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Hyldahl F, Hem-Jensen E, Rahbek UL, Tritsaris K, Dissing S. Pulsed electric fields stimulate microglial transmitter release of VEGF, IL-8 and GLP-1 and activate endothelial cells through paracrine signaling. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105469. [PMID: 36592699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As action potentials propagate along an axon, pulsed extracellular electric fields (E-fields) are induced. We investigated the role of E-fields in activating microglia cells and affecting capillary function and found that E-fields control human microglia secretions in concert with purinergic factors. We generated E-fields by applying transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields (T-PEMF) identical to those appearing outside neurons as action potentials propagate. T-PEMF alone enhanced mRNA synthesis for VEGF, IL-8, IL-6 and the proglucagon gene as well as the PC1/3 enzyme that cleaves the proglucagon protein to glucagon and GLP-1 proteins. We found that T-PEMF enhanced secretion from microglia of VEGF, IL-8 and GLP-1 proteins having angiogenic and proliferative profiles. Interestingly, T-PEMF and purinergic transmitters together enhanced secretions confirming synergy between their actions. ATP also induced nitric oxide (NO) syntheses in distinct locations in the nucleus and the mRNA synthesis for the responsible iNOS was reduced by T-PEMF. When the microglia-secretory fluid was added to brain endothelial cells we saw vivid Ca2+ signaling and enhanced transcription of mRNA for IL-8 and VEGF. Our previous work shows that applying T-PEMF to the human brain provides up to 60% remission for patients with refractory depressions within 8 weeks and improvements for Parkinson patients. Thus, physiological E-fields activate microglia, work synergistically with neurotransmitters, and cause paracrine secretions which cause activation of capillaries. Application of these E-Fields is effective for treating refractory depressions and appear promising for treating neurodegenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Hyldahl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Hem-Jensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Ulrik L Rahbek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Katerina Tritsaris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark
| | - Steen Dissing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200N, Denmark.
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2
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Alcayaga J, Vera J, Reyna-Jeldes M, Covarrubias AA, Coddou C, Díaz-Jara E, Del Rio R, Retamal MA. Activation of Intra-nodose Ganglion P2X7 Receptors Elicit Increases in Neuronal Activity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01318-8. [PMID: 36680690 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vagus nerve innervates several organs including the heart, stomach, and pancreas among others. Somas of sensory neurons that project through the vagal nerve are located in the nodose ganglion. The presence of purinergic receptors has been reported in neurons and satellite glial cells in several sensory ganglia. In the nodose ganglion, calcium depletion-induced increases in neuron activity can be partly reversed by P2X7 blockers applied directly into the ganglion. The later suggest a possible role of P2X7 receptors in the modulation of neuronal activity within this sensory ganglion. We aimed to characterize the response to P2X7 activation in nodose ganglion neurons under physiological conditions. Using an ex vivo preparation for electrophysiological recordings of the neural discharges of nodose ganglion neurons, we found that treatments with ATP induce transient neuronal activity increases. Also, we found a concentration-dependent increase in neural activity in response to Bz-ATP (ED50 = 0.62 mM, a selective P2X7 receptor agonist), with a clear desensitization pattern when applied every ~ 30 s. Electrophysiological recordings from isolated nodose ganglion neurons reveal no differences in the responses to Bz-ATP and ATP. Finally, we showed that the P2X7 receptor was expressed in the rat nodose ganglion, both in neurons and satellite glial cells. Additionally, a P2X7 receptor negative allosteric modulator decreased the duration of Bz-ATP-induced maximal responses without affecting their amplitude. Our results show the presence of functional P2X7 receptors under physiological conditions within the nodose ganglion of the rat, and suggest that ATP modulation of nodose ganglion activity may be in part mediated by the activation of P2X7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alcayaga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. .,Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jorge Vera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Reyna-Jeldes
- Laboratorio de Señalización Purinérgica, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra A Covarrubias
- Laboratorio de Señalización Purinérgica, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Coddou
- Laboratorio de Señalización Purinérgica, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Díaz-Jara
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Universidad de Desarrollo, Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer. Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana., Santiago, Chile. .,Universidad del Desarrollo. , Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clínica Alemana Facultad de Medicina., Santiago, Chile.
