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Sanyal C, Pietsch N, Ramirez Rios S, Peris L, Carrier L, Moutin MJ. The detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle of tubulin and its role and dysfunction in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 137:46-62. [PMID: 34924330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the variety of post-translational modifications to which microtubules are subjected, the detyrosination/re-tyrosination cycle is specific to tubulin. It is conserved by evolution and characterized by the enzymatic removal and re-addition of a gene-encoded tyrosine residue at the C-terminus of α-tubulin. Detyrosinated tubulin can be further converted to Δ2-tubulin by the removal of an additional C-terminal glutamate residue. Detyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin are carried by stable microtubules whereas tyrosinated microtubules are present on dynamic polymers. The cycle regulates trafficking of many cargo transporting molecular motors and is linked to the microtubule dynamics via regulation of microtubule interactions with specific cellular effectors such as kinesin-13. Here, we give an historical overview of the general features discovered for the cycle. We highlight the recent progress toward structure and functioning of the enzymes that keep the levels of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin in cells, the long-known tubulin tyrosine ligase and the recently discovered vasohibin-SVBP complexes. We further describe how the cycle controls microtubule functions in healthy neurons and cardiomyocytes and how deregulations of the cycle are involved in dysfunctions of these highly differentiated cells, leading to neurodegeneration and heart failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadni Sanyal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Niels Pietsch
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sacnicte Ramirez Rios
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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2
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McClung C, Chin HG, Hansen U, Noren CJ, Pradhan S, Ruse CI. Mapping of polyglutamylation in tubulins using nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Biochem 2020; 612:113761. [PMID: 32502490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin polyglutamylation is a polymeric modification that extends from the carboxyl-terminus of tubulins. Molecular description of amino acids and their branching polyglutamyls is a hallmark of tubulin in microtubules. There are different chemical approaches for detecting these polymeric structures, mostly reported prior to development of nESI peptide analysis. Here we demonstrate a novel and simple approach to detect shared regions of amino acid ions from tubulin polyglutamylated peptides in nanoLC-MS/MS. This involves two parallel in gel digestions with trypsin and subtilisin followed by mapping of di- and triglutamyl modifications of α- and β-tubulins using a routine proteomics assay. We present three levels of information: i) identification of proteomics MS/MS data, ii) description of internal fragment ion series common across digests, and iii) extracted ion chromatograms mapped relative to retention time standards for confirmation of relative hydrophobicity values. Our nanoLC assay positive ion ESI detects up to 3 conjugated glutamates in tubulins. We implemented an analytical column only bottom up approach that characterizes molecular features of polyglutamylated tubulins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hang Gyeong Chin
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA; MCBB Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ulla Hansen
- MCBB Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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3
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Hausrat TJ, Radwitz J, Lombino FL, Breiden P, Kneussel M. Alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes are differentially expressed during brain development. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:333-350. [PMID: 32293117 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alpha- and beta-tubulin dimers polymerize into protofilaments that associate laterally to constitute a hollow tube, the microtubule. A dynamic network of interlinking filaments forms the microtubule cytoskeleton, which maintains the structure of cells and is key to various cellular processes including cell division, cell migration, and intracellular transport. Individual microtubules have an identity that depends on the differential integration of specific alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes and is further specified by a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). It is barely understood to which extent neighboring microtubules differ in their tubulin composition or whether specific tubulin isotypes cluster along the polymer. Furthermore, our knowledge about the spatio-temporal expression patterns of tubulin isotypes is limited, not at least due to the lack of antibodies or antibody cross-reactivities. Here, we asked which alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNAs and proteins are expressed in developing hippocampal neuron cultures and ex vivo brain tissue lysates. Using heterologous expression of GFP-tubulin fusion proteins, we systematically tested antibody-specificities against various tubulin isotypes. Our data provide quantitative information about tubulin expression levels in the mouse brain and classify tubulin isotypes during pre- and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben J Hausrat
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Radwitz
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franco L Lombino
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Breiden
