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Munakata H, Ishikawa R, Saitoh T, Kambe T, Chiba T, Taguchi K, Abe K. Preventative effects of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives (N-functional group loading) on MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:594-611. [PMID: 35413210 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) is endogenously present in human brain, and some of its derivatives are thought to contribute to the induction of Parkinson's disease (PD)-like signs in rodents and primates. In contrast, the endogenous TIQ derivative 1-methyl-TIQ (1-MeTIQ) is reported to be neuroprotective. In the present study, we compared the effects of artificially modified 1-MeTIQ derivatives (loading an N-propyl, N-propenyl, N-propargyl, or N-butynyl group) on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD-like signs in mice. In a behavioral study, MPTP-induced bradykinesia was significantly decreased by all compounds. However, only 1-Me-N-propargyl-TIQ showed an inhibitory effect by blocking the MPTP-induced reduction in striatal dopamine content and the number of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Western blot analysis showed that 1-Me-N-propargyl-TIQ and 1-Me-N-butynyl-TIQ potently prevented the MPTP-induced decrease in dopamine transporter expression, whereas 1-MeTIQ and 1-Me-N-propyl-TIQ did not. These results suggest that although loading an N-propargyl group on 1-MeTIQ clearly enhanced neuroprotective effects, other N-functional groups showed distinct pharmacological properties characteristic of their functional groups. Thus, the number of bonds and length of the N-functional group may contribute to the observed differences in effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Munakata
- Ohu University, 13233, Department of Pharmacology, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Risa Ishikawa
- Ohu University, 13233, Department of Pharmacology, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Toshiaki Saitoh
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 47734, Fukiage-gun, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Toshie Kambe
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 26391, Machida, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Terumasa Chiba
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 47734, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Kyoji Taguchi
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 26391, Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Machida, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kenji Abe
- Ohu University, 13233, Department of Pharmacology, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan.,Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 47734, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, Japan;
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Ju S, Qian M, Xu G, Yang L, Wu J. Chemoenzymatic Approach to (
S
)‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline Carboxylic Acids Employing D‐Amino Acid Oxidase. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Ju
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxin Qian
- Tongli Biomedical Co., Ltd 1# Guotai North Road, Zhangjiagang Economic Development Zone Zhangjiagang 215600, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
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Lin A, Kupinski MA, Peterson TE, Shokouhi S, Johnson LC. Task-based design of a synthetic-collimator SPECT system used for small animal imaging. Med Phys 2018; 45:2952-2963. [PMID: 29734479 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In traditional multipinhole SPECT systems, image multiplexing - the overlapping of pinhole projection images - may occur on the detector, which can inhibit quality image reconstructions due to photon-origin uncertainty. One proposed system to mitigate the effects of multiplexing is the synthetic-collimator SPECT system. In this system, two detectors, a silicon detector and a germanium detector, are placed at different distances behind the multipinhole aperture, allowing for image detection to occur at different magnifications and photon energies, resulting in higher overall sensitivity while maintaining high resolution. The unwanted effects of multiplexing are reduced by utilizing the additional data collected from the front silicon detector. However, determining optimal system configurations for a given imaging task requires efficient parsing of the complex parameter space, to understand how pinhole spacings and the two detector distances influence system performance. METHODS In our simulation studies, we use the ensemble mean-squared error of the Wiener estimator (EMSEW ) as the figure of merit to determine optimum system parameters for the task of estimating the uptake of an 123 I-labeled radiotracer in three different regions of a computer-generated mouse brain phantom. The segmented phantom map is constructed by using data from the MRM NeAt database and allows for the reduction in dimensionality of the system matrix which improves the computational efficiency of scanning the system's parameter space. To contextualize our results, the Wiener estimator is also compared against a region of interest estimator using maximum-likelihood reconstructed data. RESULTS Our results show that the synthetic-collimator SPECT system outperforms traditional multipinhole SPECT systems in this estimation task. We also find that image multiplexing plays an important role in the system design of the synthetic-collimator SPECT system, with optimal germanium detector distances occurring at maxima in the derivative of the percent multiplexing function. Furthermore, we report that improved task performance can be achieved by using an adaptive system design in which the germanium detector distance may vary with projection angle. Finally, in our comparative study, we find that the Wiener estimator outperforms the conventional region of interest estimator. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates how this optimization method has the potential to quickly and efficiently explore vast parameter spaces, providing insight into the behavior of competing factors, which are otherwise very difficult to calculate and study using other existing means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lin
