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Çakır B, Uzun Çakır AD, Yalın Sapmaz Ş, Bilaç Ö, Taneli F, Kandemir H. Cognitive functioning of adolescents using Methamphetamine: The impact of inflammatory and oxidative processes. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38447149 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2024.2323643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine is a substance that causes neurotoxicity and its use is increasing in recent years. Literature highlights cognitive impairment resulting from Methamphetamine use. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between cognitive impairment and inflammatory processes in adolescents with Methamphetamine use disorder. METHODS The study included 69 adolescents aged 15-19 years, comprising 37 participants with Methamphetamine Use Disorder and 32 healthy controls. Central Nervous System Vital Signs was used to detect cognitive impairment. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-33 and The Children's Depression Inventory scales were used. In addition, venous blood was collected from the volunteers. Biochemical parameters (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-a, BDNF, FAM19A5, TAS, TOS) were analyzed. RESULTS Our study showed that (I) IL-6 and TNF-a levels of Methamphetamine users were lower than the healthy group; (II) BDNF levels of Methamphetamine users were higher than the healthy group; (III) mean Neurocognitive Index in cognitive tests of Methamphetamine using adolescents was negatively correlated with duration of Methamphetamine use and BDNF levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that Methamphetamine use may have a negative effect on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Çakır
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Usak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | | | - Şermin Yalın Sapmaz
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Öznur Bilaç
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Taneli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Wei T, Li JD, Wang YJ, Zhao W, Duan F, Wang Y, Xia LL, Jiang ZB, Song X, Zhu YQ, Shao WY, Wang Z, Bi KS, Li H, Zhang XC, Jiao DL. p-Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway Involved in Methamphetamine-induced Executive Dysfunction through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in the Dorsal Striatum. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:446-458. [PMID: 37199892 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is known to cause executive dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying METH induced executive dysfunction remains unclear. Go/NoGo experiment was performed in mice to evaluate METH-induced executive dysfunction. Immunoblot analysis of Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), phosphorylated Nrf2 (p-Nrf2), heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Glucose Regulated Protein 78(GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase3 was performed to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis in the dorsal striatum (Dstr). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was conducted to evaluate the level of oxidative stress. TUNEL staining was conducted to detect apoptotic neurons. The animal Go/NoGo testing confirmed that METH abuse impaired the inhibitory control ability of executive function. Meanwhile, METH down-regulated the expression of p-Nrf2, HO-1 and GSH-Px and activated ER stress and apoptosis in the Dstr. Microinjection of Tert-butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ), an Nrf2 agonist, into the Dstr increased the expression of p-Nrf2, HO-1, and GSH-Px, ameliorated ER stress, apoptosis and executive dysfunction caused by METH. Our results indicated that the p-Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was potentially involved in mediating methamphetamine-induced executive dysfunction by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
- Huainan First People's Hospital, Huainan, 232007, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Da Li
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Jing Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Duan
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xia
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Zhao-Bin Jiang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Zhu
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Yi Shao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Ze Wang
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Kang-Sheng Bi
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Chu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Dong-Liang Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China.
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Sun Y, Chebolu S, Skegrud S, Kamali S, Darmani NA. Effects of low-doses of methamphetamine on d-fenfluramine-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in mice during ageing and c-fos expression in the prefrontal cortex. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:2. [PMID: 36631757 PMCID: PMC9835290 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The head-twitch response (HTR) in mice is considered a behavioral model for hallucinogens and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor function, as well as Tourette syndrome in humans. It is mediated by 5-HT2A receptor agonists such as ( ±)- 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The 5-HT2A antagonist EMD 281014, can prevent both DOI-induced HTR during ageing and c-fos expression in different regions of PFC. Moreover, the nonselective monoamine releaser methamphetamine (MA) suppressed DOI-induced HTR through ageing via concomitant activation of inhibitory 5-HT1A receptors, but enhanced DOI-evoked c-fos expression. d-Fenfluramine is a selective 5-HT releaser and induces HTR in mice, whereas MA does not. Currently, we investigated whether EMD 281014 or MA would alter: (1) d-fenfluramine-induced HTR frequency in 20-, 30- and 60-day old mice, (2) d-fenfluramine-evoked c-fos expression in PFC, and (3) whether blockade of inhibitory serotonergic 5-HT1A- or adrenergic ɑ2-receptors would prevent suppressive effect of MA on d-fenfluramine-induced HTR. RESULTS EMD 281014 (0.001-0.05 mg/kg) or MA (0.1-5 mg/kg) blocked d-fenfluramine-induced HTR dose-dependently during ageing. The 5-HT1A antagonist WAY 100635 countered the inhibitory effect of MA on d-fenfluramine-induced HTR in 30-day old mice, whereas the adrenergic ɑ2 antagonist RS 79948 reversed MA's inhibitory effect in both 20- and 30- day old mice. d-Fenfluramine significantly increased c-fos expressions in PFC regions. MA (1 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly increased d-fenfluramine-evoked c-fos expression in different regions of PFC. EMD 281014 (0.05 mg/kg) failed to prevent d-fenfluramine-induced c-fos expression, but significantly increased it in one PFC region (PrL at - 2.68 mm). CONCLUSION EMD 281014 suppressed d-fenfluramine-induced HTR but failed to prevent d-fenfluramine-evoked c-fos expression which suggest involvement of additional serotonergic receptors in the mediation of evoked c-fos. The suppressive effect of MA on d-fenfluramine-evoked HTR is due to well-recognized functional interactions between stimulatory 5-HT2A- and the inhibitory 5-HT1A- and ɑ2-receptors. MA-evoked increases in c-fos expression in PFC regions are due to the activation of diverse monoaminergic receptors through increased synaptic concentrations of 5-HT, NE and/or DA, which may also account for the additive effect of MA on d-fenfluramine-evoked changes in c-fos expression. Our findings suggest potential drug receptor functional interaction during development when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Sun
- grid.268203.d0000 0004 0455 5679Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766 USA
| | - Seetha Chebolu
- grid.268203.d0000 0004 0455 5679Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766 USA
| | - Stone Skegrud
- grid.268203.d0000 0004 0455 5679Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766 USA
| | - Setareh Kamali
- grid.268203.d0000 0004 0455 5679Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766 USA
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- grid.268203.d0000 0004 0455 5679Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766 USA
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Wang F, Shen W, Cai Y, Zhang X, Du H, Lai M, Liu H, Kohli E, Zhou W. Buprenorphine reduces methamphetamine intake and drug seeking behavior via activating nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor in rats. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:983595. [PMID: 36276332 PMCID: PMC9583165 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.983595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine, which has been approved for the treatment of opioid dependence, reduces cocaine consumption by co-activating μ-opioid receptors and nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors. However, the role of buprenorphine in methamphetamine (METH) reinforcement and drug-seeking behavior remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of buprenorphine on METH self-administration and reinstatement of METH-seeking behavior in rats. We found that buprenorphine pretreatment had an inhibitory effect on METH self-administration behavior, and that buprenorphine at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg could inhibit motivation to respond for METH. Pretreatment with the NOP receptor antagonist thienorphine (0.5 mg/kg) or SB-612111 (1 mg/kg) could reverse the inhibitory effect of buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) on the METH self-administration. Moreover, treatment with buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg) significantly reduced the drug-seeking behavior induced by context or by METH priming but failed to reduce the drug-seeking behavior induced by conditional cues. Additionally, the NOP receptor antagonist SB-612111 reversed the inhibitory action of buprenorphine on the drug-seeking behavior induced by METH priming. The results demonstrated that buprenorphine reduced either METH intake or the drug-seeking behavior by activating NOP receptors, providing empirical evidence for the clinical use of buprenorphine in the treatment of METH relapse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- UMR INSERM/uB/AGROSUP 1231, Team 3 HSP-Pathies, Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le, Cancer and Laboratoire d’Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yujia Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Han Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miaojun Lai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huifen Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Evelyne Kohli