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3
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Turgutalp B, Bhattarai P, Ercetin T, Luise C, Reis R, Gurdal EE, Isaak A, Biriken D, Dinter E, Sipahi H, Schepmann D, Junker A, Wünsch B, Sippl W, Gulcan HO, Kizil C, Yarim M. Discovery of Potent Cholinesterase Inhibition-Based Multi-Target-Directed Lead Compounds for Synaptoprotection in Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12292-12318. [PMID: 36084304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug development efforts that focused on single targets failed to provide effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we designed cholinesterase inhibition (ChEI)-based multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) to simultaneously target AD-related receptors. We built a library of 70 compounds, sequentially screened for ChEI, and determined σ1R, σ2R, NMDAR-GluN2B binding affinities, and P2X7R antagonistic activities. Nine fulfilled in silico drug-likeness criteria and did not display toxicity in three cell lines. Seven displayed cytoprotective activity in two stress-induced cellular models. Compared to donepezil, six showed equal/better synaptic protection in a zebrafish model of acute amyloidosis-induced synaptic degeneration. Two P2X7R antagonists alleviated the activation state of microglia in vivo. Permeability studies were performed, and four did not inhibit CYP450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. Therefore, four ChEI-based lead MTDLs are promising drug candidates for synaptic integrity protection and could serve as disease-modifying AD treatment. Our study also proposes zebrafish as a useful preclinical tool for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Turgutalp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 10032 New York, United States
| | - Tugba Ercetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, TRNC, via Mersin 10, 99628 Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Chiara Luise
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 6099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rengin Reis
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34758 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enise Ece Gurdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Isaak
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Derya Biriken
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06620 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elisabeth Dinter
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Clinic, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Junker
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 6099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, TRNC, via Mersin 10, 99628 Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Helmholtz Association, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 10032 New York, United States
| | - Mine Yarim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Rostami J, Jäntti M, Cui H, Rinne MK, Kukkonen JP, Falk A, Erlandsson A, Myöhänen T. Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition by KYP-2407 increases alpha-synuclein fibril degradation in neuron-like cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110788. [PMID: 33152946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes insufficient clearance of pathological alpha-synuclein (αSYN) aggregates in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Consequently, cellular degradation pathways represent a potential therapeutic target. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is highly expressed in the brain and has been suggested to increase αSYN aggregation and negatively regulate the autophagy pathway. Inhibition of PREP with a small molecule inhibitor, KYP-2407, stimulates autophagy and reduces the oligomeric species of αSYN aggregates in PD mouse models. However, whether PREP inhibition has any effects on intracellular αSYN fibrils has not been studied before. In this study, the effect of KYP2407 on αSYN preformed fibrils (PFFs) was tested in SH-SY5Y cells and human astrocytes. Immunostaining analysis revealed that both cell types accumulated αSYN PFFs intracellularly but KYP-2047 decreased intracellular αSYN deposits only in SH-SY5Y cells, as astrocytes did not show any PREP activity. Western blot analysis confirmed the reduction of high molecular weight αSYN species in SH-SY5Y cell lysates, and secretion of αSYN from SH-SY5Y cells also decreased in the presence of KYP-2407. Accumulation of αSYN inside the SH-SY5Y cells resulted in an increase of the auto-lysosomal proteins p62 and LC3BII, as well as calpain 1 and 2, which have been shown to be associated with PD pathology. Notably, treatment with KYP-2407 significantly reduced p62 and LC3BII levels, indicating an increased autophagic flux, and calpain 1 and 2 levels returned to normal in the presence of KYP-2407. Our findings indicate that PREP inhibition can potentially be used as therapy to reduce the insoluble intracellular αSYN aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinar Rostami
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Jäntti
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hengjing Cui
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiju K Rinne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology/Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 63, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy/Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, 20014, University of Turku, Finland.
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5
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Alotaibi M. Changes in expression of P2X7 receptors in rat myometrium at different gestational stages and the mechanism of ATP-induced uterine contraction. Life Sci 2018. [PMID: 29524518 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Given the importance of ATP in the control of uterine activity for successful labor and involution, this study was performed to measure the level of P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in rat myometrium at different gestational stages and to investigate the mechanisms of ATP-induced uterine contraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Myometrial tissues were obtained from rats at different gestational stages and the level of P2X7Rs was measured by ELISA. In other experiments, the effect of 1 mM ATP was tested on spontaneous contraction and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. KEY FINDINGS P2X7Rs were expressed in nonpregnant uterine tissues, progressively increased throughout pregnancy, and markedly peaked during postpartum involution. ATP significantly increased the force of spontaneous contraction in all uterine strips from different gestational stages with marked increase during labor and postpartum. ATP could not maintain the force when external Ca2+ was removed. In addition, ATP was able to cause tonic transient contraction in the absence of external Ca2+. SIGNIFICANCE P2X7Rs are functionally regulated and contributed to ATP-induced uterine contraction. The sensitivity of the myometrium to ATP increases as pregnancy progresses and it involves Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release pathways. The clear effects of ATP on contractility suggest its physiological requirement for successful labor and postpartum involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alotaibi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Heusinkveld HJ, Westerink RH. Comparison of different in vitro cell models for the assessment of pesticide-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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7
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Neuronal P2X7 Receptor: Involvement in Neuronal Physiology and Pathology. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7063-7072. [PMID: 28747389 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3104-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed presence of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in neurons has been the source of some contention. Initial studies suggested an absence of P2X7R mRNA in neurons, and the apparent nonspecificity of the antibodies used to identify P2X7R raised further doubts. However, subsequent studies using new pharmacological and biomolecular tools provided conclusive evidence supporting the existence of functional P2X7Rs in neurons. The P2X7 receptor has since been shown to play a leading role in multiple aspects of neuronal physiology, including axonal elongation and branching and neurotransmitter release. P2X7R has also been implicated in neuronal pathologies, in which it may influence neuronal survival. Together, this body of research suggests that P2X7R may constitute an important therapeutic target for a variety of neurological disorders.