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Vu HT, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Setou M, Ikegami K. Increase in α-tubulin modifications in the neuronal processes of hippocampal neurons in both kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure and Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40205. [PMID: 28067280 PMCID: PMC5220350 DOI: 10.1038/srep40205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration includes acute changes and slow-developing alterations, both of which partly involve common cellular machinery. During neurodegeneration, neuronal processes are impaired along with dysregulated post-translational modifications (PTMs) of cytoskeletal proteins. In neuronal processes, tubulin undergoes unique PTMs including a branched form of modification called glutamylation and loss of the C-terminal tyrosine residue and the penultimate glutamic acid residue forming Δ2-tubulin. Here, we investigated the state of two PTMs, glutamylation and Δ2 form, in both acute and slow-developing neurodegenerations, using a newly generated monoclonal antibody, DTE41, which had 2-fold higher affinity to glutamylated Δ2-tubulin, than to unmodified Δ2-tubulin. DTE41 recognised glutamylated Δ2-tubulin preferentially in immunostaining than in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. In normal mouse brain, DTE41 stained molecular layer of the cerebellum as well as synapse-rich regions in pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. In kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure, DTE41-labelled signals were increased in the hippocampal CA3 region, especially in the stratum lucidum. In the hippocampi of post-mortem patients with Alzheimer's disease, intensities of DTE41 staining were increased in mossy fibres in the CA3 region as well as in apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurons. Our findings indicate that glutamylation on Δ2-tubulin is increased in both acute and slow-developing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Thi Vu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, and International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
- Department of Medicine for Aging in Place and Community-Based Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, and International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Neural Systematics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Riken Center for Molecular Imaging Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, and International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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5
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Girotra M, Srivastava S, Kulkarni A, Barbora A, Bobra K, Ghosal D, Devan P, Aher A, Jain A, Panda D, Ray K. The C-terminal tails of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor subunits directly bind to α-tubulin1: Possible implications for cilia-specific tubulin entry. Traffic 2017; 18:123-133. [PMID: 27976831 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of microtubule-based cytoskeleton propels the cilia and flagella growth. Previous studies have indicated that the kinesin-2 family motors transport tubulin into the cilia through intraflagellar transport. Here, we report a direct interaction between the C-terminal tail fragments of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and α-tubulin1 isoforms in vitro. Blot overlay screen, affinity purification from tissue extracts, cosedimentation with subtilisin-treated microtubule and LC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of the tail-fragment-associated tubulin identified an association between the tail domains and α-tubulin1A/D isotype. The interaction was confirmed by Forster's resonance energy transfer assay in tissue-cultured cells. The overexpression of the recombinant tails in NIH3T3 cells affected the primary cilia growth, which was rescued by coexpression of a α-tubulin1 transgene. Furthermore, fluorescent recovery after photobleach analysis in the olfactory cilia of Drosophila indicated that tubulin is transported in a non-particulate form requiring kinesin-2. These results provide additional new insight into the mechanisms underlying selective tubulin isoform enrichment in the cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Girotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shalini Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuttama Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ayan Barbora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Kratika Bobra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Debnath Ghosal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Pavithra Devan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Amol Aher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Akanksha Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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6
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Aillaud C, Bosc C, Saoudi Y, Denarier E, Peris L, Sago L, Taulet N, Cieren A, Tort O, Magiera MM, Janke C, Redeker V, Andrieux A, Moutin MJ. Evidence for new C-terminally truncated variants of α- and β-tubulins. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:640-53. [PMID: 26739754 PMCID: PMC4750924 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New C-terminally truncated α- and β-tubulin variants, both ending with an –EEEG sequence, are identified in vivo: αΔ3-tubulin, which has a specific neuronal distribution pattern (distinct from that of αΔ2-tubulin) and seems to be related to dynamic microtubules, and βΔ4-tubulin, corresponding to β2A/B-tubulin modified by truncation of four C-terminal residues, which is ubiquitously present in cells and tissues. Cellular α-tubulin can bear various carboxy-terminal sequences: full-length tubulin arising from gene neosynthesis is tyrosinated, and two truncated variants, corresponding to detyrosinated and Δ2 α‑tubulin, result from the sequential cleavage of one or two C-terminal residues, respectively. Here, by using a novel antibody named 3EG that is highly specific to the –EEEG C-terminal sequence, we demonstrate the occurrence in neuronal tissues of a new αΔ3‑tubulin variant corresponding to α1A/B‑tubulin deleted of its last three residues (EEY). αΔ3‑tubulin has a specific distribution pattern: its quantity in the brain is similar to that of αΔ2-tubulin around birth but is much lower in adult tissue. This truncated α1A/B-tubulin variant can be generated from αΔ2-tubulin by the deglutamylases CCP1, CCP4, CCP5, and CCP6 but not by CCP2 and CCP3. Moreover, using 3EG antibody, we identify a C‑terminally truncated β-tubulin form with the same –EEEG C-terminal sequence. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that β2A/B-tubulin is modified by truncation of the four C-terminal residues (EDEA). We show that this newly identified βΔ4-tubulin is ubiquitously present in cells and tissues and that its level is constant throughout the cell cycle. These new C-terminally truncated α- and β-tubulin variants, both ending with –EEEG sequence, are expected to regulate microtubule physiology. Of interest, the αΔ3-tubulin seems to be related to dynamic microtubules, resembling tyrosinated-tubulin rather than the other truncated variants, and may have critical function(s) in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Aillaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yasmina Saoudi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France CEA, BIG-GPC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laila Sago
- Service d'Identification et de Caractérisation des Protéines par Spectrométrie de masse, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Taulet
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Cieren
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivia Tort
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- Service d'Identification et de Caractérisation des Protéines par Spectrométrie de masse, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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7
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Roll-Mecak A. Intrinsically disordered tubulin tails: complex tuners of microtubule functions? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:11-9. [PMID: 25307498 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential cellular polymers assembled from tubulin heterodimers. The tubulin dimer consists of a compact folded globular core and intrinsically disordered C-terminal tails. The tubulin tails form a lawn of densely grafted, negatively charged, flexible peptides on the exterior of the microtubule, potentially akin to brush polymers in the field of synthetic materials. These tails are hotspots for conserved, chemically complex posttranslational modifications that have the potential to act in a combinatorial fashion to regulate microtubule polymer dynamics and interactions with microtubule effectors, giving rise to a "tubulin code". In this review, I summarize our current knowledge of the enzymes that generate the astonishing tubulin chemical diversity observed in cells and describe recent advances in deciphering the roles of tubulin C-terminal tails and their posttranslational modifications in regulating the activity of molecular motors and microtubule associated proteins. Lastly, I outline the promises, challenges and potential pitfalls of deciphering the tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Liu Y, Garnham CP, Roll-Mecak A, Tanner ME. Phosphinic acid-based inhibitors of tubulin polyglutamylases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4408-12. [PMID: 23777780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is subject to a reversible post-translational modification involving polyglutamylation and deglutamylation of glutamate residues in its C-terminal tail. This process plays key roles in regulating the function of microtubule associated proteins, neuronal development, and metastatic progression. This study describes the synthesis and testing of three phosphinic acid-based inhibitors that have been designed to inhibit both the glutamylating and deglutamylating enzymes. The compounds were tested against the polyglutamylase TTLL7 using tail peptides as substrates (100 μM) and the most potent inhibitor displayed an IC₅₀ value of 150 μM. The incorporation of these compounds into tubulin C-terminal tail peptides may lead to more potent TTLL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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9
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Garnham CP, Roll-Mecak A. The chemical complexity of cellular microtubules: tubulin post-translational modification enzymes and their roles in tuning microtubule functions. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:442-63. [PMID: 22422711 PMCID: PMC3459347 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular microtubules are marked by abundant and evolutionarily conserved post-translational modifications that have the potential to tune their functions. This review focuses on the astonishing chemical complexity introduced in the tubulin heterodimer at the post-translational level and summarizes the recent advances in identifying the enzymes responsible for these modifications and deciphering the consequences of tubulin's chemical diversity on the function of molecular motors and microtubule associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Garnham
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
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10