- UMR INSERM/uB/AGROSUP 1231, Team 3 HSP-Pathies, Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le, Cancer and Laboratoire d’Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Jayanthi S, Peesapati R, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL. Footshock-Induced Abstinence from Compulsive Methamphetamine Self-administration in Rat Model Is Accompanied by Increased Hippocampal Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors (CB1 and CB2). Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1238-1248. [PMID: 34978045 PMCID: PMC8857101 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder (MUD) is characterized by compulsive and repeated drug taking despite negative life consequences. Large intake of METH in humans and animals is accompanied by dysfunctions in learning and memory processes. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known to modulate synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions. In addition, the ECS has been implicated in some of the manifestations of substance use disorders (SUDs). We therefore sought to identify potential changes in the expression of various enzymes and of the receptors (CB1 and CB2) that are members of that system. Herein, we used a model of METH self-administration (SA) that includes a punishment phase (footshocks) that helps to separate rats into a compulsive METH phenotype (compulsive) that continues to take METH and a non-compulsive METH (abstinent) group that suppressed or stopped taking METH. Animals were euthanized 2 h after the last METH SA session and their hippocampi were used to measure mRNA levels of cannabinoid receptors (CB/Cnr), as well as those of synthesizing (DAGL-A, DAGL-B, NAPEPLD) and metabolizing (MGLL, FAAH, PTGS2) enzymes of the endocannabinoid cascade. Non-compulsive rats exhibited significant increased hippocampal expression of CB1/Cnr1 and CB2/Cnr2 mRNAs. mRNA levels of the synthesizing enzyme, DAGL-A, and of the metabolic enzymes, MGLL and FAAH, were also increased. Non-compulsive rats also exhibited a significant decrease in hippocampal Ptgs2 mRNA levels. Taken together, these observations implicate the hippocampal endocannabinoid system in the suppression of METH intake in the presence of adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Jayanthi
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ritvik Peesapati
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michael T McCoy
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Bruce Ladenheim
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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6
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Miller DR, Bu M, Gopinath A, Martinez LR, Khoshbouei H. Methamphetamine Dysregulation of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Immunity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:372-385. [PMID: 34535563 PMCID: PMC9351721 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant that increases extracellular monoamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, and affects multiple tissue and cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune cells. The reinforcing properties of METH underlie its significant abuse potential and dysregulation of peripheral immunity and central nervous system functions. Together, the constellation of METH's effects on cellular targets and regulatory processes has led to immune suppression and neurodegeneration in METH addicts and animal models of METH exposure. Here we extensively review many of the cell types and mechanisms of METH-induced dysregulation of the central nervous and peripheral immune systems. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Emerging research has begun to show that methamphetamine regulates dopaminergic neuronal activity. In addition, METH affects non-neuronal brain cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, and immunological cells of the periphery. Concurrent disruption of bidirectional communication between dopaminergic neurons and glia in the CNS and peripheral immune cell dysregulation gives rise to a constellation of dysfunctional neuronal, cell, and tissue types. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of METH requires consideration of the multiple targets at the interface between basic and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mengfei Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine (D.R.M., M.B., A.G., H.K.), and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry (L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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7
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Jayanthi S, Daiwile AP, Cadet JL. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: Main effects and mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2021; 344:113795. [PMID: 34186102 PMCID: PMC8338805 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is abused throughout the world. METH addiction is also a major public health concern and the abuse of large doses of the drug is often associated with serious neuropsychiatric consequences that may include agitation, anxiety, hallucinations, paranoia, and psychosis. Some human methamphetamine users can also suffer from attention, memory, and executive deficits. METH-associated neurological and psychiatric complications might be related, in part, to METH-induced neurotoxic effects. Those include altered dopaminergic and serotonergic functions, neuronal apoptosis, astrocytosis, and microgliosis. Here we have endeavored to discuss some of the main effects of the drug and have presented the evidence supporting certain of the molecular and cellular bases of METH neurotoxicity. The accumulated evidence suggests the involvement of transcription factors, activation of dealth pathways that emanate from mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and a role for neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Understanding the molecular processes involved in METH induced neurotoxicity should help in developing better therapeutic approaches that might also serve to attenuate or block the biological consequences of use of large doses of the drug by some humans who meet criteria for METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Jayanthi
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Atul P Daiwile
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States of America.
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Magee CP, Le BD, Siripathane YH, Wilkins DG, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE. Methcathinone decreases dopamine transporter function: Role of protein kinase C. J Neurochem 2021; 159:116-127. [PMID: 34320222 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methcathinone (MCAT) is a psychostimulant of abuse that can cause both persistent striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic, as well as hippocampal serotonergic, deficits. Evidence suggests that the rapid effects of stimulants that are structurally and mechanistically similar to MCAT on monoamine transporter function may contribute to the abuse liability and/or persistent monoaminergic deficits caused by these agents. Thus, effects of MCAT on 1) striatal dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT); and 2) striatal and hippocampal serotonin transporter (SERT) function, as determined in tissues from adult male rats, were assessed. As reported previously, a single administration of MCAT rapidly (within 1 hr) decreases striatal [3 H]DA uptake. Similarly, incubation of rat synaptosomes with MCAT at 37℃ (but not 4˚C) decreased striatal [3 H]DA uptake. Incubation with MCAT likewise decreased [3 H]5HT but not vesicular [3 H]DA uptake. MCAT incubation in vitro was without effect on [3 H]DA uptake in striatal synaptosomes prepared from MCAT-treated rats. The decrease in [3 H]DA uptake caused by MCAT incubation: (a) reflected a decrease in Vmax , with minimal change in Km , and (b) was attenuated by co-incubation with the cell-permeable calcium chelator, N,N'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy-2,1-phenylene)]bis[N-[2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl]-1,1'-bis[(acetyloxy)methyl] ester-glycine (BAPTA-AM), as well as the non-selective protein kinase-C (PKC) inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide-1 (BIM-1) and 2-[1-3(Aminopropyl)indol-3-yl]-3(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)maleimide (or Bisindolylmaleimide VIII; Ro-31-7549). Taken together, these results suggest that in vitro MCAT incubation may model important aspects of MCAT administration in vivo, and that calcium and PKC contribute to the in vitro effects of MCAT on DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte P Magee
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - BaoMinh D Le
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Diana G Wilkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Glen R Hanson
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Annette E Fleckenstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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9
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Limanaqi F, Busceti CL, Celli R, Biagioni F, Fornai F. Autophagy as a gateway for the effects of methamphetamine: From neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity to psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102112. [PMID: 34171442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a major eukaryotic cell clearing machinery, autophagy grants cell proteostasis, which is key for neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival. In line with this, besides neuropathological events, autophagy dysfunctions are bound to synaptic alterations that occur in mental disorders, and early on, in neurodegenerative diseases. This is also the case of methamphetamine (METH) abuse, which leads to psychiatric disturbances and neurotoxicity. While consistently altering the autophagy machinery, METH produces behavioral and neurotoxic effects through molecular and biochemical events that can be recapitulated by autophagy blockade. These consist of altered physiological dopamine (DA) release, abnormal stimulation of DA and glutamate receptors, as well as oxidative, excitotoxic, and neuroinflammatory events. Recent molecular insights suggest that METH early impairs the autophagy machinery, though its functional significance remains to be investigated. Here we discuss evidence suggesting that alterations of DA transmission and autophagy are intermingled within a chain of events underlying behavioral alterations and neurodegenerative phenomena produced by METH. Understanding how METH alters the autophagy machinery is expected to provide novel insights into the neurobiology of METH addiction sharing some features with psychiatric disorders and parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Celli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126, Pisa, PI, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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10
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Shukla M, Vincent B. The multi-faceted impact of methamphetamine on Alzheimer's disease: From a triggering role to a possible therapeutic use. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 60:101062. [PMID: 32304732 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been initially synthesized for therapeutic purposes and currently FDA-approved and prescribed for obesity, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy and depression, methamphetamine became a recreational drug that is nowadays massively manufactured illegally. Because it is a powerful and extremely addictive psychotropic agent, its abuse has turned out to become a major health problem worldwide. Importantly, the numerous effects triggered by this drug induce neurotoxicity in the brain ultimately leading to serious neurological impairments, tissue damage and neuropsychological disturbances that are reminiscent to most of the symptoms observed in Alzheimer's disease and other pathological manifestations in aging brain. In this context, there is a growing number of compelling evidence linking methamphetamine abuse with a higher probability of developing premature Alzheimer's disease and consequent neurodegeneration. This review proposes to establish a broad assessment of the effects that this drug can generate at the cellular and molecular levels in connection with the development of the age-related Alzheimer's disease. Altogether, the objective is to warn against the long-term effects that methamphetamine abuse may convey on young consumers and the increased risk of developing this devastating brain disorder at later stages of their lives, but also to discuss a more recently emerging concept suggesting a possible use of methamphetamine for treating this pathology under proper and strictly controlled conditions.