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8
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Santos AA, Cappellari AR, de Marchi FO, Gehring MP, Zaparte A, Brandão CA, Lopes TG, da Silva VD, Pinto LFR, Savio LEB, Moreira-Souza ACA, Coutinho-Silva R, Paccez JD, Zerbini LF, Morrone FB. Potential role of P2X7R in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma proliferation. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:279-292. [PMID: 28397110 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an aggressive tumor and is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. ATP is well known to regulate cancer progression in a variety of models by different mechanisms, including P2X7R activation. This study aimed to evaluate the role of P2X7R in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) proliferation. Our results show that treatment with high ATP concentrations induced a decrease in cell number, cell viability, number of polyclonal colonies, and reduced migration of ESCC. The treatment with the selective P2X7R antagonist A740003 or siRNA for P2X7 reverted this effect in the KYSE450 cell line. In addition, results showed that P2X7R is highly expressed, at mRNA and protein levels, in KYSE450 lineage. Additionally, KYSE450, KYSE30, and OE21 cells express P2X3R, P2X4R, P2X5R, P2X6R, and P2X7R genes. P2X1R is expressed by KYSE30 and KYSE450, and only KYSE450 expresses the P2X2R gene. Furthermore, esophageal cancer cell line KYSE450 presented higher expression of E-NTPDases 1 and 2 and of Ecto-5'-NT/CD73 when compared to normal cells. This cell line also exhibits ATPase, ADPase, and AMPase activity, although in different levels, and the co-treatment of apyrase was able to revert the antiproliferative effects of ATP. Moreover, results showed high immunostaining for P2X7R in biopsies of patients with esophageal carcinoma, indicating the involvement of this receptor in the growth of this type of cancer. The results suggest that P2X7R may be a potential pharmacological target to treat ESCC and can lead us to further investigate the effect of this receptor in cancer cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angélica R Cappellari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O de Marchi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina P Gehring
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Zaparte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Brandão
- Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Giuliani Lopes
- Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vinicius D da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliano D Paccez
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cancer Genomics Group, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luiz F Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cancer Genomics Group, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fernanda B Morrone
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Farmácia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Gómez-Villafuertes R, García-Huerta P, Díaz-Hernández JI, Miras-Portugal MT. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway triggers P2X7 receptor expression as a pro-survival factor of neuroblastoma cells under limiting growth conditions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18417. [PMID: 26687764 PMCID: PMC4685307 DOI: 10.1038/srep18417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in neuroblastoma cells is associated to accelerated growth rate, angiogenesis, metastasis and poor prognosis. Noticeably, P2X7R allows the survival of neuroblastoma cells under restrictive conditions, including serum and glucose deprivation. Previously we identified specificity protein 1 (Sp1) as the main factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of P2rx7 gene, reporting that serum withdrawal triggers the expression of P2X7R in Neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cell line. Here we demonstrate that PI3K/Akt pathway is crucial for the upregulation of P2X7R expression in serum-deprived neuroblastoma cells, circumstance that facilitates cell proliferation in the absence of trophic support. The effect exerted by PI3K/Akt is independent of both mTOR and GSK3, but requires the activation of EGF receptor (EGFR). Nuclear levels of Sp1 are strongly reduced by inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway, and blockade of Sp1-dependent transcription with mithramycin A prevents upregulation of P2rx7 gene expression following serum withdrawal. Furthermore, atypical PKCζ plays a key role in the regulation of P2X7R expression by preventing phosphorylation and, consequently, activation of Akt. Altogether, these data indicate that activation of EGFR enhanced the expression of P2X7R in neuroblastoma cells lacking trophic support, being PI3K/Akt/PKCζ signaling pathway and Sp1 mediating this pro-survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula García-Huerta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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10
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P2X and P2Y receptors—role in the pathophysiology of the nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23672-704. [PMID: 25530618 PMCID: PMC4284787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling plays a crucial role in proper functioning of the nervous system. Mechanisms depending on extracellular nucleotides and their P2 receptors also underlie a number of nervous system dysfunctions. This review aims to present the role of purinergic signalling, with particular focus devoted to role of P2 family receptors, in epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, nervous system neoplasms, such as glioma and neuroblastoma, neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. The above-mentioned conditions are associated with changes in expression of extracellular ectonucleotidases, P2X and P2Y receptors in neurons and glial cells, as well as releasing considerable amounts of nucleotides from activated or damaged nervous tissue cells into the extracellular space, which contributes to disturbance in purinergic signalling. The numerous studies indicate a potential possibility of using synthetic agonists/antagonists of P2 receptors in treatment of selected nervous system diseases. This is of particular significance, since numerous available agents reveal a low effectiveness and often produce side effects.