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Ave, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew A Kupinski
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Ave, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Todd E Peterson
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sepideh Shokouhi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lindsay C Johnson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Li H, Tian P, Xu JH, Zheng GW. Identification of an Imine Reductase for Asymmetric Reduction of Bulky Dihydroisoquinolines. Org Lett 2017; 19:3151-3154. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation
Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ping Tian
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345
Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation
Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation
Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Abe M, Munakata H, Abe K, Saito T, Horiguchi Y, Nojima H, Taguchi K. Effects of 1-cyclohexyl- and 1-cyclohexyl- N -propargyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline on dopaminergic spontaneous discharge in nigral neurons of rats. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:201-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ponra S, Majumdar KC. Brønsted acid-promoted synthesis of common heterocycles and related bio-active and functional molecules. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Chiba H, Sato H, Abe K, Saito T, Horiguchi Y, Nojima H, Taguchi K. Effects of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives on Dopaminergic Spontaneous Discharge in Substantia Nigra Neurons in Rats. Pharmacology 2015; 95:87-94. [DOI: 10.1159/000371580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Saitoh K, Abe K, Chiba T, Katagiri N, Saitoh T, Horiguchi Y, Nojima H, Taguchi K. Properties of 3-methyl-TIQ and 3-methyl-N-propargyl-TIQ for preventing MPTP-induced parkinsonism-like symptoms in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1204-12. [PMID: 24399716 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selegiline, a therapeutic drug for Parkinson's disease (PD), structurally resembles the endogenous parkinsonism-related compound 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ). In the present study, we evaluated the effects of 3-methyl-TIQ (3-MeTIQ) and 3-methyl-N-propargyl-TIQ (3-Me-N-proTIQ), selegiline mimetic TIQ derivatives, for preventing 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism-like symptoms in mice. METHODS We evaluated the preventative effects of 3-MeTIQ and 3-Me-N-proTIQ on MPTP-induced bradykinesia and depletion of striatal dopamine (DA) and nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells. RESULTS MPTP-induced bradykinesia was not different when mice were pretreated with 3-MeTIQ, except for the high-dose group. However, pretreatment with 3-Me-N-proTIQ significantly prevented the appearance of this akinesic status. MPTP-induced striatal DA and 3,4-dehydroxyphenylacetic acid reduction were significantly prevented by pretreatment with 3-Me-N-proTIQ, but not 3-MeTIQ, in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, levels of serotonin and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, in the striatum were increased following treatment with 3-MeTIQ. In addition, the MPTP-induced decrease in TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra was significantly reduced by pretreatment with 3-Me-N-proTIQ, but not 3-MeTIQ. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that not only does 3-Me-N-proTIQ have potential as a candidate compound for disease-modifying therapy for PD, but also the N-propargyl functional group plays an important role in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Saitoh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
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Wąsik A, Romańska I, Michaluk J, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. Comparative behavioral and neurochemical studies of R- and S-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline stereoisomers in the rat. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:857-69. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Important role of 3-methoxytyramine in the inhibition of cocaine sensitization by 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: an in vivo microdialysis study. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:983-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Katagiri N, Chida S, Abe K, Nojima H, Kitabatake M, Hoshi K, Horiguchi Y, Taguchi K. Preventative effects of 1,3-dimethyl- and 1,3-dimethyl-N-propargyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in mice. Brain Res 2010; 1321:133-42. [PMID: 20114039 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is well known as an exogenous dopaminergic neurotoxin that induces Parkinson's disease-like symptoms. In addition, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) derivatives have been investigated as endogenous MPTP mimetic compounds that structurally resemble selegiline, a commercially available drug for treating Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we examined the ability of 1,3-dimethyl-TIQ (1,3-diMeTIQ) and 1,3-dimethyl-N-propargyl-TIQ (1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ) to prevent MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in mice and to prevent 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+, an active metabolite of MPTP)-induced cytotoxicity in vitro, including its structural stereoselectivity. Repeated administration of MPTP induced bradykinesia, a symptom of behavioral abnormality; this was prevented by both 1,3-diMeTIQ and 1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ pretreatments. Pretreatment with 1,3-diMeTIQ did not prevent the