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Sahab ZJ, Kirilyuk A, Zhang L, Khamis ZI, Pompach P, Sung Y, Byers SW. Analysis of tubulin alpha-1A/1B C-terminal tail post-translational poly-glutamylation reveals novel modification sites. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1913-23. [PMID: 22296162 PMCID: PMC3292626 DOI: 10.1021/pr2011044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin-α(1A/1B) C-terminal tail (CTT) has seven glutamic acid residues among the last 11 amino acids of its sequence that are potential sites for glutamylation. Cleavage of C-terminal tyrosine resulting in the detyrosinated form of tubulin-α(1A/1B) is another major modification. These modifications among others bring about highly heterogeneous tubulin samples in brain cells and microtubules, play a major role in directing intracellular trafficking, microtubule dynamics, and mitotic events, and can vary depending on the cell and disease state, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Identified previously using primary mass spectrometry (MS) ions and partial Edman sequencing, tubulin-α(1A/1B) glutamylation was found exclusively on the E(445) residue. We here describe the analysis of tubulin-α(1A/1B) glutamylation and detyrosination after 2-DE separation, trypsin and proteinase K in-gel digestion, and nanoUPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS of mouse brain and bovine microtubules. Tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and Δ2-tubulin-α(1A/1B) CTTs were identified on the basis of a comparison of fragmentation patterns and retention times between endogenous and synthetic peptides. Stringent acceptance criteria were adapted for the identification of novel glutamylation sites. In addition to the previously identified site at E(445), glutamylation on mouse and bovine tubulin-α(1A/1B) CTTs was identified on E(441) and E(443) with MASCOT Expect values below 0.01. O-Methylation of glutamates was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad J Sahab
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University , Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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11
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures built of alpha- and beta-tubulins. Although tubulins are highly conserved throughout evolution, microtubules can be adapted to a range of different functions. A powerful mechanism that could regulate the functional specialization of microtubules is the posttranslational modification of tubulin molecules. Two tubulin modifications, polyglutamylation and polyglycylation, generate amino acid side chains of different length on tubulin. These modifications are thought to regulate interactions between microtubules and their associated proteins; however, detailed studies of this potential mechanism have not been performed. The investigation of the potential regulatory role of polyglutamylation requires in vitro tools to visualize the molecular events that could be affected by this modification. Classically, in vitro work with microtubules is performed with tubulin from brain tissue; however, this tubulin is highly posttranslationally modified. Here, we describe a method for the purification of tubulin carrying controlled levels of polyglutamylation, which can be used in basic in vitro assays.
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12
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Redeker V. Mass spectrometry analysis of C-terminal posttranslational modifications of tubulins. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 95:77-103. [PMID: 20466131 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)95006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian brain and ciliary axonemes from ciliates, alpha- and beta-tubulins exhibit an extraordinary heterogeneity due to a combination of multigene family expression and numerous posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The combination of several PTMs located in the C-terminal tail of tubulins plays a major role in this important polymorphism of tubulin: polyglutamylation, polyglycylation, detyrosination, tyrosination, removal of the penultimate glutamate residue, and phosphorylation. In order to document the relationship and functions of these PTMs, we have developed a tubulin C-terminal Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) method. Using simplified microtubule proteins and tubulin C-terminal peptides purifications, direct matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis can generate a complete picture of all tubulin isotype-specific C-terminal peptides together with their respective PTMs. This chapter will illustrate the capability of this approach to compare tubulin isoform compositions and document the changes in PTMs between samples with different tubulin assembly properties or consecutively to inactivation of modification sites or modification enzymes. Complementary MS-based approaches useful to document the structure of the highly heterogeneous posttranslational polymodifications will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Redeker
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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13
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Abstract
Tubulin antibodies are among the most extensively used immunological reagents in basic and applied cell and molecular biology. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of the practices and reagents developed in our laboratory during the past 25 years for characterizing anti-beta-tubulin antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Spano
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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14
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Verdier-Pinard P, Pasquier E, Xiao H, Burd B, Villard C, Lafitte D, Miller LM, Angeletti RH, Horwitz SB, Braguer D. Tubulin proteomics: towards breaking the code. Anal Biochem 2008; 384:197-206. [PMID: 18840397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Verdier-Pinard
- INSERM UMR 911 CRO2, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13285 Marseille cedex 05, France.