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De Felice B, Mondellini S, Salgueiro-González N, Castiglioni S, Parolini M. Methamphetamine exposure modulated oxidative status and altered the reproductive output in Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137728. [PMID: 32169646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a central nervous system stimulant drug whose use has increased in the last few years worldwide. After the ingestion of even a single dose, METH is excreted by the organism and enters the aquatic ecosystems, whereby concentrations up to hundreds of ng/L were measured in both sewage and surface waters. Although the environmental concentrations are currently quite low, the high biological activity of METH might cause adverse effects towards non-target organisms. However, to date the information on METH toxicity towards aquatic organisms is limited. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating biochemical and behavioral effects induced by METH exposure towards the Cladoceran Daphnia magna. A 21-days exposure to two environmental concentrations of METH (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) was performed. At selected time points (7, 14 and 21 days) the amount of pro-oxidant molecules, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured as oxidative stress-related endpoints. Changes in swimming activity and reproductive output were assessed as behavioral endpoints. METH exposure affected the oxidative status of D. magna specimens at both tested concentrations, although no oxidative damage occurred. Although METH did not modulate the swimming activity of D. magna, a significant, positive effect on reproductive output, in terms of number of offspring was found. Our results showed that low concentrations of METH might represent a threat for D. magna, affecting the health status of this aquatic species at different level of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Simona Mondellini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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12
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TBHQ Attenuates Neurotoxicity Induced by Methamphetamine in the VTA through the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8787156. [PMID: 32351675 PMCID: PMC7174937 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8787156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) leads to nervous system toxicity. Long-term exposure to METH results in damage to dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and depression-like behavior is a clinical symptom of this toxicity. The current study was designed to investigate whether the antioxidant tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) can alleviate neurotoxicity through both antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic signaling pathways in the VTA. Rats were randomly divided into a control group, a METH-treated group (METH group), and a METH+TBHQ-treated group (METH+TBHQ group). Intraperitoneal injections of METH at a dose of 10 mg/kg were administered to the rats in the METH and METH+TBHQ groups for one week, and METH was then administered at a dose that increased by 1 mg/kg per week until the sixth week, when the daily dosage reached 15 mg/kg. The rats in the METH+TBHQ group received 12.5 mg/kg TBHQ intragastrically. Chronic exposure to METH resulted in increased immobility times in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) and led to depression-like behavior. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis levels were increased in the VTA of animals in the METH-treated group. METH downregulated Nrf2, HO-1, PI3K, and AKT, key factors of oxidative stress, and the apoptosis signaling pathway. Moreover, METH increased the caspase-3 immunocontent. These changes were reversed by treatment with the antioxidant TBHQ. The results indicate that TBHQ can enhance Nrf2-induced antioxidative stress and PI3K-induced antiapoptotic effects, which can alleviate METH-induced ROS and apoptosis, and that the crosstalk between Nrf2 and PI3K/AKT is likely the key factor involved in the protective effect of TBHQ against METH-induced chronic nervous system toxicity.
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13
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Differential Responses of LINE-1 in the Dentate Gyrus, Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex to Chronic Neurotoxic Methamphetamine: A Study in Rat Brain. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040364. [PMID: 32231019 PMCID: PMC7230251 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused psychostimulant with the potential to cause a broad range of severe cognitive deficits as well as neurobehavioral abnormalities when abused chronically, particularly at high doses. Cognitive deficits are related to METH neurotoxicity in the striatum and hippocampus. The activation of transposable Long INterspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1) is associated with several neurological diseases and drug abuse, but there are very limited data regarding the effects of high-dose METH on the activity of LINE-1 in the adult brain. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the present study demonstrates that the chronic administration of neurotoxic METH doses results in the increased expression of LINE-1-encoded Open Reading Frame 1 (ORF-1) in rat striatum shortly after the last dose of the drug and decreased ORF-1 expression during METH withdrawal, with dentate gyrus potentially developing "tolerance" to these METH effects. LINE-1 activation may be a new factor mediating the neurotoxic effects of chronic METH in the striatum and, therefore, a new drug target against METH-induced psychomotor impairments in chronic METH users.
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Pan AL, Hasalliu E, Hasalliu M, Angulo JA. Epigallocatechin Gallate Mitigates the Methamphetamine-Induced Striatal Dopamine Terminal Toxicity by Preventing Oxidative Stress in the Mouse Brain. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:883-892. [PMID: 32080803 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a popular psychostimulant due to its long-lasting effects and inexpensive production. METH intoxication is known to increase oxidative stress leading to neuronal damage. Thus, preventing the METH-induced oxidative stress can potentially mitigate neuronal damage. Previously, our laboratory found that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a strong antioxidant found in green tea, can protect against the METH-induced apoptosis and dopamine terminal toxicity in the striatum of mice. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-oxidative properties of EGCG on the METH-induced oxidative stress using CD-1 mice. First, we demonstrated that mice pretreated with EGCG 30 min prior to the METH injection (30 mg/kg, ip) showed protection against the striatal METH-induced reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase without mitigating hyperthermia. In addition, injecting a single high dose of METH caused the reduction of striatal glutathione peroxidase activity at 24 h after the METH injection. Interestingly, pretreatment with EGCG 30 min prior to the METH injection prevented the METH-induced reduction of glutathione peroxidase activity. Moreover, we utilized Western blots to quantify the glutathione peroxidase 4 protein level in the striatum. The results showed that METH decreased striatal glutathione peroxidase 4 protein level, and the reduction was prevented by EGCG pretreatment. Finally, we observed that the METH-induced increase of striatal catalase and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase protein levels were also attenuated by pretreatment with EGCG. Taken together, our data indicate that EGCG is an effective agent that can be used to mitigate the METH-induced striatal toxicity in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen L Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Biochemistry Program, the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ermal Hasalliu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Manjola Hasalliu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jesus A Angulo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Biochemistry Program, the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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15
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Xie L, Ma Y, Huang J, Guo R, Wang J, Sun Z, Duan S, Wu B, Lin Z, Xiao Y, Ma S. Exploring the neuromechanism of chronic ephedrine addiction in rhesus monkeys: A behavioural and brain resting-state fMRI study. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:807-813. [PMID: 30059694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrine is thought to exert behavioural effects primarily through actions on the central nervous system. However, the neuromechanism underlying the effects of ephedrine addiction still remains unclear. Our study aimed to establish chronic ephedrine addiction models in rhesus monkeys and to investigate the neuromechanism of chronic ephedrine addiction using the behavioural methods combined with resting-state blood oxygenation level dependent-functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI). Monkeys in the ephedrine addiction group (n = 6) received intramuscular injections of ephedrine using a dose escalation method, with a chronic model established in 8 weeks, while in the control group (n = 4), monkeys received a pure 0.9% saline injection. The weight and behaviors of the monkeys were observed throughout the treatment. All monkeys underwent the brain MR scans for two times (before treatment and after treatment had been discontinued). After molding, the weight of the ephedrine group was significantly reduced, while the weight of the control group increased significantly. Compared with the control group, the ephedrine addicted monkeys showed more abnormal behaviors related to addiction. In fMRI study, the ephedrine addicted monkeys showed more increased brain activation than that of the control group, mainly including the prefrontal cortex(PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the left ventral tegmental area(VTA), right insula, right amygdala, hippocampus, left thalamus, and left cerebellum.We hypothesize that the principal neuromechanism underlying chronic ephedrine addiction involves multiple abnormal brain neuron circuits, mainly in the PFC and the limbic system, and is closely related to addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Linguistics & Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jinzhuang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zongbo Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shouxing Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 69 Dongxiabei Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yifeng Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China.