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11
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Schneider SL, Ross AL, Grichnik JM. Do inflammatory pathways drive melanomagenesis? Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:86-90. [PMID: 25041143 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pathways serve to protect the host and promote tissue healing/repair; however, over-activation or dysregulation can be pathological with unintended consequences including malignant progression. A correlation between inflammation and cancer has been well established, and anti-inflammatory medications have been shown to be chemopreventive in certain malignancies. Data are now becoming available that outline an inflammatory pathway that may have a critical role in melanomagenesis. ATP-regulated membrane channels/receptors P2X7 and PANX1 have been directly implicated in melanoma tumor growth. Among other potential effects, opening of the P2X7/PANX1 channel results in activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which in turn leads to caspase-1 activation and increased levels of activated IL-1β. Elevated levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β have been correlated with melanoma progression, and inhibitors of the inflammasome, caspase and IL-1β activity have all been shown to inhibit melanoma growth. Among many other potential actions, IL-1β increases cyclooxygenase-2 expression leading to local increases in inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Anti-inflammatory medications targeting the end of this pathway have had positive results for certain cancers but overall remain mixed for melanoma. A better understanding of the pathways and appropriate intervention points may help direct future therapies. In this viewpoint, we will review data and attempt to model an inflammatory pathway that may be critical for melanomagenesis and propose future directions for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Burnstock G, Di Virgilio F. Purinergic signalling and cancer. Purinergic Signal 2014; 9:491-540. [PMID: 23797685 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for extracellular nucleotides are widely expressed by mammalian cells. They mediate a large array of responses ranging from growth stimulation to apoptosis, from chemotaxis to cell differentiation and from nociception to cytokine release, as well as neurotransmission. Pharma industry is involved in the development and clinical testing of drugs selectively targeting the different P1 nucleoside and P2 nucleotide receptor subtypes. As described in detail in the present review, P2 receptors are expressed by all tumours, in some cases to a very high level. Activation or inhibition of selected P2 receptor subtypes brings about cancer cell death or growth inhibition. The field has been largely neglected by current research in oncology, yet the evidence presented in this review, most of which is based on in vitro studies, although with a limited amount from in vivo experiments and human studies, warrants further efforts to explore the therapeutic potential of purinoceptor targeting in cancer.
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Carmo MR, Menezes APF, Nunes ACL, Pliássova A, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Cunha RA, Canas PM, Andrade GM. The P2X7 receptor antagonist Brilliant Blue G attenuates contralateral rotations in a rat model of Parkinsonism through a combined control of synaptotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gliosis. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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P2X7 Cell Death Receptor Activation and Mitochondrial Impairment in Oxaliplatin-Induced Apoptosis and Neuronal Injury: Cellular Mechanisms and In Vivo Approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66830. [PMID: 23826152 PMCID: PMC3695015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding the cellular mechanisms of oxaliplatin-induced painful neuropathy during exposure of patients to this drug. We therefore determined oxidative stress in cultured cells and evaluated its occurrence in C57BL/6 mice. Using both cultured neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines and also brain tissues of oxaliplatin-treated mice, we investigated whether oxaliplatin (OXA) induces oxidative stress and apoptosis. Cultured cells were treated with 2–200 µM OXA for 24 h. The effects of pharmacological inhibitors of oxidative stress or inflammation (N-acetyl cysteine, ibuprofen, acetaminophen) were also tested. Inhibitors were added 30 min before OXA treatment and then in combination with OXA for 24 h. In SH-SY5Y cells, OXA caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in viability, a large increase in ROS and NO production, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial impairment as assessed by a drop in mitochondrial membrane potential, which are deleterious for the cell. An increase in levels of negatively charged phospholipids such as cardiolipin but also phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, was also observed. Additionally, OXA caused concentration-dependent P2X7 receptor activation, increased chromatin condensation and caspase-3 activation associated with TNF-α and IL-6 release. The majority of these toxic effects were equally observed in Raw 264.7 which also presented high levels of PGE2. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with pharmacological inhibitors significantly reduced or blocked all the neurotoxic OXA effects. In OXA-treated mice (28 mg/kg cumulated dose) significant cold hyperalgesia and oxidative stress in the tested brain areas were shown. Our study suggests that targeting P2X7 receptor activation and mitochondrial impairment might be a potential therapeutic strategy against OXA-induced neuropathic pain.