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15
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Abstract
Tubulin, the most abundant axonemal protein, is extensively modified by several highly conserved post-translational mechanisms including acetylation, detyrosination, glutamylation, and glycylation. We discuss the pathways that contribute to the assembly and maintenance of axonemal microtubules, with emphasis on the potential functions of post-translational modifications that affect tubulin. The recent identification of a number of tubulin modifying enzymes and mutational studies of modification sites on tubulin have allowed for significant functional insights. Polymeric modifications of tubulin (glutamylation and glycylation) have emerged as important determinants of the 9 + 2 axoneme assembly and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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16
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Rusconi F. GNU polyxmass: a software framework for mass spectrometric simulations of linear (bio-)polymeric analytes. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:226. [PMID: 16643644 PMCID: PMC1524818 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, a variety of (bio-)polymers can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. The detailed interpretation of the spectra requires a huge number of "hypothesis cycles", comprising the following three actions 1) put forth a structural hypothesis, 2) test it, 3) (in)validate it. This time-consuming and painstaking data scrutiny is alleviated by using specialized software tools. However, all the software tools available to date are polymer chemistry-specific. This imposes a heavy overhead to researchers who do mass spectrometry on a variety of (bio-)polymers, as each polymer type will require a different software tool to perform data simulations and analyses. We developed a software to address the lack of an integrated software framework able to deal with different polymer chemistries. RESULTS The GNU polyxmass software framework performs common (bio-)chemical simulations-along with simultaneous mass spectrometric calculations-for any kind of linear bio-polymeric analyte (DNA, RNA, saccharides or proteins). The framework is organized into three modules, all accessible from one single binary program. The modules let the user to 1) define brand new polymer chemistries, 2) perform quick mass calculations using a desktop calculator paradigm, 3) graphically edit polymer sequences and perform (bio-)chemical/mass spectrometric simulations. Any aspect of the mass calculations, polymer chemistry reactions or graphical polymer sequence editing is configurable. CONCLUSION The scientist who uses mass spectrometry to characterize (bio-)polymeric analytes of different chemistries is provided with a single software framework for his data prediction/analysis needs, whatever the polymer chemistry being involved.
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17
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Nogales E. Structural insight into microtubule function. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 2001; 30:397-420. [PMID: 11441808 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are polymers that are essential for, among other functions, cell transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. The regulation of the microtubule system includes transcription of different tubulin isotypes, folding of alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimers, post-translation modification of tubulin, and nucleotide-based microtubule dynamics, as well as interaction with numerous microtubule-associated proteins that are themselves regulated. The result is the precise temporal and spatial pattern of microtubules that is observed throughout the cell cycle. The recent high-resolution analysis of the structure of tubulin and the microtubule has brought new insight to the study of microtubule function and regulation, as well as the mode of action of antimitotic drugs that disrupt normal microtubule behavior. The combination of structural, genetic, biochemical, and biophysical data should soon give us a fuller understanding of the exquisite details in the regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nogales
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California 94720, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Microtubules are polymers that are essential for, among other functions, cell transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. The regulation of the microtubule system includes transcription of different tubulin isotypes, folding of /¿-tubulin heterodimers, post-translation modification of tubulin, and nucleotide-based microtubule dynamics, as well as interaction with numerous microtubule-associated proteins that are themselves regulated. The result is the precise temporal and spatial pattern of microtubules that is observed throughout the cell cycle. The recent high-resolution analysis of the structure of tubulin and the microtubule has brought new insight to the study of microtubule function and regulation, as well as the mode of action of antimitotic drugs that disrupt normal microtubule behavior. The combination of structural, genetic, biochemical, and biophysical data should soon give us a fuller understanding of the exquisite details in the regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nogales
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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19