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Xie XL, Zhou WT, Zhang KK, Chen LJ, Wang Q. METH-Induced Neurotoxicity Is Alleviated by Lactulose Pretreatment Through Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Rat Striatum. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:802. [PMID: 30450033 PMCID: PMC6224488 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse of methamphetamine (METH) results in neurological and psychiatric abnormalities. Lactulose is a poorly absorbed derivative of lactose and can effectively alleviate METH-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of lactulose on METH-induced neurotoxicity. Rats received METH (15 mg/kg, 8 intraperitoneal injections, 12-h interval) or saline and received lactulose (5.3 g/kg, oral gavage, 12-h interval) or vehicle 2 days prior to the METH administration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Protein levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor κB (NFκB), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, cleaved caspase 3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) were determined by western blotting. mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-relatted factor-2 (Nrf2), p62, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were assessed by RT-qPCR. The lactulose pretreatment decreased METH-induced cytoplasmic damage in rat livers according to histopathological observation. Compared to the control group, overproduction of ROS and MDA were observed in rat striatums in the METH alone-treated group, while the lactulose pretreatment significantly attenuated the METH-induced up-regulation of oxidative stress. The lactulose pretreatment significantly repressed over-expressions of proteins of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NFκB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, cleaved caspase 3, PARP-1. The lactulose pretreatment increased mRNA expressions of Nrf2, p62, and HO-1. These findings suggest that lactulose pretreatment can alleviate METH-induced neurotoxicity through suppressing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which might be attributed to the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Kai Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Epigenetic Effects Induced by Methamphetamine and Methamphetamine-Dependent Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4982453. [PMID: 30140365 PMCID: PMC6081569 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4982453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a widely abused drug, which possesses neurotoxic activity and powerful addictive effects. Understanding methamphetamine toxicity is key beyond the field of drug abuse since it allows getting an insight into the molecular mechanisms which operate in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. In fact, key alterations produced by methamphetamine involve dopamine neurotransmission in a way, which is reminiscent of spontaneous neurodegeneration and psychiatric schizophrenia. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms operated by methamphetamine represents a wide window to understand both the addicted brain and a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. This overlapping, which is already present when looking at the molecular and cellular events promoted immediately after methamphetamine intake, becomes impressive when plastic changes induced in the brain of methamphetamine-addicted patients are considered. Thus, the present manuscript is an attempt to encompass all the molecular events starting at the presynaptic dopamine terminals to reach the nucleus of postsynaptic neurons to explain how specific neurotransmitters and signaling cascades produce persistent genetic modifications, which shift neuronal phenotype and induce behavioral alterations. A special emphasis is posed on disclosing those early and delayed molecular events, which translate an altered neurotransmitter function into epigenetic events, which are derived from the translation of postsynaptic noncanonical signaling into altered gene regulation. All epigenetic effects are considered in light of their persistent changes induced in the postsynaptic neurons including sensitization and desensitization, priming, and shift of neuronal phenotype.
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Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Neuroblastoma Cells as a Model System to Study the Biochemical Effects of the Acute Administration of Methamphetamine. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8020038. [PMID: 29880740 PMCID: PMC6027511 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is an illicit psychostimulant drug that is linked to a number of diseases of the nervous system. The downstream biochemical effects of its primary mechanisms are not well understood, and the objective of this study was to investigate whether untargeted metabolomic analysis of an in vitro model could generate data relevant to what is already known about this drug. Rat B50 neuroblastoma cells were treated with 1 mM methamphetamine for 48 h, and both intracellular and extracellular metabolites were profiled using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis of the data identified 35 metabolites that contributed most to the difference in metabolite profiles. Of these metabolites, the most notable changes were in amino acids, with significant increases observed in glutamate, aspartate and methionine, and decreases in phenylalanine and serine. The data demonstrated that glutamate release and, subsequently, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress were important in the response of the neuronal cell to methamphetamine. Following this, the cells appeared to engage amino acid-based mechanisms to reduce glutamate levels. The potential of untargeted metabolomic analysis has been highlighted, as it has generated biochemically relevant data and identified pathways significantly affected by methamphetamine. This combination of technologies has clear uses as a model for the study of neuronal toxicology.
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Xie XL, He JT, Wang ZT, Xiao HQ, Zhou WT, Du SH, Xue Y, Wang Q. Lactulose attenuates METH-induced neurotoxicity by alleviating the impaired autophagy, stabilizing the perturbed antioxidant system and suppressing apoptosis in rat striatum. Toxicol Lett 2018; 289:107-113. [PMID: 29550550 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused psychostimulant. Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar, which effectively decreases METH-induced neurotoxicity in rat. However, the exact mechanisms need further investigation. In this study, 5-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats received METH (15 mg/kg, 8 intraperitoneal injections, 12-h interval) or saline and received lactulose (5.3 g/kg, oral gavage, 12-h interval) or vehicle 2 days prior to the METH administration. Compared to the control group, in the METH alone group, cytoplasmic vacuolar degeneration in hepatocytes, higher levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and ammonia, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase of superoxide dismutase activity in the blood were observed. Moreover, in rat striatum, expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-relatted factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 were suppressed in the nucleus, although over-expression of Nrf2 were observed in cytoplasm. Over-expressions of BECN1 and LC3-II indicated initiation of autophagy, while overproduction of p62 might suggest deficient autophagic vesicle turnover and impaired autophagy. Furthermore, accumulation of p62 cloud interact with Keap1 and then aggravate cytoplasmic accumulation of Nrf2. Consistently, over-expressions of cleaved caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 suggested the activation of apoptosis. The pretreatment with lactulose significantly decreased rat hepatic injury, suppressed hyperammonemia and ROS generation, alleviated the impaired autophagy in striatum, rescued the antioxidant system and repressed apoptosis. Taken together, with decreased blood ammonia, lactulose pretreatment reduced METH-induced neurotoxicity through alleviating the impaired autophagy, stabilizing the perturbed antioxidant system and suppressing apoptosis in rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Tao He
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The 2013 Class, 8-Year Program, The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Qin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Hao Du
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Xue
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515 Guangzhou, China.
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Chen HC, Cheng CY, Chen LY, Chang CC, Yang CP, Mai FD, Liao WC, Chang HM, Liu YC. Plasmon-activated water effectively relieves hepatic oxidative damage resulting from chronic sleep deprivation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9618-9626. [PMID: 35540828 PMCID: PMC9078654 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the hepato-protective agent plasmon-activated water (PAW) as an innovative anti-oxidant during chronic sleep deprivation (SD) is realized in this study. PAW possesses reduced hydrogen-bonded structure, higher chemical potential and significant anti-oxidative properties. In vitro tests using rat liver cell line (Clone-9) have demonstrated that PAW is non-cytotoxic and does not change the cellular migration capacity. The in vivo experiment on SD rats suffering from intense oxidative damage to the liver, an extremely common phenomenon in the present-time with deleterious effects on metabolic function, is performed by feeding PAW to replace deionized (DI) water. Experimental results indicate that PAW markedly reduces oxidative stress with enhanced bioenergetics in hepatocytes. PAW also effectively restores hepatocytic trans-membrane ion homeostasis, preserves membranous structures, and successfully improves liver function and metabolic activity. In addition, the hepato-protective effects of PAW are evidently demonstrated by the reduced values of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the recovery of total protein and albumin levels. With clear evidences of PAW for protecting liver from SD-induced injury, delivering PAW as a powerful hepato-protective agent should be worthy of trailblazing new clinical trials in a healthier, more natural, and more convenient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chien Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University 250 Wuxing St. Taipei 11031 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital 111 Hsing-Long Rd., Sec. 3 Taipei 116 Taiwan
| | - Li-You Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University 110 Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd. Taichung 40201 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Taipei Medical University Hospital 250 and 252 Wuxing St. Taipei 11031 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University 250 Wuxing St. Taipei 11031 Taiwan
| | - Fu-Der Mai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University 250 Wuxing St. Taipei 11031 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University 110 Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd. Taichung 40201 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University 250 Wuxing St. Taipei 11031 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University 250 Wuxing St. Taipei 11031 Taiwan
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Role of dopamine D1 receptor in 3-fluoromethamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Neurochem Int 2018; 113:69-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Chen LY, Renn TY, Liao WC, Mai FD, Ho YJ, Hsiao G, Lee AW, Chang HM. Melatonin successfully rescues hippocampal bioenergetics and improves cognitive function following drug intoxication by promoting Nrf2-ARE signaling activity. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28480587 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) would cause drug intoxication in which impaired cognitive function results from enhanced hippocampal oxidative stress may serve as a major symptom in this deficiency. Considering melatonin possesses significant anti-oxidative efficacy, this study aimed to determine whether melatonin would successfully promote the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) signaling, depress oxidative stress, and rescue hippocampal bioenergetics and cognitive function following drug intoxication injury. Adolescent rats subjected to 10 days of GHB were received melatonin at doses of either 10 or 100 mg/kg. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, biochemical assay, quantitative histochemistry, [14 C]-2-deoxyglucose analysis, together with Morris water maze were employed to detect the molecular signaling, oxidative status, bioenergetic level, as well as the cognitive performances, respectively. Results indicated that in GHB-intoxicated rats, enhanced oxidative stress, increased cholesterol level, and decreased anti-oxidative enzymes activities were detected in hippocampal regions. Intense oxidative stress paralleled well with reduced bioenergetics and poor performance in behavioral testing. However, in rats treated with melatonin following GHB intoxication, all above parameters and cognitive function were gradually returned to nearly normal levels. Melatonin also remarkably promoted the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to nucleus in a dose-dependent manner, thereby increased the Nrf2-ARE signaling-related downstream anti-oxidative enzymes activities. As melatonin effectively rescues hippocampal bioenergetics through depressing the oxidative stress by promoting Nrf2-ARE molecular machinery, this study thus highlights for the first time that clinical use of melatonin may serve as a therapeutic strategy to improve the cognitive function in unsuspecting victims suffered from GHB intoxication injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-You Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Renn