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Hattori F, Ohshima Y, Seki S, Tsukimoto M, Sato M, Takenouchi T, Suzuki A, Takai E, Kitani H, Harada H, Kojima S. Feasibility study of B16 melanoma therapy using oxidized ATP to target purinergic receptor P2X7. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 695:20-6. [PMID: 22981895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is not only involved in cell proliferation, but also acts as an adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-gated non-selective channel, and its expression is increased in human melanoma. An irreversible antagonist of P2X7, such as oxidized ATP (oxATP), might block P2X7 receptor-mediated ATP release and proliferative signaling. Therefore, we carried out basic studies to test this idea and to examine the feasibility of using oxATP to treat B16 melanoma. We first found that low-pH conditions (mimicking the hypoxia and acidosis commonly seen in solid tumors) induced P2X7 receptor-mediated ATP release from B16 melanoma cells. Then, we compared the proliferation rates of B16 melanoma wild-type cells and B16 P2X7 receptor-knockdown clone (P2X7-KDC) cells in the presence of P2X7 agonists. The proliferation rate, as well as the ATP release, of agonist-treated P2X7-KDC cells was lower than that of agonist-treated wild-type cells. Next, the effect of P2X7 antagonist oxATP on B16 melanoma cell growth was examined in vitro and in vivo. oxATP significantly decreased B16 melanoma cell proliferation in vitro, and also significantly inhibited tumor growth in B16 melanoma-bearing mice. These data indicate that extracellularly released ATP may serve as an intercellular signaling molecule. We propose that the P2X7 receptor is a promising target for treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Hattori
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi Chiba, Japan
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Miyoshi H, Yamaoka K, Urabe S, Kudo Y. ATP-induced currents carried through P2X7 receptor in rat myometrial cells. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1285-91. [PMID: 22814097 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112450333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The functional significance of purinergic P2 receptors in the myometrium is unclear. We previously reported the ATP-induced ionic currents in rat myometrial cells, causing uterine contractility. The aim of this study is to determine the main P2X receptors that carry the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced currents. STUDY DESIGN We cloned predominantly expressed P2X7 receptors from rat myometrium and transfected into cultured COS-7 cells. Reconstructed P2X7 receptor currents were characterized using the whole-cell patch clamp method. RESULTS Extracellular ATP induced currents through P2X7 receptors with effective concentration (EC(50)) of 155 μmol/L, without desensitization. The myometrial P2X7 receptor was permeable to multiple monovalent cations with conductances ranked as K(+)>Cs(+)>Li(+)>Na(+). It was activated by P2X receptor agonists, with effectiveness ranked as 2',3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (Bz-ATP)>>ATP>αβ-methylene ATP (αβ-MeATP)>2-methylthio ATP (2-MeSATP)>uridine triphosphate (UTP)>guanosine triphosphate (GTP)>adenosine diphosphate (ADP). These currents were blocked by selective P2X7 receptor antagonists and extracellular Mg(2+). CONCLUSION P2X7 receptors carry ATP-induced currents in rat myometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Higashihiroshima Medical Center, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
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Lee M, Jantaratnotai N, McGeer E, McLarnon JG, McGeer PL. Mg2+ ions reduce microglial and THP-1 cell neurotoxicity by inhibiting Ca2+ entry through purinergic channels. Brain Res 2011; 1369:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Roles of P2X7 receptor in glial and neuroblastoma cells: the therapeutic potential of P2X7 receptor antagonists. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:351-5. [PMID: 20405342 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, one of the P2 purinergic receptors, the P2X(7) receptor, has been extensively studied in nervous system and important functions have been revealed in both astrocytes and microglia. Stimulation of the receptors induces a sustained and nondesensitized increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). In astrocytes purinergic receptors primarily regulate neurotransmission by inducing gliotransmitters release whereas in microglia the receptors stimulate the processing and release of proinflammation cytokines such as interleukin-1 and are thereby involved in inflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus, P2X(7) receptors are considered not only to exert physiological functions but also mediate cell death. P2X(7) receptors have also been identified in various cancer cells and in neuroblastoma cells. In these cells, the P2X(7) receptor-mediated sustained Ca(2+) signal is important in maintaining cellular viability and growth. Accordingly, these findings not only lead to a better understanding of roles of the receptor but also prompt the development of more potent, selective and safer P2X(7) selective antagonists. These emerging antagonists bring new hope in the treatment of inflammatory-induced neurodegenerative diseases as well as neuroblastoma.
