17. [PMID: 27386077 PMCID: PMC4930982 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As two lineages diverge from one another, mitochondrial DNA should evolve fixed differences more rapidly than nuclear DNA due to its smaller effective population size and faster mutation rate. As a consequence, molecular systematists have focused on the criteria of reciprocal monophyly in mitochondrial DNA for delimiting species boundaries. However, mitochondrial gene trees do not necessarily reflect the evolutionary history of the taxa in question, and even mitochondrial loci are not expected to be reciprocally monophyletic when the speciation event happened very recently. The goal of this study was to examine mitochondrial paraphyly within the Orchard Oriole complex, which is composed of Icterus spurius (Orchard Oriole) and Icterus fuertesi (Fuertes' Oriole). We increased the geographic sampling, added four nuclear loci, and used a range of population genetic and coalescent methods to examine the divergence between the taxa. With increased taxon sampling, we found evidence of clear structure between the taxa for mitochondrial DNA. However, nuclear loci showed little evidence of population structure, indicating a very recent divergence between I. spurius and I. fuertesi. Another goal was to examine the genetic variation within each taxon to look for evidence of a past founder event within the I. fuertesi lineage. Based on the high amounts of genetic variation for all nuclear loci, we found no evidence of such an event – thus, we found no support for the possible founding of I. fuertesi through a change in migratory behavior, followed by peripheral isolates speciation. Our results demonstrate that these two taxa are in the earliest stages of speciation, at a point when they have fixed differences in plumage color that are not reflected in monophyly of the mitochondrial or nuclear DNA markers in this study. This very recent divergence makes them ideal for continued studies of species boundaries and the earliest stages of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Sturge
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21052
| | - M Nandadevi Cortés-Rodríguez
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21052
| | - Octavio R Rojas-Soto
- Red de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología (INECOL) Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351 Xalapa 91070 Mexico
| | - Kevin E Omland
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21052
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Lin WR, Wang PH, Chen WC, Lai CM, Winder RS. Responses of Soil Fungal Populations and Communities to the Thinning of Cryptomeria Japonica Forests. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:19-26. [PMID: 26903369 PMCID: PMC4791111 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest management activities, such as tree thinning, alter forest ecology, including key components of forest ecosystems, including fungal communities. In the present study, we investigate the effects of forest thinning intensity on the populations and structures of fungal soil communities in the Cryptomeria japonica forests of central Taiwan as well as the dynamics of soil fungi communities in these forests after a thinning disturbance. Although the populations of soil fungi significantly increased in the first 6 months after thinning, these increases had subsided by 9 months. This pulse was attributed to a transient increase in the populations of rapid colonizers. A multiple regression analysis positively correlated fungal populations with organic matter content and cellulase activity. Thinning initially provided large amounts of fresh leaves and roots as nutrient-rich substrates for soil fungi. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles indicated that soil fungal communities significantly differed among plots with 0% (control), 25%, and 50% tree thinning in the first 21 months post-thinning, with no significant differences being observed after 21 months. The fungal communities of these forest soils also changed with the seasons, and an interactive relationship was detected between seasons and treatments. Seasonal variations in fungal communities were the most pronounced after 50% tree thinning. The results of the present study demonstrate that the soil fungi of Taiwanese C. japonica forests are very sensitive to thinning disturbances, but recover stability after a relatively short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Rou Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Tunghai UniversityNo. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40704Taiwan
| | - Pi-Han Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Tunghai UniversityNo. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40704Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Tunghai UniversityNo. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40704Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ming Lai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan UniversityNo. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
| | - Richard Scott Winder
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5Canada
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Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in Nothofagus nervosa ( Raulí ): A comparison between domesticated and naturally established specimens in a native forest of Patagonia, Argentina. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Garcia-Barreda S, Molina-Grau S, Reyna S. Reducing the infectivity and richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a calcareous Quercus ilex forest through soil preparations for truffle plantation establishment: A bioassay study. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:1137-1143. [PMID: 26466886 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the early years of a black truffle plantation, the field proliferation of the nursery-inoculated fungi can be hampered by native ectomycorrhizal fungi colonising the seedling roots. Reducing the soil ectomycorrhizal infectivity in the planting hole before introducing the inoculated seedling could be an effective strategy to reduce this problem. Three bioassays were conducted to evaluate the impact of several soil preparations on the ectomycorrhizal infectivity and richness of a Quercus ilex soil in a truffle-producing region. Microwaves, quicklime, and acetic acid significantly decreased the percent root colonisation and morphotype richness of the native ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, they also decreased seedling survival or growth. Peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite did not show a significant negative effect on the soil ectomycorrhizal community. The results support the potential of soil preparation for reducing the ectomycorrhizal infectivity of forest soils, thus being a promising strategy to reduce the early colonisation by native fungi in truffle plantations. However, the indications of damage to the seedling development must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Barreda
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), C/Charles Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Molina-Grau
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), C/Charles Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Reyna
- ETS Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46021 Valencia, Spain
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Séne S, Avril R, Chaintreuil C, Geoffroy A, Ndiaye C, Diédhiou AG, Sadio O, Courtecuisse R, Sylla SN, Selosse MA, Bâ A. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. mature trees and seedlings in the neotropical coastal forests of Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles). MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:547-559. [PMID: 25711744 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied belowground and aboveground diversity and distribution of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species colonizing Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. (seagrape) mature trees and seedlings naturally regenerating in four littoral forests of the Guadeloupe island (Lesser Antilles). We collected 546 sporocarps, 49 sclerotia, and morphotyped 26,722 root tips from mature trees and seedlings. Seven EM fungal species only were recovered among sporocarps (Cantharellus cinnabarinus, Amanita arenicola, Russula cremeolilacina, Inocybe littoralis, Inocybe xerophytica, Melanogaster sp., and Scleroderma bermudense) and one EM fungal species from sclerotia (Cenococcum geophilum). After internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, the EM root tips fell into 15 EM fungal taxa including 14 basidiomycetes and 1 ascomycete identified. Sporocarp survey only weakly reflected belowground assessment of the EM fungal community, although 5 fruiting species were found on roots. Seagrape seedlings and mature trees had very similar communities of EM fungi, dominated by S. bermudense, R. cremeolilacina, and two Thelephoraceae: shared species represented 93 % of the taxonomic EM fungal diversity and 74 % of the sampled EM root tips. Furthermore, some significant differences were observed between the frequencies of EM fungal taxa on mature trees and seedlings. The EM fungal community composition also varied between the four investigated sites. We discuss the reasons for such a species-poor community and the possible role of common mycorrhizal networks linking seagrape seedlings and mature trees in regeneration of coastal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seynabou Séne
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 CNRS OSEB Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 5045 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Raymond Avril
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Clémence Chaintreuil
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR113 INRA/AGRO-M/CIRAD/IRD/UM2-TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Alexandre Geoffroy
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 CNRS OSEB Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 5045 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Cheikh Ndiaye
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Oumar Sadio
- IRD, UMR 195 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), BP 1386, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Régis Courtecuisse
- Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille Nord de France, BP 83, 59006, Lille cedex, France
| | - Samba Ndao Sylla
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 CNRS OSEB Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 5045 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Amadou Bâ
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal.
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR113 INRA/AGRO-M/CIRAD/IRD/UM2-TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Kutszegi G, Siller I, Dima B, Takács K, Merényi Z, Varga T, Turcsányi G, Bidló A, Ódor P. Drivers of macrofungal species composition in temperate forests, West Hungary: functional groups compared. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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