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Der Mai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- School of Psychology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Wei Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Jang EY, Yang CH, Hedges DM, Kim SP, Lee JY, Ekins TG, Garcia BT, Kim HY, Nelson AC, Kim NJ, Steffensen SC. The role of reactive oxygen species in methamphetamine self-administration and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1304-1315. [PMID: 27417190 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) markedly increases dopamine (DA) release in the mesolimbic DA system, which plays an important role in mediating the reinforcing effects of METH. METH-induced DA release results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage. We have recently reported that ROS are implicated in behavior changes and DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) following cocaine administration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of ROS in METH-induced locomotor activity, self-administration and enhancement of DA release in the NAc. Systemic administration of a non-specific ROS scavenger, N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN; 0, 50 and 75 mg/kg, IP) or a superoxide-selective scavenger, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL; 0, 50 and 100 mg/kg, IP), attenuated METH-induced locomotor activity without affecting generalized behavior in METH-naïve rats. PBN and TEMPOL significantly attenuated METH self-administration without affecting food intake. Increased oxidative stress was found in neurons, but not astrocytes, microglia or oligodendrocytes, in the NAc of METH self-administering rats. In addition, TEMPOL significantly decreased METH enhancement of DA release in the NAc. Taken together, these results suggest that enhancement of ROS in the NAc contributes to the reinforcing effect of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jang
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
- College of Korean Medicine; Daegu Haany University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- College of Korean Medicine; Daegu Haany University; Daegu South Korea
| | - David M. Hedges
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Soo Phil Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Daegu Haany University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine; Daegu Haany University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Tyler G. Ekins
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Brandon T. Garcia
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Hee Young Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Daegu Haany University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Ashley C. Nelson
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Nam Jun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine; Daegu Haany University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Scott C. Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
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α-Pyrrolidinononanophenone provokes apoptosis of neuronal cells through alterations in antioxidant properties. Toxicology 2017; 386:93-102. [PMID: 28578026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we found that exposure to α-pyrrolidinononanophenone (α-PNP), a highly lipophilic synthetic cathinone, provokes apoptosis of human neuronal SK-N-SH cells. The drug sensitivity of the cells (50% lethal concentration of 12μM) was similar to those of aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and was higher than those of cells derived from colon, liver, lung and kidney, suggesting that α-PNP overdose and abuse cause serious damage in central nervous and vascular systems. SK-N-SH cell treatment with lethal concentrations (20 and 50μM) of α-PNP facilitated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The treatment also prompted elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, lowering of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome-c into cytosol, and resultant activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The apoptotic events (caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation) were abolished by pretreatment with antioxidants, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and polyethyleneglycol-conjugated catalase. These results suggest that ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation are potential events in the mechanism underlying the α-PNP-triggered neuronal cell apoptosis. Intriguingly, the α-PNP treatment of SK-N-SH cells was found to promote formation of 4-hydroxynonenal, a reactive aldehyde generated from lipid peroxidation. The α-PNP treatment also decreased cellular levels of total and reduced glutathiones, expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA and glutathione reductase activity. Furthermore, the α-PNP treatment resulted in both decrease in proteasomal activities and increase in expression of autophagy-related factors, which were significantly prevented by pretreating with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Therefore, the ROS formation by α-PNP treatment may be ascribable to the decrease in glutathione level through its consumption during 4-hydroxynonenal detoxification and dysfunction of both de novo synthesis and regeneration of glutathione, in addition to impairments in proteasomal and autophagic systems that degrade cellular oxidized components.
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McDonnell-Dowling K, Kelly JP. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Methamphetamine-induced Toxicity and Sources of Variation in the Design of Animal Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:300-314. [PMID: 27121285 PMCID: PMC5412700 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160428110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of methamphetamine (MA) use has increased in recent years. In order to assess how this drug produces its effects, both clinical and preclinical studies have recently begun to focus on oxidative stress as an important biochemical mechanism in mediating these effects. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to illustrate the variation in the design of preclinical studies investigating MA exposure on oxidative stress parameters in animal models. METHOD The experimental variables investigated and summarised include MA drug treatment, measurements of oxidative stress and antioxidant treatments that ameliorate the harmful effects of MA. RESULTS These preclinical studies differ greatly in their experimental design with respect to the dose of MA (ranging between 0.25 and 20 mg/kg), the dosing regime (acute, binge or chronic), the time of measurement of oxidative stress (0.5 h to 2 wks after last MA administration), the antioxidant system targeted and finally the use of antioxidants including the route of administration (i.p. or p.o.), the frequency of exposure and the time of exposure (preventative or therapeutic). CONCLUSION The findings in this paper suggest that there is a large diversity among these studies and so the interpretation of these results is challenging. For this reason, the development of guidelines and how best to assess oxidative stress in animal models may be beneficial. The use of these simple recommendations mean that results will be more comparable between laboratories and that future results generated will give us a greater understanding of the contribution of this important biochemical mechanism and its implications for the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate McDonnell-Dowling
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Althobaiti YS, Alshehri FS, Almalki AH, Sari Y. Effects of Ceftriaxone on Glial Glutamate Transporters in Wistar Rats Administered Sequential Ethanol and Methamphetamine. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:427. [PMID: 27713684 PMCID: PMC5031687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the psychostimulants that is co-abused with ethanol. Repeated exposure to high dose of METH has been shown to cause increases in extracellular glutamate concentration. We have recently reported that ethanol exposure can also increase the extracellular glutamate concentration and downregulate the expression of glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1). GLT-1 is a glial transporter that regulates the majority of extracellular glutamate. A Wistar rat model of METH and ethanol co-abuse was used to examine the expression of GLT-1 as well as other glutamate transporters such as cystine/glutamate exchanger (xCT) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST). We also examined the body temperature in rats administered METH, ethanol or both drugs. We further investigated the effects of ceftriaxone (CEF), a β-lactam antibiotic known to upregulate GLT-1, in this METH/ethanol co-abuse rat model. After 7 days of either ethanol (6 g/kg) or water oral gavage, Wistar rats received either saline or METH (10 mg/kg i.p. every 2 h × 4), followed by either saline or CEF (200 mg/kg) posttreatment. METH administered alone decreased GLT-1 expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) and increased body temperature, but did not reduce either xCT or GLAST expression in ethanol and water-pretreated rats. Interestingly, ethanol and METH were found to have an additive effect on the downregulation of GLT-1 expression in the NAc but not in the PFC. Moreover, ethanol alone caused GLT-1 downregulation in the NAc and elevated body temperature compared to control. Finally, CEF posttreatment significantly reversed METH-induced hyperthermia, restored GLT-1 expression, and increased xCT expression. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic role of CEF against METH- or ethanol/METH-induced hyperglutamatergic state and hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Fahad S Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Atiah H Almalki
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToledoToledo, OH, USA; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ToledoToledo, OH, USA
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27
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Zhu R, Yang T, Kobeissy F, Mouhieddine TH, Raad M, Nokkari A, Gold MS, Wang KK, Mechref Y. The Effect of Chronic Methamphetamine Exposure on the Hippocampal and Olfactory Bulb Neuroproteomes of Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151034. [PMID: 27082425 PMCID: PMC4833297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, drug abuse and addiction are serious public health problems in the USA. Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most abused drugs and is known to cause brain damage after repeated exposure. In this paper, we conducted a neuroproteomic study to evaluate METH-induced brain protein dynamics, following a two-week chronic regimen of an escalating dose of METH exposure. Proteins were extracted from rat brain hippocampal and olfactory bulb tissues and subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Both shotgun and targeted proteomic analysis were performed. Protein quantification was initially based on comparing the spectral counts between METH exposed animals and their control counterparts. Quantitative differences were further confirmed through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) LC-MS/MS experiments. According to the quantitative results, the expression of 18 proteins (11 in the hippocampus and 7 in the olfactory bulb) underwent a significant alteration as a result of exposing rats to METH. 13 of these proteins were up-regulated after METH exposure while 5 were down-regulated. The altered proteins belonging to different structural and functional families were involved in processes such as cell death, inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Tianjiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Tarek H. Mouhieddine
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Raad
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amaly Nokkari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Kevin K. Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YM); (KKW)
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YM); (KKW)
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Eger GA, Ferreira VV, Batista CR, Bonde H, Lima DDD, Wyse AT, Cruz JND, Rodrigues AF, Magro DDD, Cruz JGD. Antioxidant effect of simvastatin throught oxidative imbalance caused by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:335-48. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620140490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to directly investigate the behavioral and antioxidant effects of simvastatin in a model of bipolar mania induced by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. Wistar rats were treated for 30 days with simvastatin. On the 24th day after the start of treatment, each rat was administered lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for 7 days. The results suggest that simvastatin combined with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate induced a significant increased locomotion and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate administration causes an oxidative imbalance determined by an increment in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in brain areas; moreover, in the presence of simvastatin, most of these effects were prevented. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, associated with increased oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant enzymatic defense. In view of the central role played by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, the established antioxidant effect of simvastatin therapy is of major interest.