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Miyoshi H, Yamaoka K, Urabe S, Kodama M, Kudo Y. Functional expression of purinergic P2X7 receptors in pregnant rat myometrium. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1117-24. [PMID: 20071613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00507.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP has been reported to enhance the membrane conductance of myometrial cells and uterine contractility. Purinergic P2 receptor expression has been reported in the myometrium, using molecular biology, but the functional identity of the receptor subtype has not been determined. In this study, ATP-induced currents were recorded and characterized in single myometrial cells from pregnant rats using whole cell patch clamping. Extracellular ATP was applied in the range of 10 muM-1 mM and induced currents with an EC(50) of 74 muM, with no desensitization, time dependency, or voltage dependency. The currents induced carried multiple monovalent cations, with conductances ranked as K(+) > Cs(+) > Li(+) > Na(+). They were activated by P2X receptor agonists, with their effectiveness ranked as 2',3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP >> ATP > alphabeta-methylene-ATP > 2-methylthio ATP > or = UTP > or = GTP > ADP. These currents were blocked by the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist 3-[5-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1 H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl pyridine (A-438079). We therefore concluded that ATP-induced currents in rat myometrial cells crossed cell membranes via P2X7 receptors. We further showed that the ATP-induced currents were blocked by extracellular Mg(2+) (IC(50) = 0.26 mM). Clinically, administering extracellular Mg(2+) is known to inhibit uterine contraction. It therefore seems likely that uterine contraction may be induced by raised extracellular ATP and suppressed via Mg(2+) inhibiting P2X7 receptors. Further research is needed into the P2X7 receptor as a therapeutic target in abnormal uterine contraction, as a possible treatment for premature labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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20
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Orellano EA, Rivera OJ, Chevres M, Chorna NE, González FA. Inhibition of neuronal cell death after retinoic acid-induced down-regulation of P2X7 nucleotide receptor expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:83-99. [PMID: 19882109 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a major mechanism for cell death in the nervous system during development. P2X(7) nucleotide receptors are ionotropic ATP receptors that mediate cell death under pathological conditions. We developed an in vitro protocol to investigate the expression and functional responses of P2X(7) nucleotide receptors during retinoic acid (RA)-induced neuronal differentiation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neuronal differentiation was examined measuring cellular growth arrest and neuritic processes elongation. We found that SH-SY5Y cells treated for 5 days with RA under low serum content exhibited a neuron-like phenotype with neurites extending more than twice the length of the cell body and cell growth arrest. Concurrently, we detected the abolishment of intracellular-free calcium mobilization and the down-regulation of P2X(7) nucleotide receptor protein expression that protected differentiated cells from neuronal cell death and reduced caspase-3 cleavage-induced by P2X(7) nucleotide receptor agonist. The role of P2X(7) nucleotide receptors in neuronal death was established by selectively antagonizing the receptor with KN-62 prior to its activation. We assessed the involvement of protein kinases and found that p38 signaling was activated in undifferentiated after nucleotide stimulation, but abolished by the differentiating RA pretreatment. Importantly, P2X(7) receptor-induced caspase-3 cleavage was blocked by the p38 protein kinase specific inhibitor PD169316. Taken together, our results suggest that RA treatment of human SH-SY5Y cells leads to decreased P2X(7) nucleotide receptor protein expression thus protecting differentiated cells from extracellular nucleotide-induced neuronal death, and p38 signaling pathway is critically involved in this protection of RA-differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie A Orellano
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
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21
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Characterization of endogenous calcium responses in neuronal cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:908-20. [PMID: 19883631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of putative therapeutic targets have been identified in recent years for the treatment of neuronal pathophysiologies including pain, epilepsy, stroke and schizophrenia. Many of these targets signal through calcium (Ca(2+)), either by directly facilitating Ca(2+) influx through an ion channel, or through activation of G proteins that couple to intracellular Ca(2+) stores or voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Immortalized neuronal cell lines are widely used models to study neuropharmacology. However, systematic pharmacological characterization of the receptors and ion channels expressed in these cell lines is lacking. In this study, we systematically assessed endogenous Ca(2+) signaling in response to addition of agonists at potential therapeutic targets in a range of cell lines of neuronal origin (ND7/23, SH-SY5Y, 50B11, F11 and Neuro2A cells) as well as HEK293 cells, a cell line commonly used for over-expression of receptors and ion channels. This study revealed a remarkable diversity of endogenous Ca(2+) responses in these cell lines, with one or more cell lines responding to addition of trypsin, bradykinin, ATP, nicotine, acetylcholine, histamine and neurotensin. Subtype specificity of these responses was inferred from agonist potency and the effect of receptor subtype specific antagonist. Surprisingly, HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells responded to the largest number of agonists with potential roles in neuronal signaling. These findings have implications for the heterologous expression of neuronal receptors and ion channels in these cell lines, and highlight the potential of neuron-derived cell lines for the study of a range of endogenously expressed receptors and ion channels that signal through Ca(2+).