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Regnard C, Desbruyères E, Denoulet P, Eddé B. Tubulin polyglutamylase: isozymic variants and regulation during the cell cycle in HeLa cells. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 23):4281-9. [PMID: 10564646 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.23.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamylation is a posttranslational modification of tubulin that is very common in neurons and ciliated or flagellated cells. It was proposed to regulate the binding of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and molecular motors as a function of the length of the polyglutamyl side-chain. Though much less common, this modification of tubulin also occurs in proliferating cells like HeLa cells where it is associated with centrioles and with the mitotic spindle. Recently, we partially purified tubulin polyglutamylase from mouse brain and described its enzymatic properties. In this work, we focused on tubulin polyglutamylase activity from HeLa cells. Our results support the existence of a tubulin polyglutamylase family composed of several isozymic variants specific for alpha- or beta-tubulin subunits. In the latter case, the specificity probably also concerns the different beta-tubulin isotypes. Interestingly, we found that tubulin polyglutamylase activity is regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner and peaks in G(2)-phase while the level of glutamylated tubulin peaks in mitosis. Consistent results were obtained by treating the cells with hydroxyurea, nocodazole or taxotere. In particular, in mitotic cells, tubulin polyglutamylase activity was always low while glutamylation level was high. Finally, tubulin polyglutamylase activity and the level of glutamylated tubulin appeared to be inversely related. This paradox suggests a complex regulation of both tubulin polyglutamylase and the reverse deglutamylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Regnard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, CNRS UPR 9065 and Université Paris VI, Collège de France, 75005 Paris.
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Westermann S, Schneider A, Horn EK, Weber K. Isolation of tubulin polyglutamylase from Crithidia; binding to microtubules and tubulin, and glutamylation of mammalian brain alpha- and beta-tubulins. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 13):2185-93. [PMID: 10362548 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.13.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids have a striking cage-like arrangement of submembraneous microtubules. We previously showed that alpha- and beta- tubulins of these stable microtubules are extensively modified by polyglutamylation. Cytoskeletal microtubular preparations obtained by Triton extraction of Leishmania tarentolae and Crithidia fasciculata retain an enzymatic activity that incorporates radioactive glutamic acid in a Mg2+-ATP-dependent manner into alpha- and beta-tubulins. The tubulin polyglutamylase is extracted by 0.25 M salt. The Crithidia enzyme can be purified by ATP-affinity chromatography, glycerol-gradient centrifugation and ion-exchange chromatography. After extraction from the microtubular cytoskeleton the glutamylase forms a complex with alphabeta tubulin, but behaves after removal of tubulin as a globular protein with a molecular mass of 38x10(3). In highly enriched fractions a corresponding band is the major polypeptide visible in SDS-PAGE. The enzyme from Crithidia recognises mammalian brain tubulin, where it incorporates glutamic acid preferentially into the more acidic variants of both alpha- and beta-tubulins. Synthetic peptides with an oligoglutamyl side chain, corresponding to the carboxy-terminal end of brain alpha- and beta-tubulins, are accepted by the enzyme, albeit at low efficiency. The polyglutamylase elongates the side chain by up to 3 and 5 residues, respectively. Other properties of the tubulin polyglutamylase are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Westermann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Germany
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21
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Ludueña RF. Multiple forms of tubulin: different gene products and covalent modifications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 178:207-75. [PMID: 9348671 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules, is an alpha/beta heterodimer. In many organisms, both alpha and beta exist in numerous isotypic forms encoded by different genes. In addition, both alpha and beta undergo a variety of posttranslational covalent modifications, including acetylation, phosphorylation, detyrosylation, polyglutamylation, and polyglycylation. In this review the distribution and possible functional significance of the various forms of tubulin are discussed. In analyzing the differences among tubulin isotypes encoded by different genes, some appear to have no functional significance, some increase the overall adaptability of the organism to environmental challenges, and some appear to perform specific functions including formation of particular organelles and interactions with specific proteins. Purified isotypes also display different properties in vitro. Although the significance of all the covalent modification of tubulin is not fully understood, some of them may influence the stability of modified microtubules in vivo as well as interactions with certain proteins and may help to determine the functional role of microtubules in the cell. The review also discusses isotypes of gamma-tubulin and puts various forms of tubulin in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Ludueña
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
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