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Dang DK, Shin EJ, Nam Y, Ryoo S, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Hong JS, Kim HC. Apocynin prevents mitochondrial burdens, microglial activation, and pro-apoptosis induced by a toxic dose of methamphetamine in the striatum of mice via inhibition of p47phox activation by ERK. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26780950 PMCID: PMC4717833 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of NADPH oxidase (PHOX) plays a critical role in mediating dopaminergic neuroinflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of PHOX in methamphetamine (MA)-induced neurotoxic and inflammatory changes in mice. METHODS We examined changes in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), mitochondrial function [i.e., mitochondrial membrane potential, intramitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation, mitochondrial oxidative burdens, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression, and mitochondrial translocation of the cleaved form of protein kinase C delta type (cleaved PKCδ)], microglial activity, and pro-apoptotic changes [i.e., cytosolic cytochrome c release, cleaved caspase 3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUDP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positive populations] after a neurotoxic dose of MA in the striatum of mice to achieve a better understanding of the effects of apocynin, a non-specific PHOX inhibitor, or genetic inhibition of p47phox (by using p47phox knockout mice or p47phox antisense oligonucleotide) against MA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. RESULTS Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) was most pronounced out of MAPKs after MA. We observed MA-induced phosphorylation and membrane translocation of p47phox in the striatum of mice. The activation of p47phox promoted mitochondrial stresses followed by microglial activation into the M1 phenotype, and pro-apoptotic changes, and led to dopaminergic impairments. ERK activated these signaling pathways. Apocynin or genetic inhibition of p47phox significantly protected these signaling processes induced by MA. ERK inhibitor U0126 did not exhibit any additional positive effects against protective activity mediated by apocynin or p47phox genetic inhibition, suggesting that ERK regulates p47phox activation, and ERK constitutes the crucial target for apocynin-mediated inhibition of PHOX activation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the neuroprotective mechanism of apocynin against MA insult is via preventing mitochondrial burdens, microglial activation, and pro-apoptotic signaling process by the ERK-dependent activation of p47phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Sungwoo Ryoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan. .,NPO, Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
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Neurotoxic Methamphetamine Doses Increase LINE-1 Expression in the Neurogenic Zones of the Adult Rat Brain. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14356. [PMID: 26463126 PMCID: PMC4604469 DOI: 10.1038/srep14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused psychostimulant with the potential to cause neurotoxicity in the striatum and hippocampus. Several epigenetic changes have been described after administration of METH; however, there are no data regarding the effects of METH on the activity of transposable elements in the adult brain. The present study demonstrates that systemic administration of neurotoxic METH doses increases the activity of Long INterspersed Element (LINE-1) in two neurogenic niches in the adult rat brain in a promoter hypomethylation-independent manner. Our study also demonstrates that neurotoxic METH triggers persistent decreases in LINE-1 expression and increases the LINE-1 levels within genomic DNA in the striatum and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and that METH triggers LINE-1 retrotransposition in vitro. We also present indirect evidence for the involvement of glutamate (GLU) in LINE-1 activation. The results suggest that LINE-1 activation might occur in neurogenic areas in human METH users and might contribute to METH abuse-induced hippocampus-dependent memory deficits and impaired performance on several cognitive tasks mediated by the striatum.
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Emoto MC, Yamato M, Sato-Akaba H, Yamada K, Matsuoka Y, Fujii HG. Brain imaging in methamphetamine-treated mice using a nitroxide contrast agent for EPR imaging of the redox status and a gadolinium contrast agent for MRI observation of blood-brain barrier function. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1038-47. [PMID: 25968953 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress. The aims of the present study conducted in the mouse brain repetitively treated with METH were to (1) examine the redox status using the redox-sensitive imaging probe 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (MCP) and (2) non-invasively visualize the brain redox status with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. The rate of reduction of MCP was measured from a series of temporal EPR images of mouse heads, and this rate was used to construct a two-dimensional map of rate constants called a "redox map." The obtained redox map clearly illustrated the change in redox balance in the METH-treated mouse brain that is a known result of oxidative damage. Biochemical assays also showed that the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance, an index of lipid peroxidation, was increased in mouse brains by METH. The enhanced reduction in MCP observed in mouse brains was remarkably suppressed by treatment with the dopamine synthase inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine, suggesting that enhancement of the reduction reaction of MCP resulted from enzymatic reduction in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of METH-treated mice using a blood-brain barrier (BBB)-impermeable paramagnetic contrast agent revealed BBB dysfunction after treatment with METH for 7 days. MRI also indicated that the impaired BBB recovered after withdrawal of METH. EPR imaging and MRI are useful tools not only for following changes in the redox status and BBB dysfunction in mouse brains repeatedly administered METH, but also for tracing the drug effect after withdrawal of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Emoto
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
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Methamphetamine accelerates cellular senescence through stimulation of de novo ceramide biosynthesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116961. [PMID: 25671639 PMCID: PMC4324822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant that causes profound damage to the brain and other body organs. Post mortem studies of human tissues have linked the use of this drug to diseases associated with aging, such as coronary atherosclerosis and pulmonary fibrosis, but the molecular mechanism underlying these findings remains unknown. Here we used functional lipidomics and transcriptomics experiments to study abnormalities in lipid metabolism in select regions of the brain and, to a greater extent, peripheral organs and tissues of rats that self-administered methamphetamine. Experiments in various cellular models (primary mouse fibroblasts and myotubes) allowed us to investigate the molecular mechanisms of systemic inflammation and cellular aging related to methamphetamine abuse. We report now that methamphetamine accelerates cellular senescence and activates transcription of genes involved in cell-cycle control and inflammation by stimulating production of the sphingolipid messenger ceramide. This pathogenic cascade is triggered by reactive oxygen species, likely generated through methamphetamine metabolism via cytochrome P450, and involves the recruitment of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to induce expression of enzymes in the de novo pathway of ceramide biosynthesis. Inhibitors of NF-κB signaling and ceramide formation prevent methamphetamine-induced senescence and systemic inflammation in rats self-administering the drug, attenuating their health deterioration. The results suggest new therapeutic strategies to reduce the adverse consequences of methamphetamine abuse and improve effectiveness of abstinence treatments.
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Trevizol F, Roversi K, Dias V, Roversi K, Barcelos R, Kuhn F, Pase C, Golombieski R, Veit J, Piccolo J, Pochmann D, Porciúncula L, Emanuelli T, Rocha J, Bürger M. Cross-generational trans fat intake facilitates mania-like behavior: Oxidative and molecular markers in brain cortex. Neuroscience 2015; 286:353-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Antoniazzi CT, Boufleur N, Dolci G, Roversi K, Kuhn F, Pase CS, Dias VT, Roversi K, Barcelos R, Benvegnú DM, Bürger ME. Influence of neonatal tactile stimulation on amphetamine preference in young rats: Parameters of addiction and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:341-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wong YK, Chou MK, Shen YC, Wang YH, Yen JC, Chen CF, Lin SK, Liao JF. Preventive effect of baicalein on methamphetamine-induced amnesia in the passive avoidance test in mice. Pharmacology 2014; 93:278-85. [PMID: 25170749 DOI: 10.1159/000365008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Methamphetamine abuse may produce cognitive impairment. Baicalein, a bioactive flavonoid, has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This study examined the effects of baicalein pretreatment on memory performance in the passive avoidance test after either one dose or an acute binge of methamphetamine in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. METHODS Methamphetamine was administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either one dose (3 mg/kg) or an acute binge (3 mg/kg, 4 i.p. injections at 2-hour intervals). The effects of baicalein pretreatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.) on methamphetamine-induced changes of locomotor activity and memory performance were compared with those of eticlopride, a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. The effects of baicalein on acute binge methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress (malondialdehyde- and nitrotyrosine-modified protein production) in the mouse hippocampus were also examined. RESULTS One-dose methamphetamine treatment (i.p., 30 min before or immediately after the training trial) induced hyperlocomotion and amnesia in mice, which were blocked by eticlopride but not by baicalein pretreatment. The memory performance in mice was impaired 5 days after acute binge methamphetamine, which was significantly attenuated by baicalein but not by eticlopride pretreatment. Baicalein pretreatment also attenuated acute binge methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress in the mouse hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Baicalein exhibits antioxidative and neuroprotective effects in attenuating acute binge methamphetamine-induced memory deficits and oxidative hippocampal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kuei Wong
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Silva AP. Psychostimulants and brain dysfunction: a review of the relevant neurotoxic effects. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:135-49. [PMID: 24440369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants abuse is a major public concern because is associated with serious health complications, including devastating consequences on the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of these drugs have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, numerous questions and uncertainties remain in our understanding of these toxic events. Thus, the purpose of the present manuscript is to review cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for brain dysfunction induced by psychostimulants. Topics reviewed include some classical aspects of neurotoxicity, such as monoaminergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and hyperthermia. Moreover, recent literature has suggested new phenomena regarding the toxic effects of psychostimulants. Thus, we also reviewed the impact of these drugs on neuroinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurogenesis. Assessing the relative importance of these mechanisms on psychostimulants-induced brain dysfunction presents an exciting challenge for future research efforts. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal.