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Wu PY, Lin YC, Chang CL, Lu HT, Chin CH, Hsu TT, Chu D, Sun SH. Functional decreases in P2X7 receptors are associated with retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation of Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. Cell Signal 2009; 21:881-91. [PMID: 19385050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuro-2a (N2a) cells are derived from spontaneous neuroblastoma of mouse and capable to differentiate into neuronal-like cells. Recently, P2X7 receptor has been shown to sustain growth of human neuroblastoma cells but its role during neuronal differentiation remains unexamined.We characterized the role of P2X7 receptors in the retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated N2a cells. RA induced N2a cells differentiation into neurite bearing and neuronal specific proteins, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN), expressing neuronal-like cells. Interestingly, the RA-induced neuronal differentiation was associated with decreases in the expression and function of P2X7 receptors. Functional inhibition of P2X7 receptors by P2X7 receptor selective antagonists, 5'-triphosphate, periodate-oxidized 2',3'-dialdehyde ATP (oATP), brilliant blue G (BBG) or A438079 induced neurite outgrowth. In addition, RA and oATP treatment stimulated the expression of neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TuJ1), and knockdown of P2X7 receptor expression by siRNA induced neurite outgrowth. To elucidate the possible mechanism, we found the levels of basal intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were decreased in either RA- or oATP-differentiated or P2X7receptor knockdown N2a cells. Simply cultured N2a cells in low Ca2+ medium induced a 2-fold increase in neurite length. Treatment of N2a cells with ATP hydrolase apyrase and the P2X7 receptors selective antagonist oATP or BBG decreased cell viability and cell number. Nevertheless, oATP but not BBG decreased cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. These results suggest for the first time that decreases in expression/function of P2X7 receptors are involved in neuronal differentiation.We provide additional evidence shown that the ATP release-activated P2X7 receptor is important in maintaining cell survival of N2a neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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23
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Broom DC, Matson DJ, Bradshaw E, Buck ME, Meade R, Coombs S, Matchett M, Ford KK, Yu W, Yuan J, Sun SH, Ochoa R, Krause JE, Wustrow DJ, Cortright DN. Characterization of N-(Adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-5-[(3R-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]-2-chloro-benzamide, a P2X7 Antagonist in Animal Models of Pain and Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:620-33. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.141853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Chang JW, Choi H, Kim HJ, Jo DG, Jeon YJ, Noh JY, Park WJ, Jung YK. Neuronal vulnerability of CLN3 deletion to calcium-induced cytotoxicity is mediated by calsenilin. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 16:317-26. [PMID: 17189291 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calsenilin/DREAM/KChIP3, a neuronal Ca(2+)-binding protein, has multifunctions in nucleus and cytosol. Here, we identified CLN3 as a calsenilin-binding partner whose mutation or deletion is observed in Batten disease. In vitro binding and immunoprecipitation assays show that calsenilin interacts with the C-terminal region of CLN3 and the increase of Ca(2+) concentration in vitro and in cells causes significant dissociation of calsenilin from CLN3. Ectopic expression of CLN3 or its deletion mutant containing only the C-terminus (153-438) and capable of binding to calsenilin suppresses thapsigargin or A23187-induced death of neuronal cells. In contrast, CLN3 deletion mutant containing the N-terminus (1-153) or (1-263), which is frequently found in Batten disease, induces the perturbation of Ca(2+) transient and fails to inhibit the cell death. In addition, the expression of calsenilin is increased in the brain tissues of CLN3 knock-out mice and SH-SY5Y/CLN3 knock-down cells. Down-regulation of CLN3 expression sensitizes SH-SY5Y cells to thapsigargin or A23187. However, additional decrease of calsenilin expression rescues the sensitivity of SH-SY5Y/CLN3 knock-down cells to Ca(2+)-mediated cell death. These results suggest that the vulnerability of CLN3 knock-out or CLN3 deletion (1-153)-expressing neuronal cells to Ca(2+)-induced cell death may be mediated by calsenilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woong Chang
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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25
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Adinolfi E, Pizzirani C, Idzko M, Panther E, Norgauer J, Di Virgilio F, Ferrari D. P2X(7) receptor: Death or life? Purinergic Signal 2005; 1:219-27. [PMID: 18404507 PMCID: PMC2096546 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-005-6322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 plasma membrane receptor is an intriguing molecule that is endowed with the ability to kill cells, as well as to activate many responses and even stimulate proliferation. Here, the authors give an overview on the multiplicity and complexity of P2X7-mediated responses, discussing recent information on this receptor. Particular attention has been paid to early and late signs of apoptosis and necrosis linked to activation of the receptor and to the emerging field of P2X7 function in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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26