MPTP-induced decrease in dopamine content in the striatum or the decrease in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. On the other hand, 1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ prevented these Parkinson's disease-like symptoms; in particular, the trans-isomer of this agent showed potent protective effects. However, the ability of the trans-1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ isomer to prevent MPP+-induced PC12 cell death was weaker than that of its cis-isomer. Thus, stereoisomers of 1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ exhibit different effects; cis-1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ inhibits MPP+-induced cytotoxicity while trans-1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ exhibits neuroprotective effects primarily through MPTP-related biological events in mice. These results also indicate the possibility of utilizing, at least in part, the stereoselective efficacy of 1,3-diMe-N-proTIQ against MPTP and/or MPP+-induced adverse states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Katagiri
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashitamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-0042, Japan
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Kirchhoff J, Mørk A, Brennum LT, Sager TN. Striatal extracellular dopamine levels and behavioural reversal in MPTP-lesioned mice. Neuroreport 2009; 20:482-6. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832984d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Pathak R, Naicker P, Thompson WA, Fernandes MA, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WAL. Intramolecular Hydroaminations Mediated by Reductive Mercuration orn-Butyllithium To Afford 3-Methyl- and 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Reichel CM, Wacan JJ, Farley CM, Stanley BJ, Crawford CA, McDougall SA. Postnatal manganese exposure attenuates cocaine-induced locomotor activity and reduces dopamine transporters in adult male rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006; 28:323-32. [PMID: 16571372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 01/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined whether exposing rats to manganese (Mn) during the preweanling period would affect basal or cocaine-induced locomotor activity in adulthood and reduce the number of striatal dopamine transporter binding sites. On postnatal day (PD) 1-21, rats were given oral supplements of vehicle or Mn chloride (250 or 750 microg/day). Striatal Mn and iron (Fe) accumulation as well as serum Fe levels were measured on PD 14, PD 21, and PD 90. Throughout the dosing period, rats were evaluated on standard measures of sensory and motor development. During adulthood, the basal and cocaine-induced locomotor activity of vehicle- and Mn-exposed rats was assessed using automated testing chambers. After completion of behavioral testing, striatal dopamine transporter binding sites were measured using [(3)H]GBR 12935. Results showed that early Mn exposure enhanced striatal Mn accumulation on PD 14 and PD 21, while depressing serum Fe levels on PD 21. Exposure to Mn on PD 1-21 did not affect striatal or serum Mn or Fe levels on PD 90. During the second postnatal week, Mn-exposed rat pups performed more poorly than controls on a negative geotaxis task, however basal motor activity of preweanling rat pups was not affected by Mn treatment. When tested in adulthood, basal locomotor activity of vehicle- and Mn-exposed rats also did not differ. In contrast, adult rats previously exposed to 750 microg/day Mn showed an enhanced locomotor response when challenged with 10 mg/kg cocaine. A different pattern of results occurred after treatment with a higher dose of the psychostimulant, because Mn-exposed rats showed an attenuated locomotor response when given 20 mg/kg cocaine. Importantly, Mn-exposed rats exhibited long-term reductions in striatal dopamine transporter binding sites. Considered together, these results indicate that postnatal Mn exposure has long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects that can persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
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Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Lazarewicz JW, Patsenka A, Kajta M, Zieminska E, Salinska E, Wasik A, Golembiowska K, Vetulani J. The mechanism of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines neuroprotection: the importance of free radicals scavenging properties and inhibition of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. J Neurochem 2006; 97:846-56. [PMID: 16515537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), unlike several other tetrahydroisoquinolines, displays neuroprotective properties. To elucidate this action we compared the effects of 1MeTIQ with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), a compound sharing many activities with 1MeTIQ (among them reducing free radicals formed during dopamine catabolism), but offering no clear neuroprotection. We found that the compounds similarly inhibit free-radical generation in an abiotic system, as well as indices of neurotoxicity (caspase-3 activity and lactate dehydrogenase release) induced by glutamate in mouse embryonic primary cell cultures (a preparation resistant to NMDA toxicity). However, in granular cell cultures obtained from 7-day-old rats, 1MeTIQ prevented the glutamate-induced cell death and 45Ca2+ influx, whereas TIQ did not. This suggested a specific action of 1MeTIQ on NMDA receptors, which was confirmed by the inhibition of [3H]MK-801 binding by 1MeTIQ. Finally, we demonstrated in an in vivo microdialysis experiment that 1MeTIQ prevents kainate-induced release of excitatory amino acids from the rat frontal cortex. Our results indicate that 1MeTIQ, in contrast to TIQ, offers a unique and complex mechanism of neuroprotection in which antagonism to the glutamatergic system may play a very important role. The results suggest the potential of 1MeTIQ as a therapeutic agent in various neurodegenarative illnesses of the central nervous system.