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Halpin LE, Collins SA, Yamamoto BK. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Life Sci 2013; 97:37-44. [PMID: 23892199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamines are a class of psychostimulant drugs that are widely abused for their stimulant, euphoric, empathogenic and hallucinogenic properties. Many of these effects result from acute increases in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission. Subsequent to these acute effects, methamphetamine and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produce persistent damage to dopamine and serotonin nerve terminals. This review summarizes the numerous interdependent mechanisms including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress that have been demonstrated to contribute to this damage. Emerging non-neuronal mechanisms by which the drugs may contribute to monoaminergic terminal damage, as well as the neuropsychiatric consequences of this terminal damage are also presented. Methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have similar chemical structures and pharmacologic properties compared to other abused substances including cathinone (khat), as well as a relatively new class of novel synthetic amphetamines known as 'bath salts' that have gained popularity among drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Halpin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Stuart A Collins
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Koriem KMM, Abdelhamid AZ, Younes HF. Caffeic acid protects tissue antioxidants and DNA content in methamphetamine induced tissue toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 23:134-43. [PMID: 22992185 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.730561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) is among the major hydroxycinnamic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acid is the major subgroup of phenolic compounds. Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent addictive psychostimulant. Chronic use and acute METH intoxication can cause substantial medical consequences, including spleen, kidney, liver and heart. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of CA to protect against oxidative stress and DNA damage to various organs in METH toxicity. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four equal groups: group 1 was injected (i.p) with saline (1 mL/kg) while groups 2,3 and 4 were injected (i.p) with METH (10 mg/kg) twice a day over five days period. Where 100 & 200 mg/kg of CA were injected (i.p) into groups 3 and 4, respectively one day before exposure to METH injections. Tissue antioxidants and DNA content were evaluated in different tissues. METH decreased glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels while increased malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and protein carbonyl levels in brain (hypothalamus), liver, and kidney tissues of rats. METH increased hyperdiploidy in these tissues and DNA damage results. Prior treatment of CA to animals exposed to METH restores the above parameters to the normal levels and preserves the DNA content of these tissues. These results were supported by histopathological investigations. In conclusion, METH induced oxidative stress and DNA damage and pretreatment of CA before METH injections prevented tissue oxidative stress and DNA damage in METH-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M M Koriem
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) , Malaysia.
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Pang X, Panee J, Liu X, Berry MJ, Chang SL, Chang L. Regional variations of antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress responses in HIV-1 transgenic rats with and without methamphetamine administration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:691-704. [PMID: 23546885 PMCID: PMC3773562 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection and methamphetamine (Meth) abuse both may lead to oxidative stress. This study used HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rats to investigate the independent and combined effects of HIV viral protein expression and low dose repeated Meth exposure on the glutathione (GSH)-centered antioxidant system and oxidative stress in the brain. Total GSH content, gene expression and/or enzymatic activities of glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutaredoxin (Glrx), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were measured. The protein expression of cystine transporter (xCT) and oxidative stress marker 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) were also analyzed. Brain regions studied include thalamus, frontal and remainder cortex, striatum, cerebellum and hippocampus. HIV-1Tg rats and Meth exposure showed highly regional specific responses. In the F344 rats, the thalamus had the highest baseline GSH concentration and potentially higher GSH recycle rate. HIV-1Tg rats showed strong transcriptional responses to GSH depletion in the thalamus. Both HIV-1Tg and Meth resulted in decreased GR activity in thalamus, and decreased Glrx activity in frontal cortex. However, the increased GR and Glrx activities synergized with increased GSH concentration, which might have partially prevented Meth-induced oxidative stress in striatum. Interactive effects between Meth and HIV-1Tg were observed in thalamus on the activities of GCS and GGT, and in thalamus and frontal cortex on Glrx activity and xCT protein expression. Findings suggest that HIV viral protein and low dose repeated Meth exposure have separate and combined effects on the brain's antioxidant capacity and the oxidative stress response that are regional specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosha Pang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns
School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street BSB 222,
Honolulu HI 96813
| | - Jun Panee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns
School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street BSB 222,
Honolulu HI 96813
| | - Xiangqian Liu
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of
Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.
China
| | - Marla J. Berry
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns
School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street BSB 222,
Honolulu HI 96813
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of
Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns
School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street BSB 222,
Honolulu HI 96813
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Ares-Santos S, Granado N, Moratalla R. The role of dopamine receptors in the neurotoxicity of methamphetamine. J Intern Med 2013; 273:437-53. [PMID: 23600399 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a synthetic drug consumed by millions of users despite its neurotoxic effects in the brain, leading to loss of dopaminergic fibres and cell bodies. Moreover, clinical reports suggest that methamphetamine abusers are predisposed to Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms involved in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Dopamine receptors may be a plausible target to prevent this neurotoxicity. Genetic inactivation of dopamine D1 or D2 receptors protects against the loss of dopaminergic fibres in the striatum and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Protection by D1 receptor inactivation is due to blockade of hypothermia, reduced dopamine content and turnover and increased stored vesicular dopamine in D1R(-/-) mice. However, the neuroprotective impact of D2 receptor inactivation is partially dependent on an effect on body temperature, as well as on the blockade of dopamine reuptake by decreased dopamine transporter activity, which results in reduced intracytosolic dopamine levels in D2R(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ares-Santos
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Bu Q, Lv L, Yan G, Deng P, Wang Y, Zhou J, Yang Y, Li Y, Cen X. NMR-based metabonomic in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of methamphetamine-sensitized rats. Neurotoxicology 2013; 36:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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42
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Sheu JN, Liao WC, Wu UI, Shyu LY, Mai FD, Chen LY, Chen MJ, Youn SC, Chang HM. Resveratrol suppresses calcium-mediated microglial activation and rescues hippocampal neurons of adult rats following acute bacterial meningitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Huang MC, Lin SK, Chen CH, Pan CH, Lee CH, Liu HC. Oxidative stress status in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 67:92-100. [PMID: 23438161 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Methamphetamine (METH) administration is associated with excessive oxidative stress. It is not known whether the systemic oxidative stress indices would alter during early abstinence in METH abusers with positive urine testing for recent METH exposure. METHODS Sixty-four non-treatment-seeking METH abusers enrolled from a controlled environment and 60 healthy controls participated in the study. Fasting serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and anti-oxidant indices, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and glutathione (GSH) levels, were measured at baseline and 2 weeks after the first measurement. We compared the differences of these oxidative stress indices between METH abusers and controls and examined the changes of the indices 2 weeks after baseline in the METH group. RESULTS At baseline, the recently abstinent METH abusers had significantly higher MDA levels, lower SOD activity, and higher CAT activity and GSH levels compared to healthy controls. CAT and GSH values were positively correlated with MDA but negatively correlated with SOD. These oxidative stress indices did not significantly correlate with age, smoking amount, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores, or METH use variables. After 2 more weeks of abstinence, the indices did not alter nor normalize. CONCLUSION Compared to controls, we found that METH abusers have persistently higher systemic oxidative stress throughout early abstinence. The compromised SOD as well as elevated CAT activity and GSH levels may act together as a compensatory mechanism to counteract excessive oxidative stress induced by METH. Whether the oxidative stress could improve after a longer period of abstinence needs to be examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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44
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Liu B, Traini R, Killinger B, Schneider B, Moszczynska A. Overexpression of parkin in the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system protects against methamphetamine neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:359-72. [PMID: 23313192 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a central nervous system psychostimulant with a high potential for abuse. At high doses, METH causes a selective degeneration of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum, sparing other striatal terminals and cell bodies. We previously detected a deficit in parkin after binge METH in rat striatal synaptosomes. Parkin is an ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase capable of protecting dopamine neurons from diverse cellular insults. Whether the deficit in parkin mediates the toxicity of METH and whether parkin can protect from toxicity of the drug is unknown. The present study investigated whether overexpression of parkin attenuates degeneration of striatal dopaminergic terminals exposed to binge METH. Parkin overexpression in rat nigrostriatal dopamine system was achieved by microinjection of adeno-associated viral transfer vector 2/6 encoding rat parkin (AAV2/6-parkin) into the substantia nigra pars compacta. The microinjections of AAV2/6-parkin dose-dependently increased parkin levels in both the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum. The levels of dopamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, remained at the control levels; therefore, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was used as an index of dopaminergic terminal integrity. In METH-exposed rats, the increase in parkin levels attenuated METH-induced decreases in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that parkin can protect striatal dopaminergic terminals against METH neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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45