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White N, Butler PEM, Burnstock G. Human melanomas express functional P2X7 receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 321:411-8. [PMID: 15991050 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-1149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate is known to function as a potent extracellular messenger, producing its effects via a distinct family of cell surface receptors. Different receptor subtypes have been shown to modulate different cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. We have investigated the functional expression and apoptotic action of the P2 X (7) receptor in human malignant melanoma tissue and cells. Incubation of cells with the potent P2 X (7) receptor agonist 2'-3'-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate leads to a decrease in cell number, which is dose-dependent and reversible by the antagonist 1-N,O-bis-[5-isoquinoline-sulfonyl]-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl)-4-phenyl-piperazine. Synthesis of the P2 X(7) receptor by these cells has been established by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and cellular accumulation of the fluorescent DNA-binding dye YO-PRO-1. The P2 X(7) receptors have been shown to mediate apoptotic actions of extracellular nucleotides and represent a novel target for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas White
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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27
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Narcisse L, Scemes E, Zhao Y, Lee SC, Brosnan CF. The cytokine IL-1beta transiently enhances P2X7 receptor expression and function in human astrocytes. Glia 2005; 49:245-58. [PMID: 15472991 PMCID: PMC2586293 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotide di- and triphosphates such as ATP and ADP mediate their effects through purinergic P2 receptors belonging to either the metabotropic P2Y or the ionotropic P2X receptor family. The P2X7R is a unique member of the P2X family, which forms a pore in response to ligand stimulation, regulating cell permeability, cytokine release, and/or apoptosis. This receptor is also unique in that its affinity for the ligand benzoyl-benzoyl ATP (BzATP) is at least 10-fold greater than that of ATP. Primary human fetal astrocytes in culture express low-levels of P2X7R mRNA and protein, and BzATP induces only a slight influx in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i, with little demonstrable effect on gene expression or pore formation in these cells. We now show that, following treatment with the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta, BzATP induces a robust rise in [Ca2+]i with agonist and antagonist profiles indicative of the P2X7R. IL-1beta also induced the formation of membrane pores as evidenced by the uptake of YO-PRO-1 (375 Da). Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated transient upregulation of P2X7R mRNA in IL-1beta-treated cells, while FACS analysis indicated a similar upregulation of P2X7R protein at the cell membrane. In multiple sclerosis lesions, immunoreactivity for the P2X7R was demonstrated on reactive astrocytes in autopsy brain tissues. In turn, P2X7R stimulation increased the production of IL-1-induced nitric oxide synthase activity by astrocytes in culture. These studies suggest that signaling via the P2X7R may modulate the astrocytic response to inflammation in the human central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leontine Narcisse
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Ireland MF, Noakes PG, Bellingham MC. P2X7-like receptor subunits enhance excitatory synaptic transmission at central synapses by presynaptic mechanisms. Neuroscience 2004; 128:269-80. [PMID: 15350640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that P2X7 receptor subunits (P2X7RS) are present at central and peripheral synapses and suggest that P2X7RS can regulate transmitter release. In brainstem slices from 15 to 26 day old pentobarbitone-anesthetized mice, we examined the effect of P2X7RS activation on excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) recorded from hypoglossal motoneurons using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. After blockade of most P2X receptors with suramin (which is inactive at P2X7RS) and of adenosine receptors with 8-phenyltheophylline (8PT), bath application of the P2X receptor agonist 3'-0-(4-benzoyl)ATP (BzATP) elicited a 40.5+/-16.0% (mean+/-S.E.M., n = 8, P = 0.039) increase in evoked EPSC amplitude and significantly reduced paired pulse facilitation of evoked EPSCs. This response to BzATP (with suramin and 8PT present) was completely blocked by prior application of Brilliant Blue G (200 nM or 2 microM), a P2X7RS antagonist. In contrast, BzATP application with suramin and 8PT present did not alter miniature EPSC frequency or amplitude when action potentials were blocked with tetrodotoxin. These electrophysiological results suggest that P2X7RS activation increases central excitatory transmitter release via presynaptic mechanisms, confirming previous indirect measures of enhanced transmitter release. We suggest that possible presynaptic mechanisms underlying enhancement of evoked transmitter release by P2X7RS activation are modulation of action potential width or an increase in presynaptic terminal excitability, due to subthreshold membrane depolarization which increases the number of terminals releasing transmitter in response to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ireland
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Burnstock G, Knight GE. Cellular Distribution and Functions of P2 Receptor Subtypes in Different Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 240:31-304. [PMID: 15548415 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)40002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at providing readers with a comprehensive reference article about the distribution and function of P2 receptors in all the organs, tissues, and cells in the body. Each section provides an account of the early history of purinergic signaling in the organ?cell up to 1994, then summarizes subsequent evidence for the presence of P2X and P2Y receptor subtype mRNA and proteins as well as functional data, all fully referenced. A section is included describing the plasticity of expression of P2 receptors during development and aging as well as in various pathophysiological conditions. Finally, there is some discussion of possible future developments in the purinergic signaling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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