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Saitoh T, Abe K, Ishikawa M, Nakatani M, Shimazu S, Satoh N, Yoneda F, Taguchi K, Horiguchi Y. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:241-52. [PMID: 16412536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several 1-alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) derivatives, which may play a role in Parkinson's disease, have been synthesized via Pummerer-type cyclization of the sulfonium ion formed in situ from N-formyl sulfoxide. Using an in vitro trypan blue exclusion assay, high concentrations of TIQ derivatives possessing bulky alkyl group substituents such as 1-cyclobutyl-, 1-cyclohexyl-, 1-phenyl- or 1-benzyl- at the C-1 position were found to significantly affect the viability of PC12 cells. Moreover, TIQ derivatives that moderately or strongly induced apoptosis (e.g., 1-phenyl-TIQ and 1-cyclohexyl-TIQ, respectively) paralleled the results obtained using the trypan blue exclusion assay. These results suggest that the size and electron-donating properties of functional groups may affect the cytotoxicity of TIQ derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Saitoh
- Department of Organic Reaction Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashitamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-0042, Japan
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Abe K, Saitoh T, Horiguchi Y, Utsunomiya I, Taguchi K. Synthesis and neurotoxicity of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives for studying Parkinson's disease. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1355-62. [PMID: 16079473 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease involves the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, the etiology of the disease remains to be elucidated. Endogenous amines, such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) derivatives present in the mammalian brain, are known to participate in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. These endogenous neurotoxins have been extensively studied because of their structural resemblance to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), an agent widely used for generating animal models of Parkinson's disease-like symptoms. Investigations of the synthesis and pharmacological properties of TIQ derivatives are expected to contribute to the development of new therapeutic agents for treating Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we describe more efficient synthesis methods for TIQ derivatives via Pummerer-type cyclization of the substrate N-acyl sulfoxide. Furthermore, the modified Pummerer reaction provided a convenient and efficient method for synthesizing various TIQs. TIQ and its derivative, 1-benzyl-TIQ, can induce parkinsonism in primates and rodents. On the other hand, one TIQ derivative, 1-methyl-TIQ, has been shown to prevent MPTP, TIQ, and 1-benzyl-TIQ induced behavioral abnormalities. Therefore, TIQ derivatives are considered to play an important role in both the onset and prevention of Parkinson's disease. In this article, we focus on the synthesis and pharmacological aspects of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Abe
- Department of Neuroscience, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashitamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-0042, Japan
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Lorenc-Koci E, Gołembiowska K, Wardas J. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline protects terminals of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum against the malonate-induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res 2005; 1051:145-54. [PMID: 16004976 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Malonate, a reversible inhibitor of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, is frequently used as a model neurotoxin to produce lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in animals due to particular sensitivity of dopamine neurons to mild energy impairment. This model of neurotoxicity was applied in our study to explore neuroprotective potential of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), an endo- and exogenous substance whose function in the mammalian brain, despite extensive studies, has not been elucidated so far. Injection of malonate at a dose of 3 mumol unilaterally into the rat left medial forebrain bundle resulted in the 54% decrease in dopamine (DA) concentration in the ipsilateral striatum and, depending on the examined striatum regions, caused 24-44% reduction in [3H]GBR12,935 binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT). TIQ (50 mg/kg i.p.) administered 4 h before malonate infusion and next once daily for successive 7 days prevented both these effects of malonate. Such TIQ treatment restored DA content and DAT binding almost to the control level. The results of the present study indicate that TIQ may act as a neuroprotective agent in the rat brain. An inhibition of the enzymatic activities of monoamine oxidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as an increase in the striatal levels of