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Frau L, Simola N, Plumitallo A, Morelli M. Microglial and astroglial activation by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in mice depends on S(+) enantiomer and is associated with an increase in body temperature and motility. J Neurochem 2012; 124:69-78. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Antonio Plumitallo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Section of Neuropsychopharmacology; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
- CNR; Institute of Neuroscience; Cagliari Italy
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46
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Feier G, Valvassori SS, Lopes-Borges J, Varela RB, Bavaresco DV, Scaini G, Morais MO, Andersen ML, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Behavioral changes and brain energy metabolism dysfunction in rats treated with methamphetamine or dextroamphetamine. Neurosci Lett 2012; 530:75-9. [PMID: 23022501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that AMPHs produce long-term damage to the brain dopaminergic, serotoninergic and glutamatergic regions. Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum appear to be involved in the toxicity and behavioral changes induced by AMPHs. A single dose of AMPH causes mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in rat brain. The goal of the present study was thus to investigate the potency of two amphetamines, dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) and methamphetamine (m-AMPH), on the behavior and energetic dysfunction in the brain of rats. d-AMPH and m-AMPH increased the crossing and rearing behaviors. The numbers of visits to the center were increased by d-AMPH and m-AMPH only at 2mg/kg. Likewise, at a high dose (2 mg/kg), the injection of m-AMPH increased the amount of sniffing. The AMPHs significantly decreased the activities of Krebs cycle enzymes (citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase) and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (I-IV); nevertheless, this effect varied depending on the brain region evaluated. In summary, this study demonstrated that at high doses, m-AMPH, increased stereotyped (sniffing) behavior in rats, but d-AMPH did not. However, this study shows that d-AMPH and m-AMPH seem to have similar effects on the brains energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Feier
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM) and Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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N-Acetyl Cysteine Protects against Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration via Modulation of Redox Status and Autophagy in Dopaminergic Cells. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:424285. [PMID: 23056996 PMCID: PMC3465903 DOI: 10.1155/2012/424285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine- (MA-) induced neurotoxicity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress. Our previous study demonstrated that MA induces autophagy in a dopaminergic neuronal cell model (N27 cells). The cellular mechanisms underlying MA-induced autophagy and apoptosis remain poorly characterized. In the present study we sought to investigate the importance of GSH redox status in MA-induced neurotoxicity using a thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Morphological and biochemical analysis revealed that MA-induced autophagy in N27 dopaminergic cells was associated with pronounced depletion of GSH levels. Moreover, pretreatment with NAC reduced MA-induced GSH depletion and autophagy, while depletion of GSH using L-buthionine sulfoximine (L-BSO) enhanced autophagy. Furthermore, treatment with NAC significantly attenuated MA-induced apoptotic cell death as well as oxidative stress markers, namely, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Together, these results suggest that NAC exhibits significant protective effects against MA-induced dopaminergic cell death, presumably via modulation of the GSH level and autophagy. Collectively, our data provide mechanistic insights into the role of cellular GSH redox status in MA-induced autophagy and apoptotic cell death, and additional studies are needed to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of cellular redox modifiers in attenuating dopaminergic neurodegeneration in vivo.
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48
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da-Rosa DD, Valvassori SS, Steckert AV, Ornell F, Ferreira CL, Lopes-Borges J, Varela RB, Dal-Pizzol F, Andersen ML, Quevedo J. Effects of lithium and valproate on oxidative stress and behavioral changes induced by administration of m-AMPH. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198:521-6. [PMID: 22429481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last years our research group has studied and validated the animal model of mania induced by dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH). Considering the lack of animal models of mania reported in the literature; this study evaluated the possibilities to validate the animal model induced by methamphetamine (m-AMPH). Then, we evaluated the effects of lithium (Li), valproate (VPA) on the behavior and parameters of oxidative damage in rat brain after administration of m-AMPH. In the prevention treatment, Wistar rats were pretreated with Li, VPA or saline (Sal) for 14 days, and then, between days 8 and 14, rats were treated with m-AMPH (1, 0.5 or 0.25 mg/kg) or Sal. In the reversal treatment, rats were first given m-AMPH (0.25 mg/kg) or Sal. Locomotor behavior was assessed using the open-field task and parameters of oxidative damage were measured in brain structures. Our results show that the hyperactivity was prevented and reverted by Li and VPA only when m-AMPH was administered in the dose of 0.25mg/kg. In addition, the m-AMPH in all doses administrated induced oxidative damage in both structures tested in two models. Li and VPA reversed and prevented this impairment, however in a way dependent of cerebral area, the dose of m-AMPH and technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane D da-Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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49
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Park M, Hennig B, Toborek M. Methamphetamine alters occludin expression via NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative insult and intact caveolae. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:362-75. [PMID: 21435178 PMCID: PMC3133868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a drug of abuse with neurotoxic and vascular effects that may be mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, potential sources of METH-induced generation of ROS are not fully understood. This study is focused on the role of NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) in METH-induced dysfunction of brain endothelial cells. Treatment with METH induced a time-dependent increase in phosphorylation of NOX subunit p47, followed by its binding with gp91 and p22, and the formation of an active NOX complex. An increase in NOX activity was associated with elevated production of ROS, alterations of occludin levels and increased transendothelial migration of monocytes. Inhibition of NOX by NSC 23766 attenuated METH-induced ROS generation, changes in occludin protein levels and monocyte migration. Because an active NOX complex is localized to caveolae, we next evaluated the role of caveolae in METH-mediated toxicity to brain endothelial cells. Treatment with METH induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and caveolin-1 protein. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity or caveolin-1 silencing protected against METH-induced alterations of occludin levels. These findings indicate an important role of NOX and functional caveolae in METH-induced oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells that contribute to the subsequent alterations of occludin levels and transendothelial migration of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
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50
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Shin EJ, Duong CX, Nguyen XKT, Li Z, Bing G, Bach JH, Park DH, Nakayama K, Ali SF, Kanthasamy AG, Cadet JL, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Role of oxidative stress in methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity mediated by protein kinase Cδ. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:98-113. [PMID: 22512859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic toxicity. Multiple-dose administration of MA did not significantly alter PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, or PKCζ expression in the striatum, but did significantly increase PKCδ expression. Gö6976 (a co-inhibitor of PKCα and -β), hispidin (PKCβ inhibitor), and PKCζ pseudosubstrate inhibitor (PKCζ inhibitor) did not significantly alter MA-induced behavioral impairments. However, rottlerin (PKCδ inhibitor) significantly attenuated behavioral impairments in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, MA-induced behavioral impairments were not apparent in PKCδ knockout (-/-) mice. MA-induced oxidative stress (i.e., lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation) was significantly attenuated in rottlerin-treated mice and was not apparent in PKCδ (-/-) mice. Consistent with this, MA-induced apoptosis (i.e., terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive apoptotic cells) was significantly attenuated in rottlerin-treated mice. Furthermore, MA-induced increases in the dopamine (DA) turnover rate and decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and the expression of TH, dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) were not significantly observed in rottlerin-treated or PKCδ (-/-) mice. Our results suggest that PKCδ gene expression is a key mediator of oxidative stress and dopaminergic damage induced by MA. Thus, inhibition of PKCδ may be a useful target for protection against MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Chu Xuan Duong
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Xuan-Khanh Thi Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Zhengyi Li
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jae-Hyung Bach
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Dae Hun Park
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Keiichi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Syed F Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care and Sciences and Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
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