glutathione and nitric oxide found after TIQ administration and reported in our earlier studies are considered to be potential factors that may be involved in the TIQ-mediated protection of dopamine terminals from malonate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smetna Street, PL-31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Lorenc-Koci E, Sokołowska M, Kwiecień I, Włodek L. Treatment with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolone affects the levels of nitric oxide, S-nitrosothiols, glutathione and the enzymatic activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in the dopaminergic structures of rat brain. Brain Res 2005; 1049:133-46. [PMID: 15946655 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of glutathione (GSH), nitrosative stress and chronic intoxication with some neurotoxins have been postulated to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to examine the effects of acute and chronic treatments with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), an endo-/exogenous substance suspected of producing Parkinsonism in human, on the levels of nitric oxide (NO), S-nitrosothiols and glutathione (GSH) in the whole rat brain and in its dopaminergic structures. TIQ administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg i.p. significantly increased the tissue concentrations of NO and GSH in the substantia nigra (SN), striatum (STR) and cortex (CTX) of rats receiving this compound both acutely and chronically. Moreover, it decreased the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and enhanced GSH:GSSG ratio affecting in this way the redox state of brain cells. TIQ also increased the level of S-nitrosothiols when measured in the whole rat brain and CTX, although it markedly decreased their level in the STR after both treatments. Inhibition of the constitutive NO synthase by l-NAME in the presence of TIQ caused decreases in GSH and S-nitrosothiol levels in the brain. The latter effect shows that the TIQ-mediated increases in GSH and S-nitrosothiol concentrations were dependent on the enhanced NO level. The above-described results suggest that TIQ can act as a modulator of GSH, NO and S-nitrosothiol levels but not as a parkinsonism-inducing agent in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smetna Street, PL-31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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van Otterlo WA, Pathak R, de Koning CB, Fernandes MA. The synthesis of 3-methyl- and 3,4-dimethyltetrahydroisoquinolines by intramolecular hydroamination with n-butyllithium. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lorenc-Koci E, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Wardas J, Zapała M, Wierońska J. Effect of 1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroisoquinoline administration under conditions of CYP2D inhibition on dopamine metabolism, level of tyrosine hydroxylase protein and the binding of [3H]GBR 12,935 to dopamine transporter in the rat nigrostriatal, dopaminergic system. Brain Res 2004; 1009:67-81. [PMID: 15120584 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current concepts of Parkinson's disease (PD) postulate that interaction between neurotoxins and specific genetic background may play an important role in pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, the effect of multiple administration of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) under conditions of CYP2D blockade on the expression of key markers of PD was studied in the rat striatum (STR) and substantia nigra (SN). TIQ administered alone (50 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 14 days) markedly decreased the level of tyrosine hydroxylase protein (TH) in the STR; however, this effect was not accompanied by reduction of dopamine (DA) concentration and [(3)H]GBR 12,935 binding to dopamine transporter (DAT). Administration of CYP2D inhibitor, quinine, jointly with TIQ lowered the levels of TH and DA in that structure, but slightly increased DAT binding. In the SN, treatment with TIQ alone did not change TH level although it enhanced DA content and decreased [(3)H]GBR 12,935 binding to DAT in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Neither the TH level nor DA concentration was affected by the combined treatment, although DAT binding was still reduced in the SN. TIQ did not change the total DA catabolism in the STR, but caused its inhibition in the SN. It strongly depressed the levels of intraneuronal DA metabolite DOPAC and enhanced that of extraneuronal 3-MT in either structure. TIQ more weakly affected the levels of both DA metabolites in the presence of quinine. Our results suggest that endogenous TIQ may act rather as neuromodulator but not as parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, 12, Smetna St., PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Cook R, Lu L, Gu J, Williams RW, Smeyne RJ. Identification of a single QTL, Mptp1, for susceptibility to MPTP-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuron loss in mice. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 110:279-88. [PMID: 12591164 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons seen in idiopathic Parkinson's disease is hypothesized to result from a genetic susceptibility to an unknown environmental toxin. MPTP has been used as a prototypical toxin, since exposure to this drug results in variable SNpc cell death in several vertebrate species, including man and mouse. Previously, we have shown that C57BL/6J mice are sensitive to this compound, while Swiss-Webster mice are resistant. In this study, we intercrossed these mouse strains to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for MPTP sensitivity. Using genome wide PCR analysis, we found that a single major QTLs, Mptp1, located near the distal end of chromosome 1 between D1Mit113 and D1Mit293, accounts for the majority of the strain sensitivity to MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Cook
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Ishiwata K, Koyanagi Y, Abe K, Kawamura K, Taguchi K, Saitoh T, Toda J, Sano T. No reduction of dopamine transporter binding sites in mice following treatment with the TIQ analogue 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. Brain Res 2003; 960:282-5. [PMID: 12505685 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1-Benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1-BnTIQ) and TIQ are endogenous substances inducing bradykinesia, one of the symptoms of parkinsonism, in rodents and primates, and 2-methyl-TIQ is postulated to be an active form of TIQ. We investigated the effect of 1-BnTIQ-, TIQ- or 2-methyl-TIQ-treatment on the binding of 2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-[N-methyl-11C]tropane to striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) in mice. Neither 1-BnTIQ (80 mg/kg, i.p., twice per day for 10 days) nor 2-methyl-TIQ (40 mg/kg, i.p., twice per day for 10 days) affected the radioligand-DAT binding, while TIQ (80 mg/kg, i.p., twice per day for 10 days) induced a 14% decrease. These results indicate that 1-BnTIQ does not affect the density of DATs on dopaminergic neurons, and that it is not clear whether or not 2-methyl-TIQ is an active form of TIQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Ishiwata
- Positron Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 1-1 Naka-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0022, Japan.
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Palomo T, Beninger RJ, Kostrzewa RM, Archer T. Brain sites of movement disorder: genetic and environmental agents in neurodevelopmental perturbations. Neurotox Res 2003; 5:1-26. [PMID: 12832221 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In assessing and assimilating the neurodevelopmental basis of the so-called movement disorders it is probably useful to establish certain concepts that will modulate both the variation and selection of affliction, mechanisms-processes and diversity of disease states. Both genetic, developmental and degenerative aberrations are to be encompassed within such an approach, as well as all deviations from the necessary components of behaviour that are generally understood to incorporate "normal" functioning. In the present treatise, both conditions of hyperactivity/hypoactivity, akinesia and bradykinesia together with a constellation of other symptoms and syndromes are considered in conjunction with the neuropharmacological and brain morphological alterations that may or may not accompany them, e.g. following neonatal denervation. As a case in point, the neuroanatomical and neurochemical points of interaction in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are examined with reference to both the perinatal metallic and organic environment and genetic backgrounds. The role of apoptosis, as opposed to necrosis, in cell death during brain development necessitates careful considerations of the current explosion of evidence for brain nerve growth factors, neurotrophins and cytokines, and the processes regulating their appearance, release and fate. Some of these processes may possess putative inherited characteristics, like alpha-synuclein, others may to greater or lesser extents be endogenous or semi-endogenous (in food), like the tetrahydroisoquinolines, others exogenous until inhaled or injested through environmental accident, like heavy metals, e.g. mercury. Another central concept of neurodevelopment is cellular plasticity, thereby underlining the essential involvement of glutamate systems and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor configurations. Finally, an essential assimilation of brain development in disease must delineate the relative merits of inherited as opposed to environmental risks not only for the commonly-regarded movement disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and epilepsy, but also for afflictions bearing strong elements of psychosocial tragedy, like ADHD, autism and Savantism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Palomo
- Servicio de Psiquiatria, Hospital 12 de Octobre, Ctra. Andalucia Km. 5,400, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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